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<span>Perceptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perceptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perceptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periodisation_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodisation_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Periodisation terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodisation_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social,_economic_and_political_counterpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social,_economic_and_political_counterpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Social, economic and political counterpoints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social,_economic_and_political_counterpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regent's_Park_and_London_Zoo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regent's_Park_and_London_Zoo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Regent's Park and London Zoo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regent's_Park_and_London_Zoo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sport and recreation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport_and_recreation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport and recreation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Women's activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Balls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bare-knuckle_boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bare-knuckle_boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bare-knuckle boxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bare-knuckle_boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Horse racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rowing_and_sailing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rowing_and_sailing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Rowing and sailing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rowing_and_sailing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Track_and_field_athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track_and_field_athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Track and field athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track_and_field_athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crime_and_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Crime and punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Regency era</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency-tydperk" title="Regency-tydperk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regency-tydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="عهد الوصاية على العرش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عهد الوصاية على العرش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Регентски период (Великобритания) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Регентски период (Великобритания)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency" title="Regency – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regency" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency" title="Regency – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regency" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencia_brit%C3%A1nica" title="Regencia británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Regencia británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainiar_erregealdia" title="Britainiar erregealdia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainiar erregealdia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="دوره نیابت سلطنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره نیابت سلطنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gence_anglaise" title="Régence anglaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Régence anglaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%AD%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="섭정시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="섭정시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggenza_inglese" title="Reggenza inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reggenza inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תקופת העוצרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת העוצרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency" title="Regency – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regency" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%82%E6%94%BF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="摂政時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="摂政時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8D_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA)_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د نیابتي پاچاهۍ (سلطنت) دوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نیابتي پاچاهۍ (سلطنت) دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg%C3%AAncia_brit%C3%A2nica" title="Regência britânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Regência britânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Эпоха Регентства (Великобритания) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпоха Регентства (Великобритания)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Regency era" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Регентски период – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Регентски период" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijaishallitsijoiden_aika" title="Sijaishallitsijoiden aika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sijaishallitsijoiden aika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="สมัยรีเจนซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยรีเจนซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz_Naipli%C4%9Fi" title="İngiliz Naipliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiliz Naipliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Era of British history, c. 1795 to 1837</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Regency" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Regency_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Regency (disambiguation)">Regency (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Regency era</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span> – 1820 (1837)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_IV_bust1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/George_IV_bust1.jpg/220px-George_IV_bust1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/George_IV_bust1.jpg/330px-George_IV_bust1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/George_IV_bust1.jpg/440px-George_IV_bust1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="2189" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">Prince George</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1814)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George,_Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Prince Regent">George, Prince Regent</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Lord Goderich</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Salam_aleykoum,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Salam aleykoum, 1st Duke of Wellington (page does not exist)">Duke of Wellington</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/20px-Arrleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="class-skin-invert-image"><img alt="class-skin-invert-image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Arrright.svg/10px-Arrright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">English history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left; padding-bottom:0;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43–410</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">410–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 449–1066</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">Norman/Angevin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1066–1216</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">Plantagenet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1216–1485</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1485–1603 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1558–1603</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1714 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1603–1625</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_era" title="Caroline era">Caroline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1625–1649</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;">(<a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1649–1660</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1660–1714</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1714–1837 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regency era</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1811–1820</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1837–1901</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1901–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (political)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1945–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (social)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1945–1979</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>See also</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history (1979–present)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periods_in_English_history" title="Template:Periods in English history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periods_in_English_history" title="Template talk:Periods in English history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periods_in_English_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periods in English history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Regency era</b> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British history</a> is commonly understood as the years between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span> and 1837, although the official <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> for which it is named only spanned the years 1811 to 1820. King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> first suffered debilitating illness in the late 1780s, and relapsed into his final mental illness in 1810. By the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Act_1811" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Act 1811">Regency Act 1811</a>, his eldest son <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, Prince of Wales</a>, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Regent">Prince Regent</a> to discharge royal functions. When George III died in 1820, the Prince Regent succeeded him as George IV. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Periodisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodisation">periodisation</a>, the longer timespan is roughly the final third of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> (1714–1837), encompassing the last 25 years or so of George III's reign, including the official Regency, and the complete reigns of both George IV and his brother and successor <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>. It ends with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in June 1837 and is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> (1837–1901). </p><p>Although the Regency era is remembered as a time of refinement and culture, that was the preserve of the wealthy few, especially those in the Prince Regent's own social circle. For the masses, poverty was rampant as population began to concentrate due to industrial labour migration. City dwellers lived in increasingly larger <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a>, a state of affairs severely aggravated by the combined impact of war, economic collapse, mass unemployment, a bad harvest in 1816 (the "<a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</a>"), and an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Population_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Population boom">population boom</a>. Political response to the crisis included the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1832">Representation of the People Act 1832</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, there was increasing support for the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionist cause</a> during the Regency era, culminating in passage of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a>. </p><p>The longer timespan recognises the wider social and cultural aspects of the Regency era, characterised by the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Regency_fashions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency fashions">fashions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">architecture</a> and style of the period. The first 20 years to 1815 were overshadowed by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Throughout the whole period, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> gathered pace and achieved significant progress by the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> and the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a>. The Regency era overlapped with <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and many of the major artists, musicians, novelists and poets of the Romantic movement were prominent Regency figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Ann Radcliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_background">Legislative background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legislative background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> (1738–1820) became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain">King of Great Britain</a> on 25 October 1760 when he was 22 years old, succeeding his grandfather <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>. George III had himself been the subject of legislation to provide for a <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> when <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Minority_of_Successor_to_Crown_Act_1751" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority of Successor to Crown Act 1751">Minority of Successor to Crown Act 1751</a> following the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>, on 31 March 1751. George became <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> at the age of 12 and he would have succeeded as a minor if his grandfather had died before 4 June 1756, George's 18th birthday. As a contingency, the Act provided for his mother, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales</a>, to be appointed regent and discharge most but not all royal functions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1761, George III married Princess <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a> and over the following years they had 15 children (nine sons and six daughters). The eldest was <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">Prince George</a>, born on 12 August 1762 as heir apparent. He was named <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> soon after his birth. By 1765, three infant children led the order of succession and Parliament again passed a Regency Act as contingency. The <a href="/wiki/Minority_of_Heir_to_the_Crown_Act_1765" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority of Heir to the Crown Act 1765">Minority of Heir to the Crown Act 1765</a> provided for either Queen Charlotte or Princess Augusta to act as regent if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-RC1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RC1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George III had a long episode of mental illness in the summer of 1788. Parliament proposed the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Bill_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Bill 1789">Regency Bill 1789</a> which was passed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> could debate it, the King recovered and the Bill was withdrawn. Had it been passed into law, the Prince of Wales would have become the regent in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King's mental health continued to be a matter of concern but, whenever he was of sound mind, he opposed any further moves to implement a Regency Act. Finally, following the death on 2 November 1810 of his youngest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Amelia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom">Princess Amelia</a>, he became permanently insane. Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Care_of_King_During_his_Illness,_etc._Act_1811" class="mw-redirect" title="Care of King During his Illness, etc. Act 1811">Care of King During his Illness, etc. Act 1811</a>, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Act_1811" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Act 1811">Regency Act 1811</a>. The King was suspended from his duties as head of state and the Prince of Wales assumed office as Prince Regent on 5 February 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, Parliament restricted some of the Regent's powers, but the constraints expired one year after the passage of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regency ended when George III died on 29 January 1820 and the Prince Regent succeeded him as George IV.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After George IV died in 1830, a further <a href="/wiki/Regency_Act_1830" title="Regency Act 1830">Regency Act</a> was passed by Parliament. George IV was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Adelaide">Queen Adelaide</a>, was 37 and there were no surviving legitimate children. The heir presumptive was <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Victoria of Kent">Princess Victoria of Kent</a>, aged eleven. The new Act provided for her mother, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Victoria, Dowager Duchess of Kent</a> to become regent in the event of William's death before 24 May 1837, the young Victoria's 18th birthday. The Act made allowance for Adelaide having another child, either before or after William's death. If the latter scenario had arisen, Victoria would have become Queen only temporarily until the new monarch was born. Adelaide had no more children and, as it happened, William died on 20 June 1837, just four weeks after Victoria was 18.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perceptions">Perceptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Perceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodisation_terminology">Periodisation terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Periodisation terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officially, the Regency began on 5 February 1811 and ended on 29 January 1820 but the "Regency era", as such, is generally perceived to have been much longer. The term is commonly, though loosely, applied to the period from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1795</span> until the accession of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> on 20 June 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Regency Era is a sub-period of the longer <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> (1714–1837), both of which were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> (1837–1901). The latter term had contemporaneous usage although some historians give it an earlier startpoint, typically the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">Great Reform Act</a> on 7 June 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-Plunkett_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plunkett-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hewitt2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hewitt2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social,_economic_and_political_counterpoints"><span id="Social.2C_economic_and_political_counterpoints"></span>Social, economic and political counterpoints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social, economic and political counterpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prince Regent himself was one of the leading patrons of the <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>. He ordered the costly building and refurbishing of the exotic <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Pavilion">Brighton Pavilion</a>, the ornate <a href="/wiki/Carlton_House" title="Carlton House">Carlton House</a>, and many other public works and architecture. This all required considerable expense which neither the Regent himself nor <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> could afford. The Regent's extravagance was pursued at the expense of the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Regency is noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture, there was a concurrent need for social, political and economic change. The country was enveloped in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> until June 1815 and the conflict heavily impacted commerce at home and internationally. There was mass <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> and, <a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">in 1816</a>, an exceptionally bad <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a>. In addition, the country underwent a <a href="/wiki/Population_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Population boom">population boom</a> and the combination of these factors resulted in rampant <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Grenville</a> from February 1806 to March 1807, all governments from December 1783 to November 1830 were formed and led by <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>. Their responses to the national crisis included the <a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> in 1819 and the various <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1832" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1832">Great Reform Act</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-hewitt2006_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hewitt2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Essentially, England during the Regency era was a stratified society in which political power and influence lay in the hands of the landed class. Their fashionable locales were worlds apart from the <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> in which the majority of people existed. The slum districts were known as <a href="/wiki/Rookery_(slum)" title="Rookery (slum)">rookeries</a>, a notorious example being <a href="/wiki/St_Giles,_London#The_rookery" title="St Giles, London">St Giles</a> in London. These were places where alcoholism, gambling, prostitution, thievery and violence prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-Low_x_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Low_x-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population boom, comprising an increase from just under a million in 1801 to one and a quarter million by 1820, heightened the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Low_x_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Low_x-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> drew a comparison between the squalor of the slums and the glamour of the Regent's circle:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>The squalor that existed beneath the glamour and gloss of Regency society provided sharp contrast to the Prince Regent's social circle. Poverty was addressed only marginally. The formation of the Regency after the retirement of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> saw the end of a more pious and reserved society, and gave birth of a more frivolous, ostentatious one. This change was influenced by the Regent himself, who was kept entirely removed from the machinations of politics and military exploits. This did nothing to channel his energies in a more positive direction, thereby leaving him with the pursuit of pleasure as his only outlet, as well as his sole form of rebellion against what he saw as disapproval and censure in the form of his father. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_arts">The arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regent's_Park_and_London_Zoo"><span id="Regent.27s_Park_and_London_Zoo"></span>Regent's Park and London Zoo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regent's Park and London Zoo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1810s, the Prince Regent proposed the conversion of Crown land in <a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras,_London" title="St Pancras, London">St Pancras</a> into a pleasure garden. The design work was initially assigned to the architect <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a> but it was the father and son partnership of <a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(property_developer)" title="James Burton (property developer)">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Burton" title="Decimus Burton">Decimus Burton</a> who had the majority of input to the project.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landscaping continued through the 1820s and <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a> was finally opened to the public in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) was founded in 1826 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stamford Raffles">Sir Stamford Raffles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Humphry_Davy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Humphry Davy">Sir Humphry Davy</a>. They obtained land alongside the route of the <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Canal" title="Regent's Canal">Regent's Canal</a> through the northern perimeter of Regent's Park, between the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden" title="London Borough of Camden">London Borough of Camden</a>. Following the death of Raffles soon afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a> assumed responsibility for the project and supervised construction of the first animal houses.<sup id="cite_ref-ZSL-history_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSL-history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the zoo was used for scientific purposes only with admittance restricted to Fellows of the ZSL which, in 1829, was granted a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a> by George IV. The zoo was not opened to the public until 1847, after it became necessary to raise funds.<sup id="cite_ref-ZSL-history_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZSL-history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> and others were the most prominent writers of the Regency era. However, the time period also produced some of the 19th century's most prolific writers such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially popular forms of literature at this time were novels and poetry, such as Lord Byron's <i>The Regent's Bomb.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wealthy households staged their own music events by relying on family members who could sing or play an instrument. For the vast majority of people, street performers provided their sole access to music of any kind. However, the upper class enjoyed music such as Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 30, Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Sonata in F major, MWV Q 7, and much more.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially popular composers of the time included Beethoven, Rossini, Liszt, and Mendelssohn.<sup id="cite_ref-wentworthwoodhouse.org.uk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wentworthwoodhouse.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most prominent landscape painters were <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>. Notable <a href="/wiki/Portrait_painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait painter">portrait painters</a> include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Archer_Shee" title="Martin Archer Shee">Martin Archer Shee</a>, both Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> was established in London in 1824. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_032_-_Drury_lane_interior_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_032_-_Drury_lane_interior_1808.jpg/260px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_032_-_Drury_lane_interior_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_032_-_Drury_lane_interior_1808.jpg/390px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_032_-_Drury_lane_interior_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_032_-_Drury_lane_interior_1808.jpg/520px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_032_-_Drury_lane_interior_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>, 1808</figcaption></figure> <p>The plays of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> were very popular throughout the period. The performers wore modern dress, however, rather than 16th-century costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>London had three <a href="/wiki/Patent_theatre" title="Patent theatre">patent theatres</a> at <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Covent Garden Theatre">Covent Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket Theatre">Haymarket</a>. Other prominent theatres were the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Bath" title="Theatre Royal, Bath">Theatre Royal, Bath</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Street_Theatre" title="Crow Street Theatre">Crow Street Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. The playwright and politician <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a> controlled the Drury Lane Theatre until it burned down in 1809. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the popular newspapers, pamphlets and other publications of the era were:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ackermann%27s_Repository" title="Ackermann's Repository">Ackermann's Repository</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cobbett%27s_Weekly_Political_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobbett's Weekly Political Register">Cobbett's Weekly Political Register</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Assembl%C3%A9e" title="La Belle Assemblée">La Belle Assemblée</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1814, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> adopted steam printing. Using this method, it could print 1,100 sheets every hour, five and a half times the prior rate of 200 per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The faster speed of printing enabled the rise of the "<a href="/wiki/Silver_fork_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver fork novel">silver fork novels</a>" which depicted the lives of the rich and aristocratic. Publishers used these as a way of spreading <a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">gossip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">scandal</a>, often clearly hinting at identities. The novels were popular during the later years of the Regency era.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_and_recreation">Sport and recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sport and recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_activities"><span id="Women.27s_activities"></span>Women's activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Women's activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Regency era and well into the succeeding Victorian era, society women were discouraged from exertion although many did take the opportunity to pursue activities such as dancing, riding and walking that were recreational rather than competitive. Depending on a lady's rank, she may be expected to be proficient in reading and writing, mathematics, dancing, music, sewing, and embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a></i>, the Bennet sisters are frequently out walking and it is at a <a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball (dance party)">ball</a> where <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet" title="Elizabeth Bennet">Elizabeth</a> meets <a href="/wiki/Mr_Darcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Darcy">Mr Darcy</a>. There was a contemporary belief that people had limited energy levels with women, as the "weaker sex", being most at risk of over-exertion because their menstruation cycles caused periodic energy reductions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balls">Balls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Balls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most common activities among the upper class was attending and hosting balls, house parties, and more. These often included dancing, food, and gossip. The food generally served included items such as white soup made with veal stock, almonds and cream, cold meats, salads, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-wentworthwoodhouse.org.uk_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wentworthwoodhouse.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bare-knuckle_boxing">Bare-knuckle boxing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bare-knuckle boxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/260px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/390px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/520px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cribb" title="Tom Cribb">Tom Cribb</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Tom_Molineaux" title="Tom Molineaux">Tom Molineaux</a>, 1811</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing" title="Bare-knuckle boxing">Bare-knuckle boxing</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Prizefighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizefighting">prizefighting</a>, was a popular sport through the 18th and 19th centuries. The Regency era has been called "the peak of British boxing" because the champion fighter in Britain was also, in effect, the world champion. Britain's only potential rival was the United States, where organised boxing began <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bke_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bke-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boxing was in fact illegal but local authorities, who were often involved on the gambling side of the sport, would turn a blind eye. In any case, the huge crowds that attended championship bouts were almost impossible to police. Like <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, boxing attracted <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gamblers</a>. The sport needed the investment provided by gambling, but there was a seamier side in that many fights were fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-bke_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bke-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one time, prizefighting was "anything goes" but the champion boxer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Broughton" title="Jack Broughton">Jack Broughton</a> proposed a set of rules in 1743 that were observed throughout the Regency era until they were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/London_Prize_Ring_Rules" title="London Prize Ring Rules">London Prize Ring Rules</a> in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-bke_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bke-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broughton's rules were a reaction to "bar room brawling" as they restricted fighters to use of the fists only. A round ended when a fighter was grounded and the rules prohibited the hitting of a downed opponent. He was helped to his corner and then had thirty seconds in which to "step up to the mark", which was a line drawn for that purpose so that the fighters squared off less than a yard apart. The next round would then begin. A fighter who failed to step up and square off was declared the loser. Contests continued until one fighter could not step up.<sup id="cite_ref-bke_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bke-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were no weight divisions and so a <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">heavyweight</a> always had a natural advantage over smaller fighters. Even so, the first British champion of the Regency era was <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mendoza" title="Daniel Mendoza">Daniel Mendoza</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Middleweight" title="Middleweight">middleweight</a> who had successfully claimed the vacant title in 1792. He held it until he was defeated by the heavyweight <a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(English_boxer)" title="John Jackson (English boxer)">Gentleman John Jackson</a> in April 1795. Other Regency era champions were famous fighters like <a href="/wiki/Jem_Belcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem Belcher">Jem Belcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hen_Pearce" title="Hen Pearce">Hen Pearce</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gully" title="John Gully">John Gully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cribb" title="Tom Cribb">Tom Cribb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Spring" title="Tom Spring">Tom Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jem_Ward" title="Jem Ward">Jem Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Burke_(boxer)" title="James Burke (boxer)">James Burke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyber_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyber-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gully went on to become a successful <a href="/wiki/Racehorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Racehorse">racehorse</a> owner and, representing the <a href="/wiki/Pontefract_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Pontefract (UK Parliament constituency)">Pontefract constituency</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member</a> of the first <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">post-Reform</a> Parliament from December 1832 to July 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-hdm_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cribb was the first fighter to be acclaimed world champion after he twice defeated the American <a href="/wiki/Tom_Molineaux" title="Tom Molineaux">Tom Molineaux</a> in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club" title="Marylebone Cricket Club">Marylebone Cricket Club</a>, widely known as MCC, was founded in 1787 and became <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>'s governing body. In 1788, the club drafted and published a revised version of the sport's rules. MCC had considerable influence throughout the Regency era and its ground, <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a>, became cricket's premier venue.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were in fact three Lord's grounds. The first, opened in 1787 when the club was formed, was on the site of <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Square" title="Dorset Square">Dorset Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a>, hence the name of the club.<sup id="cite_ref-pwl_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pwl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lease was terminated in 1811 because of a rental dispute and the club took temporary lease of a second ground in <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood" title="St John's Wood">St John's Wood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pwl_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pwl-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in use for only three seasons until the land was requisitioned because it was on the proposed route of the <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Canal" title="Regent's Canal">Regent's Canal</a>. MCC moved to a nearby site on which they established their present ground.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> played for <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> in the first <a href="/wiki/Eton_v_Harrow" title="Eton v Harrow">Eton v Harrow</a> match at Lord's in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The match became an annual event in the social calendar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lord's staged the first <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen_v_Players" title="Gentlemen v Players">Gentlemen v Players</a> match in 1806.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This fixture provides another illustration of the class divide in Regency society as it matched a team of well-to-do amateurs (Gentlemen) against a team of <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> professionals (Players). The first match featured <a href="/wiki/Billy_Beldham" title="Billy Beldham">Billy Beldham</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lambert_(cricketer,_born_1779)" title="William Lambert (cricketer, born 1779)">William Lambert</a>, who have been recognised as the outstanding professionals of the period, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Beauclerk" title="Lord Frederick Beauclerk">Lord Frederick Beauclerk</a> as the outstanding amateur player.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 1821 match ended prematurely after the Gentlemen team, well behind in the contest, conceded defeat. This had been billed as the "Coronation Match" because it celebrated the accession of the Prince Regent as King George IV and the outcome was described by the sports historian <a href="/wiki/Derek_Birley" title="Derek Birley">Sir Derek Birley</a> as "a suitably murky affair".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg/260px-The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg/390px-The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg/520px-The_foot-ball_play_by_Alexander_Carse_maybe_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption>Football being played in Scotland, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football</a> in Great Britain had long been a no-holds-barred pastime with an unlimited number of players on opposing teams which might comprise whole parishes or villages. The playing area was an undefined stretch of land between the two places. The <a href="/wiki/Ball_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball (football)">ball</a>, as such, was often a pig's <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a> that had been inflated and the object of the exercise was to move the ball by any means possible to a distant target such as a church in the opposing village. The contests were typically arranged to take place on feast days like <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the 19th century, efforts were being made in the English <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> to transform this <a href="/wiki/Mob_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob football">mob football</a> into an organised team sport. The earliest-known versions of football code rules were written at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> (1815) and <a href="/wiki/Aldenham_School" title="Aldenham School">Aldenham School</a> (1825).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_racing">Horse racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Horse racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> had been very popular since the years after the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> when <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was a frequent visitor to <a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse" title="Newmarket Racecourse">Newmarket Racecourse</a>. In the Regency era, the <a href="/wiki/British_Classic_Races" title="British Classic Races">five classic races</a> had all been inaugurated and have been run annually since 1814. These races are the <a href="/wiki/St_Leger_Stakes" title="St Leger Stakes">St Leger Stakes</a> (first run in 1776), <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Oaks" title="Epsom Oaks">The Oaks</a> (1779), the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">Epsom Derby</a> (1780), the <a href="/wiki/2,000_Guineas_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="2,000 Guineas Stakes">2,000 Guineas Stakes</a> (1809) and the <a href="/wiki/1,000_Guineas_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000 Guineas Stakes">1,000 Guineas Stakes</a> (1814).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Hunt_racing" title="National Hunt racing">National Hunt racing</a> began in 18th century Ireland and developed in England through the Regency era. There are tentative references to races held between 1792 and 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first definitely recorded <a href="/wiki/Hurdling_(horse_race)" title="Hurdling (horse race)">hurdle race</a> took place on <a href="/wiki/Durdham_Down" title="Durdham Down">Durdham Down</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first officially recognised <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechase</a> was over a cross-country route in Bedfordshire on 8 March 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse" title="Aintree Racecourse">Aintree Racecourse</a> held its first meeting on 7 July 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 February 1836, a race called the <a href="/wiki/1836_Grand_Liverpool_Steeplechase" title="1836 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase">Grand Liverpool Steeplechase</a> was held. One of its organisers was Captain <a href="/wiki/Martin_Becher" title="Martin Becher">Martin Becher</a> who rode <a href="/wiki/The_Duke_(horse)" title="The Duke (horse)">The Duke</a> to victory. The infamous sixth fence at Aintree is called <a href="/wiki/Becher%27s_Brook" title="Becher's Brook">Becher's Brook</a>. The 1836 race, which became an annual event, is recognised by some as the first <a href="/wiki/Grand_National" title="Grand National">Grand National</a>, but there are historical uncertainties about the three races between 1836 and 1838 so they are officially regarded as precursors to the Grand National. Some sources insist they were held on Old Racecourse Farm in nearby <a href="/wiki/Maghull" title="Maghull">Maghull</a> but this is impossible as that course closed in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first official Grand National was the <a href="/wiki/1839_Grand_National" title="1839 Grand National">1839 race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowing_and_sailing">Rowing and sailing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rowing and sailing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">sailing</a> had become popular pastimes among the wealthier citizens. <a href="/wiki/The_Boat_Race" title="The Boat Race">The Boat Race</a>, a rowing event between the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Boat_Club" title="Cambridge University Boat Club">Cambridge University Boat Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Boat_Club" title="Oxford University Boat Club">Oxford University Boat Club</a>, was first held in 1829 at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Merivale" title="Charles Merivale">Charles Merivale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wordsworth" title="Charles Wordsworth">Charles Wordsworth</a>, who were students at Cambridge and Oxford, respectively. Wordsworth was a nephew of <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>. The first race was at <a href="/wiki/Henley-on-Thames" title="Henley-on-Thames">Henley-on-Thames</a> and the contest later became an annual event on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Boat_Race_origins_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Boat_Race_origins-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sailing, the first <a href="/wiki/Cowes_Week" title="Cowes Week">Cowes Week</a> regatta was held on the <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a> in August 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Track_and_field_athletics">Track and field athletics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Track and field athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a> competitions in the modern sense were first recorded in the early 19th century. They are known to have been held by schools, colleges, army and navy bases, social clubs and the like, often as a challenge to a rival establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the public schools, athletics competitions were conceived as human equivalents of horse racing or <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> with runners known as "hounds" and named as if they were racehorses. The <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt</a>, established in 1819, is the world's oldest running club. The school organised <a href="/wiki/Paper_Chase_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper Chase (game)">paper chase</a> races in which the hounds followed a trail of paper shreds left by two "foxes". The oldest running race of the modern era is Shrewsbury's Annual <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a> (cross-country), first definitely recorded in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1811</dt> <dd>George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began his nine-year tenure as <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">regent</a> and became known as <i>The Prince Regent</i>. This sub-period of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> began the formal Regency. The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> held off the French at <a href="/wiki/Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuhera</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>. The Prince Regent held the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_House_F%C3%AAte" title="Carlton House Fête">Carlton House Fête</a> at 9:00 p.m. 19 June 1811, at <a href="/wiki/Carlton_House,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton House, London">Carlton House</a> in celebration of his assumption of the Regency. <a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a> uprisings. Glasgow weavers riot.</dd> <dt>1812</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was assassinated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. The final shipment of the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> arrived in England. <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Siddons" title="Sarah Siddons">Sarah Siddons</a> retired from the stage. Shipping and territory disputes started the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> between the United Kingdom and the United States. The British were victorious over French armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Battle of Salamanca</a>. Gas company (<a href="/wiki/Gas_Light_and_Coke_Company" title="Gas Light and Coke Company">Gas Light and Coke Company</a>) founded. Charles Dickens, English writer and social critic of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, was born on 7 February 1812.</dd> <dt>1813</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> was published. <a href="/wiki/William_Hedley" title="William Hedley">William Hedley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Puffing_Billy_(locomotive)" title="Puffing Billy (locomotive)">Puffing Billy</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a>, ran on smooth rails. <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> prison reformer <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a> started her ministry at <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> became <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a>.</dd> <dt>1814</dt> <dd>Invasion of France by allies led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a>, ended one of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>. The Duke of Wellington was honoured at <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a> in London. British soldiers <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">burn the White House</a>. Last <a href="/wiki/River_Thames_Frost_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="River Thames Frost Fair">River Thames Frost Fair</a> was held, which was the last time the river froze. <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a> introduced in London streets.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg/260px-De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg/390px-De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg/520px-De_Slag_bij_Waterloo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1115.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="9818" data-file-height="6500" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Waterloo_(Pieneman_painting)" title="The Battle of Waterloo (Pieneman painting)">The Battle of Waterloo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Willem_Pieneman" title="Jan Willem Pieneman">Jan Willem Pieneman</a>, 1824. Wellington at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></figcaption></figure></dd> <dt>1815</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon I of France</a> defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>. Napoleon was exiled to <a href="/wiki/St._Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Helena">St. Helena</a>. The English <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> restricted corn imports. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Humphry_Davy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Humphry Davy">Sir Humphry Davy</a> patented the <a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_safety_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Miner's safety lamp">miners' safety lamp</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Loudon_Macadam" class="mw-redirect" title="John Loudon Macadam">John Loudon Macadam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">road construction method</a> adopted.</dd> <dt>1816</dt> <dd>Income tax abolished. A "<a href="/wiki/Year_without_a_summer" class="mw-redirect" title="Year without a summer">year without a summer</a>" followed a <a href="/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora" title="1815 eruption of Mount Tambora">volcanic eruption in Indonesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a> published his newspaper as a pamphlet. The British returned <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> to the Dutch. <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Canal" title="Regent's Canal">Regent's Canal</a>, London, phase one of construction. <a href="/wiki/Beau_Brummell" title="Beau Brummell">Beau Brummell</a> escaped his creditors by fleeing to France.</dd> <dt>1817</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Car%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonin Carême">Antonin Carême</a> created a spectacular feast for the Prince Regent at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pavilion" title="Royal Pavilion">Royal Pavilion</a> in Brighton. The death of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Princess Charlotte</a>, the Prince Regent's daughter, from complications of childbirth changed <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrical practices</a>. Elgin Marbles shown at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Captain_Bligh" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Bligh">Captain Bligh</a> died.</dd> <dt>1818</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Queen Charlotte</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Kew" title="Kew">Kew</a>. Manchester cotton spinners went on strike. Riot in <a href="/wiki/Stanhope,_County_Durham" title="Stanhope, County Durham">Stanhope, County Durham</a> between lead miners and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>'s men over Weardale game rights. <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a> constructed in London. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> published. <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a> born.</dd> <dt>1819</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a>. Princess Alexandrina Victoria (future <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>) was christened in <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> was published. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stamford Raffles">Sir Stamford Raffles</a>, a British administrator, founded <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. First steam-propelled vessel (the <a href="/wiki/SS_Savannah" title="SS Savannah">SS <i>Savannah</i></a>) crossed the Atlantic and arrived in Liverpool from <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>.</dd> <dt>1820</dt> <dd>Death of George III and the accession of <i>The Prince Regent</i> as George IV. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> passed a bill to grant George IV a divorce from <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Queen Caroline</a>, but because of public pressure, the bill was dropped. <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> began work on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Street_Conspiracy" title="Cato Street Conspiracy">Cato Street Conspiracy</a> failed. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> founded. <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i> discovered.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places">Places</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of places associated with the Regency era:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray.jpeg/260px-High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray.jpeg/390px-High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray.jpeg/520px-High-Change-in-Bond-Street-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="2646" /></a><figcaption>Change in Bond Street, <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre" title="Adelphi Theatre">Adelphi Theatre</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almack%27s" title="Almack's">Almack's</a></li> <li>Angelo's, a fencing parlor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_Rooms" title="Argyll Rooms">Argyll Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre" title="Astley's Amphitheatre">Astley's Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingham_Park" title="Attingham Park">Attingham Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Pavilion">Brighton Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s" title="Brooks's">Brooks's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_House,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton House, London">Carlton House, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_Farm_Tavern" title="Chalk Farm Tavern">Chalk Farm Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a>, St. James's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham,_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham, Gloucestershire">Cheltenham, Gloucestershire</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Circulating libraries, 1801–1825<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a></li> <li>Custom Office, <a href="/wiki/London_Docks" title="London Docks">London Docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse" title="Doncaster Racecourse">Doncaster Races</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drury_Lane" title="Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floris_of_London" title="Floris of London">Floris of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretna_Green" title="Gretna Green">Gretna Green</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Places_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_Austen_Places-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gentleman Jackson's Saloon, a pugilist's parlor by bare-knuckle champion <a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(English_boxer)" title="John Jackson (English boxer)">John Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchard%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatchard's">Hatchard's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket Theatre">Little Theatre, Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_London" title="His Majesty's Theatre, London">His Majesty's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertford House">Hertford House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_House" title="Holland House">Holland House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermyn_Street" title="Jermyn Street">Jermyn Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Gardens_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_Austen_Gardens-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Clubs_(Whig_club)" title="King of Clubs (Whig club)">King of Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_House" title="Lansdowne House">Lansdowne House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gentlemen%27s_clubs_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="List of gentlemen's clubs in London">List of gentlemen's clubs in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Docks" title="London Docks">London Docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Institution" title="London Institution">London Institution</a></li> <li>London Post Office<sup id="cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Places_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_Austen_Places-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalsea" title="Marshalsea">Marshalsea</a>, closed in 1811, new site opened in 1811 where White Lion Prison had been. Primarily a debtors' prison, also housed seditionists and political prisoners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfair,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayfair, London">Mayfair, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse" title="Newmarket Racecourse">Newmarket Racecourse</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bond_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bond Street">Old Bond Street</a></li> <li>Opera House<sup id="cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Theatre_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_Austen_Theatre-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_London" title="Pantheon, London">The Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranelagh_Gardens" title="Ranelagh Gardens">Ranelagh Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Circus">Royal Circus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Theatre_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_Austen_Theatre-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundell_and_Bridge" title="Rundell and Bridge">Rundell and Bridge</a> jewellery firm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savile_Row" title="Savile Row">Savile Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_Hanover_Square" title="St George's, Hanover Square">St George's, Hanover Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's">St. James's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Gardens" title="Sydney Gardens">Sydney Gardens</a>, Bath<sup id="cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Gardens_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane_Austen_Gardens-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Temple of Concord, <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Park">St. James's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattersalls" title="Tattersalls">Tattersalls</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thames_Tunnel" title="Thames Tunnel">Thames Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Gardens" title="Vauxhall Gardens">Vauxhall Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India_Docks" title="West India Docks">West India Docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watier%27s" title="Watier's">Watier's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White%27s" title="White's">White's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_-_Lawrence_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_-_Lawrence_1816.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_-_Lawrence_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_-_Lawrence_1816.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_-_Lawrence_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_-_Lawrence_1816.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_-_Lawrence_1816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York" title="Portrait of Prince Frederick, Duke of York">Portrait of the Duke of York</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banks_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banks_detail.JPG/170px-Banks_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banks_detail.JPG/255px-Banks_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banks_detail.JPG/340px-Banks_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg/170px-Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg/255px-Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg/340px-Byron_1813_by_Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_by_Dawe_(1817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_by_Dawe_%281817%29.jpg/170px-Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_by_Dawe_%281817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_by_Dawe_%281817%29.jpg/255px-Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_by_Dawe_%281817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_by_Dawe_%281817%29.jpg/340px-Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_by_Dawe_%281817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales" title="Portrait of Princess Charlotte of Wales">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Dawe" title="George Dawe">George Dawe</a> (1817)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Edgeworth_by_John_Downman_1807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Maria_Edgeworth_by_John_Downman_1807.jpg/170px-Maria_Edgeworth_by_John_Downman_1807.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Maria_Edgeworth_by_John_Downman_1807.jpg/255px-Maria_Edgeworth_by_John_Downman_1807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Maria_Edgeworth_by_John_Downman_1807.jpg/340px-Maria_Edgeworth_by_John_Downman_1807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Maria Edgeworth by John Downman 1807</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Jenner_by_James_Northcote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edward_Jenner_by_James_Northcote.jpg/170px-Edward_Jenner_by_James_Northcote.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edward_Jenner_by_James_Northcote.jpg/255px-Edward_Jenner_by_James_Northcote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edward_Jenner_by_James_Northcote.jpg/340px-Edward_Jenner_by_James_Northcote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarah_Sophia_Child_Villiers,_Countess_of_Jersey_(n%C3%A9e_Fane)_(1785-1867),_by_Alfred_Edward_Chalon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sarah_Sophia_Child_Villiers%2C_Countess_of_Jersey_%28n%C3%A9e_Fane%29_%281785-1867%29%2C_by_Alfred_Edward_Chalon.jpg/170px-Sarah_Sophia_Child_Villiers%2C_Countess_of_Jersey_%28n%C3%A9e_Fane%29_%281785-1867%29%2C_by_Alfred_Edward_Chalon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sarah_Sophia_Child_Villiers%2C_Countess_of_Jersey_%28n%C3%A9e_Fane%29_%281785-1867%29%2C_by_Alfred_Edward_Chalon.jpg/255px-Sarah_Sophia_Child_Villiers%2C_Countess_of_Jersey_%28n%C3%A9e_Fane%29_%281785-1867%29%2C_by_Alfred_Edward_Chalon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sarah_Sophia_Child_Villiers%2C_Countess_of_Jersey_%28n%C3%A9e_Fane%29_%281785-1867%29%2C_by_Alfred_Edward_Chalon.jpg/340px-Sarah_Sophia_Child_Villiers%2C_Countess_of_Jersey_%28n%C3%A9e_Fane%29_%281785-1867%29%2C_by_Alfred_Edward_Chalon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Sarah Sophia Child Villiers, Countess of Jersey (née Fane), by Alfred Edward Chalon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Nash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/John_Nash.jpg/170px-John_Nash.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/John_Nash.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoratioNelson1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/170px-HoratioNelson1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/255px-HoratioNelson1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/340px-HoratioNelson1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Scott_(1830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Walter_Scott_%281830%29.jpg/170px-Walter_Scott_%281830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Walter_Scott_%281830%29.jpg/255px-Walter_Scott_%281830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Walter_Scott_%281830%29.jpg/340px-Walter_Scott_%281830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/170px-Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/255px-Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, portrait by Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>For more names see Newman (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Ackermann" title="Rudolph Ackermann">Rudolph Ackermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Aikin" title="Arthur Aikin">Arthur Aikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington,_1st_Viscount_Sidmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth">Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Arden,_2nd_Baron_Alvanley" title="William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley">William Arden, 2nd Baron Alvanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Armistead" title="Elizabeth Armistead">Elizabeth Armistead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry,_7th_Earl_of_Barrymore" title="Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore">Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beechey" title="William Beechey">William Beechey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Brummell" title="Beau Brummell">Beau Brummell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Brunton" title="Mary Brunton">Mary Brunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Beauclerk" title="Lord Frederick Beauclerk">Lord Frederick Beauclerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Ponsonby,_Countess_of_Bessborough" title="Henrietta Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough">Henrietta Ponsonby, Countess of Bessborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Gardiner,_Countess_of_Blessington" title="Marguerite Gardiner, Countess of Blessington">Marguerite Gardiner, Countess of Blessington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Booth" title="Junius Brutus Booth">Junius Brutus Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel" title="Marc Isambard Brunel">Marc Isambard Brunel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Burney" title="Frances Burney">Frances Burney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(property_developer)" title="James Burton (property developer)">James Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimus_Burton" title="Decimus Burton">Decimus Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell,_6th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll">George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Stewart,_Viscountess_Castlereagh" title="Amelia Stewart, Viscountess Castlereagh">Amelia Stewart, Viscountess Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_2nd_Marquess_of_Londonderry" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry">Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire" title="Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire">Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales">Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">John Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Clarke" title="Mary Anne Clarke">Mary Anne Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Colquhoun" title="Patrick Colquhoun">Patrick Colquhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Conyngham,_Marchioness_Conyngham" title="Elizabeth Conyngham, Marchioness Conyngham">Elizabeth Conyngham, Marchioness Conyngham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cribb" title="Tom Cribb">Tom Cribb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker" title="John Wilson Croker">John Wilson Croker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Disney_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Disney (archaeologist)">John Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Douglas_(botanist)" title="David Douglas (botanist)">David Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Egan" title="Pierce Egan">Pierce Egan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin">Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Fitzherbert" title="Maria Fitzherbert">Maria Fitzherbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> of the United Kingdom, Prince of Wales, Prince Regent then King</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Frederick Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma, Lady Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt,_3rd_Earl_Harcourt" title="William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt">William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Hatton" title="Ann Hatton">Ann Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">William Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hedley" title="William Hedley">William Hedley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Leigh_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Leigh Hunt">Leigh Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Ingram-Seymour-Conway,_Marchioness_of_Hertford" title="Isabella Ingram-Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford">Isabella Ingram-Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(English_boxer)" title="John Jackson (English boxer)">John Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Villiers,_Countess_of_Jersey" title="Sarah Villiers, Countess of Jersey">Sarah, Countess of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Jordan" title="Dorothea Jordan">Dorothea Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kean" title="Edmund Kean">Edmund Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kemble" title="Charles Kemble">Charles Kemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Kemble" title="John Philip Kemble">John Philip Kemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kemble" title="Stephen Kemble">Stephen Kemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(tenor)" title="Michael Kelly (tenor)">Michael Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Lamb" title="Lady Caroline Lamb">Lady Caroline Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lamb_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lamb (writer)">Charles Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Lamb,_Countess_Cowper" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Lamb, Countess Cowper">Emily Lamb, Countess Cowper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Lawrence (painter)">Sir Thomas Lawrence, PRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lieven" title="Dorothea Lieven">Princess Lieven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Linwood" title="Mary Linwood">Mary Linwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Lowe" title="Hudson Lowe">Hudson Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Byron Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Macready" title="William Macready">William Macready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Loudon_McAdam" title="John Loudon McAdam">John Loudon McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">Hannah More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_O%27Neill_(actress)" title="Elizabeth O'Neill (actress)">Elizabeth O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ormerod" title="George Ormerod">George Ormerod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paget,_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey" title="Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey">Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_(postal_innovator)" title="John Palmer (postal innovator)">John Palmer</a>, Royal Mail</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Porter" title="Jane Porter">Jane Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann,_F%C3%BCrst_von_P%C3%BCckler-Muskau" title="Hermann, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau">Hermann, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">Thomas De Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raikes_(dandy)" title="Thomas Raikes (dandy)">Thomas Raikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Repton" title="Humphry Repton">Humphry Repton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rogers" title="Samuel Rogers">Samuel Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sadler_(balloonist)" title="James Sadler (balloonist)">James Sadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharp_(politician)" title="Richard Sharp (politician)">Richard "Conversation" Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Archer_Shee" title="Martin Archer Shee">Martin Archer Shee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Siddons" title="Sarah Siddons">Sarah Siddons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wedgwood_(horticulturist)" title="John Wedgwood (horticulturist)">John Wedgwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Stewart,_Viscountess_Castlereagh" title="Amelia Stewart, Viscountess Castlereagh">Amelia Stewart, Viscountess Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a>, Count Rumford</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner">Joseph Mallord William Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vassall-Fox,_3rd_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland">Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Wilson" title="Harriette Wilson">Harriette Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffry_Wyattville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffry Wyattville">Jeffry Wyattville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neckclothitania-1818.gif" class="mw-file-description" title=""Neckclothitania", 1818"><img alt=""Neckclothitania", 1818" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Neckclothitania-1818.gif/223px-Neckclothitania-1818.gif" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Neckclothitania-1818.gif/335px-Neckclothitania-1818.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Neckclothitania-1818.gif/446px-Neckclothitania-1818.gif 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Neckclothitania", 1818</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astley's Amphitheatre, 1808–1811"><img alt="Astley's Amphitheatre, 1808–1811" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg/372px-Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg/559px-Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg/745px-Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_Microcosm_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Astley's Amphitheatre, 1808–1811</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brighton_Pavilion_from_Views_of_the_Royal_Pavilion_(1826)_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brighton Pavilion, 1826"><img alt="Brighton Pavilion, 1826" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Brighton_Pavilion_from_Views_of_the_Royal_Pavilion_%281826%29_edited.jpg/405px-Brighton_Pavilion_from_Views_of_the_Royal_Pavilion_%281826%29_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Brighton_Pavilion_from_Views_of_the_Royal_Pavilion_%281826%29_edited.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brighton Pavilion, 1826</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CarltonHouseFacade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carlton House, Pall Mall, London"><img alt="Carlton House, Pall Mall, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CarltonHouseFacade.jpg/385px-CarltonHouseFacade.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/CarltonHouseFacade.jpg/578px-CarltonHouseFacade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/CarltonHouseFacade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carlton House, Pall Mall, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_089_-_Vauxhall_Garden_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vauxhall Gardens, 1808–1811"><img alt="Vauxhall Gardens, 1808–1811" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_089_-_Vauxhall_Garden_edited.jpg/206px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_089_-_Vauxhall_Garden_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_089_-_Vauxhall_Garden_edited.jpg/309px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_089_-_Vauxhall_Garden_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_089_-_Vauxhall_Garden_edited.jpg/412px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_089_-_Vauxhall_Garden_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vauxhall Gardens, 1808–1811</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_All_Souls-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of All Souls, architect John Nash, 1823"><img alt="Church of All Souls, architect John Nash, 1823" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Church_of_All_Souls-2.jpg/180px-Church_of_All_Souls-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Church_of_All_Souls-2.jpg/270px-Church_of_All_Souls-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Church_of_All_Souls-2.jpg/360px-Church_of_All_Souls-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2210" data-file-height="3315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of All Souls, architect John Nash, 1823</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regent%27s_Canal_Limehouse1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regent's Canal, Limehouse, 1823"><img alt="Regent's Canal, Limehouse, 1823" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Regent%27s_Canal_Limehouse1823.jpg/402px-Regent%27s_Canal_Limehouse1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Regent%27s_Canal_Limehouse1823.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regent's Canal, Limehouse, 1823</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frost_Fair_of_1814_by_Luke_Clenell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost Fair, Thames River, 1814"><img alt="Frost Fair, Thames River, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frost_Fair_of_1814_by_Luke_Clenell.jpg/327px-Frost_Fair_of_1814_by_Luke_Clenell.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frost_Fair_of_1814_by_Luke_Clenell.jpg/491px-Frost_Fair_of_1814_by_Luke_Clenell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Frost_Fair_of_1814_by_Luke_Clenell.jpg/655px-Frost_Fair_of_1814_by_Luke_Clenell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost Fair, Thames River, 1814</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 259.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 257.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burlington_Arcade_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_1827-28.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Piccadilly entrance to the Burlington Arcade, 1819"><img alt="The Piccadilly entrance to the Burlington Arcade, 1819" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Burlington_Arcade_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_1827-28.JPG/386px-Burlington_Arcade_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_1827-28.JPG" decoding="async" width="258" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Burlington_Arcade_by_Thomas_Hosmer_Shepherd_1827-28.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Piccadilly entrance to the Burlington Arcade, 1819</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales_and_Leopold_I_after_George_Dawe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, 1817"><img alt="Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, 1817" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales_and_Leopold_I_after_George_Dawe.jpg/206px-Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales_and_Leopold_I_after_George_Dawe.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales_and_Leopold_I_after_George_Dawe.jpg/309px-Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales_and_Leopold_I_after_George_Dawe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales_and_Leopold_I_after_George_Dawe.jpg/412px-Princess_Charlotte_Augusta_of_Wales_and_Leopold_I_after_George_Dawe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, 1817</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morning-dress-Ackermanns-ca1820.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Morning dress, Ackermann, 1820"><img alt="Morning dress, Ackermann, 1820" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Morning-dress-Ackermanns-ca1820.png/221px-Morning-dress-Ackermanns-ca1820.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Morning-dress-Ackermanns-ca1820.png/332px-Morning-dress-Ackermanns-ca1820.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Morning-dress-Ackermanns-ca1820.png/442px-Morning-dress-Ackermanns-ca1820.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Morning dress, Ackermann, 1820</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 309.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 307.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humphry_Repton01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water at Wentworth, Humphry Repton, 1752–1818"><img alt="Water at Wentworth, Humphry Repton, 1752–1818" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Humphry_Repton01.jpg/461px-Humphry_Repton01.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Humphry_Repton01.jpg/691px-Humphry_Repton01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Humphry_Repton01.jpg/921px-Humphry_Repton01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water at Wentworth, Humphry Repton, 1752–1818</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanover_Square_Horwood_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanover Square, Horwood Map, 1819"><img alt="Hanover Square, Horwood Map, 1819" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hanover_Square_Horwood_1819.jpg/189px-Hanover_Square_Horwood_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hanover_Square_Horwood_1819.jpg/284px-Hanover_Square_Horwood_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Hanover_Square_Horwood_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hanover Square, Horwood Map, 1819</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BrummellDighton1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beau Brummell, 1805"><img alt="Beau Brummell, 1805" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BrummellDighton1805.jpg/195px-BrummellDighton1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BrummellDighton1805.jpg/293px-BrummellDighton1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BrummellDighton1805.jpg/390px-BrummellDighton1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beau Brummell, 1805</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 396.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 394.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Waterloo, 1815"><img alt="Battle of Waterloo, 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/592px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG" decoding="async" width="395" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/888px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/1184px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Waterloo_(painting,_Sadler_II)" title="The Battle of Waterloo (painting, Sadler II)">Battle of Waterloo</a></i>, 1815</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 300px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 298px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Almack%27s_Assembly_Rooms_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almack's Assembly Room, 1805–1825"><img alt="Almack's Assembly Room, 1805–1825" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Almack%27s_Assembly_Rooms_inside.jpg/447px-Almack%27s_Assembly_Rooms_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="298" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Almack%27s_Assembly_Rooms_inside.jpg/670px-Almack%27s_Assembly_Rooms_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Almack%27s_Assembly_Rooms_inside.jpg/893px-Almack%27s_Assembly_Rooms_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Almack's Assembly Room, 1805–1825</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Sadler_-_12_Aug_1811_ascent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balloon ascent, James Sadler, 1811"><img alt="Balloon ascent, James Sadler, 1811" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/James_Sadler_-_12_Aug_1811_ascent.jpg/217px-James_Sadler_-_12_Aug_1811_ascent.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/James_Sadler_-_12_Aug_1811_ascent.jpg/325px-James_Sadler_-_12_Aug_1811_ascent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/James_Sadler_-_12_Aug_1811_ascent.jpg/434px-James_Sadler_-_12_Aug_1811_ascent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4017" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balloon ascent, James Sadler, 1811</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowlandson_-_The_Anatomist.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Anatomist, Thomas Rowlandson, 1811"><img alt="The Anatomist, Thomas Rowlandson, 1811" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rowlandson_-_The_Anatomist.JPG/185px-Rowlandson_-_The_Anatomist.JPG" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rowlandson_-_The_Anatomist.JPG/277px-Rowlandson_-_The_Anatomist.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rowlandson_-_The_Anatomist.JPG/370px-Rowlandson_-_The_Anatomist.JPG 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Anatomist, Thomas Rowlandson, 1811</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regent%27s_Park_London_from_1833_Schmollinger_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regent's Park, Schmollinger map, 1833"><img alt="Regent's Park, Schmollinger map, 1833" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regent%27s_Park_London_from_1833_Schmollinger_map.jpg/266px-Regent%27s_Park_London_from_1833_Schmollinger_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regent%27s_Park_London_from_1833_Schmollinger_map.jpg/399px-Regent%27s_Park_London_from_1833_Schmollinger_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Regent%27s_Park_London_from_1833_Schmollinger_map.jpg/531px-Regent%27s_Park_London_from_1833_Schmollinger_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regent's Park, Schmollinger map, 1833</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_at_100_Pall_Mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="100 Pall Mall, former location of National Gallery, 1824–1834"><img alt="100 Pall Mall, former location of National Gallery, 1824–1834" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/National_Gallery_at_100_Pall_Mall.jpg/192px-National_Gallery_at_100_Pall_Mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/National_Gallery_at_100_Pall_Mall.jpg/289px-National_Gallery_at_100_Pall_Mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/National_Gallery_at_100_Pall_Mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">100 Pall Mall, former location of National Gallery, 1824–1834</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cognocenti-Antique-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cognocenti, Gillray Cartoon, 1801"><img alt="Cognocenti, Gillray Cartoon, 1801" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cognocenti-Antique-Gillray.jpeg/196px-Cognocenti-Antique-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="131" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cognocenti-Antique-Gillray.jpeg/294px-Cognocenti-Antique-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cognocenti-Antique-Gillray.jpeg/391px-Cognocenti-Antique-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="3784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cognocenti, Gillray Cartoon, 1801</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Custom_Office_London_Dock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Custom Office, London Docks, 1811–1843"><img alt="Custom Office, London Docks, 1811–1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Custom_Office_London_Dock.jpg/406px-Custom_Office_London_Dock.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Custom_Office_London_Dock.jpg/609px-Custom_Office_London_Dock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Custom_Office_London_Dock.jpg/812px-Custom_Office_London_Dock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Custom Office, London Docks, 1811–1843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Dock_Custom_and_Excise_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Customs and Excise, London Docks, 1820"><img alt="Customs and Excise, London Docks, 1820" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/London_Dock_Custom_and_Excise_1820.jpg/356px-London_Dock_Custom_and_Excise_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/London_Dock_Custom_and_Excise_1820.jpg/534px-London_Dock_Custom_and_Excise_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/London_Dock_Custom_and_Excise_1820.jpg/712px-London_Dock_Custom_and_Excise_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Customs and Excise, London Docks, 1820</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mailcoach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mail coach, 1827"><img alt="Mail coach, 1827" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mailcoach.jpg/373px-Mailcoach.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mailcoach.jpg/559px-Mailcoach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Mailcoach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mail coach, 1827</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval, 1812"><img alt="Assassination of Spencer Perceval, 1812" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg/339px-Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg/508px-Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg/677px-Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Assassination of Spencer Perceval, 1812</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Trial_of_Queen_Caroline_1820_by_Sir_George_Hayter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Trial of Queen Caroline by George Hayter, 1823"><img alt="The Trial of Queen Caroline by George Hayter, 1823" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Trial_of_Queen_Caroline_1820_by_Sir_George_Hayter.jpg/409px-The_Trial_of_Queen_Caroline_1820_by_Sir_George_Hayter.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Trial_of_Queen_Caroline_1820_by_Sir_George_Hayter.jpg/613px-The_Trial_of_Queen_Caroline_1820_by_Sir_George_Hayter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Trial_of_Queen_Caroline_1820_by_Sir_George_Hayter.jpg/817px-The_Trial_of_Queen_Caroline_1820_by_Sir_George_Hayter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Queen_Caroline" title="The Trial of Queen Caroline">The Trial of Queen Caroline</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Hayter" title="George Hayter">George Hayter</a>, 1823</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_062_-_Pillory,_Charing_Cross_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pillory at Charing Cross, Ackermann's Microcosm of London, 1808–1811"><img alt="The pillory at Charing Cross, Ackermann's Microcosm of London, 1808–1811" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_062_-_Pillory%2C_Charing_Cross_edited.jpg/366px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_062_-_Pillory%2C_Charing_Cross_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_062_-_Pillory%2C_Charing_Cross_edited.jpg/549px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_062_-_Pillory%2C_Charing_Cross_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_062_-_Pillory%2C_Charing_Cross_edited.jpg/732px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_062_-_Pillory%2C_Charing_Cross_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pillory at Charing Cross, Ackermann's <i>Microcosm of London</i>, 1808–1811</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 303.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Covent_Garden_Theatre_1827-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Covent Garden Theatre, 1827–1828"><img alt="Covent Garden Theatre, 1827–1828" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Covent_Garden_Theatre_1827-28.jpg/455px-Covent_Garden_Theatre_1827-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="304" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Covent_Garden_Theatre_1827-28.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Covent Garden Theatre, 1827–1828</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion" title="1795–1820 in Western fashion">Regency fashions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_dance" title="Regency dance">Regency dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gence" title="Régence">Régence</a>, the period of the early 18th-century regency in France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Dilettanti" title="Society of Dilettanti">Society of Dilettanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>, for the United States</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPryde1996" class="citation book cs1">Pryde, E. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-6350-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-6350-5"><bdi>978-0-5215-6350-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-5215-6350-5&rft.aulast=Pryde&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcgxEvGAK_kC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RC1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RC1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalcentral.co.uk/features/mother-knows-best-the-regency-before-the-20th-century-156962/">Royal Central</a>. <i>The Regency before the 20th century</i> by Lydia Starbuck. 10 March 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, N. (2001). Henry Grattan, the Regency Crisis and the Emergence of a Whig Party in Ireland, 1788–9. Irish Historical Studies, 32(128), 478–497. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30006972">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette16451" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16451/page/227">"No. 16451"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 5 February 1811. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+16451&rft.pages=227&rft.date=1811-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F16451%2Fpage%2F227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Innes (1915), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Innes (1915), p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabundoMazzenoNorton2021" class="citation book cs1">Dabundo, Laura; Mazzeno, Laurence W.; Norton, Sue (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5cuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177"><i>Jane Austen: A Companion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. pp. 177–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4238-3"><bdi>978-1-4766-4238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane+Austen%3A+A+Companion&rft.pages=177-179&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-4238-3&rft.aulast=Dabundo&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Mazzeno%2C+Laurence+W.&rft.au=Norton%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5cuEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plunkett-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plunkett_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlunkett2012" class="citation book cs1">Plunkett, John; et al., eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pugilistica%3A+the+history+of+British+boxing+containing+lives+of+the+most+celebrated+pugilists&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=182-192&rft.pub=John+Grant&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Henry+Downes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpugilisticahisto01mileuoft%23page%2F182%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Egan" title="Pierce Egan">Pierce Egan</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boxiana" title="Boxiana">Boxiana</a></i>, Volume I (1813).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowdon2013" class="citation book cs1">Snowdon, David (2013). <i>Writing the Prizefight: Pierce Egan's Boxiana World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Prizefight%3A+Pierce+Egan%27s+Boxiana+World&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Snowdon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelham Warner">Warner, Pelham</a> (1946). <i>Lord's 1787–1945</i>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Wisden_Group" title="Wisden Group">Wisden Group</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cricinfo+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+oldest+fixture+of+them+all%3A+the+annual+Eton+vs+Harrow+match&rft.date=2005-06-18&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent-uk.cricinfo.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F67%2F211281.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Eric (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportmatterssoci00dunn_562"><i>Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportmatterssoci00dunn_562/page/n99">88–89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09378-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09378-1"><bdi>978-0-415-09378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+Matters%3A+Sociological+Studies+of+Sport%2C+Violence+and+Civilisation&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09378-1&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsportmatterssoci00dunn_562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1988" class="citation book cs1">Baker, William (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkuAiv3LoR4C"><i>Sports in the Western World</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06042-7"><bdi>978-0-252-06042-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+in+the+Western+World&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06042-7&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkuAiv3LoR4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox,_Richard_WilliamRussell,_DaveVamplew,_Wray2002" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Richard William; Russell, Dave; Vamplew, Wray (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of British Football</i>. Routledge. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5249-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5249-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-5249-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+British+Football&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5249-8&rft.au=Cox%2C+Richard+William&rft.au=Russell%2C+Dave&rft.au=Vamplew%2C+Wray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1902" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, J. S. 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Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Publishing. pp. 9–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daily+Telegraph+Chronicle+of+Horse+Racing&rft.place=Enfield%2C+Middlesex&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Guinness+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrett, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sporting Magazine</i> (1830), May and July editions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ageconcernliverpoolandsefton.org.uk/and-they're-off-a-brief-history-of-aintree">"And they're off – a brief history of Aintree racecourse and the Grand National"</a>. <i>Age Concern Liverpool & Sefton</i>. 9 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Age+Concern+Liverpool+%26+Sefton&rft.atitle=And+they%27re+off+%E2%80%93+a+brief+history+of+Aintree+racecourse+and+the+Grand+National&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ageconcernliverpoolandsefton.org.uk%2Fand-they%27re-off-a-brief-history-of-aintree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbheritage.com/TurfHallmarks/racecharts/Steeplechase/GrandNationalEarly.html">"The Birth of The Grand National: The Real Story".</a> Mutlow, Mick (15 June 2009). 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Retrieved 9 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2020" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Sally (3 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeform.com/horse-racing/features/generic-feature/an-early-history-of-aintree-racecourse-342020">"An early history of Aintree racecourse"</a>. <i>Timeform</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeform&rft.atitle=An+early+history+of+Aintree+racecourse&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeform.com%2Fhorse-racing%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneric-feature%2Fan-early-history-of-aintree-racecourse-342020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Boat_Race_origins-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Boat_Race_origins_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theboatrace.org/men/origins">"The Boat Race origins"</a>. The Boat Race Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007044923/http://theboatrace.org/men/origins">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Boat+Race+origins&rft.pub=The+Boat+Race+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheboatrace.org%2Fmen%2Forigins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922055840/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840">"Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840">the original</a> on 22 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0396-1"><bdi>978-0-8153-0396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+Hanoverian+Age%2C+1714-1837%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0396-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhaBz_5OZiUC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonCross" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Alfred L.; Cross, Gilbert B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070608083109/http://www.emich.edu/public/english/adelphi_calendar/hist.htm">"The Adelphi Theatre, 1806–1900"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emich.edu/public/english/adelphi_calendar/hist.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Adelphi+Theatre%2C+1806%E2%80%931900&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+L.&rft.au=Cross%2C+Gilbert+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emich.edu%2Fpublic%2Fenglish%2Fadelphi_calendar%2Fhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/attingham-park/history/">"Attingham Park: History"</a>. National Trust<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attingham+Park%3A+History&rft.pub=National+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fattingham-park%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/734966/Roman-Regency-and-really-nearby.html">"Roman, Regency and really nearby"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 14 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/734966/Roman-Regency-and-really-nearby.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Roman%2C+Regency+and+really+nearby&rft.date=2006-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2F734966%2FRoman-Regency-and-really-nearby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2013" class="citation web cs1">Sanders, Stephanie (6 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitengland.com/experience/cheltenham-regency-spa-town">"Explore the Regency spa town of Cheltenham"</a>. <i>visitengland.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitengland.com&rft.atitle=Explore+the+Regency+spa+town+of+Cheltenham&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitengland.com%2Fexperience%2Fcheltenham-regency-spa-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414141837/http://www.r-alston.co.uk/circ2.htm">"Circulating Libraries, 1801–1825"</a>. <i>Library History Database</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r-alston.co.uk/circ2.htm">the original</a> on 14 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+History+Database&rft.atitle=Circulating+Libraries%2C+1801%E2%80%931825&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r-alston.co.uk%2Fcirc2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509132318/http://www.printsgeorge.com/PrintsGeorge-Prints-First.htm">"Jane Austen: Sports"</a>. <i>Jane's Bureau of Information</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printsgeorge.com/Jane_Austen-sports.htm">the original</a> on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+Bureau+of+Information&rft.atitle=Jane+Austen%3A+Sports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.printsgeorge.com%2FJane_Austen-sports.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane_Austen_Places-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Places_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Places_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508232035/http://www.printsgeorge.com/Jane_Austen-places.htm">"Jane Austen: Places"</a>. <i>Jane's Bureau of Information</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printsgeorge.com/Jane_Austen-places.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+Bureau+of+Information&rft.atitle=Jane+Austen%3A+Places&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.printsgeorge.com%2FJane_Austen-places.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane_Austen_Gardens-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Gardens_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Gardens_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513113731/http://www.printsgeorge.com/Jane_Austen-gardens.htm">"Jane Austen: Gardens"</a>. <i>Jane's Bureau of Information</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printsgeorge.com/Jane_Austen-gardens.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+Bureau+of+Information&rft.atitle=Jane+Austen%3A+Gardens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.printsgeorge.com%2FJane_Austen-gardens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane_Austen_Theatre-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Theatre_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jane_Austen_Theatre_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513135107/http://www.printsgeorge.com/Jane_Austen-theater.htm">"Jane Austen: Theatre"</a>. <i>Jane's Bureau of Information</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printsgeorge.com/Jane_Austen-theater.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+Bureau+of+Information&rft.atitle=Jane+Austen%3A+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.printsgeorge.com%2FJane_Austen-theater.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1997" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Gerald, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhaBz_5OZiUC&pg=PR11"><i>Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0396-1"><bdi>978-0-8153-0396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+Hanoverian+Age%2C+1714-1837%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0396-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhaBz_5OZiUC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bowman, Peter James. <i>The Fortune Hunter: A German Prince in Regency England.</i> Oxford: Signal Books, 2010. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>David, Saul. <i>Prince of Pleasure The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency</i>. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1998. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes1914" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Arthur Donald (1914). <i>A History of England and the British Empire</i>. Vol. 3. The MacMillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes1915" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Arthur Donald (1915). <i>A History of England and the British Empire</i>. Vol. 4. The MacMillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=508kHfewluIC">Knafla, David, Crime, punishment, and reform in Europe, Greenwood Publishing, 2003</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lapp, Robert Keith. <i>Contest for Cultural Authority – Hazlitt, Coleridge, and the Distresses of the Regency</i>. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1999. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriott,_J._A._R." class="mw-redirect" title="Marriott, J. A. R.">Marriott, J. A. R.</a> <i>England Since Waterloo</i> (1913) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/englandsincewate00marruoft#page/n7/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Morgan, Marjorie. <i>Manners, Morals, and Class in England, 1774–1859.</i> New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Morrison, Robert. <i>The Regency Years: During Which Jane Austen Writes, Napoleon Fights, Byron Makes Love, and Britain Becomes Modern</i>. 2019, New York: W. W. Norton, London: Atlantic Books <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2019/05/23/sex-drugs-and-the-birth-of-modernity">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman,_Gerald1997" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Gerald, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhaBz_5OZiUC&pg=PR11"><i>Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0396-1"><bdi>978-0-8153-0396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+Hanoverian+Age%2C+1714%E2%80%931837%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0396-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhaBz_5OZiUC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegency+era" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03612759909604247">online review</a>; 904pp; 1121 short articles on Britain by 250 experts.</li> <li>Parissien, Steven. <i>George IV Inspiration of the Regency.</i> New York: St. Martin's P, 2001. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Pilcher, Donald. <i>The Regency Style: 1800–1830</i> (London: Batsford, 1947).</li> <li>Rendell, Jane. <i>The pursuit of pleasure: gender, space & architecture in Regency London</i> (Bloomsbury, 2002). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Richardson" title="Joanna Richardson">Richardson, Joanna</a>. <i>The Regency</i>. London: Collins, 1973. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Webb, R.K. <i>Modern England: from the 18th century to the present</i> (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernenglandfro00webb">online</a> widely recommended university textbook</li> <li>Wellesley, Lord Gerald. "Regency Furniture", <i>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</i> 70, no. 410 (1937): 233–241.</li> <li>White, R.J. <i>Life in Regency England</i> (Batsford, 1963). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_and_punishment">Crime and punishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Crime and punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Emsley, Clive. <i>Crime and society in England: 1750–1900</i> (2013).</li> <li>Innes, Joanna and John Styles. "The Crime Wave: Recent Writing on Crime and Criminal Justice in Eighteenth-Century England" <i>Journal of British Studies</i> 25#4 (1986), pp. 380–435 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175563">175563</a>.</li> <li>Low, Donald A. <i>The Regency Underworld</i>. Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1999.</li> <li>Morgan, Gwenda, and Peter Rushton. <i>Rogues, Thieves And the Rule of Law: The Problem of Law Enforcement in North-East England, 1718–1820</i> (2005).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Simond, Louis. <i>Journal of a tour and residence in Great Britain, during the years 1810 and 1811</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4z0JAAAAIAAJ">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regency_era&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505074057/http://users.bathspa.ac.uk/greenwood/">Greenwood's Map of London, 1827</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldlondonmaps.com/horwoodpages/horwoodmain.html">Horwood Map of London, 1792–1799</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSsoAAAAYAAJ&dq=census+london+1810+1811&pg=PA50">Results of the 1801 and 1811 Census of London</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_European_Magazine_and_London_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Magazine and London Review">The European Magazine and London Review</a></i>, 1818, p. 50</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/toc2.htm">The Bluestocking Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=mxt">End of an Era: 1815–1830</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110101208/http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/artarc/empire/england.html">New York Public Library, England – The Regency Style</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumfurniture.com/regency/">Regency Style Furniture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414070202/http://www.museumfurniture.com/regency/">Archived</a> 14 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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