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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Leader of the Eyuwan Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Eyuwan_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_and_the_Long_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_and_the_Long_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Retreat and the Long March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat_and_the_Long_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_CCP_career_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_CCP_career_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>End of CCP career and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_CCP_career_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zhang Guotao</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cang_Kuo-tchao" title="Čang Kuo-tchao – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čang Kuo-tchao" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4ang_Guotao" title="Ĵang Guotao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EA%B6%88%ED%83%80%EC%98%A4" title="장궈타오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장궈타오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88" title="تشانج جوتاو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشانج جوتاو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%9B%BD%E7%87%BE" title="張国燾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="張国燾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Чжан Готао – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чжан Готао" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zhang Guotao" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%C3%A0o" title="Trương Quốc Đào – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trương Quốc Đào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Zhang Guotao</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">张国焘</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhang_Guotao3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Zhang_Guotao3.jpg/220px-Zhang_Guotao3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Zhang_Guotao3.jpg/330px-Zhang_Guotao3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Zhang_Guotao3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="555" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Zhang in 1927</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">November 26, 1897<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang,_Jiangxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingxiang, Jiangxi">Pingxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 3, 1979<span style="display:none">(1979-12-03)</span> (aged 82)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Yang Zilie</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Zhang Guotao</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:張">張</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:國">國</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%87%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:燾">燾</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">张国焘</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhāng Guótāo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chang Kuo-t'ao</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zhang Guotao</b> (November 26, 1897 – December 3, 1979) was a Chinese revolutionary who was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) and rival to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. During the 1920s he studied in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and became a key contact with the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, organizing the CCP labor movement in the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">United Front</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. From 1931 to 1932, after the Party had been driven from the cities, Zhang was placed in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Eyuwan_Soviet" title="Eyuwan Soviet">Eyuwan Soviet</a>. When his armies were driven from the region, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> but lost a contentious struggle for party leadership to Mao Zedong. Zhang's armies then took a different route from Mao's and were badly beaten by local Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ma_clique" title="Ma clique">Ma clique</a> forces in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. When his depleted forces finally arrived to join Mao in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, Zhang continued his losing challenge to Mao, and left the party in 1938. Zhang eventually retired to Canada, in 1968. He became a Christian shortly before his death in <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a>, Ontario (a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>), in 1979. His memoirs provide valuable and vivid information on his life and party history.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_and_student_life">Early and student life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early and student life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Pingxiang,_Jiangxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingxiang, Jiangxi">Pingxiang</a> County, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, Zhang was involved in revolutionary activities during his youth. Zhang studied <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> thought under <a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a> while attending <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> in 1916. After his active role in the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> in 1919, Zhang became one of the most prominent student leaders and later joined the early organization of the CCP in October 1920. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> was a librarian working at Peking University; the two knew each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiller,_Bill_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Short,_Philip_2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Short,_Philip_2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang acted as the CCP's top party official at the first <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in 1921<sup id="cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiller,_Bill_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was elected a member of the Central Bureau of the CCP in charge of organizing the work of <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(politics)" title="Cadre (politics)">Professional revolutionaries</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">congress</a>, Zhang held the position of Director of Secretariat of the China Labor Union and Chief Editor of <i>Labor Weekly</i>, from which he became an expert in labor unions and mobilization. He led several major strikes of railway and textile workers,<sup id="cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiller,_Bill_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which made him a pioneer of the labor movement in China along with such figures as <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_Party_career">Communist Party career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Communist Party career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924 Zhang attended the First National Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) during the policy of alliance between the Communists and the Kuomintang and was elected as Substitute Commissioner of Central Executive Committee. This was despite the fact that Zhang had opposed the alliance with Kuomintang in the Third National Congress of the CCP and had been reprimanded. In 1925 in the <a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Fourth National Congress of the CCP</a>, Zhang was elected Commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of CCP</a> and Director of Labor & Peasant Work Department. In 1926 Zhang was the General Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> Division of CCP, and in 1927 he was Commissioner of Interim Central Committee of the CCP after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">CCP uprising</a>. Zhang with <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a> were the acting leaders of the CCP. At that time Mao only led a small number of troops in <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. In 1928 Zhang went to Moscow for the second time. He opposed <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a> and the rest of the "<a href="/wiki/28_Bolsheviks" title="28 Bolsheviks">28 Bolsheviks</a>", a group of Chinese students in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Zhang was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">politburo</a> of the CCP in the <a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Sixth National Congress</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and then as a delegate of the CCP in <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Zhang and the 28 Bolsheviks were mostly reconciled by 1930, however, and Zhang returned to China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Eyuwan_Soviet">Leader of the Eyuwan Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leader of the Eyuwan Soviet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Zhang's absence, <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> had become <i>de facto</i> leader of the CCP. His "Li Lisan line" called for the rural soviets to launch immediate attacks on major cities, which had ended in disastrous failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996513_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996513-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the winter of 1930-1931, Zhang and the 28 Bolsheviks ousted Li from power and set about bringing the far-flung rural soviets under more centralized control. Zhang was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Eyuwan_Soviet" title="Eyuwan Soviet">Eyuwan Soviet</a> on the border of Hubei, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang came into immediate conflict with the leaders of the Fourth <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992313_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992313-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xu_Jishen" title="Xu Jishen">Xu Jishen</a> and the other commanders wanted to seize the breadbasket counties in eastern Hubei to fix Eyuwan's chronic food shortages. Zhang compared the plan to Li Lisan's "adventurism", and when they disobeyed his orders and took the land anyways, he got permission from the Central Committee to make <a href="/wiki/Chen_Changhao" title="Chen Changhao">Chen Changhao</a> political commissar of the Fourth Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007311–312_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007311–312-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996513–514_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996513–514-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang and Chen accused the Fourth Red Army was acting like a "warlord-bandit" force, pillaging the countryside and rejecting proper discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007311_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007311-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang and Chen then purged the army of hundreds of alleged traitors, including Xu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996514_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996514-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007312_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007312-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhang's purges expanded during the second half of 1931. Thousands or tens of thousands of party members were arrested and accused of being part of the Reorganizationists, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik_League_incident" title="Anti-Bolshevik League incident">Anti-Bolshevik League</a>, or the Third Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996513–514_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996513–514-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some counties, Zhang even set up secret police. Zhang's main justification for the purge was that the local party was too strongly intertwined with local gentry and the traditional rural power structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007313_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007313-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that this had prevented the party from carrying out land reform properly, and land reform under Zhang went much further than it had in previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007313–314_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007313–314-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang appointed a Red Army officer named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Jingting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gao Jingting (page does not exist)">Gao Jingting</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%95%AC%E4%BA%AD" class="extiw" title="zh:高敬亭">zh</a>]</span> to chairman of the Eyuwan Soviet. Gao had a reputation for brutality against rich peasants and landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007314_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007314-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to "comb out" rich peasants, any Red army soldiers who were literate were dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2001153–154_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001153–154-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purges led to opposition against Zhang from wide sections of the party and peasantry. They eventually came to an end during the latter half of 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007314_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007314-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers who had been purged for their literacy but had stayed with the Red Army were allowed to rejoin and in some instances promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2001155_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001155-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall impact and scale of the purges are disputed. Reasonable estimates of the number arrested and killed range from the low thousands to 10,000. Historian William Rowe argues that this "meant... the near final extinction of the Party's base of indigenous supporters" in Eyuwan, but most other historians disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007315_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007315-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benton points out that almost all of the purged cadres were replaced with other local supporters since there were very few non-native Communists in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992313_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992313-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tony Saich argues that the Red Army's continued success showed that the purges had not affected the army's fighting capacity. In early 1932, the Fourth Red Army had helped defeat the Third Encirclement Campaign and reached 30,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996514_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996514-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat_and_the_Long_March">Retreat and the Long March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retreat and the Long March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932, the Nationalists' <a href="/wiki/Fourth_encirclement_campaign_against_the_Hubei%E2%80%93Henan%E2%80%93Anhui_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth encirclement campaign against the Hubei–Henan–Anhui Soviet">fourth encirclement campaign</a> finally broke the Fourth Red Army and Zhang was forced to lead a retreat westwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGao2009125_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009125-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main force lost half of its troops during the fighting and subsequent retreat, being reduced to 15,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996516_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996516-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoppa2019227_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoppa2019227-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the border region between <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> provinces he decided to set up a new base. Slowly he turned it into a prosperous autonomous region by way of land reform and enlisting the support of locals, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Chinese_Soviet_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation">Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation</a>. However, once the prosperity was in reach, Zhang launched another series of purges. As a result, he and the Red Army lost the popular support,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was driven from the Red base.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1935 Zhang and his army of more than 80,000 reunited with Mao's 10,000 troops during the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiller,_Bill_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not long before Mao and Zhang were locked in disagreements over issues of strategy and tactics, causing a split in the Red Army. The main disagreement was Zhang's insistence on moving southward to establish a new base in the region of Sichuan that was populated by ethnic minorities. Mao pointed out the flaws of such a move, pointing out the difficulties to establish any communist base in regions where the general populace was hostile, and insisted on moving northward to reach the communist base in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. Zhang tried to have Mao and his followers arrested and killed if needed,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but his plan was foiled by his own staff members <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a>, who fled to Mao's headquarters to inform Mao about Zhang's plot, taking all of the codebooks and maps with them. As a result, Mao immediately moved his troop northward and thus escaped arrest and possible death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zhang decided to carry out his plan on his own, with disastrous results: over 75% of his original 80,000 + troops were lost in his adventure. Zhang was forced to admit defeat and retreat to the communist base in Shaanxi. More disastrous than losing most of his troops, the failure discredited Zhang among his own followers, who turned to Mao. Furthermore, because all of the codebooks were obtained by Mao, Zhang lost contact with Comintern while Mao was able to establish the link, this coupled with the fact of Zhang's disastrous defeat, discredited Zhang within Comintern, which begun to give greater support for Mao. </p><p>Zhang's remaining troops of 21,800 were later annihilated in 1936 by the superior force of more than 100,000 combined troops of warlords <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a> during efforts to cross the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> and conquer Ma's territory. Zhang lost the power and influence to be able to challenge Mao and had to accept his failure as a result of the disaster which only left him 427 surviving troops from the original 21,800.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2006, the writer and producer, Sun Shuyun, provided an account of the Long March that took exception to various ways in which the event has been propagandized. Although critical of Zhang Guotao, she argued that there was no evidence of a so-called "secret telegram" that had been intercepted by Mao in which Zhang intended to use force against the Central Committee. Moreover, she shows that the official History of the Chinese Communist Party was revised in 2002 to say that Zhang Guotao did not order the Western Legion into Gansu in order to build up his own power base. Rather, all orders originated from the Central Committee .<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_CCP_career_and_exile">End of CCP career and exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of CCP career and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg/220px-1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg/330px-1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg/440px-1938_Mao_Zedong_Zhang_Guotao_in_Yan%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Zhang with Mao Zedong in Yan'an, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>When Zhang reached the new CCP base at <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, he had fallen from power and became an easy target for Mao. Zhang kept the now figurehead position of Chairman of Yan'an Frontier Area and was frequently subjected to humiliation by Mao and his allies. Zhang was too proud to ally with <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>, who had recently come back from Moscow and was acting as the Comintern's representative in China. Zhang's popularity in the Comintern might have given him another chance of returning to power if he had allied with Wang.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another reason why Zhang did not ally with Wang was that Wang boasted that it was under his order that five senior CCP leaders (Yu Xiusong, Huang Chao, Li Te and two others—all opponents of Wang) had been arrested, and now worked for warlord <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> under the direction of the CCP. All five were tortured and executed in a prison under the control of Sheng Shicai, having been labeled as <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyists</a>. However, Sheng Shicai was acting under direction from the CCP under Wang Ming. After that incident, Zhang despised Wang and would never consider supporting him. </p><p>Without any supporters, Zhang was purged in 1937 at the Extended Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, after which he defected to the Kuomintang in 1938.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But without any power, resources, and support, Zhang never held any important positions afterward and only did research on the CCP for <a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai Li</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the defeat of the Kuomintang in 1949 he went into exile in Hong Kong. He emigrated to Canada with his wife Tzi Li Young in 1968 to join their two sons who were already living in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiller,_Bill_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He gave his only interview in 1974, when he told a <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a> reporter, "I have washed my hands of politics". In 1978, he converted to Christianity under the influence of a Chinese scholar, Zhang Li Sang. After suffering several strokes, he died in a Scarborough, Ontario, nursing home on December 3, 1979, at the age of 82. He is buried in the Pine Hills Cemetery in Scarborough.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiller,_Bill_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhang was highly critical of the proceedings of the first <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China">PRC Police</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ruiqing" title="Luo Ruiqing">Luo Ruiqing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chang Kuo-t'ao," Donald W. Klein, Anne B. Clark, <i>Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism 1921–1965</i> (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), Volume I pp. 38–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiller,_Bill_2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiller,_Bill_2009_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiller, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/701359">"The man who could have been Mao"</a>, <i>The Toronto Star</i>, Sep 26, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Short,_Philip_2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Short,_Philip_2001_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short, Philip. Mao: A Life. New York: John Macrae / Owl Book, 2001. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton1992">Benton 1992</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996513-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996513_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaich1996">Saich 1996</a>, p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992313-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992313_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992313_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton1992">Benton 1992</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007311–312-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007311–312_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2007">Rowe 2007</a>, pp. 311–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996513–514-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996513–514_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996513–514_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaich1996">Saich 1996</a>, pp. 513–514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007311-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007311_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2007">Rowe 2007</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996514-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996514_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996514_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaich1996">Saich 1996</a>, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007312-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007312_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2007">Rowe 2007</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007313-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007313_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2007">Rowe 2007</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007313–314-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007313–314_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2007">Rowe 2007</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007314-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007314_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007314_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2007">Rowe 2007</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001153–154-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2001153–154_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung2001">Young 2001</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001155-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2001155_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoung2001">Young 2001</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2007315-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2007315_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2007">Rowe 2007</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2009125-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGao2009125_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGao2009">Gao 2009</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaich1996516-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaich1996516_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaich1996">Saich 1996</a>, p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoppa2019227-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoppa2019227_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchoppa2019">Schoppa 2019</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun, The Long March, 179-180, 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050111214907/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808241,00.html">High Tide of Terror</a>, Mar. 5, 1956, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Guotao&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zhang_Guotao" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenton1992" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Gregor (1992). <i>Mountain Fires: The Red Army's Three-year War in South China, 1934-1938</i>. Los Angeles: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+Fires%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Three-year+War+in+South+China%2C+1934-1938&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Guotao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaich1996" class="citation book cs1">Saich, Tony, ed. (1996). <i>The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis</i>. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+to+Power+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%3A+Documents+and+Analysis&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Guotao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, William T (2007). <i>Crimson Rain: Seven Centuries of Violence in a Chinese County</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimson+Rain%3A+Seven+Centuries+of+Violence+in+a+Chinese+County&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Guotao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Young, Helen Praeger (2001). <i>Choosing Revolution: Chinese Women Soldiers on the Long March</i>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choosing+Revolution%3A+Chinese+Women+Soldiers+on+the+Long+March&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Helen+Praeger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Guotao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2009" class="citation book cs1">Gao, James Z. (2009). <i>Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949)</i>. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Modern+China+%281800-1949%29&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=James+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Guotao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoppa2019" class="citation book cs1">Schoppa, R. Keith (2019). "Chapter 12; Revolution Reborn: The Communists in the 1930s". <i>Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History</i> (Fourth ed.). Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3B+Revolution+Reborn%3A+The+Communists+in+the+1930s&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Its+Past%3A+Identities+and+Change+in+Modern+Chinese+History&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Schoppa&rft.aufirst=R.+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhang+Guotao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chang Kuo-t'ao, <i>The Rise of the Chinese Communist Party</i> (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1971).</li> <li>Tony Saich, ed. with a contribution from Benjamin Yang, <i>The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis</i> (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-154-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-154-4">1-56324-154-4</a>). Extensive commentary and primary documents.</li> <li>Sun Shuyun, <i>The Long March</i> (London: Harper Collins, 2006).</li> <li>Benjamin Yang (Bingzhang Yang), <i>From Revolution to Politics: Chinese Communists on the Long March</i>. (Boulder: Westview, 1990; 338p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-7672-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-7672-6">0-8133-7672-6</a>). Detailed analysis of the conflict with Mao after the Zunyi Conference.</li> <li>Bill Schiller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/701359%5D">"The man who could have been Mao"</a>, <i>The Toronto Star</i>, September 26, 2009. Useful summary of Zhang's life based largely on Chang Jung, Jon Halliday, <i><a href="/wiki/Mao_The_Unknown_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao The Unknown Story">Mao The Unknown Story</a></i> (2005).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q532973#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q532973#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q532973#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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