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<li id="toc-Chinese_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Chinese period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Autonomous period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Jinghai Circuit<br />Tĩnh Hải quân</div><div class="ib-country-names">靜海軍</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">866–967</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Later_Liang.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jinghai Circuit at the bottom in modern Northern Vietnam and Southern China"><img alt="Jinghai Circuit at the bottom in modern Northern Vietnam and Southern China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Later_Liang.png/250px-Later_Liang.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Later_Liang.png/375px-Later_Liang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Later_Liang.png/500px-Later_Liang.png 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="905" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Jinghai Circuit at the bottom in modern Northern Vietnam and Southern China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <small>(866–880)</small><br /> Semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">jiedushi</a> nominally under Tang dynasty <small>(905–907)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Independent kingdom</a> <small>(939–967)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_La" title="Đại La">Đại La</a> (Hanoi) <small>(866–939)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cổ Loa">Cổ Loa</a> <small>(939–967)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Old Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muong language">Muong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Military governor <small>(866–938)</small><br />Monarchy <small>(939–967)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Postclassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Postclassic">Postclassical Era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">967</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Annan_(Tang_protectorate)" title="Annan (Tang protectorate)">Annan (Tang protectorate)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Tĩnh Hải quân</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">靜海軍</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">靜海軍</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jìnghǎi Jūn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ching<sup>3</sup>-hai<sup>3</sup> Ch'un<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Tĩnh Hải quân</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">靜海軍</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="clear:right; float:right; margin:0em 3px 1.0em 1.0em; border:1px solid darkslategray; background:#f9f9f9; color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:1.3em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;background:#FDD5B1; color:inherit; font-size:125%; border-bottom:1px solid darkslategray;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><br />(by <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">names of Vietnam</a>) </th> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid darkslategray; width:50px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_Tien.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south (the Nam tiến, 1069-1757)."><img alt="Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south (the Nam tiến, 1069-1757)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/55px-Nam_Tien.PNG" decoding="async" width="55" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/83px-Nam_Tien.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/110px-Nam_Tien.PNG 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="713" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible" style="width: 100%; background:#ADD8E6; color:inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">2879–2524 BC </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Xích Quỷ</a></b> (mythological) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">7th century–258 BC </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Lang">Văn Lang</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">257–179 BC </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">204–111 BC </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nam Việt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">111 BC – 40 AD </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">40–43 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Trưng Sisters">Lĩnh Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">43–203 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">203–544 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Giao Châu</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">544–602 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Vạn Xuân</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">602–679 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Giao Châu</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">679–757 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Annam_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam (province)">An Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">757–766 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">Trấn Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">766–866 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Annam_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam (province)">An Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">866–968 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tĩnh Hải quân</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">968–1054 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Cồ Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1054–1400 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1400–1407 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Ngu">Đại Ngu</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1407–1427 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi_Province" title="Jiaozhi Province">Giao Chỉ</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1428–1804 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1804–1839 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Việt Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1839–1945 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Nam">Đại Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1887–1954 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Đông Dương</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid darkslategray; text-align:right;">1945– </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid darkslategray;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_since_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnam since 1945">Việt Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#20B2AA; color:inherit;">Main template </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template:History of Vietnam">History of Vietnam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#20B2AA; color:inherit;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Vietnam/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Template:History of Vietnam/Names of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Vietnam/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:History of Vietnam/Names of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Vietnam/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Vietnam/Names of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tĩnh Hải quân</b> or <b>Jinghai Circuit</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 靜海軍, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Jìnghǎi Jūn) (literally "Peaceful Sea Army"), also known as <b>Annan</b> or <b>An Nam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">安南</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Pacified South'), was an administrative division of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> of China administered by Chinese governors, which then later became a quasi-independent regime ruled by successive local Vietnamese warlords and monarchs. It was centered around what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">northern Vietnam</a> from 866 to 967 during the late Tang period and lasted until the late <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> when <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a> established the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_period">Chinese period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chinese period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jinghai Circuit (Tĩnh Hải quân) was created in 866 by the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Gao_Pian" title="Gao Pian">Gao Pian</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">fanzhen</a></i> ("buffer town") in the former <a href="/wiki/Annan_(Tang_protectorate)" title="Annan (Tang protectorate)">Annan Duhufu</a> (Protectorate General to Pacify the South) after retaking it from <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a>, which had invaded and captured the area in 863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019123_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019123-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of the command was sometimes referred to as "circuit" (道 dao). In 875, the <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a> rebellion broke out in northern China. In 879, the rebels sacked <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, headed north, bypassing <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and northern Vietnam. A campaign against local aboriginals in Jinghai was conducted from 874 to 879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 880, the army in Đại La mutinied, forcing the commander Zeng Gun to flee north, ending de facto Chinese control. Tang troops returned north in small groups of their own initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983258_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983258-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 880 to 905, named holders of the post never actually governed Jinghai. In 904, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a>'s brother Quanyu tried to enter the region but was immediately dismissed the next year for being "stupid and without ability."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983204_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983204-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_period">Autonomous period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Autonomous period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_early_independent_Vietnam" title="Timeline of early independent Vietnam">Timeline of early independent Vietnam</a></div> <p>In 905, the native chief <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%ABa_D%E1%BB%A5" title="Khúc Thừa Dụ">Khúc Thừa Dụ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_clan" title="Khúc clan">Khúc clan</a> came to power and proclaimed himself <i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">jiedushi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1981215_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1981215-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 907, his son <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_H%E1%BA%A1o" title="Khúc Hạo">Khúc Hạo</a> (Chu Hao) succeeded as governor and was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> dynasty in northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201580_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201580-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern China, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Yin (Southern Han)">Liu Yin</a> ruled over <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and was a close ally of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quanzhong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Quanzhong">Zhu Quanzhong</a>. In 908 Khúc Hạo sent his son <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%ABa_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Khúc Thừa Mỹ">Khúc Thừa Mỹ</a> to Guangzhou to gather information on the Liu family. When Liu Yin died in 911, Thừa Mỹ sent gifts to the Later Liang court by a naval envoy from the <a href="/wiki/Min_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Kingdom">Min Kingdom</a>. In the fifth month of the year, Liu Yin's brother and successor was named military governor at Guangzhou only. In the last month of the year, an imperial envoy arrived at Đại La to confirm Thừa Mỹ as military governor there. The Vietnamese Khúc family maintained a relationship with the Later Liang court through the Min state in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shenzhi" title="Wang Shenzhi">Wang Shenzhi</a> called Thừa Mỹ's envoys "southern barbarian merchants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983262_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983262-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 917, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)" title="Liu Yan (emperor)">Liu Yan</a> proclaimed himself emperor of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>. In 923, the Later Liang dynasty collapsed, so the Khúc family could no longer look north for legal and moral support. The Southern Han at Guangzhou controlled all of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Xi River</a> basin; they were eager to add Tĩnh Hải quân to their realm and to reassemble the ancient inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Tuo" title="Zhao Tuo">Zhao Tuo</a>’s kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983263_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983263-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 930, Liu Yan sent an army to occupy <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_La" title="Đại La">Đại La</a> and met no resistance. Khúc Thừa Mỹ was captured and taken to Guangzhou, where he was allowed to live out his days quietly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983263_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983263-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019126_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019126-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 931, a former vassal of the Khúc family, <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ngh%E1%BB%87" title="Dương Đình Nghệ">Dương Đình Nghệ</a> from Aizhou (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ho%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoá">Thanh Hoá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An">Nghệ An</a>), raised a 3,000-men army of retainers whom he called his adopted sons. Dương Đình Nghệ attacked the Southern Han army. The Southern Han general, Cheng Bao, failed to retake Tĩnh Hải from Dương Đình Nghệ and therefore he was decapitated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983266_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983266-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dương Đình Nghệ ruled Tĩnh Hải for 6 years. In 937, he was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%81u_C%C3%B4ng_Ti%E1%BB%85n" title="Kiều Công Tiễn">Kiều Công Tiễn</a>, a military subject who had given his allegiance to the Southern Han state and seized power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983266_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983266-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201580_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201580-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Ngô Quyền">Ngô Quyền</a>, a former general and son-in-law of Dương Đình Nghệ, marched north from Ai to avenge the death of his patron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983211_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pro-Southern Han Kiều Công Tiễn called Liu Yan for help. Liu Yan placed his own son, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Hongcao" title="Liu Hongcao">Liu Hongcao</a>, in command of the expedition, granting him the titles <i>Jinghai jiedushi</i> and <i>King of Jiao</i>, sailed to the coast of Annam and headed inland up the <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_River" title="Bạch Đằng River">Bạch Đằng River</a>, a northern arm of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River delta">Red River delta</a>, to confront Ngô Quyền. Liu Yan himself set out from <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, following his son's fleet with additional forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983268_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983268-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 938, Ngô Quyền <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(938)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)">defeated the Southern Han fleet</a> on the river by using barriers of sharpened stakes. When hearing the news that Liu Hongcao was killed, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)" title="Liu Yan (emperor)">Liu Yan</a> cried bitterly and withdrew his own fleet and returned to Guangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983269_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983269-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 939, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Ngô Quyền">Ngô Quyền</a> abolished the title of military governor and proclaimed himself king, with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient</a> town of <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cổ Loa">Cổ Loa</a> as his royal capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1986141_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1986141-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201580_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201580-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he had defeated the Chinese dynasty of Southern Han, the government Ngô Quyền established afterward still largely followed a Chinese template down to the color of dress, which increasingly alienated his Viet subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983213_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983213-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 944 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Tam_Kha" title="Dương Tam Kha">Dương Tam Kha</a>, who styled himself the "King of Peace" (Binh Vuong). Tam Kha was part of the anti-Chinese faction while Ngô Quyền's sons were still part of the Chinese-influenced elite. Ngô Quyền's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ng%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ngô Xương Ngập">Ngô Xương Ngập</a>, fled to the <a href="/wiki/Nam_S%C3%A1ch_district" title="Nam Sách district">Nam Sách River</a> area, which was the center of Chinese settlement and influence, and enlisted the help of Pham Bach Ho, a prominent member of a local noble family. He was also aided by <a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%81u_C%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A3n" title="Kiều Công Hãn">Kiều Công Hãn</a>, who came from the same family as Kiều Công Tiễn and held a grudge against the Dương family. Tam Kha tried to manipulate Ngô Quyền's second son, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n" title="Ngô Xương Văn">Ngô Xương Văn</a>, by adopting him and making him a military leader. In 950, Xương Văn enlisted the aid of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_C%E1%BA%A3nh_Th%E1%BA%A1c" title="Đỗ Cảnh Thạc">Đỗ Cảnh Thạc</a> and deposed Tam Kha. Xương Văn declared himself the "King of Southern Jin" in imitation of Chinese dynasties. In 951, Xương Văn invited his brother Xương Ngập to rule alongside him but Xương Ngập usurped his rule and declared himself "King of the Heavenly Plan" (Thien Sack Vuong). Ngập died in 954 and Văn returned to the throne. He sent envoys to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> bearing tribute and requesting credentials from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>. However Xương Ngập then cancelled a visit from a Southern Han official before he could arrive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1986141_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1986141-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983274_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983274-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anarchy of the 12 Warlords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a></div> <p>From 951, Duke <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hoa_L%C6%B0_Ancient_Capital" title="Hoa Lư Ancient Capital">Hoa Lư</a> began challenging royal authority. As the two kings prepared to march against Hoa Lư, Bộ Lĩnh sent his son <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_Li%E1%BB%85n" title="Đinh Liễn">Đinh Liễn</a> as a hostage of good faith. The Ngô brothers responded by denouncing Bộ Lĩnh for not coming in person, securing Liễn, and proceeding to attack Hoa Lư.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983277_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983277-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Liễn escaped back to Hoa Lư, Bộ Lĩnh moved to make an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_L%C3%A3m" title="Trần Lãm">Trần Lãm</a>, a merchant and warlord of <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983277_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983277-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 965, king Xương Văn campaigned against a pair of villages on the border of <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i" title="Yên Bái">Phong</a>. While observing the battle from a boat in the river, he was shot and killed by a crossbowman lying in ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiu1995818_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiu1995818-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983274_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983274-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Xương Văn's death, warlords across northern Vietnam enlisted their own armies and took control the land. The kingdom dissolved into civil war, known as the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019140_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019140-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Bộ Lĩnh subdued and mobilized <i>Ô man</i> tribes in the west, then attacked warlord <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Ngô Nhật Khánh">Ngô Nhật Khánh</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y" class="mw-redirect" title="Sơn Tây">Sơn Tây</a> with 30,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983278_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983278-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gained the submission of Ngô Nhật Khánh, the grandson of Ngô Quyền, Bộ Lĩnh's force marched northwest in 966 and defeated warlord <a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%81u_C%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A3n" title="Kiều Công Hãn">Kiều Công Hãn</a>. Two years later, he defeated all the warlords, proclaimed himself emperor of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Cồ Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a> or Đại Việt and moved the Vietnamese capital to <a href="/wiki/Hoa_L%C6%B0_Ancient_Capital" title="Hoa Lư Ancient Capital">Hoa Lư</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019141_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019141-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983279_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983279-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983281_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983281-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201581_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201581-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauHuang1986253_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauHuang1986253-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinghai_Ng%C3%B4_circuits.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jinghai_Ng%C3%B4_circuits.png/220px-Jinghai_Ng%C3%B4_circuits.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jinghai_Ng%C3%B4_circuits.png/330px-Jinghai_Ng%C3%B4_circuits.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jinghai_Ng%C3%B4_circuits.png/440px-Jinghai_Ng%C3%B4_circuits.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a> ruling <a href="/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_Qu%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tĩnh Hải Quân">Tĩnh Hải circuit</a> in 938</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Giao Châu</a> (Chinese: Jiāozhōu/交州)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Ninh Province">Lục Châu</a> (Chinese: Luózhōu/羅州)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Vũ An Châu</a> (Chinese: Wǔānzhōu/武安州)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Thọ Province">Phong Châu</a> (Chinese: Fēngzhōu/峰州)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Định Province">Trường Châu</a> (Chinese: Chángzhōu/長州)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ho%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoá Province">Ái Châu</a> (Chinese: Àizhōu/愛州)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghệ An Province">Diễn Châu</a> (Chinese: Yǎnzhōu/演州)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinh" title="Vinh">Hoan Châu</a> (Chinese: Huānzhōu/驩州)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C4%A9nh" title="Hà Tĩnh">Phúc Lộc Châu</a> (Chinese: Fúlùzhōu/福祿州)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiedushi_(Tiết_Độ_Sứ)"><span id="Jiedushi_.28Ti.E1.BA.BFt_.C4.90.E1.BB.99_S.E1.BB.A9.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a> (Tiết Độ Sứ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jiedushi (Tiết Độ Sứ)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_jiedushi">Chinese jiedushi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chinese jiedushi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Pian" title="Gao Pian">Gao Pian</a> (高駢) (864–866)</li> <li>Wang Yanquan (王晏權) (866)</li> <li>Gao Pian (866–868)</li> <li>Gao Xun (高潯) (868–873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Gun" title="Zeng Gun">Zeng Gun</a> (曾袞) (878–880; last Chinese jiedushi actually stationed at post)</li> <li>Gao Maoqing (高茂卿) (882)</li> <li>Xie Zhao (謝肇) (884)</li> <li>An Youquan (安友權) (897–900)</li> <li>Sun Dezhao (孫德昭) (901)</li> <li>Zhu Quanyu (朱全昱) (905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugu_Sun" title="Dugu Sun">Dugu Sun</a> (獨孤損) (905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Yin (Southern Han)">Liu Yin</a> (劉隱) (908–911, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> but never assumed office)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xinwudaishi65_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinwudaishi65-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)" title="Liu Yan (emperor)">Liu Yan</a> (劉龑) (913?<sup id="cite_ref-xinwudaishi65_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinwudaishi65-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–917, appointed by Later Liang but never assumed office)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Hongcao" title="Liu Hongcao">Liu Hongcao</a> (劉弘操) (938, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(938)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)">killed in action</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viet_jiedushi">Viet jiedushi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Viet jiedushi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%ABa_D%E1%BB%A5" title="Khúc Thừa Dụ">Khúc Thừa Dụ</a> (905–907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_H%E1%BA%A1o" title="Khúc Hạo">Khúc Hạo</a> (907–917) (de facto; recognized by Later Liang from 907 to 908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%ABa_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Khúc Thừa Mỹ">Khúc Thừa Mỹ</a> (917–930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ngh%E1%BB%87" title="Dương Đình Nghệ">Dương Đình Nghệ</a> (931–937; self-proclaimed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%81u_C%C3%B4ng_Ti%E1%BB%85n" title="Kiều Công Tiễn">Kiều Công Tiễn</a> (937–938; self-proclaimed)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchs">Monarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Ngô Quyền">Ngô Quyền</a> (939–944); proclaimed as the Grand Prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Tam_Kha" title="Dương Tam Kha">Dương Tam Kha</a> (944–950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ng%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ngô Xương Ngập">Ngô Xương Ngập</a> (950–954) and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n" title="Ngô Xương Văn">Ngô Xương Văn</a> (950–965; co-rulers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_X%C3%AD" title="Ngô Xương Xí">Ngô Xương Xí</a> (965–966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_Ti%C3%AAn_Ho%C3%A0ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Đinh Tiên Hoàng">Đinh Tiên Hoàng</a> (968-979); proclaimed as Emperor of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Cồ Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_Li%E1%BB%85n" title="Đinh Liễn">Đinh Liễn</a>; son of Đinh Tiên Hoàng, he received the titular <i>Jiedushi of Tĩnh Hải</i> in 973 and promoted to the title <i>Prince of Jiaozhi</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> emperor from 975 to his death in 979.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019123-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019123_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983258-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983258_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983204-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983204_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1981215-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1981215_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1981">Hall 1981</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201580-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201580_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201580_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201580_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedes2015">Coedes 2015</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983262-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983262_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983263-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983263_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983263_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019126-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019126_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983266-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983266_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983266_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983211-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983211_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983268-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983268_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983269-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983269_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1986141-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1986141_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1986141_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1986">Taylor 1986</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983213-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983213_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983274-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983274_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983274_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983277-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983277_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983277_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiu1995818-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiu1995818_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiu1995">Xiu 1995</a>, p. 818.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019140-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019140_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983278-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983278_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019141-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019141_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983279-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983279_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983281-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983281_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor 1983</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201581-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201581_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedes2015">Coedes 2015</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELauHuang1986253-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauHuang1986253_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLauHuang1986">Lau & Huang 1986</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7267" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷267">vol. 267</a>: "[太祖神武元聖孝皇帝中開平二年]辛酉，以劉隱為清海、靜海節度使"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xinwudaishi65-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xinwudaishi65_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xinwudaishi65_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B765" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷65">vol.65</a>: "[開平]二年，[劉隱]兼靜海軍節度、安南都護。...末帝即位，悉以隱官爵授龑。"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChapuis1995" class="citation book cs1">Chapuis, Oscar (1995). <i>A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29622-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29622-7"><bdi>0-313-29622-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Vietnam%3A+from+Hong+Bang+to+Tu+Duc&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-313-29622-7&rft.aulast=Chapuis&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoedes2015" class="citation book cs1">Coedes, George (2015). <i>The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+South+East+Asia+%28RLE+Modern+East+and+South+East+Asia%29&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Coedes&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElverskog2011" class="citation book cs1">Elverskog, Johan (2011). <i>Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Islam+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Elverskog&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1981" class="citation cs2">Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981), <i>History of South East Asia</i>, Macmillan Education, Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16521-6"><bdi>978-1-349-16521-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education%2C+Limited&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16521-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Daniel+George+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasimin1991" class="citation cs2">Kasimin, Amran (1991), <i>Religion and social change among the indigenous people of the Malay Peninsula</i>, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-8362-2265-0" title="Special:BookSources/9-8362-2265-0"><bdi>9-8362-2265-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+social+change+among+the+indigenous+people+of+the+Malay+Peninsula&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka%2C+Kementerian+Pendidikan+Malaysia&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9-8362-2265-0&rft.aulast=Kasimin&rft.aufirst=Amran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2019" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2019). <i>Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+a+history+from+earliest+time+to+the+present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLauHuang1986" class="citation cs2">Lau, Nap-yin; Huang, K’uan-Chung (1986), "Founding and consolidation of the Sung Dynasty", in Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (eds.), <i>The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907-1279, Part 1</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>265</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Founding+and+consolidation+of+the+Sung+Dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+5%2C+The+Sung+Dynasty+and+Its+Precursors%2C+907-1279%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Nap-yin&rft.au=Huang%2C+K%E2%80%99uan-Chung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1967" class="citation cs2">Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), <i>The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vermilion+Bird%3A+T%27ang+Images+of+the+South&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hetzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith W. (2013). <i>A History of the Vietnamese</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), <i>The Birth of the Vietnam</i>, University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1986" class="citation cs2">Taylor, K. W. (1986), "Authority and Legitimacy in 11th Cen. Vietnam", in Milner, Anthony Crothers; Marr, David G. (eds.), <i>Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries</i>, Cambridge: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Authority+and+Legitimacy+in+11th+Cen.+Vietnam&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+9th+to+14th+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXiu1995" class="citation book cs1">Xiu, Ouyang (1995). <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company" title="Zhonghua Book Company">Zhonghua Book Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-101-00322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-101-00322-2"><bdi>978-7-101-00322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Records+of+the+Five+Dynasties&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Book+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-7-101-00322-2&rft.aulast=Xiu&rft.aufirst=Ouyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuzheng1995" class="citation book cs1">Juzheng, Xue (1995). <i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Book_Company" title="Zhonghua Book Company">Zhonghua Book Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7101003214" title="Special:BookSources/7101003214"><bdi>7101003214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+History+of+the+Five+Dynasties&rft.pub=Zhonghua+Book+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=7101003214&rft.aulast=Juzheng&rft.aufirst=Xue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLê_Tắc1884" class="citation book cs1">Lê Tắc (1884). <i><a href="/wiki/An_Nam_ch%C3%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="An Nam chí lược">An Nam chí lược</a></i>. Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Nam+ch%C3%AD+l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1884&rft.au=L%C3%AA+T%E1%BA%AFc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT%C4%A9nh+H%E1%BA%A3i+qu%C3%A2n" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms (Ten States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wu" title="Yang Wu">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a> / (<a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>De facto</i> independent entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi" title="Wang 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Tibetan kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five 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