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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Việt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Việt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Việt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Đại_Cồ_Việt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Đại_Cồ_Việt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Đại Cồ Việt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Đại_Cồ_Việt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Đại_Việt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Đại_Việt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Đại Việt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Đại_Việt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>National historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Đại_Cồ_Việt_(968–1054)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Đại_Cồ_Việt_(968–1054)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Đại_Cồ_Việt_(968–1054)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flourishing_period:_Đại_Việt_under_the_Lý_and_Trần_(1054–1400)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flourishing_period:_Đại_Việt_under_the_Lý_and_Trần_(1054–1400)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Flourishing period: Đại Việt under the Lý and Trần (1054–1400)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flourishing_period:_Đại_Việt_under_the_Lý_and_Trần_(1054–1400)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lý_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lý_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Lý dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lý_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Trần_dynasty_and_Mongol_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Trần_dynasty_and_Mongol_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Rise of Trần dynasty and Mongol invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Trần_dynasty_and_Mongol_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_and_Champa_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_and_Champa_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Crisis and Champa invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_and_Champa_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hồ_dynasty_(1400–1407)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hồ_dynasty_(1400–1407)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hồ_dynasty_(1400–1407)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_invasion_and_occupation_(1407–1427)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_invasion_and_occupation_(1407–1427)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ming invasion and occupation (1407–1427)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_invasion_and_occupation_(1407–1427)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_Lê_dynasty_(1428–1527)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_Lê_dynasty_(1428–1527)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Initial Lê dynasty (1428–1527)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_Lê_dynasty_(1428–1527)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lam_Sơn_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lam_Sơn_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Lam Sơn uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lam_Sơn_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_of_Lê_Lợi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_Lê_Lợi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Rule of Lê Lợi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_Lê_Lợi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lê_Thánh_Tông's_reforms_and_expansions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lê_Thánh_Tông's_reforms_and_expansions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>Lê Thánh Tông's reforms and expansions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lê_Thánh_Tông's_reforms_and_expansions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.4</span> <span>Decline and civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mạc_dynasty_(1527–1593)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mạc_dynasty_(1527–1593)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Mạc dynasty (1527–1593)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mạc_dynasty_(1527–1593)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_Lê_dynasty:_Trịnh_control_and_Trịnh-Nguyễn_contention_(1593–1789)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_Lê_dynasty:_Trịnh_control_and_Trịnh-Nguyễn_contention_(1593–1789)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Revival of Lê dynasty: Trịnh control and Trịnh-Nguyễn contention (1593–1789)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_Lê_dynasty:_Trịnh_control_and_Trịnh-Nguyễn_contention_(1593–1789)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tây_Sơn_wars_and_Nguyễn_dynasty_(1789–1804)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tây_Sơn_wars_and_Nguyễn_dynasty_(1789–1804)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Tây Sơn wars and Nguyễn dynasty (1789–1804)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tây_Sơn_wars_and_Nguyễn_dynasty_(1789–1804)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1200s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1200s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-1200s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1200s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trần-Hồ_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trần-Hồ_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Trần-Hồ period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trần-Hồ_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynasty_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynasty_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dynasty timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynasty_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Đại Việt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayviet_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Dayviet dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dayviet dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-oa%CC%8Dt" title="Tāi-oa̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-oa̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Đại Việt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Đại Việt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%84" title="Ντάι Βιέτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντάι Βιέτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Viet" title="Dai Viet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dai Viet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Viet" title="Dai Viet – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dai Viet" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Đại Việt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9B%94" title="대월 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대월" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Viet" title="Dai Viet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dai Viet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94" title="ໄດຫວຽດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄດຫວຽດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Дай Вьет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дай Вьет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဒိုင်ဗီယက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒိုင်ဗီယက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B6%8A" title="大越 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大越" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Đại Việt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="អណ្ណាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អណ្ណាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Đại Việt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Đại Việt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Viet" title="Dai Viet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dai Viet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Đại Việt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Viet" title="Dai Viet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dai Viet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%27%D1%94%D1%82" title="Дайв'єт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дайв'єт" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&params=21_02_15_N_105_50_24_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°02′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°50′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.03750°N 105.84000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.03750; 105.84000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vietnamese monarchy (10th–19th century)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the political party, see <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Greater_Vietnam" title="Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam">Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam</a>. For the Chinese kingdom initially called Great Yue/Việt, see <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054)<br />Đại Việt (1054–1400, 1428–1804)</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Cồ Việt Quốc</i></span> <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">大瞿越國</span></span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Việt Quốc</i></span> (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">大越國</span></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">968–1400<br />1428–1804</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_(1009-1225).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Đại Việt under Lý dynasty in 11th century"><img alt="Đại Việt under Lý dynasty in 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vietnam_%281009-1225%29.png/250px-Vietnam_%281009-1225%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Vietnam_%281009-1225%29.png/375px-Vietnam_%281009-1225%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Vietnam_%281009-1225%29.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="465" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Đại Việt under <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a> in 11th century</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_Tien.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Đại Việt's territory expansion from 11th to 19th century"><img alt="Đại Việt's territory expansion from 11th to 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/250px-Nam_Tien.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/375px-Nam_Tien.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="713" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Đại Việt's territory expansion from 11th to 19th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hoa_L%C6%B0_Ancient_Capital" title="Hoa Lư Ancient Capital">Hoa Lư</a> <small>(968–1010)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">(Thăng Long/ Đông Kinh)</a> <small>(1010–1398, 1428–1789)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_the_H%E1%BB%93_Dynasty" title="Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty">Tây Đô</a><small> (1398–1407)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Phú Xuân">Phú Xuân</a> <small>(1789–1804)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">Văn ngôn</a> (official script since 1174)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2020102_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2020102-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viet%E2%80%93Muong" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet–Muong">Viet–Muong</a> (Northern <a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a>) languages<br /><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">Other Southeast Asian Languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <small>(State religion from 968 to 1400)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Vietnam" title="Taoism in Vietnam">Taoism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Đạo Lương</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Islam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><br />(968–1533, 1788–1804)<hr /> <a href="/wiki/Monarchic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchic">Monarchic</a> <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> <small>(1533–1788)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 968–980 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1802–1804 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military dictators and regents</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1533–1545 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim" title="Nguyễn Kim">Nguyễn Kim</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1545–1786 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1786–1788 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Huệ">Nguyễn Huệ</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Postclassical era</a> to <a href="/wiki/Late_modern_period" title="Late modern period">Late modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• End of <a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">Third Chinese domination of Vietnam</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">905</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1981203_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1981203-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">968</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thánh Tông">Lý Thánh Tông</a> shortened his empire's name from Đại Cồ Việt to Đại Việt </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1054</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Ngu">Đại Ngu</a> Kingdom under <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly">Hồ Quý Ly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1400–1407</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Ming rule</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1407–1427</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a>'s reign and expansions </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1460–1497</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties_(Vietnam)" title="Northern and Southern dynasties (Vietnam)">Northern and Southern dynasties</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman20032,_398–399,_455_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman20032,_398–399,_455-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16th century–1802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> changed Đại Việt to <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Nam">Việt Nam</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1804</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1200 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019168_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1400 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,600,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2018171_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2018171-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1539 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,625,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2018171_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2018171-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_v%C4%83n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese văn">Vietnamese văn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknote</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Tĩnh Hải quân</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Việt Nam under the Nguyễn dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Đại Việt</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:大越">大越</a></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[ɗâjˀ<span class="wrap"> </span>vìət]</a></span>; literally <b>Great Việt</b>), was a Vietnamese monarchy in eastern <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> from the 10th century AD to the early 19th century, centered around the region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>. Its early name, <b>Đại Cồ Việt</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established in 968 by the ruler <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a> after he ended the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a>, until the beginning of the reign of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thánh Tông">Lý Thánh Tông</a> (r. 1054–1072), the third emperor of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a>. Đại Việt lasted until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> (r. 1802–1820), the first emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>, when the name was changed to Việt Nam in 1804. Under rule of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_at_home,_king_abroad" title="Emperor at home, king abroad">bilateral diplomacy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>, it was known as <b>Principality of Giao Chỉ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: 交趾) (975–1164) and <b>Kingdom of Annam</b> (chữ Hán: 安南) (1164–1804) when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Xiaozong of Song">Emperor Xiaozong of Song</a> upgraded Đại Việt's status from principality to kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003345_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003345-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1981456_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1981456-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Đại Việt's history was divided into the rule of eight dynasties: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh</a> (968–980), <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê</a> (980–1009), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý</a> (1009–1226), <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần</a> (1226–1400), <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ</a> (1400–1407), and <a href="/wiki/Later_L%C3%AA_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Lê dynasty">Later Lê</a> (1428–1789); the <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a> (1527–1677); and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a> (1778–1802). It was briefly interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a> (1400–1407), which changed the country's name to <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Ngu">Đại Ngu</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Fourth Era of Northern Domination">Fourth Era of Northern Domination</a> (1407–1427), when the region was administered as <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsai_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181">: 181 </span></sup> Đại Việt's history can also be divided into two periods: the unified state, which lasted from the 960s to 1533, and the fragmented state, from 1533 to 1802, when there were more than one dynasty and several noble clans simultaneously ruling from their own domains. From the 13th to the 18th century, Đại Việt's <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">borders expanded</a> to encompass territory that resembled modern-day Vietnam, which lies along the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>. </p><p>Early Đại Việt emerged in the 960s as a hereditary monarchy, with <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> as its state religion, and lasted for six centuries. From the 16th century onwards, it gradually weakened and decentralized into multiple sub-kingdoms and domains, ruled by either the Lê, Mạc, Trịnh, or Nguyễn families simultaneously. It was briefly unified by the Tây Sơn brothers in 1786, who divided it among themselves in 1787. After the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA-M%E1%BA%A1c_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lê-Mạc war">Lê-Mạc war</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh-Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Trịnh-Nguyễn War">Trịnh-Nguyễn War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn wars</a> that ended with a final <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn</a> victory and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a>, Đại Việt was reunified, ending 262 years of fragmentation with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> in 1802. From 968 to 1804, Đại Việt flourished and acquired significant power in the region. The state slowly annexed <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>'s territories, expanding Vietnamese territories to the south and west. The state of Đại Việt was the primary precursor to the country of Vietnam and the basis for its national historic and cultural identity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names of Vietnam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Việt"><span id="Vi.E1.BB.87t"></span>Việt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Việt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="wikt:Việt">Việt</a></i> (<i>Yue</i>) (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:越">越</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yuè</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Yale">Cantonese Yale</a>: <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">Yuht</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yüeh<sup>4</sup></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="wikt:Việt">Việt</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Chinese">Early Middle Chinese</a> was first written using the <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograph</a> "戉" for an axe (a homophone) in <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bone</a> and bronze inscriptions of the late <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> BC), and later as "越".<sup id="cite_ref-Norman&Mei_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman&Mei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, it may have referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang, such as the Yuefang.<sup id="cite_ref-Meacham_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meacham-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theobald_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theobald-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ye Wenxian (1990) and Wan (2013), the ethnonym of the Yuefang in northwestern China is not associated with that of the Baiyue in southeastern China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> was called the "<a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a>", a term later used for people further south.<sup id="cite_ref-Meacham_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meacham-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC, <i>Yue/Việt</i> referred to the <a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">state of Yue</a> in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman&Mei_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman&Mei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meacham_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meacham-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 3rd century BC on, the term was used for the non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called <a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouyue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouyue">Ouyue</a>, Luoyue (Vietnamese: <i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a></i>), etc., collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:百越">百越</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Bǎiyuè</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Yale">Cantonese Yale</a>: <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">Baak Yuet</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Bách Việt</i>; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Hundred Yue/Việt').<sup id="cite_ref-Norman&Mei_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman&Mei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meacham_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meacham-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Baiyue</i> (or <i>Bách Việt</i>) first appeared in the book <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshi_Chunqiu" title="Lüshi Chunqiu">Lüshi Chunqiu</a></i>, compiled around 239 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, <i>Yue</i> referred to all peoples of the south that practiced un-Chinese slash-and-burn cultivation and lived in <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">stilt houses</a>, but this definition does not suggest that all <i>Yue</i> were the same and spoke the same language. They were loosely connected or independent tribal societies belonging to a diverse ethnolinguistic complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201028_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201028-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Chinese imperial power expanded southward, Chinese sources generalized the tribes of northern Vietnam at the time as <i>Yue</i>, or the <i>Luoyue</i> and the <i>Ouyue</i> (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Lạc Việt</i></span> and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Au Viet</i></span>). Over time, the term <i>Yue</i> morphed into a geopolitical designation rather than a term for a group of people, and it became more of a historical and political term than one tied to connotations of barbarism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201028_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201028-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of Chinese rule, many states and rebellions in the former region of <i>Yue</i> (southern China and northern Vietnam) used the name <i>Yue</i> as an old geopolitical name rather than as an ethnonym.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201029_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201029-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the word <i>Yue</i> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: <i>ɦʉɐt̚</i>) was borrowed into the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) by the Austroasiatic Viet-Muong-speaking peoples, who were the ancestors of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kinh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinh people">Vietnamese Kinh</a>, the exonym was gradually localized and became an endonym of the Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201030_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201030-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That endonym might have manifested in different forms depending on how neighboring peoples interacted with and referred to the Vietnamese back then. For instance, until the modern day, the <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> have been calling the Vietnamese <i>Yuen</i> (Yvan), from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harivarman_IV" title="Harivarman IV">Harivarman IV</a> (1074–1080) to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is evident that Vietnamese elites tried to tie their ethnic identity to the ancient Yue through constructed traditions during the late medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all endonyms and exonyms referring to the Vietnamese, such as <i>Viet</i>, <i>Kinh</i>, or Kra-Dai <i>Keeu</i>, are related to political structures or have common origins in ancient Chinese geographical imagination. Most of the time, the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>-speaking ancestors of the modern Kinh under one single ruler might have assumed for themselves a similar or identical designation, inherent in the modern Vietnamese first-person pronoun <i>ta</i> ("us, we, I"), to differentiate themselves from other groups. In the older colloquial usage, <i>ta</i> corresponded to "ours" as opposed to "theirs", and during colonial times, they were <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">nước ta</i></span> ("our country") and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">tiếng ta</i></span> ("our language"), in contrast to <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">nước tây</i></span> ("western countries") and <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">tiếng tây</i></span> ("western languages").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201033_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201033-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Đại_Cồ_Việt"><span id=".C4.90.E1.BA.A1i_C.E1.BB.93_Vi.E1.BB.87t"></span>Đại Cồ Việt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Đại Cồ Việt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Cồ Việt</i></span> was the name chosen by <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a> for his realm when he declared himself emperor in 966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1983222_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1983222-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probably derived from the vernacular <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Cự Việt</i></span> ("Great Việt") or <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Kẻ Việt</i></span> ("Việt Region"), with the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese</a> <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại</i></span> ("great") added as a prefix. The name appeared in the 15th-century text <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0" title="Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư">Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư</a></i> but not the earlier 13th- or 14th-century text <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Đại Việt sử lược">Đại Việt sử lược</a></i>. According to Momoki Shiro, <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Cồ Việt</i></span> may have been the result of a mistake in the records or invented while compiling old records.<sup id="cite_ref-Momorki2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momorki2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Đại_Việt"><span id=".C4.90.E1.BA.A1i_Vi.E1.BB.87t"></span>Đại Việt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Đại Việt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%B4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lý Nhật Tôn">Lý Nhật Tôn</a> ascended to the throne in 1054, he dropped the vernacular nôm term <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Cồ</i></span> from <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Cồ Việt</i></span> and shortened it to <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Việt</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201373_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201373-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Việt Quốc</i></span> ("the Great Viet State") has been found on brick inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Hoa_L%C6%B0_Ancient_Capital" title="Hoa Lư Ancient Capital">Hoa Lư</a>, the first capital of the polity, dating to the 10th century AD. The name <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đại Việt</i></span> is the more literary version of the name and had been in use since before its formalization in 1054.<sup id="cite_ref-Momorki2014_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momorki2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Vietnam under Chinese rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule">Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Jiaozhou (region)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhi</a></div> <p>For a thousand years, the area of what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a> was <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">ruled by a succession of Chinese dynasties</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%B6%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:交趾">交趾</a>, Jiaozhi), <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Giao Châu</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:交州">交州</a>, Jiaozhou), <a href="/wiki/Annan_(Tang_protectorate)" title="Annan (Tang protectorate)">Annan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jinghai_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinghai Circuit">Jinghai Circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan20194_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan20194-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient northern Vietnam and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> were inhabited by various ethnolinguistic groups that constituted modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong–Mien">Hmong–Mien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto–Burman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra–Dai">Kra–Dai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>-speaking peoples. Early societies had emerged and existed there for a while before the <a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">Han conquest</a> in 111 BC, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9ng_Nguy%C3%AAn_culture" title="Phùng Nguyên culture">Phùng Nguyên</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son cultures</a>. Both practiced metallurgy and sophisticated bronze-casting techniques. They were together called the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Yue">Yue</a> and barbarians by the Chinese and collectively understood as non-Chinese. Ancient Chinese texts do not give any distinction to each tribe and do not precisely indicate which languages or tribes they interacted with in northern Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201026_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201026-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All peoples living under the administration of the empire were usually referred to as either "people" (<i>ren</i> 人) or "subjects" (<i>min</i> 民). There was absolutely no classification or distinction for "Vietnamese", and it is difficult to identify people accurately as such or to infer modern ethnicity from the ancient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201026_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201026-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is highly likely that these intermingled multilinguistic communities might have evolved into the present day without modern ethnic consciousness—until ethnic classification efforts carried out by the colonial government and successive governments of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>—while retaining their intangible ethnic identity. There was no persistent "ethnic Vietnamese" identity during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201025–27_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201025–27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official Vietnamese history textbooks usually assume that the people of northern Vietnam during Chinese rule were <i>Việt/Yue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201626_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201626-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yue were broad groups of non-Chinese peoples of the south, which included many different ethnolinguistic groups who shared certain customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201028_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201028-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lac_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac Viet">Lac Viet</a> from Chinese records around the first century AD, new indigenous tribal groups might have emerged in the region under the name <a href="/wiki/Li_Lao_drum" title="Li Lao drum">Li-Lao</a>. The Li-Lao people were also known for their drum casting tradition. The culture produced <a href="/wiki/Bronze_drum" title="Bronze drum">Heger Type II drums</a>, while the previous Dong Son culture of the Lac Viet produced Heger Type I drums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201031_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201031-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Li-Lao culture flourished from approximately 200 to 750 AD in present-day <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a> and northern Vietnam. These Li tribes were recorded in Chinese sources as <i>Lǐ</i> (俚; "bandits") inhabiting the coastal areas between the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River" title="Pearl River">Pearl River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a>. Li political structures were distributed in numerous autonomous settlements/chiefdoms (<i>dong</i> 洞) located in riverine valleys. The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i> notes that Li noblemen who possess a bronze drum in each <i>dong</i> were called <i>dulao</i> (都老), which Churchman argues bears some resemblance and cultural connection to the previous local ruling class of the Red River Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman2016103_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman2016103-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Li tribes were described as ferocious raiding bandits who refused to accept imperial authority,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201672_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201672-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Jiaozhou</a>, the heartland of the Red River Delta, being deemed by the Chinese to be an isolated borderland with difficult and limited administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201669_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201669-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Li-Lao people managed to keep themselves away from the Chinese sphere of cultural influence, the landscape of northern Vietnam during Han–Tang period experienced a degree of equilibrium between Sinification and localization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman2016204_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman2016204-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the sixth to the seventh century, Chinese dynasties attempted to militarily subdue the Li <i>dong</i>, gradually causing the Li-Lao culture to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman2016133–137_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman2016133–137-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman2016174–183_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman2016174–183-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of complex culture and linguistics, the important effects of ten centuries of Chinese rule over northern Vietnam are arguably still observable. Some native languages of the regions for a long time had employed a Sinitic script and Sinitic-derived writing systems to represent their languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a>, and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nùng language">Nùng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Chamberlain believes that the traditional <a href="/wiki/Vietic_peoples" title="Vietic peoples">Vietic</a> realm was <a href="/wiki/North_Central_Coast" title="North Central Coast">north central Vietnam</a> and northern Laos, not the Red River Delta. Based on his interpretation of Keith Weller Taylor's examination of Chinese texts (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiu Tangshu">Jiu Tangshu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xin_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xin Tangshu">Xin Tangshu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Suishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Suishu">Suishu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Huanyu_Ji" title="Taiping Huanyu Ji">Taiping Huanyu Ji</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a></i>), Chamberlain suggests that Việt-Mường peoples began emigrating from central Vietnam (<a href="/wiki/Jiuzhen" title="Jiuzhen">Jiuzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinan" title="Rinan">Rinan</a>) to the Red River Delta in the seventh century, during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2000122_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2000122-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly due to pressure from the Khmers in the south or the Chinese in the north. Chamberlain speculates that during the rebellion led by <a href="/wiki/Mai_Th%C3%BAc_Loan" title="Mai Thúc Loan">Mai Thúc Loan</a>, the son of a salt-producing family in Hoan province (today <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_T%C4%A9nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Tĩnh Province">Hà Tĩnh Province</a>, North-Central Vietnam), which lasted from 722 to 723, a large number of Sinicized lowland Vietic people or the Kinh moved north. The <i><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiu Tangshu">Jiu Tangshu</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> records that Mai Thúc Loan, also known as Mai Huyền Thành, styled himself as "the Black Emperor" (possibly after his swarthy complexion), and that he had 400,000 followers from 23 provinces across <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Annam</a> and other kingdoms, including <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2000119_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2000119-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a> demonstrate that before the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Đông Sơn culture">Đông Sơn period</a>, the Red River Delta's inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9ng_Nguy%C3%AAn_culture" title="Phùng Nguyên culture">Phùng Nguyên culture</a>'s <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1n_B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Mán Bạc">Mán Bạc</a> burial site (dated 1800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Đông Sơn culture">Đông Sơn culture</a>'s Núi Nấp site show affinity to "<a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a> from China, <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Tai-Kadai speakers</a> from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the <a href="/wiki/Kinh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinh people">Kinh</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, "[t]he likely spread of Vietic was southward from the RRD, not northward. Accounting for southern diversity will require alternative explanations."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchman states that "the absence of records of large-scale population shifts indicates that there was a fairly stable group of people in Jiaozhi throughout the Han–Tang period who spoke Austroasiatic languages ancestral to modern Vietnamese".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a Buddhist inscription dated to the 8th century from Thanh Mai village, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, 100 out of 136 women mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a> could be identified as ethnic Vietnamese females.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019110_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019110-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist John Phan proposes that a local dialect of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, called Annamese Middle Chinese, developed and was spoken in the Red River Delta by descendants of Chinese immigrants, and later was absorbed into the co-existing Việt-Mường languages by the ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124–125_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019124–125-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phan identifies three layers of Chinese loanwords into Vietnamese: the earliest layer dates to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (ca. 1st century CE) and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a> (ca. 4th century CE); the late layer dates to the post-Tang period; and the recent layer dates to the Ming and Qing dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_historiography">National historiography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Study of northern Vietnam and the Red River Delta during the first millennium AD is problematic. This region is widely associated with the foundation of the modern country and nation-state of Vietnam. It has been given exceptional treatment and academic scrutiny compared to other regions. This unique academic focus has resulted in critical misinterpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201623_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201623-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable academic works have echoed the established frameworks of colonial and postcolonial Vietnamese nationalist historiography in order to associate the entire history of the early Red River Delta with the Vietnamese, i.e., the Kinh, and the modern country of Vietnam. The rewriting of Vietnamese history in the 20th century considered pushing several nationalistic-themed theories. One notable theory, the "continuity", is defined as a belief that the peoples of the Red River Delta during the Han–Tang period had always retained their unique "Vietnamese identity" and "Vietnamese spirit", which was arguably rooted in the highly sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Van_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Lang">Van Lang</a> kingdoms under the <a href="/wiki/Hung_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hung king">Hung kings</a>, which were largely legends transformed into "historical facts" under the scholarship of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>. This was despite relentless Chinese acculturation, making them "different" from other groups in southern China who "eventually lost their separate identities through assimilation into Chinese culture".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201627_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201627-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continuity theory reconstructed the emergence of the Đại Việt kingdom in the 10th century as the awakening and resurrection of "Vietnamese sovereignty", and these traditions of Vietnamese exceptionalism continued into modern Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201627–28_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201627–28-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Keith Taylor took up some aspects of Vietnamese nationalist historiography in his 1983 monograph, <i>The Birth of Vietnam</i>, and falsely asserted that "Vietnam's independence resulted from a thousand-year struggle to throw off Chinese rule by a group of people who held a conviction 'that they were not and did not want to become Chinese.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201625_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201625-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Taylor retreated from Vietnamese nationalist historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201646_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201646-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No evidence of "ethnic Vietnamese" resembling what would be considered the modern Vietnamese exists during the Han–Tang period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201625_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201625-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, ancient northern Vietnam was very diverse and complex in terms of ethnolinguistic and cultural origins (as it still is today). The continuity theory can be easily discredited by linguistic examinations. By the 9th–11th centuries, the northern portion of the Viet-Muong portion of <a href="/wiki/Vietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietic">Vietic</a> speakers had supposedly diverged, and one dialect cluster thereby evolved into <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019133_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019133-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories advocated by John Phan present evidence of the Vietnamese language being developed from a <a href="/wiki/Creolized_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Creolized language">creolized language</a> that resulted from a local linguistic shift from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> to proto-Vietnamese after Sinitic rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201628_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201628-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside anachronisms, Vietnamese nationalist scholarship also inserted a "Vietnamese resistance" myth into history by labeling any rebellious local group in northern Vietnam during the Han–Tang period as collectively "Vietnamese" who 'were in constant struggles against the Chinese yokes',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201668_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201668-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to "corrupt invading Chinese colonizers", generic modern nationalities and ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201628_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201628-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The context was heavily entangled with modern perceptions about Vietnam during decolonization and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201625_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201625-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201629_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201629-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians such as Catherine Churchman have criticized attempts to characterize the past through the lens of modern national boundaries and project a "wish for the restoration of long-lost national independence" onto localized dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchman201626_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchman201626-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_clan" title="Khúc clan">Khúc clan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Later_Liang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Later_Liang.png/220px-Later_Liang.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Later_Liang.png/330px-Later_Liang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Later_Liang.png/440px-Later_Liang.png 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n" title="Tĩnh Hải quân">Tĩnh Hải quân</a></i> (Jinghai Circuit) of the Khuc clan in 907 at the bottom of the map</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to independence in the late 9th century, the area that became Đại Việt in northern Vietnam was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> as <a href="/wiki/Annan_(Tang_protectorate)" title="Annan (Tang protectorate)">Annan</a>. The hill dwellers on the western frontier of Annan and powerful chieftains such as <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Do_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c" title="Lý Do Độc">Lý Do Độc</a> allied with the state of <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> in Yunnan and rebelled against the Tang dynasty in the 860s. They captured Annan in three years, forcing the lowlanders to scatter to throughout the delta. The Tang dynasty turned back and defeated the Nanzhao–indigenous alliance in 866 and renamed the area <a href="/wiki/Jinghai_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinghai Circuit">Jinghai Circuit</a>. A military mutiny forced Tang authorities to withdraw in 880, while loyalist troops left for home on their own initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–124Schafer1967_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019120–124Schafer1967-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A regional regime led by the Khúc family formed on the Red River Delta in the early 10th century. From 907 to 917, <a href="/wiki/Khuc_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuc Hao">Khúc Hạo</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Khuc_Thua_My" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuc Thua My">Khúc Thừa Mỹ</a> were appointed by Chinese dynasties as <i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">jiedushi</a></i> (tributary governors). The Khúc did not try to create any kind of a <i>de jure</i> independent polity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201343–44_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201343–44-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 930, the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a> state invaded Annam and removed the Khúc from power. In 931, <a href="/wiki/Duong_Dinh_Nghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Duong Dinh Nghe">Dương Đình Nghệ</a>, a local chief from Aizhou, revolted and quickly ousted the Southern Han.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201345_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201345-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 937, he was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Kieu_Cong_Tien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kieu Cong Tien">Kiều Công Tiễn</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchist</a> faction allied with the Southern Han. In 938, emperor <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)" title="Liu Yan (emperor)">Liu Gong</a> of the Southern Han led an invasion fleet to Annam to assist Kiều Công Tiễn. Dương Đình Nghệ's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Quyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngo Quyen">Ngô Quyền</a>, also from the south, marched north and killed Kiều Công Tiễn. He then led the people to fight and destroyed the Southern Han fleet on the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Dang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach Dang River">Bạch Đằng River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201346_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201346-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019127-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After defeating the Southern Han invasion, Ngô Quyền proclaimed himself king over the principality in 939 and established a new dynasty centered in the old <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a>'s fortress of <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cổ Loa">Cổ Loa</a>. Cổ Loa's sphere of influence probably did not reach the other local nobility. In 944, after his death, Ngô Quyền's brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Duong_Tam_Kha" class="mw-redirect" title="Duong Tam Kha">Dương Tam Kha</a> (son of Dương Đình Nghệ) took power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019139_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019139-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dương clan increased factional segregation by bringing more southern men into the court. As a result, the principality broke apart during the reign of Tam Kha. Ngô Quyền's sons <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n" title="Ngô Xương Văn">Ngô Xương Văn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ng%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ngô Xương Ngập">Ngô Xương Ngập</a> deposed their maternal uncle and became dual kings in 950. In 954, Ngô Xương Ngập died. The younger Ngô Xương Văn ruled as the sole king and was killed by warlords nine years later,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019140_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019140-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to chaos across the Red River Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201347_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201347-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Đại_Cồ_Việt_(968–1054)"><span id=".C4.90.E1.BA.A1i_C.E1.BB.93_Vi.E1.BB.87t_.28968.E2.80.931054.29"></span>Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Đại Cồ Việt (968–1054)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VuaDinhTienHoang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/VuaDinhTienHoang.jpg/220px-VuaDinhTienHoang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/VuaDinhTienHoang.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Đinh Bộ Lĩnh in Hoa Lư temple (c. 17th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_H%C6%B0ng_B%E1%BA%A3o_-_Dr._Luke_Roberts_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_H%C6%B0ng_B%E1%BA%A3o_-_Dr._Luke_Roberts_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>Thái Bình Hưng Bảo coin (~970s)</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of King Ngô Quyền brought a period of chaos and civil war from 965 to 968, and the country was divided between a dozen rebellious warlords with their own factions. A new leader emerged, named <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Hoa_L%C6%B0_Ancient_Capital" title="Hoa Lư Ancient Capital">Hoa Lư</a>. He and his son <a href="/wiki/Dinh_Lien" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinh Lien">Đinh Liễn</a> spent two years in political and military struggle. In 968, <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">after defeating all twelve warlords</a>, he unified the country. On his ascension, he renamed the country Đại Cồ Việt ("The Great <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gau(tama)</a>'s Việt"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and moved his court to Hoa Lư.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019141_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019141-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became king of Đại Cồ Việt (r. 968–979) and titled himself emperor, while Đinh Liễn became the great prince. In 973 and 975, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh sent two embassies to the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and established relationships. Buddhist clergy were put in charge of important positions. Coins were minted. The territories of the early Việt state comprised the lowland Red River basin to the Nghệ An region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019137_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019137-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a Hoa Lư inscription from c. 979, that year, Đinh Liễn murdered his brother <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_H%E1%BA%A1ng_Lang" title="Đinh Hạng Lang">Đinh Hạng Lang</a>, who had been promoted to crown prince by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201353_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201353-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 979, both Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and Đinh Liễn were assassinated. Hearing the news, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Ngô Nhật Khánh">Ngô Nhật Khánh</a>—a prince of the old royal family in exile—and king <a href="/wiki/Paramesvaravarman_I_(Champa)" title="Paramesvaravarman I (Champa)">Paramesvaravarman I</a> of Champa launched a naval attack on Hoa Lư, but much of the fleet was capsized by a late-season <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen <a href="/wiki/Duong_Van_Nga" class="mw-redirect" title="Duong Van Nga">Dương Vân Nga</a> appointed her partner, general <a href="/wiki/Le_Hoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Hoan">Lê Hoàn</a>, chief of the state. Lê Hoàn's rivals then attacked him but were defeated. The queen of the Dương family decided to replace the Đinh with the Lê family of Lê Hoàn and brought the crown from her six-year-old son <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_Ph%E1%BA%BF_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Đinh Phế Đế">Đinh Toàn</a> (r. 979–980) to Lê Hoàn (r. 980–1005) in 980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201354_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201354-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disturbances in Đại Cồ Việt attracted attention from the Song dynasty. In 981, the Song emperor launched an <a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Vietnamese_war_(981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song–Vietnamese war (981)">invasion</a> but was repulsed by Lê Hoàn. In 982, he <a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(982)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (982)">attacked</a> Champa, killed the Cham king Paramesvaravarman I, and destroyed a Cham city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019146_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019146-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Khmer_inscriptions" title="Khmer inscriptions">Khmer inscription</a> (c. 987) mentioned that in that year, some Vietnamese merchants or envoys arrived in Cambodia through the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2019180_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2019180-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Lê Hoàn died in 1005, civil war broke out between crown princes <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Long_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Long Việt">Lê Long Việt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Long_Dinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Long Dinh">Lê Long Đĩnh</a>, Lê Long Tích, and Lê Long Kính. Long Việt (r. 1005) was murdered by Long Đĩnh after ruling for only three days. As the Lê brothers fought each other, the Lý family—a member of the court's cadet<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="It should be clarified what "cadet" means in this context. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ly_Cong_Uan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ly Cong Uan">Lý Công Uẩn</a>—quickly rose to power. Long Đĩnh (r. 1005–1009) ruled as a tyrant king and developed hemorrhoids, dying in November 1009. Lý Công Uẩn ascended the throne two days later, with support from the monkhood, as <a href="/wiki/Ly_Thai_To" class="mw-redirect" title="Ly Thai To">Lý Thái Tổ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201358–60_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201358–60-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flourishing_period:_Đại_Việt_under_the_Lý_and_Trần_(1054–1400)"><span id="Flourishing_period:_.C4.90.E1.BA.A1i_Vi.E1.BB.87t_under_the_L.C3.BD_and_Tr.E1.BA.A7n_.281054.E2.80.931400.29"></span>Flourishing period: Đại Việt under the Lý and Trần (1054–1400)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flourishing period: Đại Việt under the Lý and Trần (1054–1400)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ly_Cong_Uan_(BN).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ly_Cong_Uan_%28BN%29.jpg/220px-Ly_Cong_Uan_%28BN%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ly_Cong_Uan_%28BN%29.jpg/330px-Ly_Cong_Uan_%28BN%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ly_Cong_Uan_%28BN%29.jpg/440px-Ly_Cong_Uan_%28BN%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Ly_Cong_Uan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ly Cong Uan">Ly Cong Uan</a> (974–1028) in <a href="/wiki/Bac_Ninh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bac Ninh">Bac Ninh</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lý_dynasty"><span id="L.C3.BD_dynasty"></span>Lý dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lý dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ly_Thai_To" class="mw-redirect" title="Ly Thai To">Lý Thái Tổ</a> (r. 1009–1028) moved his court to the abandoned city of <a href="/wiki/Dai_La" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai La">Đại La</a>, which had previously been a seat of power under the Tang dynasty, and renamed it to Thăng Long in 1010. The city became what is now <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201360_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201360-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To control and maintain the nation's wealth, in 1013, Lý created a taxation system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201362_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201362-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign was relatively peaceful, though he campaigned against the Han communities in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang" title="Hà Giang">Hà Giang</a> massif and subdued them in 1014.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201363_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201363-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He furthermore laid the basis of a stable Vietnamese state, and his dynasty would rule the kingdom for the next 200 years. </p><p>Lý's son <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thái Tông">Lý Thái Tông</a> (r. 1028–1053) and grandson <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thánh Tông">Lý Thánh Tông</a> (r. 1054–1071) continued to strengthen the Việt state. Starting during the reign of Lê Hoàn, the <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Việt expansion</a> extended territories from the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> in all directions. The Vietnamese destroyed the Cham northern capital of <a href="/wiki/Indrapura_(Champa)" title="Indrapura (Champa)">Inprapura</a> in 982; raided and plundered southern Chinese port cities in 995, 1028, 1036, 1059, and 1060;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBielenstein200550_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielenstein200550-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subdued the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng people</a> in 1039; raided Laos in 1045; invaded Champa and pillaged Cham cities in 1044 and 1069;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201370,_74_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201370,_74-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subjugated the three northern Cham provinces of Địa Lý, Ma Linh, and Bố Chính.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201584_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201584-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact between the Song dynasty of China and the Việt state increased through raids and tributary missions, which resulted in Chinese cultural influences on Vietnamese culture:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBielenstein2005685_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBielenstein2005685-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first civil examination based on the Chinese model was staged in 1075, the Chinese script was declared official at the court in 1174,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2020102_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2020102-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the emergence of the Vietnamese demotic script (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a>) occurred in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019136_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019136-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1054, Lý Thánh Tông changed his kingdom's name to Đại Việt and declared himself emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201372–73_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201372–73-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married an ordinary girl named Lady <a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%B6_Lan" title="Ỷ Lan">Ỷ Lan</a>, and she gave birth to the crown prince Lý Càn Đức. In 1072, the infant became emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Nhân Tông">Lý Nhân Tông</a> (r. 1072–1127), the longest-ruling monarch in Vietnamese history. During the early years of Lý Nhân Tông, his father's military leader <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Ki%E1%BB%87t" title="Lý Thường Kiệt">Lý Thường Kiệt</a>, uncle <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Lý Đạo Thành">Lý Đạo Thành</a>, and Queen Ỷ Lan became court regents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201379_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201379-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1070s, border tensions between the Song Empire, local Tai principalities, and the Việt kingdom broke out into open violence. In late 1075, Lý Thường Kiệt led a naval invasion of southern China. Việt troops wreaked havoc on Chinese border towns, then laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a> and captured it one month later. The Song emperor sent a large counter-invasion of Đại Việt in late 1076, but Lý Thường Kiệt was able to fend it off and defeat the Chinese at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_C%E1%BA%A7u_River_(1077)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Cầu River (1077)">Battle of the Cầu River</a>, where half of the Song forces died from combat and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019158,_520_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019158,_520-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lý Nhân Tông then offered peace with the Song, and all hostilities ended in 1084; the Song subsequently recognized the Việt polity as a sovereign kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016435_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016435-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 14th-century chronicle, the <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Đại Việt sử lược">Đại Việt sử lược</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> sent three embassies to Đại Việt in 1086, 1088, and 1095.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019158,_521_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019158,_521-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matured Lý Nhân Tông came to rule in 1085. He defeated the Cham ruler Jaya Indravarman II in 1103,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201389_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201389-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built the Dạm Pagoda in Bắc Ninh in 1086,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011324_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011324-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and constructed a Buddhist temple for his mother called Long Đọi pagoda in 1121.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011350_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011350-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201585_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201585-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 1127. One of his nephews, Lý Dương Hoán, succeeded him and became known as emperor <a href="/wiki/Ly_Than_Tong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ly Than Tong">Lý Thần Tông</a> (r. 1128–1138). This marked the downfall of Lý family authority within the court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201392_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201392-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bia_%C4%91%C3%A1_Ch%C3%B9a_D%E1%BA%A1m.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bia_%C4%91%C3%A1_Ch%C3%B9a_D%E1%BA%A1m.JPG/220px-Bia_%C4%91%C3%A1_Ch%C3%B9a_D%E1%BA%A1m.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bia_%C4%91%C3%A1_Ch%C3%B9a_D%E1%BA%A1m.JPG/330px-Bia_%C4%91%C3%A1_Ch%C3%B9a_D%E1%BA%A1m.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bia_%C4%91%C3%A1_Ch%C3%B9a_D%E1%BA%A1m.JPG/440px-Bia_%C4%91%C3%A1_Ch%C3%B9a_D%E1%BA%A1m.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of Dạm Pagoda (built in emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Nhân Tông">Lý Nhân Tông</a>'s era, early 12th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/440px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/660px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/880px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12999" data-file-height="5958" /></a><figcaption>Luqīn (Annam/Đại Việt) and Sanf (Champa) are shown in the bottom right of the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a>, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Al-Idrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Idrisi">al-Idrisi</a> for <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> in 1154.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lý Thần Tông was crowned under the supervision of <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%AA_B%C3%A1_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lê Bá Ngọc (page does not exist)">Lê Bá Ngọc</a>, a powerful <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>. Lê Bá Ngọc adopted a son of the emperor's mother, named <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Anh_V%C5%A9" title="Đỗ Anh Vũ">Đỗ Anh Vũ</a>. During the reign of Lý Thần Tông, <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> of the Khmer Empire launched an attack on Đại Việt's southern territories in 1128. In 1132, he allied with the Cham king Jaya Indravarman III and briefly seized Nghệ An and pillaged Thanh Hoá. In 1135, Duke Đỗ Anh Vũ raised an army and repelled the Khmer invaders. After the Chams refused to support them in 1137, Suryavarman II abandoned his incursions on Đại Việt and launched an invasion of Champa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019163_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019163-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Lý Thần Tông began suffering from a fatal illness, and he died the next year, leaving the infant Lý Thiên Tộ to became emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Anh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Anh Tông">Lý Anh Tông</a> (r. 1138–1175) under Đỗ Anh Vũ's patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201394_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201394-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Đõ Anh Vũ died in 1159, another powerful figure, named <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4_Hi%E1%BA%BFn_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Tô Hiến Thành">Tô Hiến Thành</a>, stepped into the role of guarding the dynasty, until 1179.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201395_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201395-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1149, Javanese and Siamese ships arrived in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93n_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vân Đồn District">Vân Đồn</a> to trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201396_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201396-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixth son of Lý Anh Tông, prince Lý Long Trát, was crowned in 1175 as <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Cao_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Cao Tông">Lý Cao Tông</a> (r. 1175–1210).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201398_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201398-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1190s, more outsider clans were able to penetrate and infiltrate the royal family, further weakening Lý authority. Three powerful aristocratic families—Đoàn, Nguyễn, and Trần (descendants of Trần emperors, a Chinese emigre from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>)—emerged at the court and contested it on behalf of the royals. In 1210, Lý Cao Tông's eldest son, Lý Sảm, became emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Hu%E1%BB%87_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Huệ Tông">Lý Huệ Tông</a> of Đại Việt (r. 1210–1224). In 1224, Lý Sảm appointed his second princess, Lý Phật Kim, (empress <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Chi%C3%AAu_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Lý Chiêu Hoàng">Lý Chiêu Hoàng</a>) as his successor while he abdicated and became a monk. Finally, in 1225, the Trần leader <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Trần Thủ Độ">Trần Thủ Độ</a> sponsored a marriage between his eight-year-old nephew <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_C%E1%BA%A3nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Trần Cảnh">Trần Cảnh</a> and Lý Chiêu Hoàng, meaning the Lý would give up power to the Trần, and Trần Cảnh became emperor <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a> of the new dynasty of Đại Việt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013108–109_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013108–109-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Trần_dynasty_and_Mongol_invasions"><span id="Rise_of_Tr.E1.BA.A7n_dynasty_and_Mongol_invasions"></span>Rise of Trần dynasty and Mongol invasions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rise of Trần dynasty and Mongol invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his reign, the young Trần Thái Tông centralized the monarchy, organized the civil examination on the Chinese model, built the Royal Academy and Confucian Temple, and ordered the construction and repair of delta <a href="/wiki/Dyke_(embankment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke (embankment)">dikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013116,_122_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013116,_122-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1257, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a>, who was waging a <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Song_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Song China">war to conquer the Song Empire</a>, sent envoys to Trần Thái Tông and demanded the emperor of Đại Việt to present himself to the Mongol khan in <a href="/wiki/Peking" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking">Peking</a>. When the demand was rejected and the envoys were imprisoned, about 25,000 Mongol–Dali troops, led by general <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangqadaï</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam#First_Mongol_invasion_in_1258" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">invaded Đại Việt</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and then attacked the Song Empire from Đại Việt. Unprepared, Trần Thái Tông's army was overwhelmed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%C3%ACnh_L%E1%BB%87_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên">battle of Bình Lệ Nguyên</a> on 17 January 1258. Five days later, the Mongols captured and sacked <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes2015126_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes2015126-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols retreated to Yunnan fourteen days later, as Trần Thái Tông had submitted and sent tribute to Möngke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013123–124_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013123–124-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trần Thái Tông's successors <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thánh Tông">Trần Thánh Tông</a> (r. 1258–1278) and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> (r. 1278–1293) continued to send tribute to the new Mongol-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. In 1283, Yuan emperor <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> launched an invasion of Champa. In early 1285, he commissioned prince <a href="/wiki/Toghon_(son_of_Kublai)" title="Toghon (son of Kublai)">Toghon</a> to lead the second invasion of Đại Việt to punish the Vietnamese emperor Trần Nhân Tông for not helping the Yuan campaign in Champa and refusing to send tribute. Kublai also appointed <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc" title="Trần Ích Tắc">Trần Ích Tắc</a>, a Trần prince, as the puppet emperor of Đại Việt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201624-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Yuan forces initially captured Thăng Long, they were ultimately defeated by the Cham–Vietnamese alliance in June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes2015128_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes2015128-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1288, they decided to launch the third and largest invasion of Đại Việt but were repelled. Prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o" title="Trần Hưng Đạo">Trần Hưng Đạo</a> ended the Mongol yoke through a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">decisive naval victory</a> in the battle of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_River" title="Bạch Đằng River">Bạch Đằng River</a> in April 1288.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013136-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019170_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019170-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Đại Việt continued to flourish under the reigns of Trẩn Nhân Tông and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Anh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Anh Tông">Trần Anh Tông</a> (r. 1293–1314).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016489-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crisis_and_Champa_invasions">Crisis and Champa invasions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Crisis and Champa invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1367%E2%80%931390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390)">Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390)</a></div> <p>By the 14th century, the Đại Việt kingdom began experiencing a long decline. The population is estimated to have grown from 1.2 million in 1200 to perhaps 2.4 million in 1340.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003368_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003368-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transitional decade (1326–36) from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a> severely affected the climate of the Red River Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019177_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019177-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather phenomena such as drought, violent flooding, and storms frequently occurred, which weakened irrigation systems, damaged agricultural production, generated famines, and impoverished the peasantry, which together with widespread non-bubonic plagues unleashed robbery and chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003368–369_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003368–369-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Anh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Anh Tông">Trần Anh Tông</a> seized northern Champa in 1307, intervening in its politics through the marriage of Cham king <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Simhavarman_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaya Simhavarman III">Jaya Simhavarman III</a> with Trần Anh Tông's sister, queen <a href="/wiki/Huyen_Tran" class="mw-redirect" title="Huyen Tran">Paramecvariin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Minh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Minh Tông">Trần Minh Tông</a> (r. 1314–1329) entered conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> from the 1320s to the 1330s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013144_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013144-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of the weak king <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_D%E1%BB%A5_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Dụ Tông">Trần Dụ Tông</a> (r. 1341–1369), internal rebellions led by serfs and peasants from the 1340s and 1360s weakened royal power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019182–183_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019182–183-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1369, due to Trần Dụ Tông's lack of an heir, power was seized by <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_L%E1%BB%85" title="Dương Nhật Lễ">Dương Nhật Lễ</a>, a man from the Dương clan. A short bloody civil war led by the royal Tran family against the Dương clan broke out in 1369–1370, creating turmoil. The Trần enthroned <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ngh%E1%BB%87_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nghệ Tông">Trần Nghệ Tông</a> (r. 1370–1372), while Dương Nhật Lễ was deposed and executed. </p><p>Dương's queen mother went into exile in Champa and begged the Cham king <a href="/wiki/Po_Binasuor" title="Po Binasuor">Po Binasuor</a> (Chế Bồng Nga) to help her get revenge. In response, the Champa empire under Po Binasuor invaded Đại Việt and ransacked Thăng Long in 1371. Six years later, the Đại Việt army suffered a great defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijaya" title="Battle of Vijaya">Battle of Vijaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Du%E1%BB%87_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Duệ Tông">Trần Duệ Tông</a> (r. 1373–1377) was killed. The Chams then continued to advance north, besieging, pillaging, and looting Thăng Long four times from 1378 to 1383.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019183_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019183-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War with Champa ended in 1390 after Po Binasuor was killed during his northward offensive by Vietnamese forces led by prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kh%C3%A1t_Ch%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trần Khát Chân (page does not exist)">Trần Khát Chân</a>, who used firearms in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019190_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019190-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hồ_dynasty_(1400–1407)"><span id="H.E1.BB.93_dynasty_.281400.E2.80.931407.29"></span>Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tay_Do_castle_North_gate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tay_Do_castle_North_gate.JPG/220px-Tay_Do_castle_North_gate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tay_Do_castle_North_gate.JPG/330px-Tay_Do_castle_North_gate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tay_Do_castle_North_gate.JPG/440px-Tay_Do_castle_North_gate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_the_H%E1%BB%93_Dynasty" title="Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty">Tây Đô citadel</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly">Hồ Quý Ly</a> (c. 1397)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly">Hồ Quý Ly</a> (1336–1407), the minister of the Trần court who had desperately fought off the Cham invasions, now became the most powerful figure in the kingdom. He conducted a series of reforms, including replacing copper coins with <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>, despite the kingdom still recovering from the devastating war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013166–167_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013166–167-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, he slowly eliminated the Trần dynasty and aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013168_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013168-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1400, he deposed <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ph%E1%BA%BF_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF" title="Trần Phế Đế">the last Trần emperor</a> and became ruler of Đại Việt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013169_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013169-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hồ Quý Ly became emperor, moved the capital to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citadel_of_the_H%E1%BB%93_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citadel of the Hồ dynasty (page does not exist)">Tây Đô</a>, and briefly changed the kingdom's name to <b>Đại Ngu</b> ("great joy/peace") (大虞).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019193-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1401, he stepped down and established as king his second son, <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_H%C3%A1n_Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Hồ Hán Thương">Hồ Hán Thương</a> (r. 1401–1407), who had Trần ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013169_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013169-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_invasion_and_occupation_(1407–1427)"><span id="Ming_invasion_and_occupation_.281407.E2.80.931427.29"></span>Ming invasion and occupation (1407–1427)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ming invasion and occupation (1407–1427)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ming_invasion_of_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming invasion of Đại Ngu">Ming invasion of Đại Ngu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Trần dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Fourth Era of Northern Domination">Fourth Era of Northern Domination</a></div> <p>In 1406, <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">emperor Yongle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, in the name of restoring the Trần dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Dai_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming conquest of Dai Viet">invaded</a> Đại Ngu. The ill-prepared Vietnamese resistance of Hồ Quý Ly, who failed to get support from his people, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a> literati,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003373–374_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003373–374-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was defeated by a Chinese army of 215,000, armed with the newest technology at the time. Đại Ngu became the <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi_Province" title="Jiaozhi Province">thirteenth province</a> of the Ming empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade201469–70_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade201469–70-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019194_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019194-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A line of the Trần dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Trần</a>, continued to rule the southern part of Đại Việt and led Vietnamese rebellions against the Ming empire, until being subdued in 1413. </p><p>The short-lived Ming colonial rule had traumatic impacts on the kingdom and the Vietnamese. In pursuit of their <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a>, the Ming opened <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> schools and shrines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003375_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003375-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prohibited old Vietnamese traditions such as tattooing, and sent several thousand Vietnamese scholars to China, where they were re-educated in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confucian">Neo-Confucian</a> classics. Some of these <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">literati</a> would dramatically change the Vietnamese state under the new Lê dynasty when they returned in the 1430s and served the new court, triggering a major shift from <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> to Confucianism. The remnants of pre-1400s Buddhist sanctuaries and temples in Hanoi were systematically demolished and removed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016524_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016524-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_Lê_dynasty_(1428–1527)"><span id="Initial_L.C3.AA_dynasty_.281428.E2.80.931527.29"></span>Initial Lê dynasty (1428–1527)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Initial Lê dynasty (1428–1527)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Later_L%C3%AA_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Lê dynasty">Later Lê dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long,_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_(1490).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg/220px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg/330px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg/440px-B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_kinh_th%C3%A0nh_Th%C4%83ng_Long%2C_theo_H%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_s%C3%A1ch_%E6%B4%AA%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%96%E5%86%8A_%281490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) drawn during the Later Lê Dynasty</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lam_Sơn_uprising"><span id="Lam_S.C6.A1n_uprising"></span>Lam Sơn uprising</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lam Sơn uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i" title="Lê Lợi">Lê Lợi</a>, the son of a peasant from the <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hóa Province">Thanh Hoá</a> region, led an uprising against the Chinese occupation starting in February 1418, waging a <a href="/wiki/War_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="War of independence">war of independence</a> against Ming colonial rule that lasted nine years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013182–186_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013182–186-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assisted by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C3%A3i" title="Nguyễn Trãi">Nguyễn Trãi</a>, a prominent anti-Ming scholar, and other Thanh Hoá families—the Trịnh and the Nguyễn—his rebel forces managed to capture and defeat several major Ming strongholds and counterattacks, and they eventually drove the Chinese back to the north in 1427. In April 1428, Lê Lợi was proclaimed emperor of a new Đại Việt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013169_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013169-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established Hanoi as Đông Kinh, or the eastern capital, while the dynasty's estate, Lam Son, became Tây Kinh, or the western capital. </p><p>Through his proclamation, Lê Lợi called upon educated men of ability to come forward to serve the new monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013187_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013187-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old Buddhist aristocrats were stripped during the Ming occupation and gave rise to the new emerging literati class. For the first time, a centralized authority based on proper laws was instituted. Literary examination now became crucial for the Việt state, and scholars like Nguyễn Trãi played a large role in the court. </p><p>Lê Lợi shifted his main focus to the Tai people and the Laotian <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> kingdom in the west, due to their betrayal and subsequent alliance with the Ming during his rebellion in the 1420s. In 1431 and 1433, the Việt launched several campaigns on various Tai polities, subdued them, and incorporated the northwest region into Đại Việt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rule_of_Lê_Lợi"><span id="Rule_of_L.C3.AA_L.E1.BB.A3i"></span>Rule of Lê Lợi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rule of Lê Lợi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_L%E1%BB%A3i" title="Lê Lợi">Lê Lợi</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DT2189.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/MET_DT2189.jpg/200px-MET_DT2189.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/MET_DT2189.jpg/300px-MET_DT2189.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/MET_DT2189.jpg/400px-MET_DT2189.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Blue-line white dish decorates elephant surrounded by clouds, 15th century; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_15th_C_-_court_scholar_kneeling_stoneware_IMG_9465_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vietnam_15th_C_-_court_scholar_kneeling_stoneware_IMG_9465_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/114px-Vietnam_15th_C_-_court_scholar_kneeling_stoneware_IMG_9465_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vietnam_15th_C_-_court_scholar_kneeling_stoneware_IMG_9465_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/171px-Vietnam_15th_C_-_court_scholar_kneeling_stoneware_IMG_9465_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vietnam_15th_C_-_court_scholar_kneeling_stoneware_IMG_9465_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/228px-Vietnam_15th_C_-_court_scholar_kneeling_stoneware_IMG_9465_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3413" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kneeling royal scribe, 15th century; <a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Asian Civilisations Museum</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Lê Lợi died in 1433. He chose the younger prince <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thái Tông">Lê Nguyên Long</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thái Tông">Lê Thái Tông</a>, r. 1433–1442) as his heir instead of the eldest, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%AA_T%C6%B0_T%E1%BB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lê Tư Tề (page does not exist)">Lê Tư Tề</a>. Later, Lê Tư Tề was expelled from the royal family and his status was degraded to that of a commoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013191_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013191-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lê Thái Tông was only ten years old when he was crowned in 1433. Lê Lợi's former comrades now fought politically with each other to control the court. <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%AA_S%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lê Sát (page does not exist)">Lê Sát</a> used his power as the young emperor's regent to purge opposition factions. When Lê Thái Tông found out about Le Sat's abuses of power, he allied with Lê Sát's rival, <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Kh%E1%BA%A3" title="Trịnh Khả">Trịnh Khả</a>. In 1437, Lê Sát was arrested and given a death sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013192–195_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013192–195-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1439, Lê Thái Tông launched a campaign against rebelling Tai vassals in the west and Chinese settlers in Đại Việt. He ordered the Chinese to cut their hair short and wear clothes of the Kinh people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013196_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013196-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his sisters raised in China was forced to commit suicide, being accused of multiple conspiracies. Later, he had four princes: the eldest son <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Nghi_D%C3%A2n" title="Lê Nghi Dân">Lê Nghi Dân</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Lê Khắc Xương">Lê Khắc Xương</a>, the third <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Nhân Tông">Lê Bang Cơ</a>, and the youngest <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Hạo</a>. In 1442, Lê Thái Tông died under suspicious circumstances after a visit to Nguyễn Trãi's family; Nguyễn Trãi and his clan of relatives were innocently condemned to death. </p><p>One-year-old Lê Bang Cơ (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Nhân Tông">Lê Nhân Tông</a>, r. 1442–1459) assumed the throne a few days after his father's death. The emperor was too young, and most political power fell Lê Lợi's former comrades Trịnh Khả and Lê Thụ, who allied with the queen mother <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Anh" title="Nguyễn Thị Anh">Nguyễn Thị Anh</a>. During the dry season of 1445–1446, Trịnh Khả, Lê Thụ, and Trịnh Khắc Phục attacked Champa and took Vijaya, where the king of Champa <a href="/wiki/Maha_Vijaya" title="Maha Vijaya">Maha Vijaya</a> (r. 1441–1446) was captured. Trịnh Khả installed Maha Kali (r. 1446–1449) as a puppet king. However, three years later, Kali's elder brother murdered him and became king. Relations between the two kingdoms degraded into hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013198–200_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013198–200-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1451, amidst chaotic political struggles, queen Nguyễn Thị Anh ordered Trịnh Khả to be executed on charges of conspiracy against the royal throne. Only two of Lê Lợi's former comrades, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_X%C3%AD" title="Nguyễn Xí">Nguyễn Xí</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinh_Liet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinh Liet (page does not exist)">Đinh Liệt</a>, remained alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013202–203_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013202–203-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a night in late 1459, prince Lê Nghi Dân and his followers stormed the palace, stabbing his <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Nhân Tông">half-brother</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Anh" title="Nguyễn Thị Anh">queen mother</a>. Four days later, he was proclaimed emperor. Nghi Dân ruled the kingdom for eight months, before the two former-Nguyễn Xí and Đinh Liệt carried out a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> against him. Two days after Nghi Dân's death, the youngest prince Lê Hạo was crowned and named Emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a> the Overflowing Virtue<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttonWernerWhitmore2012109_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttonWernerWhitmore2012109-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (r. 1460–1479).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013204_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013204-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lê_Thánh_Tông's_reforms_and_expansions"><span id="L.C3.AA_Th.C3.A1nh_T.C3.B4ng.27s_reforms_and_expansions"></span>Lê Thánh Tông's reforms and expansions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lê Thánh Tông's reforms and expansions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Mieu_Hanoi_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Van_Mieu_Hanoi_5.jpg/220px-Van_Mieu_Hanoi_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Van_Mieu_Hanoi_5.jpg/330px-Van_Mieu_Hanoi_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Van_Mieu_Hanoi_5.jpg/440px-Van_Mieu_Hanoi_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi" title="Temple of Literature, Hanoi">Temple of Literature, Hanoi</a>, served as royal school during 11th–18th centuries.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1460s, Lê Thánh Tông carried out a series of reforms, including centralizing the government, building the first extensive bureaucracy and strong fiscal system, and institutionalizing education, trade, and laws. He greatly reduced the power of the traditional Buddhist aristocracy with a scholar-literati class, and ushered a brief golden age. Classical scholarism, literature (in nom script), science, music, and culture flourished. Hanoi emerged as the centre of learning of Southeast Asia in the 15th century. Lê Thánh Tông's reforms helped heightened the power of the king and the bureaucratic system, allowing him to mobilize a more massive army and resources that overawed the local nobility and capable to expand the Việt territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubertNoppe20189_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubertNoppe20189-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To expand the kingdom, Lê Thánh Tông launched <a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)">an invasion of Champa</a> in early 1471 that brought destruction to the Cham civilization and made the rump state of <a href="/wiki/Kauthara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauthara">Kauthara</a> a vassal of Đại Việt. In response to disputes with Laos over <a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Muang Phuan</a> and the mistreatment of the Laotian envoy, Lê Thánh Tông led a strong army that invaded Laos in 1479, sacked <a href="/wiki/Luang_Phabang" class="mw-redirect" title="Luang Phabang">Luang Phabang</a>, occupied it for five years, and advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Burma">Upper Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003380_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003380-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013221_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013221-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnamese products, particularly porcelain, were sold throughout Southeast Asia, China, Japan, Iran, Turkey, and on the East African.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaujard2019393,_512_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaujard2019393,_512-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_and_civil_war">Decline and civil war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Decline and civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royaume_d%27Annam_1653_par_Jean_Somer_04996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Royaume_d%27Annam_1653_par_Jean_Somer_04996.jpg/220px-Royaume_d%27Annam_1653_par_Jean_Somer_04996.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Royaume_d%27Annam_1653_par_Jean_Somer_04996.jpg/330px-Royaume_d%27Annam_1653_par_Jean_Somer_04996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Royaume_d%27Annam_1653_par_Jean_Somer_04996.jpg/440px-Royaume_d%27Annam_1653_par_Jean_Somer_04996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="3961" /></a><figcaption>French map representing political divisions of the Đại Việt kingdom during the 17th century: the northern part (<a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>) was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh family</a>, while the south (<a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>) was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>. (1653)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_qui_s%27observe,_dans_la_marche,_de_la_pompe_funebre,_a_la_enterrement_des_Roys_de_Tunquin_-_Tavernier_Jean_Baptiste_-_1692.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ordre_qui_s%27observe%2C_dans_la_marche%2C_de_la_pompe_funebre%2C_a_la_enterrement_des_Roys_de_Tunquin_-_Tavernier_Jean_Baptiste_-_1692.jpg/220px-Ordre_qui_s%27observe%2C_dans_la_marche%2C_de_la_pompe_funebre%2C_a_la_enterrement_des_Roys_de_Tunquin_-_Tavernier_Jean_Baptiste_-_1692.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ordre_qui_s%27observe%2C_dans_la_marche%2C_de_la_pompe_funebre%2C_a_la_enterrement_des_Roys_de_Tunquin_-_Tavernier_Jean_Baptiste_-_1692.jpg/330px-Ordre_qui_s%27observe%2C_dans_la_marche%2C_de_la_pompe_funebre%2C_a_la_enterrement_des_Roys_de_Tunquin_-_Tavernier_Jean_Baptiste_-_1692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ordre_qui_s%27observe%2C_dans_la_marche%2C_de_la_pompe_funebre%2C_a_la_enterrement_des_Roys_de_Tunquin_-_Tavernier_Jean_Baptiste_-_1692.jpg/440px-Ordre_qui_s%27observe%2C_dans_la_marche%2C_de_la_pompe_funebre%2C_a_la_enterrement_des_Roys_de_Tunquin_-_Tavernier_Jean_Baptiste_-_1692.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting the funeral of lord <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C3%B9ng" title="Trịnh Tùng">Trịnh Tùng</a>, who ruled northern Đại Việt from 1572 to 1623 as military dictator.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the decades after Lê Thánh Tông's death in 1497, Đại Việt once again fell to civil unrest. Agricultural failures, rapid population growth, corruption, and factionalism all compounded to stress the kingdom, leading to a rapid decline. Eight weak Lê kings briefly held power. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Uy_M%E1%BB%A5c" title="Lê Uy Mục">Lê Uy Mục</a>—known as the "devil king" (r. 1505–1509)— fighting erupted between the two rival Thanh Hoá families in the cadet branch, the Trịnh, and the Nguyễn on behalf of the ruling dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019213_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019213-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_D%E1%BB%B1c" title="Lê Tương Dực">Lê Tương Dực</a> (r. 1509–1514) tried to restore stability, but chaotic political struggles and rebellions returned years later. In 1516, a Buddhist peasant rebellion led by <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Cao" title="Trần Cao">Trần Cảo</a> stormed the capital, killed the emperor, and plundered and destroyed the royal palace along with its library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019214_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019214-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trịnh and Nguyễn clans briefly ceased hostilities, suppressed Trần Cảo, and installed the young prince <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Chi%C3%AAu_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Chiêu Tông">Lê Chiêu Tông</a> (r. 1516–1522), after which they turned against each other and forced the king to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201687_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201687-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mạc_dynasty_(1527–1593)"><span id="M.E1.BA.A1c_dynasty_.281527.E2.80.931593.29"></span>Mạc dynasty (1527–1593)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mạc dynasty (1527–1593)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA-M%E1%BA%A1c_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lê-Mạc War">Lê-Mạc War</a></div> <p>The chaos prompted <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%90%C4%83ng_Dung" title="Mạc Đăng Dung">Mạc Đăng Dung</a>, a military officer well-educated in Confucian classics, to rise up and try to restore order. By 1522, he effectively subjugated the two warring clans and put down the rebellions while establishing his clan and supporters to the government. In 1527, he forced the young Lê king to abdicate and proclaimed himself emperor, beginning the rule of the Mạc dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201689_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201689-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years later, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim" title="Nguyễn Kim">Nguyễn Kim</a>—a Nguyễn noble and Lê loyalist-rebelled against the Mạc-enthroned <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Duy_Ninh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lê Duy Ninh">Lê Duy Ninh</a>, a descendant of Lê Lợi, who began the monarchy-in-exile in Laos. In 1542, they reemerged from the south under the moniker of the "southern court", laid claim to the Vietnamese crown, and opposed the Mạc (the "northern court"). The Việt kingdom now fell into a long period of decentralization, chaos, and civil wars that lasted for three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019217_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019217-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lê (assisted by Nguyễn Kim) and the Mạc loyalists fought on behalf of reclaiming the legitimate Vietnamese crown. When Nguyễn Kim died in 1545, the power of the Lê dynasty swiftly fell into the dictate of <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Ki%E1%BB%83m" title="Trịnh Kiểm">Trịnh Kiểm</a> of the Trịnh family. One of Nguyễn Kim's sons, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ho%C3%A0ng" title="Nguyễn Hoàng">Nguyễn Hoàng</a>, was appointed ruler of the southern part of the kingdom, thus beginning the Nguyễn family rule over Đàng Trong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019218_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019218-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_Lê_dynasty:_Trịnh_control_and_Trịnh-Nguyễn_contention_(1593–1789)"><span id="Revival_of_L.C3.AA_dynasty:_Tr.E1.BB.8Bnh_control_and_Tr.E1.BB.8Bnh-Nguy.E1.BB.85n_contention_.281593.E2.80.931789.29"></span>Revival of Lê dynasty: Trịnh control and Trịnh-Nguyễn contention (1593–1789)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Revival of Lê dynasty: Trịnh control and Trịnh-Nguyễn contention (1593–1789)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Trịnh–Nguyễn War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Annam_(%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD)_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Annam_%28%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Annam_%28%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Annam_%28%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Annam_%28%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Annam_%28%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Annam_%28%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Beijing_in_1761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Annam (安南国) delegates in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1761 (close-up from the painting <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="万国来朝图">万国来朝图</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lê-Trịnh loyalists expelled the Mạc from Hanoi in 1592, forcing them to flee into the mountainous hinterland, where their reign lasted until 1677.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019225_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019225-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trịnh-controlled northern Đại Việt was known as <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">Đàng Ngoài</a> ("outer realm"), while the Nguyễn-controlled south became <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a> ("inner realm"). They fought a 50-year civil war (1627–1673) that ended inconclusively, and the two lords signed a peace treaty. This stable division would last until 1771, when three Tây Sơn brothers—<a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nguyễn Nhạc">Nguyễn Nhạc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quang_Trung" title="Quang Trung">Nguyễn Huệ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%E1%BB%AF" title="Nguyễn Lữ">Nguyễn Lữ</a>—led a peasant revolution that would overrun and topple the Nguyễn, the Trịnh lords, and the Le dynasty. In 1789, the Tây Sơn defeated a Qing intervention that sought to restore the Lê dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tây_Sơn_wars_and_Nguyễn_dynasty_(1789–1804)"><span id="T.C3.A2y_S.C6.A1n_wars_and_Nguy.E1.BB.85n_dynasty_.281789.E2.80.931804.29"></span>Tây Sơn wars and Nguyễn dynasty (1789–1804)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tây Sơn wars and Nguyễn dynasty (1789–1804)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></div> <p>Nguyễn Nhạc established a monarchy in 1778 (Thái Đức), followed by his brother Nguyễn Huệ (Emperor Quang Trung, r. 1789–1792) and nephew <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_To%E1%BA%A3n" title="Nguyễn Quang Toản">Nguyễn Quang Toản</a> (Emperor Cảnh Thịnh, r. 1792–1802), while a descendant of the Nguyễn lords, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a>, returned to the Mekong Delta after several years of exile in Thailand and France. Ten years later, Nguyễn loyalists defeated the Tây Sơn and conquered the whole kingdom. Nguyễn Ánh became the emperor Gia Long of the new <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">unified Vietnamese state</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_structure">Political structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1200s">Pre-1200s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pre-1200s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early Đại Việt period (pre-1200), the Viet monarchy existed as a form of what historians describe as a "charter state"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman200335_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman200335-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "mandala state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid&Tran200610_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid&Tran200610-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERush201835_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERush201835-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhart2018198_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhart2018198-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, Minoru Katakura used the term "centralized feudal system" to describe the Lý dynasty's Viet state. <a href="/wiki/Yumio_Sakurai" title="Yumio Sakurai">Yumio Sakurai</a> reconstructed the Lý dynasty as a local dynasty—signifying that it was only able to control several inner areas, while outer areas (<i>phu</i>) were autonomously governed by local clans of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds, who were loyal to the royal clan through Buddhist alliances, such as temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003355_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003355-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Viet king "man of prowess" was the center of the mandala structure that had influences beyond the Red River Delta via Buddhist alliance with local lords, while a bureaucracy was still practically nonexistent. For example, an inscription dating from 1107 in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang" title="Hà Giang">Hà Giang</a> records the religious–political connection between the <a href="/wiki/Nung_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nung people">Nùng</a> Hà clan with the dynasty, or another inscription dated to 1100 commemorates <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Ki%E1%BB%87t" title="Lý Thường Kiệt">Lý Thường Kiệt</a> as the lord of <a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ho%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Hoá">Thanh Hoá</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore20098_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore20098-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a mandala realm, according to <a href="/wiki/F._K._Lehman" title="F. K. Lehman">F. K. Lehman</a>, its direct territories could not exceed more than 150 miles in diameter; however, the Đại Việt kingdom was able to maintain a large sphere of influence due to active coastal trade and maritime activities with other Southeast Asian states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonWhitmore2014108_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonWhitmore2014108-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trần-Hồ_period"><span id="Tr.E1.BA.A7n-H.E1.BB.93_period"></span>Trần-Hồ period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Trần-Hồ period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Anh_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXS%C4%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Anh_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXS%C4%90.jpg/220px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Anh_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXS%C4%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Anh_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXS%C4%90.jpg/330px-Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Anh_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXS%C4%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Anh_T%C3%B4ng_TL%C4%90SXS%C4%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Trần Anh Tông, the fourth emperor of the Trần dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 13th and 14th centuries, as the Trần dynasty ruled the kingdom, their first move was to prevent matrilineal clans taking over the royal family, by adopting the king–retired king relation, in which the emperor usually abdicated in favor of his eldest son while retaining power behind the scenes, and practicing <a href="/wiki/Consanguine_marriage" title="Consanguine marriage">consanguine marriage</a>. To prevent maternal families' influences, Trần kings took only queens from their dynastic lineage. The state became more centralized, taxes and bureaucracy appeared, and chronicles were written down. Most power was concentrated in the hands of the emperor and the royal families. In the lowlands, the Trần removed all non-Trần, autonomous aristocratic clans from power and appointed Trần princes instead, tightening relations between the state and locals. Working in Trần princely lands were <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a>: poor peasants who owned no land nor slaves. Large hydraulic projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>'s dyke system were constructed, maintaining and increasing the kingdom's rice-based agricultural economy and its population by diverting rivers to aid in irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003358–360_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003358–360-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confucianism was ensured by the Trần monarchs as the second belief, giving rise to the literati class, which later became rivals to the established Buddhist clergy. </p><p>During this period, the Việt monarchy faced a series of massive Yuan and Cham invasions, political unrest, famines, disasters, and diseases, and was led to near-collapse in the late 1300s. <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly">Hồ Quý Ly</a> tried to fix these troubles by eliminating the Trần aristocrats, limiting monks, and promoting Chinese classic learning, but this resulted in political catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003373_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003373-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_828_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MS_828_10.jpg/220px-MS_828_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MS_828_10.jpg/330px-MS_828_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MS_828_10.jpg/440px-MS_828_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicts emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Hy_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Hy Tông">Lê Hy Tông</a> (r. 1675–1705) giving an audience (c. 1685).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doctors%27_Stelae_(4856371606).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Doctors%27_Stelae_%284856371606%29.jpg/220px-Doctors%27_Stelae_%284856371606%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Doctors%27_Stelae_%284856371606%29.jpg/330px-Doctors%27_Stelae_%284856371606%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Doctors%27_Stelae_%284856371606%29.jpg/440px-Doctors%27_Stelae_%284856371606%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Steles</a> inscribed with names of graduate scholars in Quốc Tử Giám, Hanoi</figcaption></figure> <p>From Lê Thánh Tông's 1463 reforms onward, the Vietnamese state's structure was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> of China. Lê established six ministries and six courts, centralizing the government. By 1471, Đại Việt was divided into 12 provinces and one capital city (<a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thăng Long</a>), each governed by a provincial government that consisted military commanders, civil administrators, and judicial officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013212–213_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013212–213-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lê employed 5,300 officials in the bureaucracy. A new legal code, called the Lê Code, was published in 1462 and was practiced until 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019205_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019205-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a Confucian king, Lê generally disliked cosmopolitanism and foreign trade. He banned slavery, which had been popular during previous centuries, and limited trade and commerce. During his reign, power was based on institutional obligations that enforced loyalty to court and merits, rather than a religious relationship between aristocracy and the royal court. Self-sufficient agriculture and state-monopolized crafts were encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2019251–252_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2019251–252-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social hierarchy of 15th-century Đại Việt comprised:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013213_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013213-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Vua</b>/<b>Hoàng Đế</b> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><b>Hoàng Tử</b> – <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">Crown prince</a></li> <li><b>Vương</b> – Ordinary princes</li> <li><b>Công</b> – <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><b>Hầu</b> – <a href="/wiki/Marquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis">Marquis</a></li> <li><b>Bá</b> – <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a></li></ul> <p>Non-royal nobility: </p> <ul><li><b>Tử</b> – <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a></li> <li><b>Nam</b> – <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodge,_Laos,_Siam_and_Vietnam_at_1760.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cambodge%2C_Laos%2C_Siam_and_Vietnam_at_1760.jpg/220px-Cambodge%2C_Laos%2C_Siam_and_Vietnam_at_1760.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cambodge%2C_Laos%2C_Siam_and_Vietnam_at_1760.jpg/330px-Cambodge%2C_Laos%2C_Siam_and_Vietnam_at_1760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cambodge%2C_Laos%2C_Siam_and_Vietnam_at_1760.jpg/440px-Cambodge%2C_Laos%2C_Siam_and_Vietnam_at_1760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Đại Việt, or Annam, during the mid-18th century, politically divided near the <a href="/wiki/18th_parallel_north" title="18th parallel north">18th parallel north</a>, between the Trinh and Nguyen domains.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Lê Thánh Tông in 1497, the sociopolitical order he had built gradually fell apart as Đại Việt entered its chaotic disintegration period under the reigns of his weak successors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013224–231_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013224–231-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social upheavals, ecological crisis, corruption, an irreparably failing system, political rivalry, and rebellions pushed the kingdom to a climactic burst of civil war between rival clans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013232_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013232-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Lê king was overthrown by general <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%90%C4%83ng_Dung" title="Mạc Đăng Dung">Mạc Đăng Dung</a> in 1527, who promised to restore "Lê Thánh Tông's golden era of stability". For the next six decades, from 1533 to 1592, the raging civil war between Lê loyalists and Mạc ruined much of the polity. The Trịnh and Nguyễn clans both assisted the Lê loyalists in their struggle against Mạc. </p><p>After the Lê-Mạc war ended in 1592, with the Mạc ousted from the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>, the two clans of Trịnh and Nguyễn, who revived the Lê dynasty, emerged as the strongest powers and resumed their own infighting, from 1627 to 1672. The northern Trịnh clan had installed themselves as regents for the Lê dynasty by 1545, but in reality, they held most power at the royal court and were the <i>de facto</i> rulers of the northern half of Đại Việt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003400_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003400-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began using the title <i>Chúa</i> ("lord"), which was outside the classical hierarchy of nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003400_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003400-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lê king was reduced to a figurehead, ruling in earnest while the Trịnh lord had total power to enthrone or remove any king he favored. The southern Nguyễn leader also began to proclaim himself a <i>Chúa</i> lord in 1558. Initially, these were considered subjects of the Lê court, which was controlled by the Trịnh lord. By the early 1600s, however, they ruled southern Đại Việt like an independent kingdom and became the main rivals to the Trịnh domain. Lê Thánh Tông's legacy, such as his 1463 Code and bureaucratic institutions, was revived in the north and somehow continued to persist, lasting until the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttonWernerWhitmore201292_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttonWernerWhitmore201292-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before and after the war, the two Thanh Hoá clans divided the kingdom into two coexistent but rival regimes: the northern <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">Đàng Ngoài</a>, or Tonkin, ruled by the Trịnh family, and the southern <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>, ruled by the Nguyễn family; their natural border was the city of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_H%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đồng Hới">Đồng Hới</a> (<a href="/wiki/18th_parallel_north" title="18th parallel north">18th parallel north</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003397_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003397-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each polity had its own independent court. However, the Nguyễn lord still sought to subordinate himself under the Lê dynasty, which also stayed under Trịnh supervision,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019241_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019241-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintaining an imaginary union. Paying homage and respect to the Lê king remained a source of both lords' legitimacy and of adherence to the idea of a unified Vietnamese state, even if such a thing no longer existed. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tay_Son_wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tay Son wars (page does not exist)">Tay Son rebellion</a> of the late 18th century was an extraordinary moment of Đại Việt's chaotic period, when the three Tay Son brothers divided the kingdom into three subordinate, independent realms: Nguyen Hue controlled the north, Nguyen Nhac the center, and Nguyen Lu controlled the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Dynasty_Ceramic_Plate_(9735631777).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Le_Dynasty_Ceramic_Plate_%289735631777%29.jpg/220px-Le_Dynasty_Ceramic_Plate_%289735631777%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Le_Dynasty_Ceramic_Plate_%289735631777%29.jpg/330px-Le_Dynasty_Ceramic_Plate_%289735631777%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Le_Dynasty_Ceramic_Plate_%289735631777%29.jpg/440px-Le_Dynasty_Ceramic_Plate_%289735631777%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A 15th-century Vietnamese blue-white ceramic dish. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">National Museum of Vietnamese History</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fan_Chengda" title="Fan Chengda">Fan Chengda</a> (1126–1193), a Chinese statesman and geographer, wrote an account in 1176 that described the medieval Vietnamese economy: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Local [Annamite] products include such things as gold and silver, bronze, cinnabar, pearls, cowry [shells], rhinoceros [horn], elephant, kingfisher feathers, giant clams, and various aromatics, as well as salt, lacquer, and kapok...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFan2011202_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFan2011202-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Travelers to the Southern Counties [Southern China] entice people there to serve [in Annam] as female slaves and male bearers. But when they reach the [Man] counties and settlements, they are tied up and sold off. One slave can fetch two <a href="/wiki/Taels" class="mw-redirect" title="Taels">taels</a> of gold. The counties and settlements then turn around and sell them in Jiaozhi [Hanoi], where they fetch three taels of gold. Each year no fewer than 100,000 people [are sold off as slaves]. For those with skills, the price in gold doubles...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFan2011203_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFan2011203-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Unlike its southern neighbor Champa, medieval (900–1500 AD) Đại Việt was mostly an agricultural kingdom, centered around the Red River Delta. Most <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> epigraphs discussing the economy from this period concerned land reclamation, maintaining irrigation system from the Red River, maintining fields, harvesting, and the king's land donation to Buddhist clergies. Trade was not primarily important in Đại Việt, although the kingdom's ceramic exports blossomed for several decades during the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2019250_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2019250-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thánh Tông">Lê Thánh Tông</a>, the greatest king of the 15th century, who had conquered Champa, once said, "Do not cast aside the roots (agriculture) and pursue insignificant trade/(commerce)", showcasing his unfavorable views toward trade and merchandising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2019247–248_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2019247–248-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Đại Việt's only port, located at the mouth of the Red River—a town called Van Don<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall201936_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall201936-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—near <a href="/wiki/Ha_Long_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Long Bay">Ha Long Bay</a>, was considered too far away from the main sea route. <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, who did not visit but gathered information from the Mongols, offered a description of Đại Việt: "They find in this country a good deal of gold, and they also have a great abundance of spices. But they are such a long way from the sea that the products are of little value, and thus their price is low". Most Southeast Asian and Indian merchant ships sailing along the Vietnamese coast of the South China Sea often stopped at Champa's port cities, bypassed Đại Việt and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a>, and headed on to southeastern China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Compared to the more well-known Champa, Đại Việt was little-known to the faraway world until the arrival of Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the 16th century. Medieval sources such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist">The Book Catalogue</a></i> (c. 988 AD) mention that the king of Luqin, or Lukin (Đại Việt), invaded the state of Sanf (Champa) in 982.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Đại Việt was included in the Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a>'s world atlas, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i>. In the early 1300s, Đại Việt was briefly chronicled by Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Ilkhanid annals</a> as <i>Kafje-Guh</i>, which was the rendition of a Mongol/Chinese toponym for Đại Việt, <i><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Jiaozhiquo</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaronBorriDrorTaylor201817,_note:_''Introduction'',_edited_by_Benedict_R._O'G._Anderson,_Tamara_Laos,_Stanley_J._O'Connor,_Keith_W._Taylor,_and_Andrew_C._Willford_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaronBorriDrorTaylor201817,_note:_''Introduction'',_edited_by_Benedict_R._O'G._Anderson,_Tamara_Laos,_Stanley_J._O'Connor,_Keith_W._Taylor,_and_Andrew_C._Willford-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_religion">Art and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Art and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gac_chuong_chua_Keo_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gac_chuong_chua_Keo_3.jpg/220px-Gac_chuong_chua_Keo_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gac_chuong_chua_Keo_3.jpg/330px-Gac_chuong_chua_Keo_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gac_chuong_chua_Keo_3.jpg/440px-Gac_chuong_chua_Keo_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2786" /></a><figcaption>Timber steeple of the <a href="/wiki/Keo_Temple" title="Keo Temple">Keo Temple</a> (c. 1630)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Emperor_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portrait_of_Emperor_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng.png/220px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portrait_of_Emperor_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng.png/330px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Portrait_of_Emperor_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> (1258–1308), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a> sect</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> had penetrated to modern-day Vietnam around the first century AD, during the Han occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011221_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011221-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> had become the dominant faith of the Red River Delta Region. The development of Mahayana faiths in the area gave rise to several Buddhist dynasties that would rule Đại Việt. The <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a> of Thanh Mai inscription (c. 798) indicates that Chinese-influenced Buddhism was widely practiced among the Red River dwellers during the Tang period. Buddhist scriptures claim that in 580, an Indian monk named <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%ABtaruci" title="Vinītaruci">Vinītaruci</a> arrived in northern Vietnam and founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></i> school of <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019107_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019107-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 820, a Chinese monk named <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yantong" title="Wu Yantong">Wu Yantong</a> came to northern Vietnam and founded the second Thiền sect,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019151_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019151-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which lasted until the 13th century. In 1293, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> personally opened a new Thiền school, called <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019174_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019174-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is still active today. </p><p>Vietnamese Buddhism gained reached its apex during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval period</a>. The king, the court, and society were deeply religious. According to <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_Li%E1%BB%85n" title="Đinh Liễn">Đinh Liễn</a>'s Ratnaketu Dhāraṇī inscriptions (c. 973), Mahayana Buddhism and some elements of <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Buddhism">Tantric Buddhism</a> were promoted by the emperor and the royals. Mahayana sutras, together with the prince's speech, were inscribed on these pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011361_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011361-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ho%C3%A0n" title="Lê Hoàn">Lê Đại Hành</a> (c. 995), however, mentions Thiền Buddhism as the royal religion. By the early 11th century, Mahayana, Hinduism, folk beliefs, and spiritual worship was fused and formed into a new creed by Ly royals, who frequently performed Buddhist rituals, <a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">blood oaths</a>, and prayed for spiritual deities. This <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> religion, dubbed "Ly dynasty religion" by Taylor, embraces the amalgamating worship of Buddhism, Indian Buddhist deities <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, and the Cham folk legend <a href="/wiki/Lady_Po_Nagar" title="Lady Po Nagar">Lady Po Nagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019157_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019157-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore20097–8_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore20097–8-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lý dynasty religion was later absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a>. The emperors built temples and statues dedicated to Indra and Brahma in 1016, 1057, and 1134,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011229_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011229-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with temples for Vietnamese legends. At a funeral, the emperor's body was put on a <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a> to be burned, according to Buddhist tradition. The main characteristics of Vietnamese Buddhism were largely influenced by Chinese Chan Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003357_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003357-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temple inscription dated from 1226 in Hanoi describes a Vietnamese Buddhist altar: "the Buddha statue was flanked by an Apsara, one of the Hindu water and cloud nymphs, and a Bodhisattva with a clenched fist. Before the altar stood statues of a Guardian of the Dharma flanked by Mỹ Âm, king of the Gandharvas, mythical musician husbands of the Apsaras, and Kauṇḍinya, the Buddha's leading early disciple."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019165_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019165-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a></i>, sponsored by the royals, owned the majority of farmlands and the kingdom's wealth. A <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> erected in 1209 records that the royal family had donated 126 acres of land to a pagoda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016431_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016431-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Vietnamese Buddhist temple was often built of timber and had a pagoda/stupa made of bricks or granite rocks. Việt Buddhist art shares similarities with Cham art, especially its sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016433_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016433-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dragon <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi Tree">bodhi</a> leaf sculpture symbolizes the emperor, while the phoenix bodhi leaf stands for the queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016432_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016432-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism shaped society and laws during the Ly dynasty of Đại Việt. Princes and royals were raised in Buddhist monasteries and were ordained into the monkhood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201369_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201369-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vietnamese Buddhism declined in the 15th century due to the Ming-Chinese Neo-Confucian anti-Buddhist agenda and later Le monarchs' downplaying of Buddhism, but it was revived in the 16th–18th centuries by the royal family, which resulted in Vietnam today being a majority-Buddhist country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013289–290_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013289–290-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the south, due to the effort of Chinese monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilian_Dashan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shilian Dashan (page does not exist)">Shilian Dashan</a> in 1694–1695, the entire Nguyễn family converted from secularism to Buddhism. The Nguyễn also incorporated local Cham deities into southern Vietnamese Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019242_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019242-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%ACnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Đình">Đình</a></i> (village temples), which persisted from the 15th century, were the centres of village administration and prohibited Buddhist-based cults and local deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013242_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013242-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1351px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Vietnamese Buddhist temples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Binh_Son_tower_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bình Sơn Pagoda, Vĩnh Phúc, built around c. 1200"><img alt="Bình Sơn Pagoda, Vĩnh Phúc, built around c. 1200" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Binh_Son_tower_2.jpg/112px-Binh_Son_tower_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Binh_Son_tower_2.jpg/169px-Binh_Son_tower_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Binh_Son_tower_2.jpg/225px-Binh_Son_tower_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_S%C6%A1n_Pagoda" title="Bình Sơn Pagoda">Bình Sơn Pagoda</a>, Vĩnh Phúc, built around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pho_Minh_Pagoda_during_festival_-_Th%C3%A1p_Ph%E1%BB%95_Minh_m%C3%B9a_l%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phổ Minh Temple, built c. 1262[185]"><img alt="Phổ Minh Temple, built c. 1262[185]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pho_Minh_Pagoda_during_festival_-_Th%C3%A1p_Ph%E1%BB%95_Minh_m%C3%B9a_l%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_002.jpg/112px-Pho_Minh_Pagoda_during_festival_-_Th%C3%A1p_Ph%E1%BB%95_Minh_m%C3%B9a_l%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pho_Minh_Pagoda_during_festival_-_Th%C3%A1p_Ph%E1%BB%95_Minh_m%C3%B9a_l%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_002.jpg/169px-Pho_Minh_Pagoda_during_festival_-_Th%C3%A1p_Ph%E1%BB%95_Minh_m%C3%B9a_l%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pho_Minh_Pagoda_during_festival_-_Th%C3%A1p_Ph%E1%BB%95_Minh_m%C3%B9a_l%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_002.jpg/225px-Pho_Minh_Pagoda_during_festival_-_Th%C3%A1p_Ph%E1%BB%95_Minh_m%C3%B9a_l%E1%BB%85_h%E1%BB%99i_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%95_Minh_Temple" title="Phổ Minh Temple">Phổ Minh Temple</a>, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1262</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016491_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016491-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chua_Mot_Cot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The One Pillar Pagoda, constructed c. 1050 by Emperor Lý Thái Tông[186] and destroyed in 1952"><img alt="The One Pillar Pagoda, constructed c. 1050 by Emperor Lý Thái Tông[186] and destroyed in 1952" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chua_Mot_Cot.jpg/150px-Chua_Mot_Cot.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chua_Mot_Cot.jpg/225px-Chua_Mot_Cot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chua_Mot_Cot.jpg/300px-Chua_Mot_Cot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/One_Pillar_Pagoda" title="One Pillar Pagoda">One Pillar Pagoda</a>, constructed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050</span> by Emperor <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lý Thái Tông">Lý Thái Tông</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011261_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011261-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and destroyed in 1952</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A1p_%C4%91%C3%A1_b%E1%BA%A3y_t%E1%BA%A7ng.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 14th-century pagoda in the jungles of Quảng Ninh"><img alt="A 14th-century pagoda in the jungles of Quảng Ninh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Th%C3%A1p_%C4%91%C3%A1_b%E1%BA%A3y_t%E1%BA%A7ng.jpg/150px-Th%C3%A1p_%C4%91%C3%A1_b%E1%BA%A3y_t%E1%BA%A7ng.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Th%C3%A1p_%C4%91%C3%A1_b%E1%BA%A3y_t%E1%BA%A7ng.jpg/225px-Th%C3%A1p_%C4%91%C3%A1_b%E1%BA%A3y_t%E1%BA%A7ng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Th%C3%A1p_%C4%91%C3%A1_b%E1%BA%A3y_t%E1%BA%A7ng.jpg/300px-Th%C3%A1p_%C4%91%C3%A1_b%E1%BA%A3y_t%E1%BA%A7ng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A 14th-century pagoda in the jungles of Quảng Ninh</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bao_Nghiem_Tower_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bảo Nghiêm Pagoda, in Bút Tháp Temple, built c. 1647[187]"><img alt="Bảo Nghiêm Pagoda, in Bút Tháp Temple, built c. 1647[187]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bao_Nghiem_Tower_2.jpg/109px-Bao_Nghiem_Tower_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bao_Nghiem_Tower_2.jpg/164px-Bao_Nghiem_Tower_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Bao_Nghiem_Tower_2.jpg/218px-Bao_Nghiem_Tower_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bảo Nghiêm Pagoda, in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAt_Th%C3%A1p_Temple" title="Bút Tháp Temple">Bút Tháp Temple</a>, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1647</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011323_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011323-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tran_Quoc_pagoga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pagoda of Trấn Quốc Pagoda, c. 1615[188]"><img alt="The pagoda of Trấn Quốc Pagoda, c. 1615[188]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tran_Quoc_pagoga.jpg/100px-Tran_Quoc_pagoga.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tran_Quoc_pagoga.jpg/150px-Tran_Quoc_pagoga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tran_Quoc_pagoga.jpg/200px-Tran_Quoc_pagoga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The pagoda of <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A5n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Pagoda" title="Trấn Quốc Pagoda">Trấn Quốc Pagoda</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1615</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011272_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011272-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThienMuPagoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thiên Mụ Temple, c. 1590"><img alt="Thiên Mụ Temple, c. 1590" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ThienMuPagoda.jpg/112px-ThienMuPagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ThienMuPagoda.jpg/169px-ThienMuPagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ThienMuPagoda.jpg/225px-ThienMuPagoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_M%E1%BB%A5_Temple" title="Thiên Mụ Temple">Thiên Mụ Temple</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChuaDau_Thap.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dâu Temple, c. 1647[189]"><img alt="Dâu Temple, c. 1647[189]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ChuaDau_Thap.JPG/112px-ChuaDau_Thap.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ChuaDau_Thap.JPG/169px-ChuaDau_Thap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ChuaDau_Thap.JPG/225px-ChuaDau_Thap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2043" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2u_Temple" title="Dâu Temple">Dâu Temple</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1647</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011308_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011308-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasty_timeline">Dynasty timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dynasty timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Đại Việt started in 968 and ended in 1804. </p> <div class="thumb" style="margin: 5px; clear: both;"> <div style="overflow: auto; overflow-x: scroll; width: 98%;"> <table width="1400" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F5F5DC;"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black;"> </td> <td width="26"> </td> <td width="3"> </td> <td width="11"> </td> <td width="30"> </td> <td width="216"> </td> <td width="175"> </td> <td width="7"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC" width="20"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Ming domination</a></td> <td width="100"> </td> <td width="6"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC" width="59"> </td> <td style="background:#DCDCDC" colspan="3" width="196"><a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties (Vietnam)">Nam–Bắc triều</a> * <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">Bắc Hà</a>–<a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Nam Hà</a></td> <td width="4"> </td> <td width="56"> </td> <td style="background:#DCDCDC" width="87"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></td> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black;">  </td></tr> <tr style="height:60px"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black; background:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">Chinese domination</a></td> <td style="background:#FFBF00" width="26"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô</a></td> <td style="background:#007BA7" width="3"> </td> <td style="background:#9ACD32" width="11"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh</a></td> <td style="background:#1E90FF" width="30"><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê</a></td> <td style="background:#ACE1AF" width="216"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý</a></td> <td style="background:#FFEFD5" width="175"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần</a></td> <td style="background:#E6E6FA" width="7"><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ</a></td> <td style="background:#FFFACD" width="6"><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Trần</a></td> <td style="background:#C0C0C0" width="14"> </td> <td style="background:#98FB98" width="100"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#FF7F50" width="65"><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#98FB98" width="196"><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></td> <td style="background:#FFA07A" width="4"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#DA70D6" width="143"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn</a></td> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; background:#FFE4E1;">Modern time </td></tr> <tr style="height:5px"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black; background:#C0C0C0"> </td> <td style="background:#FFBF00" width="26"> </td> <td style="background:#007BA7" width="3"> </td> <td style="background:#9ACD32" width="11"> </td> <td style="background:#1E90FF" width="30"> </td> <td style="background:#ACE1AF" width="216"> </td> <td style="background:#FFEFD5" width="175"> </td> <td style="background:#E6E6FA" width="7"> </td> <td style="background:#FFFACD" width="6"> </td> <td style="background:#C0C0C0" width="14"> </td> <td style="background:#98FB98" width="100"> </td> <td style="background:#FF7F50" width="6"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98" width="59"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#98FB98" width="196"> </td> <td style="background:#FFA07A" width="4"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#DA70D6" width="143"> </td> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; background:#FFE4E1;">  </td></tr> <tr style="height:20px"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black; background:#C0C0C0"> </td> <td style="background:#FFBF00" width="26"> </td> <td style="background:#007BA7" width="3"> </td> <td style="background:#9ACD32" width="11"> </td> <td style="background:#1E90FF" width="30"> </td> <td style="background:#ACE1AF" width="216"> </td> <td style="background:#FFEFD5" width="175"> </td> <td style="background:#E6E6FA" width="7"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0" width="20"> </td> <td style="background:#98FB98" width="100"> </td> <td style="background:#FF7F50" width="6"> </td> <td style="background:#98FB98" width="12"> </td> <td style="background:#F0E68C" width="47"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#F0E68C" width="194"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_lords" title="Trịnh lords">Trịnh lords</a></td> <td style="background:#98FB98" width="6"> </td> <td style="background:#FFA07A" width="4"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#DA70D6" width="143"> </td> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; background:#FFE4E1;">  </td></tr> <tr style="height:20px"> <td style="border-right: 1px solid black; background:#C0C0C0"> </td> <td style="background:#FFBF00" width="26"> </td> <td style="background:#007BA7" width="3"> </td> <td style="background:#9ACD32" width="11"> </td> <td style="background:#1E90FF" width="30"> </td> <td style="background:#ACE1AF" width="216"> </td> <td style="background:#FFEFD5" width="175"> </td> <td style="background:#E6E6FA" width="7"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0" width="20"> </td> <td style="background:#98FB98" width="100"> </td> <td style="background:#FF7F50" width="6"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#98FB98" width="59"> </td> <td style="background:#98FB98" width="8"> </td> <td style="background:#7FFFD4" width="194"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a></td> <td style="background:#7FFFD4" width="2"> </td> <td style="background:#7FFFD4" width="4"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#DA70D6" width="143"> </td> <td style="border-left: 1px solid black; background:#FFE4E1;">  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: right;"> <td>939</td> <td width="26"> </td> <td width="3"> </td> <td width="11"> </td> <td width="30">1009</td> <td width="216">1225</td> <td width="175">1400</td> <td width="7"> </td> <td width="6"> </td> <td width="14">1427</td> <td width="100">1527</td> <td colspan="3" width="65">1592</td> <td colspan="2" width="196"></td> <td width="3">1788</td> <td></td> <td width="56">1858</td> <td width="87">1945</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p><br /> </p> <table style="clear:right; float:right; margin:0em 3px 1.0em 1.0em; border:1px solid darkslategray; background:#f9f9f9; color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:1.3em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;background:#FDD5B1; color:inherit; font-size:125%; border-bottom:1px solid darkslategray;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><br />(by <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">names of Vietnam</a>) </th> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid darkslategray; width:50px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_Tien.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south (the Nam tiến, 1069-1757)."><img alt="Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south (the Nam tiến, 1069-1757)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/55px-Nam_Tien.PNG" decoding="async" width="55" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/83px-Nam_Tien.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nam_Tien.PNG/110px-Nam_Tien.PNG 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="713" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible" style="width: 100%; background:#ADD8E6; color:inherit;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">2879–2524 BC </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Xích Quỷ</a></b> (mythological) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">7th century–258 BC </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Văn Lang">Văn Lang</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">257–179 BC </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">204–111 BC </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nam Việt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">111 BC – 40 AD </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">40–43 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Trưng Sisters">Lĩnh Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">43–203 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">203–544 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Giao Châu</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">544–602 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Vạn Xuân</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">602–679 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Giao Châu</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">679–757 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Annam_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam (province)">An Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">757–766 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">Trấn Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">766–866 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Annam_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam (province)">An Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">866–968 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n" title="Tĩnh Hải quân">Tĩnh Hải quân</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">968–1054 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Cồ Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1054–1400 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Đại Việt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1400–1407 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Ngu" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Ngu">Đại Ngu</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1407–1427 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi_Province" title="Jiaozhi Province">Giao Chỉ</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1428–1804 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Đại Việt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1804–1839 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Việt Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1839–1945 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Nam">Đại Nam</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db; text-align:right;">1887–1954 </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid #c3c4db;"><b><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Đông Dương</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid darkslategray; text-align:right;">1945– </td> <td style="padding:0.3em; border-bottom:1px solid darkslategray;"><b><a 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(";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Vietnam/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Template:History of Vietnam/Names of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Vietnam/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:History of Vietnam/Names of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Vietnam/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Vietnam/Names of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Việt Nam">List of monarchs of Việt Nam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: 大瞿越)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: 大虞)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2020102-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2020102_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2020102_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2020">Li (2020)</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1981203-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1981203_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1981">Hall (1981)</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman20032,_398–399,_455-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman20032,_398–399,_455_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, pp. 2, 398–399, 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019168-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019168_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2018171-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2018171_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2018171_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2018">Li (2018)</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003345-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003345_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1981456-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1981456_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1981">Hall (1981)</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsai-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tsai_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/view/405/394">the original</a> on 28 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Defining+the+Hundred+Yue&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v15i0.11537&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournal.anu.edu.au%2Findex.php%2Fbippa%2Farticle%2Fview%2F405%2F394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theobald-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Theobald_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theobald, Ulrich (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/shang-event.html">"Shang Dynasty – Political History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520130430/http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/shang-event.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art</i>. quote: "Enemies of the Shang state were called fang 方 "regions", like the Tufang 土方, which roamed the northern region of Shanxi, the <a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang 鬼方</a> and Gongfang 𢀛方 in the northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiangfang 羌方</a>, Suifang 繐方, <b>Yuefang 戉方</b>, Xuanfang 亘方, and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhoufang 周方</a> in the west, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Yifang 夷方</a> and Renfang 人方 in the southeast."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wan, Xiang (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3206564/A_Reevaluation_of_Early_Chinese_Script_The_Case_of_Yu%C3%A8_%E6%88%89_and_Its_Cultural_Connotations">"A Reevaluation of Early Chinese Script: The Case of Yuè 戉 and Its Cultural Connotations: Speech at the First Annual Conference of the Society for the Study of Early China"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719015120/https://www.academia.edu/3206564/A_Reevaluation_of_Early_Chinese_Script_The_Case_of_Yu%C3%A8_%E6%88%89_and_Its_Cultural_Connotations">Archived</a> 19 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Slide 36 of 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annals of Lü Buwei</i>, translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford University Press (2000), p. 510. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3354-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3354-0">978-0-8047-3354-0</a>. 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p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016524-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016524_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiksicYian2016">Miksic & Yian (2016)</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013182–186-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013182–186_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, pp. 182–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013187-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013187_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013191-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013191_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013192–195-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013192–195_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, pp. 192–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013196-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013196_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013198–200-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013198–200_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, pp. 198–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013202–203-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013202–203_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttonWernerWhitmore2012109-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttonWernerWhitmore2012109_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuttonWernerWhitmore2012">Dutton, Werner & Whitmore (2012)</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013204-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013204_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHubertNoppe20189-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHubertNoppe20189_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHubertNoppe2018">Hubert & Noppe (2018)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003380-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003380_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013221-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013221_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaujard2019393,_512-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaujard2019393,_512_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaujard2019">Beaujard (2019)</a>, pp. 393, 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019213-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019213_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019214-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019214_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201687-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201687_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza (2016)</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201689-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201689_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza (2016)</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019217-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019217_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019218-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019218_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019225-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019225_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman200335-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman200335_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid&Tran200610-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid&Tran200610_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid&Tran2006">Reid&Tran (2006)</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERush201835-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERush201835_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013232_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003400-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003400_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003400_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttonWernerWhitmore201292-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttonWernerWhitmore201292_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuttonWernerWhitmore2012">Dutton, Werner & Whitmore 2012</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003397-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003397_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019241-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019241_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFan2011202-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFan2011202_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFan2011">Fan (2011)</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFan2011203-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFan2011203_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFan2011">Fan (2011)</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2019250-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2019250_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2019">Hall 2019</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2019247–248-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2019247–248_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2019">Hall 2019</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall201936-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall201936_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2019">Hall 2019</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoge1970" class="citation book cs1">Doge, Bayard (1970). <i>The Fihrist of al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">830–</span>831.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fihrist+of+al-Nadim%3A+A+Tenth-Century+Survey+of+Muslim+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E830-%3C%2Fspan%3E831&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Doge&rft.aufirst=Bayard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaronBorriDrorTaylor201817,_note:_''Introduction'',_edited_by_Benedict_R._O'G._Anderson,_Tamara_Laos,_Stanley_J._O'Connor,_Keith_W._Taylor,_and_Andrew_C._Willford-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaronBorriDrorTaylor201817,_note:_''Introduction'',_edited_by_Benedict_R._O'G._Anderson,_Tamara_Laos,_Stanley_J._O'Connor,_Keith_W._Taylor,_and_Andrew_C._Willford_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaronBorriDrorTaylor2018">Baron et al. 2018</a>, p. 17, note: <i>Introduction</i>, edited by Benedict R. O'G. Anderson, Tamara Laos, Stanley J. O'Connor, Keith W. Taylor, and Andrew C. Willford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011221-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011221_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011">Schweyer & Piemmettawat (2011)</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019107-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019107_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019151-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019151_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019174-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019174_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011361-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011361_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011">Schweyer & Piemmettawat (2011)</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019157-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019157_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmore20097–8-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmore20097–8_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitmore2009">Whitmore (2009)</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011229-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011229_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011">Schweyer & Piemmettawat (2011)</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2003357-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieberman2003357_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieberman2003">Lieberman (2003)</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019165-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019165_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016431-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016431_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiksicYian2016">Miksic & Yian (2016)</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016433-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016433_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiksicYian2016">Miksic & Yian (2016)</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016432-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016432_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiksicYian2016">Miksic & Yian (2016)</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201369-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201369_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013289–290-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013289–290_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 289–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019242-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019242_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan (2019)</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2013242-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2013242_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor (2013)</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016491-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016491_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiksicYian2016">Miksic & Yian (2016)</a>, p. 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011261-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011261_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011">Schweyer & Piemmettawat (2011)</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011323-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011323_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011">Schweyer & Piemmettawat (2011)</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011272-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011272_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011">Schweyer & Piemmettawat (2011)</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011308-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweyerPiemmettawat2011308_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011">Schweyer & Piemmettawat (2011)</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndayaAndaya2015" class="citation book cs1">Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (2015). <i>A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88992-6"><bdi>978-0-521-88992-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Modern+Southeast+Asia%2C+1400%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88992-6&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Watson&rft.au=Andaya%2C+Leonard+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersonWhitmore2014" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YV1hBQAAQBAJ"><i>China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0042-8248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0042-8248-3"><bdi>978-9-0042-8248-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105191604/https://books.google.com/books?id=YV1hBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Encounters+on+the+South+and+Southwest%3A+Reforging+the+Fiery+Frontier+Over+Two+Millennia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.isbn=978-9-0042-8248-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Whitmore%2C+John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYV1hBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldanza2016" class="citation book cs1">Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). <i>Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia</i>. 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Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-501-72090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-501-72090-1"><bdi>978-1-501-72090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+of+Seventeenth-Century+Vietnam%3A+Christoforo+Borri+on+Cochinchina+and+Samuel+Baron+on+Tonkin&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-501-72090-1&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Borri%2C+Christoforo&rft.au=Dror%2C+Olga&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaujard2019" class="citation cs2">Beaujard, Philippe (2019), <i>The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: Volume 2 – From the Seventh Century to the Fifteenth Century CE</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10864-477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10864-477-8"><bdi>978-1-10864-477-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+Volume+2+%E2%80%93+From+the+Seventh+Century+to+the+Fifteenth+Century+CE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-10864-477-8&rft.aulast=Beaujard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBielenstein2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bielenstein" title="Hans Bielenstein">Bielenstein, Hans</a> (2005), <i>Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589–1276</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+and+Trade+in+the+Chinese+World%2C+589%E2%80%931276&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bielenstein&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2000" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, James R. 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University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29599-079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29599-079-8"><bdi>978-0-29599-079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatises+of+the+Supervisor+and+Guardian+of+the+Cinnamon+Sea%3A+The+Natural+World+and+Material+Culture+of+Twelfth-Century+China&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-29599-079-8&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Chengda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._G._E._Hall" title="D. G. E. Hall">Hall, Daniel George Edward</a> (1981). <i>History of South East Asia</i>. Macmillan Education, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16521-6"><bdi>978-1-349-16521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education%2C+Limited&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16521-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Daniel+George+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2019" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kenneth R. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-04-742169-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-04-742169-6"><bdi>978-9-04-742169-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+for+Silver%3A+Dutch-Vietnamese+relations%2C+1637%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-04-742169-6&rft.aulast=Hoang&rft.aufirst=Anh+Tu%E1%BA%A5n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubertNoppe2018" class="citation cs2">Hubert, Jean-François; Noppe, Catherine (2018), <i>Arts du Viêtnam : La fleur du pêcher et l'oiseau d'azur</i>, Parkstone International, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78310-815-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78310-815-2"><bdi>978-1-78310-815-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+du+Vi%C3%AAtnam+%3A+La+fleur+du+p%C3%AAcher+et+l%27oiseau+d%27azur&rft.pub=Parkstone+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78310-815-2&rft.aulast=Hubert&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Noppe%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2019). <i>Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Time to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-05379-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-05379-6"><bdi>978-0-190-05379-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+A+History+from+Earliest+Time+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-190-05379-6&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi2018" class="citation book cs1">Li, Tana (2018). <i>Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-501-73257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-501-73257-7"><bdi>978-1-501-73257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nguyen+Cochinchina%3A+Southern+Vietnam+in+the+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-501-73257-7&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Tana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi2020" class="citation book cs1">Li, Yu (2020). <i>The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective</i>. 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(2018), <i>In Search of "Empire" in Mainland Southeast Asia, pp. 195–214</i>, Bloomsbury Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47259-123-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47259-123-4"><bdi>978-1-47259-123-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+%22Empire%22+in+Mainland+Southeast+Asia%2C+pp.+195%E2%80%93214&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-47259-123-4&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNguyen1997" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Tai Can (1997). <i>Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt Sơ thảo</i>. Nxb. Giáo dục.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gi%C3%A1o+tr%C3%ACnh+l%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+ng%E1%BB%AF+%C3%A2m+ti%E1%BA%BFng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+S%C6%A1+th%E1%BA%A3o&rft.pub=Nxb.+Gi%C3%A1o+d%E1%BB%A5c&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Tai+Can&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2008" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Tai Thu (2008). <i>The History of Buddhism in Vietnam</i>. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-565-18097-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-565-18097-0"><bdi>978-1-565-18097-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Buddhism+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-565-18097-0&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Tai+Thu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiksicYian2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John Norman</a>; Yian, Go Geok (2016). <i>Ancient Southeast Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27903-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27903-7"><bdi>978-1-317-27903-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27903-7&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+Norman&rft.au=Yian%2C+Go+Geok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid&Tran2006" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006). <i>Viet Nam: Borderless Histories</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-44504-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-44504-4"><bdi>978-1-316-44504-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viet+Nam%3A+Borderless+Histories&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-316-44504-4&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Tran%2C+Nhung+Tuyet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRush2018" class="citation cs2">Rush, James R. (2018), <i>Southeast Asia: A Very Short Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19024-877-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19024-877-2"><bdi>978-0-19024-877-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19024-877-2&rft.aulast=Rush&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1967" class="citation cs2">Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), <i>The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520011458" title="Special:BookSources/9780520011458"><bdi>9780520011458</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vermilion+Bird%3A+T%27ang+Images+of+the+South&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780520011458&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hetzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011" class="citation cs2">Schweyer, Anne-Valérie; Piemmettawat, Paisarn (2011), <i>Viêt Nam histoire arts archéologie</i>, Olizane, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-396-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88086-396-8"><bdi>978-2-88086-396-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%C3%AAt+Nam+histoire+arts+arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.pub=Olizane&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-88086-396-8&rft.aulast=Schweyer&rft.aufirst=Anne-Val%C3%A9rie&rft.au=Piemmettawat%2C+Paisarn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarling1999" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (1999). <i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66372-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66372-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66372-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66372-4&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), <i>The Birth of Vietnam</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520074170" title="Special:BookSources/9780520074170"><bdi>9780520074170</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520074170&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Taylor_(historian)" title="Keith Taylor (historian)">Taylor, K. W.</a> (2013). <i>A History of the Vietnamese</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-24435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-24435-1"><bdi>978-1-107-24435-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-24435-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2018" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, K. W. (2018). Whitmore, John K. (ed.). <i>Essays into Vietnamese Pasts</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-501-71899-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-501-71899-1"><bdi>978-1-501-71899-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+into+Vietnamese+Pasts&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-501-71899-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWade2014" class="citation cs2">Wade, Geoff (2014), "The "native office" system: A Chinese mechanism for southern territorial expansion over two millennia", in Wade, Geoff (ed.), <i>Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia</i>, Taylor & Francis, pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>91, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135043537" title="Special:BookSources/9781135043537"><bdi>9781135043537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22native+office%22+system%3A+A+Chinese+mechanism+for+southern+territorial+expansion+over+two+millennia&rft.btitle=Asian+Expansions%3A+The+Historical+Experiences+of+Polity+Expansion+in+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135043537&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore2009" class="citation cs2">Whitmore, John K. (2009), <i>Religion and Ritual in the Royal Courts of Dai Viet</i>, Asia Research Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ritual+in+the+Royal+Courts+of+Dai+Viet&rft.pub=Asia+Research+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBridgman1840" class="citation book cs1">Bridgman, Elijah Coleman (1840). <i>Chronology of Tonkinese Kings</i>. Harvard University. pp. <span class="nowrap">205–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781377644080" title="Special:BookSources/9781377644080"><bdi>9781377644080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Tonkinese+Kings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1840&rft.isbn=9781377644080&rft.aulast=Bridgman&rft.aufirst=Elijah+Coleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAymonier1893" class="citation book cs1">Aymonier, Etienne (1893). <i>The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oriental_University_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental University Institute">Oriental University Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1149974148" title="Special:BookSources/978-1149974148"><bdi>978-1149974148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+and+Asiatic+Quarterly+Review+and+Oriental+and+Colonial+Record&rft.pub=Oriental+University+Institute&rft.date=1893&rft.isbn=978-1149974148&rft.aulast=Aymonier&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCordierYule1993" class="citation book cs1">Cordier, Henri; Yule, Henry, eds. (1993). <i>The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition: Including the Unabridged Third Edition (1903) of Henry Yule's Annotated Translation, as Revised by Henri Cordier, Together with Cordier's Later Volume of Notes and Addenda (1920)</i>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486275871" title="Special:BookSources/9780486275871"><bdi>9780486275871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Marco+Polo%3A+The+Complete+Yule-Cordier+Edition%3A+Including+the+Unabridged+Third+Edition+%281903%29+of+Henry+Yule%27s+Annotated+Translation%2C+as+Revised+by+Henri+Cordier%2C+Together+with+Cordier%27s+Later+Volume+of+Notes+and+Addenda+%281920%29.&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780486275871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2008" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Peter (2008). <i>The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307269133" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307269133"><bdi>978-0307269133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Marco+Polo%2C+the+Venetian&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0307269133&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wade, Geoff. tr. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/place/annam"><i>Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource</i></a>. Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiresRodrigues1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Pires, Tomé</a>; Rodrigues, Francisco (1990). <i>The Suma oriental of Tome Pires, books 1–5</i>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120605350" title="Special:BookSources/9788120605350"><bdi>9788120605350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+oriental+of+Tome+Pires%2C+books+1%E2%80%935&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788120605350&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Relazione de' felici successi della santa fede predicata dai Padri della Compagnia di Giesu nel regno di Tunchino</i></span></i> (Rome, 1650)</li> <li><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Tunchinesis historiae libri duo, quorum altero status temporalis hujus regni, altero mirabiles evangelicae predicationis progressus referuntur: Coepta per Patres Societatis Iesu, ab anno 1627, ad annum 1646</i></span></i> (Lyon, 1652) <ul><li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire du Royaume de Tunquin, et des grands progrès que la prédication de L'Évangile y a faits en la conversion des infidèles Depuis l'année 1627, jusques à l'année 1646</i></span></i> (Lyon, 1651), translated by Henri Albi</li></ul></li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Divers_voyages_et_missions_du_p%C3%A8re_Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Divers voyages et missions du père Alexandre de Rhodes">Divers voyages et missions du P. Alexandre de Rhodes en la Chine et autres royaumes de l'Orient</a></i></span></i> (Paris, 1653), translated into English as <i>Rhodes of Viet Nam: The Travels and Missions of Father Alexandre de Rhodes in China and Other Kingdoms of the Orient</i> (1666)</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La glorieuse mort d'André, Catéchiste</i></span></i> (The Glorious Death of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" title="Andrew of Phú Yên">Andrew</a>, Catechist) (pub. 1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>, <i>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society: Volume 7</i> (1837)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Dai-Viet">"Dai Viet – Historical Kingdom, Vietnam"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Dai+Viet+%E2%80%93+Historical+Kingdom%2C+Vietnam&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDai-Viet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/21px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/42px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Vietnamese_war_(981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song–Vietnamese war (981)">Song–Vietnamese war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1367%E2%80%931390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390)">Chế Bồng Nga's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_invasion_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming invasion of Vietnam">Ming invasion of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties (Vietnam)">Fragmentation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Trinh Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Nguyen Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_L%C3%AA_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Lê dynasty">Later Lê/Lê Duy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Vietnamese_army" title="Royal Vietnamese army">Royal Vietnamese army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a>/Chronicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD" title="Đại Việt sử ký">Đại Việt sử ký</a> (1272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Nam_ch%C3%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="An Nam chí lược">An Nam chí lược</a> (1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Đại Việt sử lược">Đại Việt sử lược</a> (1377)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_k%C3%BD_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0" title="Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư">Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư</a> (1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục">Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Vietnam">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Chinese script (administrative/academic script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Vietnamese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">Traditional Vietnamese dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" title="U.S. imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._imperialism" title="U.S. imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t&params=21_02_15_N_105_50_24_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°02′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°50′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.03750°N 105.84000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.03750; 105.84000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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[\"CITEREFHubertNoppe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipsonCheronetMallickRohland2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockhart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeacham1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiksicYian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNormanMei1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiresRodrigues1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid\u0026amp;Tran2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRush2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchafer1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweyerPiemmettawat2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwellJenny2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarling1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsai2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmore2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"CJKV\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 8,\n [\"Circa\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation\"] = 13,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Dai Viet\"] = 1,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Việt Nam/Geographical renaming\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 25,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 8,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 169,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Timeline of Vietnamese monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vi-nom\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Đại Việt\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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