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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">===Postwar reaction: 1815–1822=== Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars a very different country than it had been in 1793. As the [[Industrial Revolution]] progressed, society changed, becoming more urban. The postwar period saw an economic slump, and poor harvests and inflation caused widespread social unrest. British leadership was intensely conservative, ever watchful of signs of revolutionary activity of the sort that had so deeply affected France. Historians have found very few signs, noting that social movements such as [[Methodism]] strongly encouraged conservative support for the political and social status quo.{{Sfnp|Tombs|2014|pages=455–458}} The major constitutional changes included a reform of Parliament, and a sharp decline in the power and prestige of the monarchy. The Prince regent, on becoming [[George IV|King George IV]] in 1820 asked Parliament to divorce his wife Queen [[Caroline of Brunswick]] so that he could marry his favourite lover. Public and elite opinion strongly favoured the Queen and ridiculed the king. The fiasco helped ruin the prestige of the monarchy and it recovered a fraction of the power wielded by King [[George III]] in his saner days. Historian Eugene Black says: :the damage was irrevocable. The sovereign was increasingly a symbolic contradiction in his own age. Through madness, stupidity, and immorality Victoria's three predecessors lowered the stock of monarchy. Only thirty years of the narrow domestic virtues of [[Queen Victoria]] finally retrieved the symbolic luster of the sovereign.{{Sfnp|Black|1969|page=32}} ==== Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts ==== {{Main|Ultra-Tories|Peterloo Massacre|Six Acts}} The [[Ultra-Tories]] were the leaders of reaction and seemed to dominate the [[Tories (British political party)|Tory Party]], which controlled the government.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaunt |first=R. A. |date=2003 |title=The fourth duke of Newcastle, the ultra-tories and the opposition to Canning's administration |journal=History |volume=88 |issue=292 |pages=568–586 |doi=10.1111/1468-229X.00280}}</ref> Every untoward event seemed to point to a conspiracy on the left which necessitated more repression to head off another terror such as happened in the [[French Revolution]] in 1793. Historians find that the violent radical element was small and weak; there were a handful of small conspiracies involving men with few followers and careless security; they were quickly suppressed.{{Sfnp|Evans|2008|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmjJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3–25]}} Nevertheless, techniques of repression included the suspension of [[habeas Corpus Act 1816|Habeas Corpus in 1817]] (allowing the government to arrest and hold suspects without cause or trial). [[Henry Addington|Sidmouth]]'s [[Gagging Acts]] of 1817 heavily muzzled the opposition newspapers; the reformers switched to pamphlets and sold 50,000 a week.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Philip |title=Addington |date=1965 |page=350}}</ref> [[File:Peterloo Massacre.png|thumb|The [[Peterloo Massacre]] of 1819 resulted in 18 deaths and several hundred injured.]] In industrial districts in 1819, factory workers demanded better wages, and demonstrated. The most important event was the [[Peterloo Massacre]] in [[Manchester]], on 16 August 1819, when a local militia unit composed of landowners charged into an orderly crowd of 60,000 which had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. The crowd panicked and eleven died and hundreds were injured. The government saw the event as an opening battle against revolutionaries. In reaction [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Lord Liverpool]]'s government passed the "[[Six Acts]]" in 1819. They prohibited drills and military exercises; facilitated warrants for the search for weapons; outlawed public meetings of more than 50 people, including meetings to organise petitions; put heavy penalties on blasphemous and seditious publications; imposing a fourpenny stamp act on many pamphlets to cut down the flow on news and criticism. Offenders could be harshly punished including [[Convicts in Australia|exile in Australia]]. In practice the laws were designed to deter troublemakers and reassure conservatives; they were not often used.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |title=The Peterloo Massacre |date=2017}}</ref> One historian would write: "Peterloo was a blunder; it was hardly a massacre." It was a serious mistake by local authorities who did not understand what was happening.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gash |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Gash |title=Aristocracy and people: Britain, 1815–1865 |date=1979 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-4491-3 |page=95}}</ref> Nevertheless, it had a major impact on British opinion at the time and on history ever since as a symbol of officialdom brutally suppressing a peaceful demonstration thinking mistakenly that it was the start of an insurrection.{{Sfnp|Briggs|1959|pages=208–214}} The Ultra-Tories peaked in strength about 1819–1822 then lost ground inside the Tory Party. They were defeated in important breakthroughs that took place in the late 1820s in terms of tolerating first dissenting Protestants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ditchfield |first=Grayson M. |date=1974 |title=The parliamentary struggle over the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1787–1790 |journal=English Historical Review |volume=89 |issue=352 |pages=551–577 |doi=10.1093/ehr/lxxxix.ccclii.551 |jstor=567426}}; {{Cite journal |last=Machin |first=G. I. T. |date=1979 |title=Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828 |journal=Historical Journal |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x00016708|s2cid=154680968 }}</ref> An even more decisive blow was the unexpected repeal of the many restrictions on Catholics, after widespread organised protest by the [[Catholic Association]] in Ireland under [[Daniel O'Connell]], with support from [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|Catholics in England]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinde |first=Wendy |title=Catholic Emancipation: A Shake to Men's Minds |date=1992 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-6311-6783-9}}</ref> [[Robert Peel]] was alarmed at the strength of the Catholic Association, warning in 1824, "We cannot tamely sit by while the danger is hourly increasing, while a power co-ordinate with that of the Government is rising by its side, nay, daily counteracting its views."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peel |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Peel |title=Sir Robert Peel: From His Private Papers |date=1853 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/sirrobertpeelfr02parkgoog/page/n355 347]}}</ref> The Duke of Wellington, Britain's most famous war hero, told Peel, "If we cannot get rid of the Catholic Association, we must look to Civil War in Ireland sooner or later."{{Sfnp|Peel|1853|page=348}} Peel and Wellington agreed that to stop the momentum of the Catholic Association it was necessary to pass [[Catholic emancipation]], which gave Catholics the vote and the right to sit in Parliament. That happened in 1829 using Whig support. Passage demonstrated that the veto power long held by the ultra-Tories no longer was operational, and significant reforms were now possible across the board. The stage was set for the Age of Reform.{{Sfnp|Hilton|2006|pages=384–391, 668–671}} </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&action=edit&section=5&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-795c86c559-pdcvw","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.052","walltime":"0.069","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 47.320 1 -total"," 99.87% 47.258 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 44.35% 20.987 2 Template:Replace"," 37.86% 17.917 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 34.26% 16.212 1 Template:Hidden"," 14.60% 6.907 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.18% 6.708 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.29% 1.083 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"," 2.08% 0.984 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.02% 0.957 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.009","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043398,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-795c86c559-pdcvw","timestamp":"20241127220336","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>