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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_technological_development_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_technological_development_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economic and technological development zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_technological_development_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunanese_Uyghurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunanese_Uyghurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hunanese Uyghurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunanese_Uyghurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_key_public_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_key_public_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>National key public universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_key_public_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changsha_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changsha_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Changsha City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changsha_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangtan_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangtan_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Xiangtan City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangtan_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_key_public_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_key_public_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Provincial key public universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_key_public_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changsha_City_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changsha_City_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Changsha City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changsha_City_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hengyang_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hengyang_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Hengyang City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hengyang_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jishou_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jishou_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Jishou City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jishou_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loudi_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loudi_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.4</span> <span>Loudi City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loudi_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaoyang_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaoyang_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.5</span> <span>Shaoyang City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaoyang_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangtan_City_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangtan_City_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.6</span> <span>Xiangtan City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangtan_City_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yueyang_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yueyang_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.7</span> <span>Yueyang City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yueyang_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zhuzhou_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zhuzhou_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.8</span> <span>Zhuzhou City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zhuzhou_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_undergraduate_universities_(public)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_undergraduate_universities_(public)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>General undergraduate universities (public)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_undergraduate_universities_(public)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changsha_City_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changsha_City_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Changsha City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changsha_City_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hengyang_City_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hengyang_City_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Hengyang City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hengyang_City_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangtan_City_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangtan_City_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Xiangtan City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangtan_City_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yongzhou_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yongzhou_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.4</span> <span>Yongzhou City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yongzhou_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chenzhou_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chenzhou_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.5</span> <span>Chenzhou City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chenzhou_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_undergraduate_universities_(private)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_undergraduate_universities_(private)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>General undergraduate universities (private)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_undergraduate_universities_(private)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocational_and_technical_colleges/universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocational_and_technical_colleges/universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Vocational and technical colleges/universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocational_and_technical_colleges/universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خونان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خونان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunan" title="Xunan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xunan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="হুনান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুনান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94%CD%98-l%C3%A2m-s%C3%A9ng" title="Ô͘-lâm-séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ô͘-lâm-séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Хунань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хунань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хунан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хунан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧུའུ་ནན་ཞིང་ཆེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧུའུ་ནན་ཞིང་ཆེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan_Sheng" title="Hunan Sheng – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hunan Sheng" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-nan" title="Chu-nan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chu-nan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan_(talaith)" title="Hunan (talaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hunan (talaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Χουνάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χουνάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunano" title="Hunano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hunano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" title="湖南 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="湖南" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B9-n%C3%A0m" title="Fù-nàm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fù-nàm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EB%82%9C%EC%84%B1" title="후난성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후난성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հունան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हूनान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हूनान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinco_Hunan" title="Provinco Hunan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Provinco Hunan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Хунань – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хунань" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9F" title="חונאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חונאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ხუნანი (ჩინეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხუნანი (ჩინეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huna%C5%86a" title="Hunaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hunaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunanas" title="Hunanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hunanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хунан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хунан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹുനാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹുനാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हूनान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हूनान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰუნანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰუნანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هونان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هونان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯍꯨꯅꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯨꯅꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B9-n%C3%A0ng" title="Hù-nàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hù-nàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6" title="Хүнань муж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүнань муж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဟူနန်ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟူနန်ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हुनान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हुनान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हुनान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हुनान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="湖南省 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="湖南省" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Хунань – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хунань" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunan" title="Xunan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xunan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہونان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہونان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun%C3%A3o" title="Hunão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hunão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan_pruwinsya" title="Hunan pruwinsya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hunan pruwinsya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Хунань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хунань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ھونان صوبو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھونان صوبو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھونان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھونان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хунан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хунан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹுனான் மாகாணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹுனான் மாகாணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="มณฑลหูหนาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มณฑลหูหนาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҳунан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳунан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Хунань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хунань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہونان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہونان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%87%D9%86%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%84%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="خۇنەن ئۆلكىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خۇنەن ئۆلكىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huznanz" title="Huznanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Huznanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Nam" title="Hồ Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồ Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="湖南省 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="湖南省" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hunan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="湖南省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="湖南省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" title="湖南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湖南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="湖南省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="湖南省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45761#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hunan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">湖南</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Province of Hunan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Name transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Chinese</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">湖南省</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Húnán shěng</i></span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Abbreviation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">HN / <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B9%98#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:湘">湘</a></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiāng</i></span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/10884-Changsha_%2849047284196%29.jpg/129px-10884-Changsha_%2849047284196%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/10884-Changsha_%2849047284196%29.jpg/194px-10884-Changsha_%2849047284196%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/10884-Changsha_%2849047284196%29.jpg/258px-10884-Changsha_%2849047284196%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang_County" title="Fenghuang County">Fenghuang Old Town</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianmen_Mountain" title="Tianmen Mountain">Tianmen Mountain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 265px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="265" data-height="200" data-zoom="5" data-overlays="["_72b70b2c780d6fc396009d26c86737029a44b347"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,265x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hunan&revid=1275347581&groups=_72b70b2c780d6fc396009d26c86737029a44b347" width="265" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,265x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hunan&revid=1275347581&groups=_72b70b2c780d6fc396009d26c86737029a44b347 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunan_in_China_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Hunan in China"><img alt="Location of Hunan in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/250px-Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/375px-Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/500px-Hunan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="940" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Hunan in China</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:湖">湖</a></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">hú</i></span> – lake</li><li><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:南">南</a></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nán</i></span> – south</li></ul></div>"South of the <a href="/wiki/Dongting_Lake" title="Dongting Lake">lake</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(and largest city)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b>14 <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefectures of China">prefectures</a>, 122 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of China">counties</a>, 1,933 <a href="/wiki/Townships_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Townships of China">townships</a> (2018), 29,224 <a href="/wiki/Villages_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Villages of China">villages</a> (2018)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Provincial_People%27s_Congress" title="Hunan Provincial People's Congress">Hunan Provincial People's Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_Secretary_of_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party Secretary of Hunan">Party Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Xiaoming" title="Shen Xiaoming">Shen Xiaoming</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Provincial_People%27s_Congress" title="Hunan Provincial People's Congress">Congress</a> chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Shen Xiaoming</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_(China)" title="Governor (China)">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Weiming" title="Mao Weiming">Mao Weiming</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Provincial_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Provincial CPPCC</a> Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Wanchun" title="Mao Wanchun">Mao Wanchun</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> Representation</th><td class="infobox-data">116 deputies</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-mofcom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">210,000 km<sup>2</sup> (80,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_area" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by area">10th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Lingfeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Lingfeng (page does not exist)">Mount Lingfeng</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,115.2 m (6,939.6 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-cens_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cens-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">66,444,864</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_population" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by population">7th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">320/km<sup>2</sup> (820/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China#List_of_provincial_level_divisions" title="Provinces of China">13th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hunanese_people" title="Hunanese people">Hunanese</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic composition</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> – 90%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a> – 4%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Miao</a> – 3%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kam_people" title="Kam people">Dong</a> – 1%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a> – 1%</li><li>Other peoples – 1%</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages and dialects</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Xong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Mien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Gam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2023)</span><sup id="cite_ref-GDPdata_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDPdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">CN¥5,001 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP">9th</a>; US$710 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CN¥75,938 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">14th</a>; US$10,776)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CN-HN</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.781<sup id="cite_ref-SHDI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHDI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI">15th</a>) – <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#090">high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hunan.gov.cn">hunan<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span></li><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enghunan.gov.cn">enghunan<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Hunan</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunan_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hunan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/70px-Hunan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hunan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/105px-Hunan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hunan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/140px-Hunan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="234" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Hunan" in Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">湖南</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hsn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">[fu˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>lan˩˧]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Xiang_dictionary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiang_dictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"South of the <a href="/wiki/Dongting_Lake" title="Dongting Lake">(Dongting) Lake</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Húnán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄏㄨˊ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄋㄢˊ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Hu<sup>2</sup>-nan<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xǔ.nǎn]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/73\/Zh-Hunan.ogg\/Zh-Hunan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-Hunan.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Zh-Hunan.ogg/Zh-Hunan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-Hunan.ogg" title="File:Zh-Hunan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Wu<sup>去</sup> noe<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Xiang Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hsn-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hsn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">[fu˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>lan˩˧]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Xiang_dictionary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiang_dictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Wùh-nàahm</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Wu4-naam4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[wu˩nam˩]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ôo-lâm</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hunan</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an inland <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a>. Located in the middle reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> watershed, it borders the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">province-level divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, which abuts the Xiang River. <a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a> are among its most populous urban cities. </p><p>With a population of just over 66 million as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km<sup>2</sup> (81,000 sq mi), it is China's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_population" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by population">7th-most populous</a> province, the third-most populous among landlocked provinces (after <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), the third-most populous in <a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central China</a> (after Guangdong and Henan), and the second-most populous province in <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a>. It is the largest province in South Central China and the fourth largest among landlocked provinces. </p><p>Hunan's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP" title="Gross domestic product">nominal GDP</a> was US$724 billion (CN¥4.6 trillion) as of 2021, appearing in the world's top 20 <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions_by_GDP_over_200_billion_USD" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion USD">largest sub-national economies</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">GDP (PPP)</a> being over US$1.1 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunan is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP">9th-largest provincial economy</a> in China, the fourth-largest in South Central China, the third-largest in Central China, and the fourth-largest among landlocked provinces. Its nominal GDP per capita exceeded US$10,900 (CN¥69,300), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">third-richest province</a> in South Central China, after Guangdong and Hubei.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, Hunan's nominal GDP reached $605 billion (CN¥4.18 trillion),<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exceeding that of Poland, with a GDP of US$596 billion, and Thailand, with a GDP of US$501 billion, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">22nd- and 25th-largest</a> in the world, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Hunan</i> literally means "south of the lake".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lake that is referred to is <a href="/wiki/Dongting_Lake" title="Dongting Lake">Dongting Lake</a>, a lake in the northeast of the province. <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_China" title="Vehicle registration plates of China">Vehicle license plates from Hunan</a> are marked <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiāng</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">湘</span>), after the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a>, which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the largest drainage system for the province. The area of Hunan was under Chinese rule as far back as 350 BC. Hunan was the birthplace of communist revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who became the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">founding father</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. Hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities, including the <a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, who make up a majority of the population. Varieties of Chinese spoken include <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a> was inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, the capital, is located in the eastern part of the province; it is now an important commercial, manufacturing, and transportation center.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_China" title="List of the busiest airports in China">busiest airports</a> serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Huanghua_International_Airport" title="Changsha Huanghua International Airport">Changsha Huanghua International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie_Hehua_International_Airport" title="Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport">Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Changde_Taohuayuan_Airport" title="Changde Taohuayuan Airport">Changde Taohuayuan Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunan is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a> (later become <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a>), which is one of the four major academies over the last 1000 years in ancient China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hunan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hunan">institutions of higher education</a>, ranking fifth among all Chinese provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-全国普通高等学校名单_-_中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-全国普通高等学校名单_-_中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, two major cities in Hunan (Changsha 23rd and <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> 199th) ranked in the world's top <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_scientific_output" title="List of cities by scientific output">200 cities</a> by scientific research outputs.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hunan" title="Special:EditPage/Hunan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenghuang_old_town.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fenghuang_old_town.JPG/220px-Fenghuang_old_town.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fenghuang_old_town.JPG/330px-Fenghuang_old_town.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fenghuang_old_town.JPG/440px-Fenghuang_old_town.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Fenghuang, a traditional town of Hunan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_Plain_evergreen_forests" title="Changjiang Plain evergreen forests">Hunan's primeval forests</a> were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong people">Dong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao peoples</a>. The province entered written <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a> around 350 BC, when the province became part of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> conquered the Chu in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, and then the <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Kingdom" title="Changsha Kingdom">Changsha Kingdom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. At this time, and for hundreds of years thereafter, the province was a magnet for settlement of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> from the north, who displaced and assimilated the original indigenous inhabitants, cleared forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han people, which managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day, many of the small villages in Hunan are named after the Han families who settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin dynasty">Eastern Jin dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> periods, when the north was mostly ruled by non-Han ethnic groups (<a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a>) and in perpetual disorder. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>, Hunan was home to its own independent regime, <a href="/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Ma Chu</a>. </p><p>Hunan and <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> became a part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Huguang</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. Hunan province was created in 1664 from Huguang, renamed to its current name in 1723. </p><p> Hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the <a href="/wiki/Yangzi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzi River">Yangzi River</a>. It was an important centre of scholarly activity and <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> thought, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>. It was also on the Imperial Highway constructed between northern and southern China. The land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by the nineteenth century, Hunan became overcrowded and prone to peasant uprisings. Some of the uprisings, such as the ten-year <a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_1795-1806" class="mw-redirect" title="Miao Rebellion 1795-1806">Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806</a>, were caused by ethnic tensions. The <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> began in the south in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> Province in 1850. The rebellion spread into Hunan and then further eastward along the Yangzi River valley. Ultimately, it was a Hunanese army (<a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a>) under <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a> who marched into <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> to put down the uprising in 1864. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_92_Heavy_Machine_Gun2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Type_92_Heavy_Machine_Gun2.jpg/222px-Type_92_Heavy_Machine_Gun2.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Type_92_Heavy_Machine_Gun2.jpg/333px-Type_92_Heavy_Machine_Gun2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Type_92_Heavy_Machine_Gun2.jpg/444px-Type_92_Heavy_Machine_Gun2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1741" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>Invading Japanese soldiers firing across the <a href="/wiki/Miluo_River" title="Miluo River">Miluo River</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">Battle of Changsha</a> in World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1920, a famine raged throughout Hunan and killed an estimated 2 million Hunanese civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sparked the <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a> of 1927. It was led by Hunanese native <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, and established a short-lived Hunan Soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained a guerrilla army in the mountains along the Hunan-<a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> border until 1934. Under pressure from the Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) forces, they began the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> to bases in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> Province. After the departure of the Communists, the KMT army fought against the Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sino-Japanese war">second Sino-Japanese war</a>. They defended Changsha until it fell in 1944. Japan launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ichigo">Operation Ichigo</a>, a plan to control the railroad from <a href="/wiki/Wuchang,_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang, Hubei">Wuchang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuehan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehan Railway">Yuehan Railway</a>). Hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the defeat of the Japanese in 1945. In 1949, the Communists returned once more as the Nationalists retreated southward. </p><p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">General Wang Zhen</a> coerced thousands of Hunanese women into sexual servitude at PLA units in Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Mao Zedong's home province, Hunan supported the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> of 1966–1976.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is a fairly bold claim. It would be useful frame of reference establishing "support". Was it more supportive than other regions? How is that measured or established. "Support" seems vague. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, it was slower than most provinces in adopting the reforms implemented by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in the years that followed Mao's death in 1976. </p><p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, a number of other first-generation communist leaders were also from Hunan: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Chinese President</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Secretary-general_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-general of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Secretaries-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>; Marshals <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luo_Ronghuan" title="Luo Ronghuan">Luo Ronghuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a>; <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Jingyu" title="Xiang Jingyu">Xiang Jingyu</a>, the first female member of the CCP's central committee; Senior General <a href="/wiki/Huang_Kecheng" title="Huang Kecheng">Huang Kecheng</a>; and veteran diplomat <a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a>. An example of a more recent leader from Hunan is former <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hunan" title="Geography of Hunan">Geography of Hunan</a></div> <p>Hunan is located on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, about halfway along its length, situated between 108° 47'–114° 16' east <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> and 24° 37'–30° 08' north <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. Hunan covers an area of 211,800 square kilometres (81,800 square miles), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China_administrative_divisions_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of People's Republic of China administrative divisions by area">10th largest</a> provincial-level division. The east, south and west sides of the province are surrounded by mountains and hills, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wuling_Mountains" title="Wuling Mountains">Wuling Mountains</a> to the northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Mountains" title="Xuefeng Mountains">Xuefeng Mountains</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Luoxiao_Mountains" title="Luoxiao Mountains">Luoxiao Mountains</a> to the east. Mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the province, and plains less than 20%. At 2,115.2 meters above sea level, the highest point in Hunan province is Lingfeng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">酃峰</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zi_River" title="Zi River">Zi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_River" title="Yuan River">Yuan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lishui_River" title="Lishui River">Lishui</a> Rivers converge on the Yangtze River at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dongting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dongting">Lake Dongting</a> in the north of Hunan. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin, open in the north and with Lake Dongting as its center. Most of Hunan lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the Yangtze River. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dongting_Lake" title="Dongting Lake">Lake Dongting</a> is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Xiaoxiang" title="Xiaoxiang">Xiaoxiang</a> area and Lake Dongting figure prominently in Chinese poetry and paintings, particularly during the Song dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changsha (which means "long sands") was an active ceramics district during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, its tea bowls, ewers and other products mass-produced and shipped to China's coastal cities for export abroad. An Arab dhow dated to the 830s and today known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belitung_Shipwreck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belitung Shipwreck (page does not exist)">Belitung Shipwreck</a> was discovered off the small island of Belitung, Indonesia with more than 60,000 pieces in its cargo.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The salvaged cargo is today housed in nearby Singapore. </p><p>Hunan's climate is <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a>; further, under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, the climate is classified as being <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> (Köppen <i>Cfa</i>), with short, cool, damp winters, very hot and humid summers, and plenty of rainfall. January temperatures average 3 to 8 °C (37 to 46 °F), while July temperatures average around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Average annual precipitation is 1,200 to 1,700 millimetres (47 to 67 in). The <a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian</a> Epoch in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> Period of geological time is named for Hunan; Furong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:芙蓉">芙蓉</a></span></span>) means "<a href="/wiki/Lotus_(genus)" title="Lotus (genus)">lotus</a>" in Mandarin and refers to Hunan which is known as the "lotus state".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Hunan" title="List of administrative divisions of Hunan">List of administrative divisions of Hunan</a></div> <p>Hunan is divided into fourteen <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China#Prefectural_level" title="Administrative divisions of China">prefecture-level divisions</a>: thirteen <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">prefecture-level cities</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">autonomous prefecture</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:80%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Administrative divisions of Hunan </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="font-size:larger"><div style="position: relative" class="center"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Administrative_Division_Hunan.svg/600px-Administrative_Division_Hunan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="678" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Administrative_Division_Hunan.svg/900px-Administrative_Division_Hunan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Administrative_Division_Hunan.svg/1200px-Administrative_Division_Hunan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1131" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:456px; top:232px"><b><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:495px; top:370px"><b><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:402px; top:298px"><b><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:399px; top:409px"><b><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:213px; top:385px"><b><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:471px; top:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:300px; top:106px"><b><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:177px; top:94px"><b><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:342px; top:202px"><b><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:459px; top:520px"><b><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:312px; top:526px"><b><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:310px"><b><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:303px; top:295px"><b><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:69px; top:169px"><b><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi<br />Aut. Prefecture</a></b></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_codes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China">Division code</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Division </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Area in km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-nj2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nj2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Population 2010<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Seat </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4">Divisions<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/District_(China)" title="District (China)">Districts</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of the People's Republic of China">Counties</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China">Aut. counties</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">CL cities</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold"> <th>430000</th> <th>Hunan Province </th> <td>210,000.00</td> <td>65,683,722</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> city</td> <td>36</td> <td>61</td> <td>7</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <th>430100</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> city </th> <td>11,819.46</td> <td>7,044,118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuelu District">Yuelu District</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>430200</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a> city </th> <td>11,262.20</td> <td>3,855,609</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tianyuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianyuan District">Tianyuan District</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>430300</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> city </th> <td>5,006.46</td> <td>2,748,552</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuetang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuetang District">Yuetang District</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>430400</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a> city </th> <td>15,302.78</td> <td>7,141,462</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhengxiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengxiang District">Zhengxiang District</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>430500</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a> city </th> <td>20,829.63</td> <td>7,071,826</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daxiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daxiang District">Daxiang District</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>430600</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a> city </th> <td>14,897.88</td> <td>5,477,911</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yueyanglou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yueyanglou District">Yueyanglou District</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>430700</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a> city </th> <td>18,177.18</td> <td>5,747,218</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling District">Wuling District</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>430800</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a> city </th> <td>9,516.03</td> <td>1,476,521</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yongding_District,_Zhangjiajie" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongding District, Zhangjiajie">Yongding District</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>430900</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a> city </th> <td>12,325.16</td> <td>4,313,084</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heshan_District,_Yiyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshan District, Yiyang">Heshan District</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>431000</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a> city </th> <td>19,317.33</td> <td>4,581,778</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beihu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Beihu District">Beihu District</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>8</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>431100</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a> city </th> <td>22,255.31</td> <td>5,180,235</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lengshuitan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lengshuitan District">Lengshuitan District</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>8</td> <td>1</td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>431200</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a> city </th> <td>27,562.72</td> <td>4,741,948</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hecheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecheng District">Hecheng District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>431300</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a> city </th> <td>8,107.61</td> <td>3,785,627</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louxing_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Louxing District">Louxing District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>433100</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>15,462.30</td> <td>2,547,833</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jishou" title="Jishou">Jishou</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>7</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations </th></tr> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Chinese</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Xiang Romanization </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Hunan Province</b></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">湖南省</span></span></td> <td><b>Húnán Shěng</b></td> <td><b>fu12 nan12 sǝn2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">长沙市</span></span></td> <td>Chángshā Shì</td> <td>c̣an2 sa11 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">株洲市</span></span></td> <td>Zhūzhōu Shì</td> <td>ćy11 c̣ôu11 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">湘潭市</span></span></td> <td>Xiāngtán Shì</td> <td>? ? ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">衡阳市</span></span></td> <td>Héngyáng Shì</td> <td>xǝn12 ian12 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邵阳市</span></span></td> <td>Shàoyáng Shì</td> <td>? ian12 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">岳阳市</span></span></td> <td>Yuèyáng Shì</td> <td>io4 ian12 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">常德市</span></span></td> <td>Chángdé Shì</td> <td>? tô4 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">张家界市</span></span></td> <td>Zhāngjiājiè Shì</td> <td>? ćia11 kai31 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">益阳市</span></span></td> <td>Yìyáng Shì</td> <td>i4 ian12 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郴州市</span></span></td> <td>Chēnzhōu Shì</td> <td>? c̣ôu11 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">永州市</span></span></td> <td>Yǒngzhōu Shì</td> <td>yn2 c̣ôu11 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">怀化市</span></span></td> <td>Huáihuà Shì</td> <td>fai12 fa31 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">娄底市</span></span></td> <td>Lóudǐ Shì</td> <td>? ti2 ṣî32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">湘西自治州</span></span></td> <td>Xiāngxī Zìzhìzhōu</td> <td>? si11 ci31 c̣î31 c̣ôu11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The fourteen <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of China">prefecture</a>-level divisions of Hunan are subdivided into 122 <a href="/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (People's Republic of China)">county</a>-level divisions (35 <a href="/wiki/District_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="District of China">districts</a>, 17 <a href="/wiki/County-level_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="County-level cities">county-level cities</a>, 63 counties, 7 <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties">autonomous counties</a>). Those are in turn divided into 2587 <a href="/wiki/Townships_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Townships of the People's Republic of China">township</a>-level divisions (1098 <a href="/wiki/Town_(China)" title="Town (China)">towns</a>, 1,158 <a href="/wiki/Townships_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Townships of the People's Republic of China">townships</a>, 98 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_township" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic township">ethnic townships</a>, 225 <a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdistricts of China">subdistricts</a>, and eight <a href="/wiki/District_public_office" class="mw-redirect" title="District public office">district public offices</a>). At the year end of 2017, the total population is 68.6 million.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Urban areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities </th></tr> <tr> <th>#</th> <th>City</th> <th style="background-color: #aaaaff;">Urban area<sup id="cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PRCcensus-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="background-color: #aaffaa;">District area<sup id="cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PRCcensus-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="background-color: #ffaaaa;">City proper<sup id="cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PRCcensus-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Census date </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Changsha_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Changsha-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,963,218</td> <td>3,092,213</td> <td>7,040,952</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"> <td>(1)</td> <td>Changsha <span style="font-size:85%;">(new district)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Changsha_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Changsha-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>230,136</td> <td>523,660</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Changsha</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></td> <td>1,115,645</td> <td>1,133,967</td> <td>7,148,344</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zhuzhou_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhuzhou-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>999,404</td> <td>1,055,150</td> <td>3,857,100</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"> <td>(3)</td> <td>Zhuzhou <span style="font-size:85%;">(new district)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Zhuzhou_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhuzhou-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>94,326</td> <td>383,598</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Zhuzhou</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></td> <td>924,099</td> <td>1,231,509</td> <td>5,476,084</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></td> <td>903,287</td> <td>960,303</td> <td>2,752,171</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></td> <td>846,308</td> <td>1,457,419</td> <td>5,714,623</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></td> <td>697,607</td> <td>1,245,517</td> <td>4,307,933</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang</a></td> <td>588,081</td> <td>1,279,469</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Changsha</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></td> <td>582,971</td> <td>822,534</td> <td>4,583,531</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></td> <td>574,527</td> <td>753,194</td> <td>7,071,735</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></td> <td>540,930</td> <td>1,020,715</td> <td>5,194,275</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightyellow"> <td>(12)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ningxiang" title="Ningxiang">Ningxiang</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ningxiang_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ningxiang-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>498,055</td> <td>1,166,138</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Changsha</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leiyang" title="Leiyang">Leiyang</a></td> <td>476,173</td> <td>1,151,554</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Hengyang</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></td> <td>472,687</td> <td>552,622</td> <td>4,741,673</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liling" title="Liling">Liling</a></td> <td>449,067</td> <td>947,387</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Zhuzhou</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></td> <td>425,037</td> <td>496,744</td> <td>3,784,634</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changning,_Hunan" title="Changning, Hunan">Changning</a></td> <td>332,927</td> <td>810,447</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Hengyang</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miluo_City" title="Miluo City">Miluo</a></td> <td>321,074</td> <td>692,080</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Yueyang</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang" title="Yuanjiang">Yuanjiang</a></td> <td>281,097</td> <td>666,270</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Yiyang</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></td> <td>250,489</td> <td>494,528</td> <td>1,478,149</td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lianyuan" title="Lianyuan">Lianyuan</a></td> <td>245,360</td> <td>995,515</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Loudi</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lengshuijiang" title="Lengshuijiang">Lengshuijiang</a></td> <td>238,275</td> <td>327,146</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Loudi</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Hunan" title="Linxiang, Hunan">Linxiang</a></td> <td>225,054</td> <td>498,319</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Yueyang</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zixing" title="Zixing">Zixing</a></td> <td>215,707</td> <td>337,294</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Chenzhou</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jishou" title="Jishou">Jishou</a></td> <td>212,328</td> <td>302,065</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi Prefecture</a></i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang" title="Xiangxiang">Xiangxiang</a></td> <td>210,799</td> <td>788,216</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Xiangtan</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hongjiang" title="Hongjiang">Hongjiang</a></td> <td>197,753</td> <td>477,996</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Huaihua</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Hunan" title="Wugang, Hunan">Wugang</a></td> <td>187,436</td> <td>734,870</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Shaoyang</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinshi_City" title="Jinshi City">Jinshi</a></td> <td>156,230</td> <td>250,898</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Changde</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a></td> <td>27,613</td> <td>86,036</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Xiangtan</i></span></td> <td>2010-11-01 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">湖南, <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Húnán shěng</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang Chinese</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hsn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">[fu˩˧<span class="wrap"> </span>lan˩˧]</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Xiang_dictionary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiang_dictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandarin: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xu˧˥<span class="wrap"> </span>nan˧˥]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Changsha-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Changsha_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Changsha_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">New district established after census: <a href="/wiki/Wangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangcheng District">Wangcheng (Wangcheng County)</a>. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhuzhou-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhuzhou_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhuzhou_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">New district established after census: <a href="/wiki/Lukou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukou District">Lukou (Zhuzhou County)</a>. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ningxiang-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ningxiang_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ningxiang County is currently known as Ningxiang CLC after census.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Most populous cities in Hunan</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source: <i>China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018</i> Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Changsha_2019_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Changsha"><img alt="Changsha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Changsha_2019_2.jpg/120px-Changsha_2019_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Changsha_2019_2.jpg/180px-Changsha_2019_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Changsha_2019_2.jpg/240px-Changsha_2019_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1798" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A1%A1%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hengyang"><img alt="Hengyang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E8%A1%A1%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C.jpg/120px-%E8%A1%A1%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E8%A1%A1%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C.jpg/180px-%E8%A1%A1%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E8%A1%A1%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C.jpg/240px-%E8%A1%A1%E9%98%B3%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,744,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">574,500 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A0%AA%E6%B4%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%86%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhuzhou"><img alt="Zhuzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%A0%AA%E6%B4%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%86%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg/120px-%E6%A0%AA%E6%B4%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%86%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%A0%AA%E6%B4%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%86%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg/180px-%E6%A0%AA%E6%B4%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%86%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%E6%A0%AA%E6%B4%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%86%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg/240px-%E6%A0%AA%E6%B4%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%86%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simalou_on_Liuye_lake_in_Changde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Changde"><img alt="Changde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Simalou_on_Liuye_lake_in_Changde.jpg/120px-Simalou_on_Liuye_lake_in_Changde.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Simalou_on_Liuye_lake_in_Changde.jpg/180px-Simalou_on_Liuye_lake_in_Changde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Simalou_on_Liuye_lake_in_Changde.jpg/240px-Simalou_on_Liuye_lake_in_Changde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,437,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Leiyang" title="Leiyang">Leiyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">573,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,152,600</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">516,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">997,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ningxiang" title="Ningxiang">Ningxiang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">472,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">892,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jishou" title="Jishou">Jishou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">315,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">842,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Changning,_Hunan" title="Changning, Hunan">Changning</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">817,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Hunan" title="Wugang, Hunan">Wugang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">290,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">712,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">260,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">668,200</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liling" title="Liling">Liling</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">247,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">624,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang" title="Xiangxiang">Xiangxiang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">235,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hunan" title="Politics of Hunan">Politics of Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China">List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Hunan">Government of Hunan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Provincial_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Mao_Zedong_statue_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Young_Mao_Zedong_statue_5.jpg/220px-Young_Mao_Zedong_statue_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Young_Mao_Zedong_statue_5.jpg/330px-Young_Mao_Zedong_statue_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Young_Mao_Zedong_statue_5.jpg/440px-Young_Mao_Zedong_statue_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Young_Mao_Zedong_statue" title="Young Mao Zedong statue">Young Mao Zedong statue</a> in Changsha</figcaption></figure> <p>The politics of Hunan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Hunan">Governor of Hunan</a> is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hunan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hunan <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Hunan <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">CCP Party Chief</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the mid-19th century, Hunan exported <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>, musk, honey, tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dongting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dongting">Lake Dongting</a> area is an important center of <a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">ramie</a> production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation. </p><p>Hunan was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 298">: 298 </span></sup> </p><p>In recent years, Hunan has grown to become an important center for steel, machinery and electronics production, especially as China's manufacturing sector moves away from coastal provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lengshuijiang" title="Lengshuijiang">Lengshuijiang</a> area is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Stibnite" title="Stibnite">stibnite</a> mines, and is one of the major centers of <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> extraction in China.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hunan is also well known for a few global makers of construction equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Concrete_pump" title="Concrete pump">concrete pumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a>, etc. These companies include <a href="/wiki/Sany_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sany Group">Sany Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoomlion" title="Zoomlion">Zoomlion</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunward_Intelligent_Equipment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunward Intelligent Equipment (page does not exist)">Sunward</a>. Sany is one of the world's major players. The city of <a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang</a> is the world's top center for manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hunan is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP">9th-largest provincial economy</a> of China, the third largest in the <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> region after <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, the fourth largest in the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central China</a> region after <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, Henan and Hubei and the fourth largest among inland provinces after Henan, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and Hubei.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, Hunan's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP" title="Gross domestic product">nominal GDP</a> was US$724 billion (CNY 4.6 trillion), appearing in the world's top 20 <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions_by_GDP_over_200_billion_USD" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion USD">largest sub-national economies</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)</a> being over US$1.1 trillion,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$10,900 (69,300 <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CNY</a>), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">2nd richest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> region after Hubei and the 3rd richest in <a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central China</a> region after Guangdong and Hubei.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, Hunan's GDP (nominal) was US$605 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">making it larger than the economies</a> of Poland (the 22nd biggest in the world), Thailand (the 2nd largest in ASEAN), and Nigeria (the largest in Africa).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="10"><b>Historical GDP of Hunan Province for 1952 –present</b> (SNA2008)<sup id="cite_ref-SNA2008_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNA2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as <a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">Int'l. dollar</a> based on IMF WEO October 2017<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="center" rowspan="3">year </td> <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>GDP</b> </td> <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>GDP per capita (GDPpc)<br /></b> <i>based on mid-year population </i> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Reference index</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="center" colspan="3">GDP <i>in millions</i> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">real<br />growth<br />(%) </td> <td align="center" colspan="3">GDPpc </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">exchange rate<br /><i>1 foreign currency<br /> to CNY </i> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CNY</a> </td> <td>USD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">Int'l$.</a>) </td> <td>CNY </td> <td>USD </td> <td>PPP<br />(Int'l$.) </td> <td>USD 1 </td> <td>Int'l$. 1<br />(PPP) </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2016</td> <td>3,155,137</td> <td>475,007</td> <td>901,236</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>46,382</td> <td>6,983</td> <td>13,249</td> <td>6.6423</td> <td>3.5009 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2015</td> <td>2,917,217</td> <td>468,373</td> <td>821,867</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>43,157</td> <td>6,929</td> <td>12,159</td> <td>6.2284</td> <td>3.5495 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2014</td> <td>2,728,177</td> <td>444,126</td> <td>768,414</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>40,635</td> <td>6,615</td> <td>11,445</td> <td>6.1428</td> <td>3.5504 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2013</td> <td>2,483,465</td> <td>400,999</td> <td>694,307</td> <td>10.1</td> <td>37,263</td> <td>6,017</td> <td>10,418</td> <td>6.1932</td> <td>3.5769 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2012</td> <td>2,233,833</td> <td>353,875</td> <td>629,107</td> <td>11.4</td> <td>33,758</td> <td>5,348</td> <td>9,507</td> <td>6.3125</td> <td>3.5508 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2011</td> <td>1,981,655</td> <td>306,815</td> <td>565,299</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>30,103</td> <td>4,661</td> <td>8,587</td> <td>6.4588</td> <td>3.5055 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2010</td> <td>1,615,325</td> <td>238,618</td> <td>487,925</td> <td>14.6</td> <td>24,897</td> <td>3,678</td> <td>7,520</td> <td>6.7695</td> <td>3.3106 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2009</td> <td>1,315,627</td> <td>192,597</td> <td>416,667</td> <td>13.9</td> <td>20,579</td> <td>3,013</td> <td>6,517</td> <td>6.8310</td> <td>3.1575 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2008</td> <td>1,162,761</td> <td>167,422</td> <td>366,016</td> <td>14.1</td> <td>18,261</td> <td>2,629</td> <td>5,748</td> <td>6.9451</td> <td>3.1768 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2007</td> <td>948,599</td> <td>124,750</td> <td>314,637</td> <td>15.1</td> <td>14,942</td> <td>1,965</td> <td>4,956</td> <td>7.6040</td> <td>3.0149 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2006</td> <td>772,232</td> <td>96,870</td> <td>268,350</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>12,192</td> <td>1,529</td> <td>4,237</td> <td>7.9718</td> <td>2.8777 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2005</td> <td>662,345</td> <td>80,856</td> <td>231,670</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>10,606</td> <td>1,295</td> <td>3,710</td> <td>8.1917</td> <td>2.8590 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2000</td> <td>355,149</td> <td>42,901</td> <td>130,603</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>5,425</td> <td>655</td> <td>1,995</td> <td>8.2784</td> <td>2.7193 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1995</td> <td>213,213</td> <td>25,531</td> <td>78,117</td> <td>10.3</td> <td>3,359</td> <td>402</td> <td>1,231</td> <td>8.3510</td> <td>2.7294 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1990</td> <td>74,444</td> <td>15,564</td> <td>43,724</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>1,228</td> <td>257</td> <td>721</td> <td>4.7832</td> <td>1.7026 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1985</td> <td>34,995</td> <td>11,917</td> <td>24,966</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>626</td> <td>213</td> <td>447</td> <td>2.9366</td> <td>1.4017 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1980</td> <td>19,172</td> <td>12,795</td> <td>12,820</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>365</td> <td>244</td> <td>244</td> <td>1.4984</td> <td>1.4955 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1975</td> <td>11,840</td> <td>6,366</td> <td></td> <td>10.3</td> <td>239</td> <td>129</td> <td></td> <td>1.8598</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1970</td> <td>9,305</td> <td>3,780</td> <td></td> <td>17.6</td> <td>211</td> <td>86</td> <td></td> <td>2.4618</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1965</td> <td>6,532</td> <td>2,653</td> <td></td> <td>13.2</td> <td>170</td> <td>69</td> <td></td> <td>2.4618</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1960</td> <td>6,407</td> <td>2,603</td> <td></td> <td>-1.0</td> <td>176</td> <td>71</td> <td></td> <td>2.4618</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1955</td> <td>3,583</td> <td>1,376</td> <td></td> <td>18.5</td> <td>104</td> <td>40</td> <td></td> <td>2.6040</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>1952</td> <td>2,781</td> <td>1,251</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>86</td> <td>39</td> <td></td> <td>2.2227</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_technological_development_zones">Economic and technological development zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic and technological development zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> National Economic and Technical Development Zone</li></ul> <p>The Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone was founded in 1992. It is located east of Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6 km<sup>2</sup> (14.9 sq mi) and the current area is 14 km<sup>2</sup> (5.4 sq mi). Near the zone is National Highways G319 and G107 as well as Jingzhu Highway. Besides that, it is very close to the downtown and the railway station. The distance between the zone and the airport is 8 km (5.0 mi). The major industries in the zone include high-tech industry, biology project technology and new material industry.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Changsha National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone</li> <li>Chenzhou Export Processing Zone</li></ul> <p>Approved by the State Council, Chenzhou Export processing Zone (CEPZ) was established in 2005 and is the only export processing zone in Hunan province. The scheduled production area of CEPZ covers 3km2. The industrial positioning of CEPZ is to concentrate on developing export-oriented hi-tech industries, including electronic information, precision machinery, and new-type materials. The zone has good infrastructure, and the enterprises inside could enjoy the preferential policies of tax-exemption, tax-guarantee and tax-refunding. By the end of the "<a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Five-Year_Plan_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)">Eleventh Five-Year Plan</a>", the CEPZ achieved a total export and import volume of over US$1 billion and provided more than 50,000 jobs. It aimed to be one of the first-class export processing zones in China.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a> National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone</li></ul> <p>Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1992. Its total planned area is 35 km<sup>2</sup> (14 sq mi). It is very close to National Highway G320. The major industries in the zone include biotechnology, food processing and heavy industry. In 2007, the park signed a cooperation contract with Beijing Automobile Industry, one of the largest auto makers in China, which will set up a manufacturing base in Zhuzhou HTP.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Hunan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Hunan.png/200px-Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Hunan.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Hunan.png/300px-Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Hunan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Hunan.png/400px-Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Hunan.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic minority-inhabited areas in Hunan</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1912<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,617,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1928<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">31,501,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936-37<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,294,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1947<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,558,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−9.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1954<sup id="cite_ref-census1954_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1954-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">33,226,954</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+30.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1964<sup id="cite_ref-census1964_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1964-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">37,182,286</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1982<sup id="cite_ref-census1982_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1982-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">54,008,851</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990<sup id="cite_ref-census1990_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1990-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,659,754</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000<sup id="cite_ref-census2000_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2000-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,274,173</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010<sup id="cite_ref-census2010_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2010-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">65,683,722</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020<sup id="cite_ref-cens_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cens-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">66,444,864</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.2%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>, the population of Hunan is 64,400,700 consisting of forty-one <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>. Its population grew 6.17% (3,742,700) from its 1990 levels. According to the census, 89.79% (57,540,000) identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and 10.21% (6,575,300) as <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority groups</a>. The minority groups are <a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Miao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong people">Dong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> and so on. </p><p>In Hunan, ethnic minority languages are spoken in the following prefectures. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture</a>: <a href="/wiki/Qo_Xiong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qo Xiong language">Qo Xiong language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a>: <a href="/wiki/Qo_Xiong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qo Xiong language">Qo Xiong language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dong_language_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong language (China)">Dong language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Mien language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min language</a></li></ul> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Honeydew; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:3.2044923120231px; border-width:0 0 96.795507687977px 25.112341416658px; border-bottom-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:4.5322280453875px; border-width:0 0 95.467771954612px 29.764148199169px; border-bottom-color:FireBrick"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Hunan<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2015_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2015-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>，<a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist traditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religions</a> (20.19%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.77%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Honeydew; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other religions or not religious people<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (79.04%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunanese_Uyghurs">Hunanese Uyghurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hunanese Uyghurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around <a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_County,_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoyuan County, Hunan">Taoyuan County</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> and Uyghurs have intermarried in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to eating pork, the Uygurs of Changde practice other Han Chinese customs, like <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">ancestor worship</a> at graves. Some Uyghurs from <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a>, instead, Mandarin Chinese is spoken as their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hunan" title="Christianity in Hunan">Christianity in Hunan</a></div> <p>The predominant religions in Hunan are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist traditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religions</a>. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 20.19% of the population believes and is involved in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral religion">ancestor veneration</a>, while 0.77% of the population identifies as Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2015_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2015-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 79.04% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">worship of nature deities</a>, Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, Taoism, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">folk religious sects</a>. </p><p>In 2010, there are 118.799 <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in Hunan.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puguang_chansi_0152.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puguang Buddhist Temple in Zhangjiajie."><img alt="Puguang Buddhist Temple in Zhangjiajie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Puguang_chansi_0152.jpg/338px-Puguang_chansi_0152.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Puguang_chansi_0152.jpg/507px-Puguang_chansi_0152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Puguang_chansi_0152.jpg/675px-Puguang_chansi_0152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Puguang Buddhist Temple in <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confucius_Temple_of_Liuyang_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of Confucius in Liuyang."><img alt="Temple of Confucius in Liuyang." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Confucius_Temple_of_Liuyang_01.jpg/300px-Confucius_Temple_of_Liuyang_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Confucius_Temple_of_Liuyang_01.jpg/451px-Confucius_Temple_of_Liuyang_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Confucius_Temple_of_Liuyang_01.jpg/600px-Confucius_Temple_of_Liuyang_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Temple of Confucius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunan_traditional_temple_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ancestral shrine in the province."><img alt="An ancestral shrine in the province." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hunan_traditional_temple_front.jpg/287px-Hunan_traditional_temple_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hunan_traditional_temple_front.jpg/431px-Hunan_traditional_temple_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hunan_traditional_temple_front.jpg/573px-Hunan_traditional_temple_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">ancestral shrine</a> in the province.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Hunan" title="Category:People from Hunan">Category:People from Hunan</a></div> <p>Being the educational and political in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">late Qing Era</a>, Hunan became the center of revolution and reformation, and it was the birthplace of many famous Chinese scholars, politicians, and generals, including the most influential and controversial figure of China in the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a> (1017–1073), Chinese scholar and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fuzhi" title="Wang Fuzhi">Wang Fuzhi</a> (1619–1692), Chinese essayist, historian, and philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guofan" title="Zeng Guofan">Zeng Guofan</a> (1811–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a> (1812–1885), or General Tso, Chinese statesman and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqibu" title="Taqibu">Taqibu</a> (1816–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang Xing</a> (1874–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_E" title="Cai E">Cai E</a> (1882–1916), Chinese revolutionary leader, General and Governor of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Xiaowan" title="Jiang Xiaowan">Jiang Xiaowan</a> (?–1922), interpreter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (1893–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Long" title="He Long">He Long</a> (1896–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> (1898–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (1898–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> (born 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuet-ching_Lee" title="Yuet-ching Lee">Yuet-ching Lee</a> (1918–1997), Hong Kong actress<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hui" title="Ted Hui">Ted Hui</a> (born 1982), Hong Kong politician<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cao" title="Martin Cao">Martin Cao</a> (born 1993), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Chengzhou" title="Zhou Chengzhou">Zhou Chengzhou</a> (born 1982), Chinese film director and artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexie_Liu" title="Lexie Liu">Lexie Liu</a> (born 1998), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Yee" title="Jackson Yee">Jackson Yee</a> (born 2000), actor and singer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hunan" title="Culture of Hunan">Culture of Hunan</a></div><p>As of 2022, Hunan's culture and related industries achieved an added value of CN¥250.65 billion (US$37.27 billion), accounting for 5.27% of the province's GDP. Among them, the added value of cultural services was CN¥150.20 billion (US$22.33 billion), the added value of cultural manufacturing was CN¥78.28 billion (US$11.64 billion), the added value of cultural wholesale and retail was CN¥22.17 billion (US$3.30 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-culture1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culture1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, there are 655 art groups, 149 mass art galleries and cultural centers, 148 public libraries, 180 museums and memorial halls, 108 radio and television stations, 5.853 million cable TV users, and 27.441 million fiber optic Internet broadband users all connected to cable TV. The comprehensive population coverage rate of radio is 99.43%, and the comprehensive population coverage rate of television is 99.77%. There are 137 national intangible cultural heritage protection lists and 410 provincial intangible cultural heritage protection lists. 12,078 books, 235 periodicals, and 44 newspapers have been published, with a total print run of 590 million books, 80 million periodicals, and 500 million newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-GDPdata_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDPdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hunan is a region with complex dialects. The dialects in the province include <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, and some local dialects whose identities have not yet been determined, such as <a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang dialect</a>. In areas where ethnic minorities live, many people can speak their own ethnic language and communicate in Chinese. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92%E9%85%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92%E9%85%B1.jpg/248px-%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92%E9%85%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92%E9%85%B1.jpg/372px-%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92%E9%85%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92%E9%85%B1.jpg/496px-%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92%E9%85%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yongfeng_chili_sauce" title="Yongfeng chili sauce">Yongfeng chili sauce</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Hunanese cuisine</a> is noted for its near-ubiquitous use of <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallots</a>. These ingredients give rise to a distinctive dry-and-spicy (<span lang="zh">干辣</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">gānlà</span></i>) taste,<sup id="cite_ref-Eats_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eats-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with dishes such as smoked cured ham and stir-fried spicy beef being prime examples of the flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-Eats_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eats-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Huaguxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaguxi">Huaguxi</a> is a local form of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> that is very popular in Hunan province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located in the south central part of the Chinese mainland, Hunan has long been known for its natural environment. It is surrounded by mountains on the east, west, and south, and by the Yangtze River on the north. For thousands of years, the region has been a major center of agriculture, growing rice, tea, and oranges. China's first all glass suspension bridge was also opened in Hunan, in <a href="/wiki/Shiniuzhai_National_Geological_Park" title="Shiniuzhai National Geological Park">Shiniuzhai National Geological Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and a <a href="/wiki/AAAAA_Tourist_Attractions_of_China" title="AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China">5A Scenic Area</a>. Located in south-central Hunan, Wulingyuan is noted for its thousands of <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> pillars, caves, and waterfalls. The area also contains <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie_National_Forest_Park" title="Zhangjiajie National Forest Park">Zhangjiajie National Forest Park</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan County</a>, known for being the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_Former_Residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong's Former Residence">birthplace of Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang_Tower" title="Yueyang Tower">Yueyang Tower</a>, on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Dongting_Lake" title="Dongting Lake">Lake Dongting</a>, was built in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin dynasties</a>, and has existed in its current state since the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>. Alongside the <a href="/wiki/Pavilion_of_Prince_Teng" title="Pavilion of Prince Teng">Pavilion of Prince Teng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Crane_Tower" title="Yellow Crane Tower">Yellow Crane Tower</a>, it is one of the Three Great Towers of <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Hunan)" title="Mount Heng (Hunan)">Mount Heng</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a>, is one of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China" title="Sacred Mountains of China">Five Great Mountains of China</a>, and is home to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Temple_of_Mount_Heng" title="Grand Temple of Mount Heng">largest temple in southern China</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang_County" title="Fenghuang County">Fenghuang County</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi Prefecture</a>, has been placed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage">World Heritage</a> Tentative List for its ancient town. Fenghuang is known for its incorporation of mountain features and water flow into city design, and the ancient syncretism between the local <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1158px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunan_Hengshan_summit_ridge_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Mount Heng"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hunan_Hengshan_summit_ridge_banner.jpg/1150px-Hunan_Hengshan_summit_ridge_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="1150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hunan_Hengshan_summit_ridge_banner.jpg/1725px-Hunan_Hengshan_summit_ridge_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hunan_Hengshan_summit_ridge_banner.jpg/2300px-Hunan_Hengshan_summit_ridge_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunan_Hengshan_summit_ridge_banner.jpg" title="File:Hunan Hengshan summit ridge banner.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Hunan)" title="Mount Heng (Hunan)">Mount Heng</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hunan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hunan">List of universities and colleges in Hunan</a></div><p>As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth together with <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> (137) among all Chinese provinces after <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> (168), <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> (168), <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> (162), and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> (156).<sup id="cite_ref-全国普通高等学校名单_-_中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-全国普通高等学校名单_-_中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunan is also the seat of 12 adult higher education institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two major cities in Hunan (Changsha and <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a>) were ranked in the top 200 <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_scientific_output" title="List of cities by scientific output">cities in the world by scientific research output</a>, as tracked by the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three <a href="/wiki/National_Key_Universities" title="National Key Universities">national key universities</a> under <a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_South_University" title="Central South University">Central South University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">National University of Defense Technology</a>) in Hunan, the third highest after <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Normal_University" title="Hunan Normal University">Hunan Normal University</a> in Changsha is the key construction university of the national <a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">211 Project</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan_University" title="Xiangtan University">Xiangtan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> is a key university jointly built by Hunan Province and the Ministry of Education and a member of national Project 111. These five national key universities are included in the <a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a> of Hunan Province. As of 2024, they are ranked among the top 500 globally by the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>. Among them, Hunan University and Central South University are in the top 50.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hunan University and Central South University are the only two <a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a> universities in Changsha, Hunan to appear in the world's top 200 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shanghairanking.com_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanghairanking.com-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunan Normal University, the National University of Defense and Technology and <a href="/wiki/Changsha_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Changsha University of Science and Technology">Changsha University of Science and Technology</a> located in Changsha, were ranked in the world's top 701 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-shanghairanking.com_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanghairanking.com-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Agricultural_University" title="Hunan Agricultural University">Hunan Agricultural University</a> in Changsha, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_China" title="University of South China">University of South China</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Technology" title="Hunan University of Technology">Hunan University of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan_University" title="Xiangtan University">Xiangtan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a> were ranked in the top 801–900 globally by the <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hunan University of Science and Technology">Hunan University of Science and Technology</a> in Xiangtan and <a href="/wiki/Central_South_University_of_Forestry_and_Technology" title="Central South University of Forestry and Technology">Central South University of Forestry and Technology</a> in Changsha were ranked number 988 and number 1429 respectively in the 2022 Best Global Universities by <i>the <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_News_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_News-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Chinese_Medicine" title="Hunan University of Chinese Medicine">Hunan University of Chinese Medicine</a> in Changsha ranked the best in the <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> region and 26th nationwide among Chinese Medical Universities.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_key_public_universities">National key public universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: National key public universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changsha_City">Changsha City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Changsha City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_South_University" title="Central South University">Central South University</a> (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a> (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Normal_University" title="Hunan Normal University">Hunan Normal University</a> (Project 211, Double First Class University)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">National University of Defense Technology</a> (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xiangtan_City">Xiangtan City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Xiangtan City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan_University" title="Xiangtan University">Xiangtan University</a> (Project 111, Double First Class University)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_key_public_universities">Provincial key public universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Provincial key public universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changsha_City_2">Changsha City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Changsha City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_South_University_of_Forestry_and_Technology" title="Central South University of Forestry and Technology">Central South University of Forestry and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Changsha University of Science and Technology">Changsha University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Agricultural_University" title="Hunan Agricultural University">Hunan Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_First_Normal_University" title="Hunan First Normal University">Hunan First Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Chinese_Medicine" title="Hunan University of Chinese Medicine">Hunan University of Chinese Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Technology_and_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunan University of Technology and Commerce">Hunan University of Technology and Commerce</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hengyang_City">Hengyang City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hengyang City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang_Normal_University" title="Hengyang Normal University">Hengyang Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_China" title="University of South China">University of South China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jishou_City">Jishou City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jishou City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jishou_University" title="Jishou University">Jishou University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loudi_City">Loudi City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Loudi City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Humanities,_Science_and_Technology" title="Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology">Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shaoyang_City">Shaoyang City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Shaoyang City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_University" title="Shaoyang University">Shaoyang University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xiangtan_City_2">Xiangtan City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Xiangtan City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Institute_of_Engineering" title="Hunan Institute of Engineering">Hunan Institute of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hunan University of Science and Technology">Hunan University of Science and Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yueyang_City">Yueyang City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Yueyang City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hunan Institute of Science and Technology">Hunan Institute of Science and Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zhuzhou_City">Zhuzhou City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Zhuzhou City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Technology" title="Hunan University of Technology">Hunan University of Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_undergraduate_universities_(public)"><span id="General_undergraduate_universities_.28public.29"></span>General undergraduate universities (public)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General undergraduate universities (public)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changsha_City_3">Changsha City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Changsha City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Normal_University" title="Changsha Normal University">Changsha Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_University" title="Changsha University">Changsha University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" title="Hunan University of Finance and Economics">Hunan University of Finance and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Police_Academy" title="Hunan Police Academy">Hunan Police Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Women%27s_University" title="Hunan Women's University">Hunan Women's University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hengyang_City_2">Hengyang City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hengyang City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Institute_of_Technology" title="Hunan Institute of Technology">Hunan Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xiangtan_City_3">Xiangtan City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Xiangtan City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangtan_Institute_of_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiangtan Institute of Technology (page does not exist)">Xiangtan Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yongzhou_City">Yongzhou City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Yongzhou City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Science_and_Engineering" title="Hunan University of Science and Engineering">Hunan University of Science and Engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chenzhou_City">Chenzhou City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Chenzhou City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_University" title="Xiangnan University">Xiangnan University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_undergraduate_universities_(private)"><span id="General_undergraduate_universities_.28private.29"></span>General undergraduate universities (private)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: General undergraduate universities (private)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Medical_University" title="Changsha Medical University">Changsha Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_International_Economics_University" title="Hunan International Economics University">Hunan International Economics University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan_Institute_of_Information_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunan Institute of Information Technology (page does not exist)">Hunan Institute of Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan_Institute_of_Traffic_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunan Institute of Traffic Engineering (page does not exist)">Hunan Institute of Traffic Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan_Applied_Technology_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunan Applied Technology University (page does not exist)">Hunan Applied Technology University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocational_and_technical_colleges/universities"><span id="Vocational_and_technical_colleges.2Funiversities"></span>Vocational and technical colleges/universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Vocational and technical colleges/universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Aeronautical_Vocational_and_Technical_College" title="Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College">Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_Social_Work_College" title="Changsha Social Work College">Changsha Social Work College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Mass_Media_Vocational_and_Technical_College" title="Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College">Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changde_Vocational_and_Technical_College" title="Changde Vocational and Technical College">Changde Vocational and Technical College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several airports in Hunan provinces, including <a href="/wiki/Changsha_Huanghua_International_Airport" title="Changsha Huanghua International Airport">Changsha Huanghua International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie_Hehua_International_Airport" title="Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport">Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changde_Taohuayuan_Airport" title="Changde Taohuayuan Airport">Changde Taohuayuan Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenzhou_Beihu_Airport" title="Chenzhou Beihu Airport">Chenzhou Beihu Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huaihua_Zhijiang_Airport" title="Huaihua Zhijiang Airport">Huaihua Zhijiang Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_Wugang_Airport" title="Shaoyang Wugang Airport">Shaoyang Wugang Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yongzhou_Lingling_Airport" title="Yongzhou Lingling Airport">Yongzhou Lingling Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yueyang_Sanhe_Airport" title="Yueyang Sanhe Airport">Yueyang Sanhe Airport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_China" title="List of the busiest airports in China">busiest airports</a> serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, as of 2021, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was one of the 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">busiest airports</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-PANYNJ_2021_report_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PANYNJ_2021_report-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_China#2016_preliminary_statistics" title="List of the busiest airports in China">12th busiest civil airport</a> in China, the second busiest in <a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central China</a> after <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport">Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport</a> and the busiest in <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway" title="Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway">Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway</a> passes through Hunan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yiyang_Stadium,_Hunan,_China_2012-04-14_10.56.37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yiyang_Stadium%2C_Hunan%2C_China_2012-04-14_10.56.37.jpg/220px-Yiyang_Stadium%2C_Hunan%2C_China_2012-04-14_10.56.37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yiyang_Stadium%2C_Hunan%2C_China_2012-04-14_10.56.37.jpg/330px-Yiyang_Stadium%2C_Hunan%2C_China_2012-04-14_10.56.37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yiyang_Stadium%2C_Hunan%2C_China_2012-04-14_10.56.37.jpg/440px-Yiyang_Stadium%2C_Hunan%2C_China_2012-04-14_10.56.37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yiyang_Stadium" title="Yiyang Stadium">Yiyang Olympic Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Helong_Sports_Center_Stadium" title="Helong Sports Center Stadium">Helong Sports Center Stadium</a></div> <p>Professional sports teams in Hunan include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_League_One" title="China League One">Chinese Football Association League One</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Billows_F.C." title="Hunan Billows F.C.">Hunan Billows F.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_national_historical_and_cultural_sites_(Hunan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major national historical and cultural sites (Hunan)">Major national historical and cultural sites in Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoxiang" title="Xiaoxiang">Xiaoxiang</a>, the "lakes and rivers" region of south-central China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">State of Chu</a>, ancient Chinese state partly in modern-day Hunan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunanese_people" title="Hunanese people">Hunanese people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2015_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2015-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into <a href="/wiki/Chinese_lineage_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese lineage associations">lineage "churches"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">ancestral shrines</a>). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This may include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucians</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Deity worshippers</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoists</a>;</li> <li>Members of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">folk religious sects</a>;</li> <li>Small minorities of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>;</li> <li>And people not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mofcom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mofcom_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130805091244/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/">"Doing Business in China – Survey"</a>. Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/">the original</a> on 5 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+in+China+%E2%80%93+Survey&rft.pub=Ministry+Of+Commerce+%E2%80%93+People%27s+Republic+Of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mofcom.gov.cn%2Farticle%2Fzt_business%2Flanmub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cens-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cens_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cens_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html">"Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 11 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511104847/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+of+the+Seventh+National+Population+Census+%28No.+3%29&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202105%2Ft20210510_1817188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDPdata-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GDPdata_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDPdata_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/zfsj/tjgb/202403/t20240322_33262931.html">"zh: 2023年湖南省国民经济和社会发展统计公报"</a>. hunan.gov.cn. March 22, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425002519/https://hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/zfsj/tjgb/202403/t20240322_33262931.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Briefing+News&rft.atitle=Decoding+China%27s+2021+GDP+Growth+Rate%3A+A+Look+at+Regional+Numbers&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-briefing.com%2Fnews%2Fchinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/Business/StatisticsUpdates/202201/t20220124_22469633.html">"Hunan Province's Regional GDP Hit 4.6 Trillion Yuan in 2021"</a>. <i>www.enghunan.gov.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.enghunan.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Hunan+Province%27s+Regional+GDP+Hit+4.6+Trillion+Yuan+in+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enghunan.gov.cn%2Fhneng%2FBusiness%2FStatisticsUpdates%2F202201%2Ft20220124_22469633.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/45/rss/channel/www/columns/852i2s/stories/WS605133c0a31024ad0baaf938.html">"Top 10 provincial regions in China by GDP 2020"</a>. <i>ex.chinadaily.com.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930134345/http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/45/rss/channel/www/columns/852i2s/stories/WS605133c0a31024ad0baaf938.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ex.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Top+10+provincial+regions+in+China+by+GDP+2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fex.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fexchange%2Fpartners%2F45%2Frss%2Fchannel%2Fwww%2Fcolumns%2F852i2s%2Fstories%2FWS605133c0a31024ad0baaf938.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrsatax2021" class="citation web cs1">rsatax (2021-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsa-tax.com/single-post/investing-in-hunan">"Investing in Hunan"</a>. <i>rsa-tax</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsa-tax&rft.atitle=Investing+in+Hunan&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.au=rsatax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsa-tax.com%2Fsingle-post%2Finvesting-in-hunan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=PL-TH-NG&start=1960&year_high_desc=true">"2020 GDP Poland, Thailand, Nigeria"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171238/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=PL-TH-NG&start=1960&year_high_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=2020+GDP+Poland%2C+Thailand%2C+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%3Fend%3D2020%26locations%3DPL-TH-NG%26start%3D1960%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html">Origin of the Names of China's Provinces</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427100058/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html">Archived</a> 2016-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> Online</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram,_Stuart_R._(Stuart_Reynolds),_1924–2012.1967" class="citation book cs1">Schram, Stuart R. 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Civil Aviation Administration of China. 2022-03-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165715/http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/202203/P020220322482530507794.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hudong.moe.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95+-+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhudong.moe.gov.cn%2Fqggxmd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall">"Leading 200 science cities 2024 | | Supplements | Nature Index"</a>. <i>www.nature.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDianda2019" class="citation book cs1">Dianda, Bas (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGKZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134"><i>Political Routes to Starvation: Why Does Famine Kill?</i></a>. Vernon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781622735082" title="Special:BookSources/9781622735082"><bdi>9781622735082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Routes+to+Starvation%3A+Why+Does+Famine+Kill%3F&rft.pub=Vernon+Press&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.isbn=9781622735082&rft.aulast=Dianda&rft.aufirst=Bas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGKZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurland" class="citation web cs1">Turland, Jesse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/op-ed-in-china-draws-backlash-for-advocating-women-warm-rural-bachelors-beds/">"Op-Ed in China Draws Backlash for Advocating Women 'Warm Rural Bachelor's Beds'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. The Diplomat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Op-Ed+in+China+Draws+Backlash+for+Advocating+Women+%27Warm+Rural+Bachelor%27s+Beds%27&rft.aulast=Turland&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F10%2Fop-ed-in-china-draws-backlash-for-advocating-women-warm-rural-bachelors-beds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sohu.com/a/162119207_698908">"湖南6座最高山峰,桂东竟然占了两座，知道的人绝对不超过1%,周末赶紧约起来！"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141501/http://www.sohu.com/a/162119207_698908">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sohu&rft.atitle=%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%976%E5%BA%A7%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E5%B3%B0%2C%E6%A1%82%E4%B8%9C%E7%AB%9F%E7%84%B6%E5%8D%A0%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%A4%E5%BA%A7%EF%BC%8C%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%871%25%2C%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%AB%E8%B5%B6%E7%B4%A7%E7%BA%A6%E8%B5%B7%E6%9D%A5%EF%BC%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F162119207_698908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hn.xinhuanet.com/2013-09/26/c_117523544.htm"><bdi lang="zh">湖南"新高度"——酃峰</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a> Hunan</i>. 2013-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+Hunan&rft.atitle=%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%22%E6%96%B0%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6%22%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E9%85%83%E5%B3%B0&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hn.xinhuanet.com%2F2013-09%2F26%2Fc_117523544.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Wang, Shuo (王砚) (2016-01-30). Pei, Li (裴力) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141247/http://www.xxcb.cn/hxdl/texie/2016-01-30/9045785.html"><bdi lang="zh">最美的山峰：酃峰海拔2115.2米湖南第一高峰</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="zh">潇湘晨报</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xxcb.cn/hxdl/texie/2016-01-30/9045785.html">the original</a> on 2018-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%80%E7%BE%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%B1%E5%B3%B0%EF%BC%9A%E9%85%83%E5%B3%B0%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%942115.2%E7%B1%B3%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Shuo+%28%E7%8E%8B%E7%A0%9A%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xxcb.cn%2Fhxdl%2Ftexie%2F2016-01-30%2F9045785.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfreda_Murck2000" class="citation book cs1">Alfreda Murck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eGqk66tvsQC&pg=PP1"><i>Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent</i></a>. Harvard Univ Asia Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00782-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00782-6"><bdi>978-0-674-00782-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110082823/https://books.google.com/books?id=1eGqk66tvsQC&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+and+Painting+in+Song+China%3A+The+Subtle+Art+of+Dissent&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00782-6&rft.au=Alfreda+Murck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eGqk66tvsQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengBabcock,_LorenRobison,_RichardLin,_Huanling2004" class="citation journal cs1">Peng, Shanchi; Babcock, Loren; Robison, Richard; Lin, Huanling; Rees, Margaret; Saltzman, Matthew (30 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file43.pdf">"Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lethaia</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">365–</span>379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Letha..37..365P">2004Letha..37..365P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00241160410002081">10.1080/00241160410002081</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121125654/https://stratigraphy.org/GSSP/file43.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lethaia&rft.atitle=Global+Standard+Stratotype-section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+of+the+Furongian+Series+and+Paibian+Stage+%28Cambrian%29&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00241160410002081&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Letha..37..365P&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Shanchi&rft.au=Babcock%2C+Loren&rft.au=Robison%2C+Richard&rft.au=Lin%2C+Huanling&rft.au=Rees%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Saltzman%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FGSSP%2Ffile43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Ministry of Civil Affairs">Ministry of Civil Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%BF%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Civil+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles2.mca.gov.cn%2Fcws%2F201502%2F20150225163817214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nj2013-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nj2013_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenzhen_Bureau_of_Statistics" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm"><bdi lang="zh">《深圳统计年鉴2014》</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm">the original</a> on 2015-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42014%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.au=Shenzhen+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sztj.gov.cn%2Fnj2014%2Findexce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Office_of_the_State_Council_of_the_People's_Republic_of_ChinaPopulation_and_Employment_Statistics_Division_of_the_National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). <bdi lang="zh">中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料</bdi> (1 ed.). Beijing: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6660-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6660-2"><bdi>978-7-5037-6660-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD2010%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%86%E4%B9%A1%E3%80%81%E9%95%87%E3%80%81%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2&rft.au=Census+Office+of+the+State+Council+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.au=Population+and+Employment+Statistics+Division+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Civil_Affairs2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Ministry of Civil Affairs">Ministry of Civil Affairs</a> (August 2014). <bdi lang="zh">《中国民政统计年鉴2014》</bdi> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-7130-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-7130-9"><bdi>978-7-5037-7130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42014%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.date=2014-08&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-7130-9&rft.au=Ministry+of+Civil+Affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010PRCcensus-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). <bdi lang="zh">中国2010年人口普查分县资料</bdi>. Beijing: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6659-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6659-6"><bdi>978-7-5037-6659-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD2010%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8E%BF%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6&rft.au=%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B8%E7%BC%96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Housing_and_Urban-Rural_Development_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China(MOHURD)2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Urban-Rural_Development" title="Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development">Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development</a> of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211023/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls"><i>中国城市建设统计年鉴2018</i></a> [<i>China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018</i>] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls">the original</a> on 2020-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42018&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=China+Statistic+Publishing+House&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Ministry+of+Housing+and+Urban-Rural+Development+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%28MOHURD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohurd.gov.cn%2Fxytj%2Ftjzljsxytjgb%2Fjstjnj%2Fw02020032722244243052500000.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1837" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Edmund (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/"><i>Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016074209/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embassy+to+the+Eastern+Courts+of+Cochin-China%2C+Siam%2C+and+Muscat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7317%2Fview%2F1%2F123%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:62_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLan2024" class="citation book cs1">Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). <i>How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development</i>. Translated by Topp, Gary. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6">10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-97-0079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-97-0079-0"><bdi>978-981-97-0079-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China+Works%3A+An+Introduction+to+China%27s+State-led+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6&rft.isbn=978-981-97-0079-0&rft.aulast=Lan&rft.aufirst=Xiaohuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008045908/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hunan-province/">"Hunan Province: Economic News and Statistics for Hunan's Economy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hunan-province/">the original</a> on 2011-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hunan+Province%3A+Economic+News+and+Statistics+for+Hunan%27s+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechinaperspective.com%2Ftopics%2Fprovince%2Fhunan-province%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenZhouTangJia2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wen, B.; Zhou, J.; Tang, P.; Jia, X.; Zhou, W.; Huang, J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36580776/">"Antimony (Sb) isotopic signature in water systems from the world's largest Sb mine, central China"</a>. <i>Journal of Hazardous Materials</i>. <b>446</b>. Bing Wen. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2022.130622">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130622</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36580776">36580776</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.atitle=Antimony+%28Sb%29+isotopic+signature+in+water+systems+from+the+world%27s+largest+Sb+mine%2C+central+China&rft.volume=446&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2022.130622&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36580776&rft.aulast=Wen&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+J.&rft.au=Tang%2C+P.&rft.au=Jia%2C+X.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+W.&rft.au=Huang%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F36580776%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment" class="citation web cs1">Government, Hunan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/">"Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn"</a>. <i>www.enghunan.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208211939/http://enghunan.gov.cn/">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.enghunan.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Hunan+Government+Website+International-enghunan.gov.cn&rft.aulast=Government&rft.aufirst=Hunan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enghunan.gov.cn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNA2008-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SNA2008_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historical GDP of Hunan Province</i> published on Hunan Statistical Yearbook 2017, ALSO see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hntj.gov.cn/xxgk/tzgg/201710/t20171016_4595868.html">Hunan GDP Revision (Chinese)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051224/http://www.hntj.gov.cn/xxgk/tzgg/201710/t20171016_4595868.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Purchasing power parity</b> (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> <i><b><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Outlook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Economic Outlook">WEO</a></b></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28"><b>October 2017</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28">Archived</a> 2006-02-14 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>) data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/"><i>China Statistical Yearbook</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020062416/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData/">Archived</a> 2015-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055651/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone">"Changsha Economic & Technology Development Zone | China Industrial Space"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone/">the original</a> on 2011-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changsha+Economic+%26+Technology+Development+Zone+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fchangsha-economic-technology-development-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055048/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/binzhou-export-processing-zone">"Chenzhou Export Processing Zone | EPZ | China Industrial Space"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/binzhou-export-processing-zone/">the original</a> on 2011-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chenzhou+Export+Processing+Zone+%26%23124%3B+EPZ+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fbinzhou-export-processing-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224154636/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/zhuzhou-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone">"Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone | China Industrial Space"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/zhuzhou-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/">the original</a> on 2016-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zhuzhou+Hi-Tech+Industrial+Development+Zone+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fzhuzhou-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html"><bdi lang="ja">1912年中国人口</bdi></a>. <i>Ier.hit-u.ac.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp&rft.atitle=1912%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1928年中国人口</bdi></a>. <i>Ier.hit-u.ac.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp&rft.atitle=1928%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1936-37年中国人口</bdi></a>. <i>Ier.hit-u.ac.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp&rft.atitle=1936-37%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1947年全国人口</bdi></a>. <i>Ier.hit-u.ac.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ier.hit-u.ac.jp&rft.atitle=1947%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1954-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census1954_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm">the original</a> on August 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%99%BB%E8%AE%B0%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16767.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1964-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census1964_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm"><bdi lang="zh">第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm">the original</a> on September 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E9%A1%B9%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16768.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1982-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census1982_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm">the original</a> on May 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16769.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1990-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census1990_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm">the original</a> on June 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B9%9D%E3%80%87%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16772.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2000-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2000_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm"><bdi lang="zh">现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm">the original</a> on August 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E5%B0%862000%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%B1%87%E6%80%BB%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%8B&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020331_15435.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2010-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2010_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm">"Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm">the original</a> on July 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+Major+Figures+of+the+2010+Population+Census&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fnewsandcomingevents%2Ft20110429_402722516.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2015-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2015_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2015_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2015_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1">Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> September 25, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFstin_Jon_Rudelson,_Justin_Ben-Adam_Rudelson1992" class="citation book cs1">stin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ&q=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn"><i>Bones in the sand: the struggle to create Uighur nationalist ideologies in Xinjiang, China</i></a>. Harvard University. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529030237/http://books.google.com/books?id=905wAAAAMAAJ&q=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn&dq=Uighurs+also+mention+the+5000+Uighurs+sent+to+Hunan+during+the+Ming+dynasty+who+today+live+in+Taoyuan+county,+northwest+of+Changsha+.+3+On+the+Dolans+see+Svanberg+1989.+Tor+linguistic+differences+among+the+Uighurs+see+Hahn&hl=en&ei=rRi9TKPaL8L6lwfJ5Zm1DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bones+in+the+sand%3A+the+struggle+to+create+Uighur+nationalist+ideologies+in+Xinjiang%2C+China&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1992&rft.au=stin+Jon+Rudelson%2C+Justin+Ben-Adam+Rudelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D905wAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DUighurs%2Balso%2Bmention%2Bthe%2B5000%2BUighurs%2Bsent%2Bto%2BHunan%2Bduring%2Bthe%2BMing%2Bdynasty%2Bwho%2Btoday%2Blive%2Bin%2BTaoyuan%2Bcounty%2C%2Bnorthwest%2Bof%2BChangsha%2B.%2B3%2BOn%2Bthe%2BDolans%2Bsee%2BSvanberg%2B1989.%2BTor%2Blinguistic%2Bdifferences%2Bamong%2Bthe%2BUighurs%2Bsee%2BHahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngvar_Svanberg1988" class="citation book cs1">Ingvar Svanberg (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=taoyuan"><i>The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution</i></a>. Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86624-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/91-86624-20-2"><bdi>91-86624-20-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528231903/http://books.google.com/books?ei=nw-9TPmTPMXflgfYjpWPDQ&ct=result&id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&dq=taoyuan+uyghur&q=taoyuan">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Altaic-speakers+of+China%3A+numbers+and+distribution&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Centre+for+Mult%5Bi%5Dethnic+Research%2C+Uppsala+University%2C+Faculty+of+Arts&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=91-86624-20-2&rft.au=Ingvar+Svanberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuEyAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtaoyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngvar_Svanberg1988" class="citation book cs1">Ingvar Svanberg (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province."><i>The Altaic-speakers of China: numbers and distribution</i></a>. Centre for Mult[i]ethnic Research, Uppsala University, Faculty of Arts. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86624-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/91-86624-20-2"><bdi>91-86624-20-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529041548/http://books.google.com/books?id=UuEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.&dq=Uighurs+are+the+largest+Turkic-speaking+Muslim+people+of+China.+Most+of+them+live+within+the+Xinjiang+Uighur+Autonomous+Region.+An+isolated+group+of+Uighurs+lives,+however,+in+Taoyuan+and+Changde+xian+of+the+Hunan+province.&hl=en&ei=Ac-8TNDzIoH7lweZ-N3LDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Altaic-speakers+of+China%3A+numbers+and+distribution&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Centre+for+Mult%5Bi%5Dethnic+Research%2C+Uppsala+University%2C+Faculty+of+Arts&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=91-86624-20-2&rft.au=Ingvar+Svanberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuEyAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DUighurs%2Bare%2Bthe%2Blargest%2BTurkic-speaking%2BMuslim%2Bpeople%2Bof%2BChina.%2BMost%2Bof%2Bthem%2Blive%2Bwithin%2Bthe%2BXinjiang%2BUighur%2BAutonomous%2BRegion.%2BAn%2Bisolated%2Bgroup%2Bof%2BUighurs%2Blives%2C%2Bhowever%2C%2Bin%2BTaoyuan%2Band%2BChangde%2Bxian%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHunan%2Bprovince.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_M._Coughlin2006" class="citation book cs1">Kathryn M. Coughlin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&q=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&pg=PA220"><i>Muslim cultures today: a reference guide</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32386-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32386-0"><bdi>0-313-32386-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529015017/http://books.google.com/books?id=UlaBw3MUGBEC&pg=PA220&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&hl=en&ei=WhW9TKTQOsT_lgeip5nMDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCQQ6AEwADgo#v=snippet&q=taoyuan%20uighur%20hunan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+cultures+today%3A+a+reference+guide&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-32386-0&rft.au=Kathryn+M.+Coughlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlaBw3MUGBEC%26q%3Dtaoyuan%2Buighur%2Bhunan%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChih-yu_Shih,_Zhiyu_Shi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chih-yu_Shih" title="Chih-yu Shih">Chih-yu Shih</a>, Zhiyu Shi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=jian+uyghur+hunan&pg=PA133"><i>Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8"><bdi>0-415-28372-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+ethnicity+in+China%3A+citizenship+as+a+response+to+the+state&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28372-8&rft.au=Chih-yu+Shih%2C+Zhiyu+Shi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ePxMW066j8C%26q%3Djian%2Buyghur%2Bhunan%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChih-yu_Shih,_Zhiyu_Shi2002" class="citation book cs1">Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=uygurs+hunan+10%2C000+xinjiang+islam&pg=PA133"><i>Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8"><bdi>0-415-28372-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=uygurs%20hunan%2010%2C000%20xinjiang%20islam&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+ethnicity+in+China%3A+citizenship+as+a+response+to+the+state&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28372-8&rft.au=Chih-yu+Shih%2C+Zhiyu+Shi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ePxMW066j8C%26q%3Duygurs%2Bhunan%2B10%252C000%2Bxinjiang%2Bislam%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChih-yu_Shih,_Zhiyu_Shi2002" class="citation book cs1">Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&q=senior+master+elder+mosque+uygur+allah+customs+koran&pg=PA133"><i>Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8"><bdi>0-415-28372-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213230614/http://books.google.com/books?id=8ePxMW066j8C&pg=PA133&dq=jian+uyghur+hunan&hl=en&ei=-BO9TJ3BK4SBlAfLxZ2GDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=senior%20master%20elder%20mosque%20uygur%20allah%20customs%20koran&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+ethnicity+in+China%3A+citizenship+as+a+response+to+the+state&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28372-8&rft.au=Chih-yu+Shih%2C+Zhiyu+Shi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ePxMW066j8C%26q%3Dsenior%2Bmaster%2Belder%2Bmosque%2Buygur%2Ballah%2Bcustoms%2Bkoran%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChih-yu_Shih,_Zhiyu_Shi2002" class="citation book cs1">Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&q=uygur+ancestor+worship+family+graveyard+changde+xinjiang+jian+hunan+stimulated&pg=PA121"><i>Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8"><bdi>0-415-28372-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014449/http://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&pg=PA121&vq=uygurs+intermarriage+with+muslims&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q=uygur%20ancestor%20worship%20family%20graveyard%20changde%20xinjiang%20jian%20hunan%20stimulated&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+ethnicity+in+China%3A+citizenship+as+a+response+to+the+state&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28372-8&rft.au=Chih-yu+Shih%2C+Zhiyu+Shi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rhxU662vQsC%26q%3Duygur%2Bancestor%2Bworship%2Bfamily%2Bgraveyard%2Bchangde%2Bxinjiang%2Bjian%2Bhunan%2Bstimulated%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChih-yu_Shih,_Zhiyu_Shi2002" class="citation book cs1">Chih-yu Shih, Zhiyu Shi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&q=no+uygurs+in+changde+speak+arabic"><i>Negotiating ethnicity in China: citizenship as a response to the state</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28372-8"><bdi>0-415-28372-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529001653/http://books.google.com/books?id=0rhxU662vQsC&dq=taoyuan+uighur+hunan&q=speak+arabic#v=snippet&q=no%20uygurs%20in%20changde%20speak%20arabic&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+ethnicity+in+China%3A+citizenship+as+a+response+to+the+state&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-28372-8&rft.au=Chih-yu+Shih%2C+Zhiyu+Shi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rhxU662vQsC%26q%3Dno%2Buygurs%2Bin%2Bchangde%2Bspeak%2Barabic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-china.htm">"Muslim in China, Muslim Population & Distribution & Minority in China"</a>. <i>www.topchinatravel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103193156/https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-china.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.topchinatravel.com&rft.atitle=Muslim+in+China%2C+Muslim+Population+%26+Distribution+%26+Minority+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topchinatravel.com%2Fchina-muslim%2Fmuslim-in-china.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-culture1_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/tjgz/tjyw/sjyw/202402/t20240219_32875292.html">"zh: 2022年湖南文化及相关产业增加值占GDP比重为5.27%"</a>. hunan.gov.cn. February 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zh%3A+2022%E5%B9%B4%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8A%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E5%A2%9E%E5%8A%A0%E5%80%BC%E5%8D%A0GDP%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%BA5.27%25&rft.pub=hunan.gov.cn&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftjj.hunan.gov.cn%2Fhntj%2Ftjgz%2Ftjyw%2Fsjyw%2F202402%2Ft20240219_32875292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eats-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eats_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eats_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEats" class="citation web cs1">Eats, Serious. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seriouseats.com/2015/02/introduction-hunan-chinese-cuisine.html">"A Song of Spice and Fire: The Real Deal With Hunan Cuisine"</a>. <i>www.seriouseats.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605003426/https://www.seriouseats.com/2015/02/introduction-hunan-chinese-cuisine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shanghairanking.com&rft.atitle=ShanghaiRanking%27s+Best+Chinese+Universities+Ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Fbcur%2F202321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PANYNJ_2021_report-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PANYNJ_2021_report_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf">"2021 Airport Traffic Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</i>. April 2022. p. 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605173423/https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port+Authority+of+New+York+and+New+Jersey&rft.atitle=2021+Airport+Traffic+Report&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panynj.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fairports%2Fstatistics%2Fstatistics-general-info%2Fannual-atr%2FATR_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hunan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Hunan">Hunan</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hunan#Q45761" class="extiw" title="voy:Hunan">Hunan</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/">Hunan Government website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hu-nan"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hu-nan">"Hu-nan" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">892–</span>893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hu-nan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E892-%3C%2Fspan%3E893&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/hunan.htm">Economic profile for Hunan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">HKTDC</a></li> <li>"<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A%E6%B9%98%E8%B0%B1%EF%BC%9A%E6%B9%96%E6%B9%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%88History_of_Hunanese%2C_Phoelanese%EF%BC%89.pdf&page=1">History of Hunanese</a>", the first book on the history of Hunanese(Phoelanese) civilization and nation from the perspective of we the Hunanese (phoelanese) people.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Hunan24" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Hunan24" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Hunan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Hunan</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hunan_topics535" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunan_topics" title="Template:Hunan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunan_topics" title="Template talk:Hunan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunan_topics535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hunan</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hunan" title="Category:Hunan">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hunan" title="Politics of Hunan">Politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Hunan" title="Category:Geography of Hunan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Changsha_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region">Greater Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zi_River" title="Zi River">Zi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuanjiang River">Yuanjiang River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui_River" title="Lishui River">Lishui River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuling_Mountains" title="Wuling Mountains">Wuling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Mountains" title="Xuefeng Mountains">Xuefeng Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoxiao_Mountains" title="Luoxiao Mountains">Luoxiao Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Dongting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dongting">Lake Dongting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hunan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hunan">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University_of_Arts_and_Science" title="Hunan University of Arts and Science">Hunan University of Arts and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Normal_University" title="Hunan Normal University">Hunan Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Agricultural_University" title="Hunan Agricultural University">Hunan Agricultural University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hunan" title="Culture of Hunan">Culture of Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunanese_people" title="Hunanese people">Hunanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nüshu script">Nü shu writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_embroidery" title="Xiang embroidery">Xiang embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaguxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaguxi">Huaguxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_Academy" title="Yuelu Academy">Yuelu Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_cuisine" title="Hunan cuisine">Hunan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinky_tofu" title="Stinky tofu">Stinky tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27an_chicken" title="Dong'an chicken">Dong'an chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshao_rou" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongshao rou">Hongshao rou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_cha" title="Lei cha">Lei cha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_Hallelujah_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatar Hallelujah Mountain">Avatar Hallelujah Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Hunan)" title="Mount Heng (Hunan)">Mount Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang_County" title="Fenghuang County">Fenghuang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hunan" title="Category:Hunan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hunan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hunan">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County-level_divisions_of_Hunan_Province319" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunan" title="Template:Hunan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunan" title="Template talk:Hunan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County-level_divisions_of_Hunan_Province319" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Hunan" title="List of administrative divisions of Hunan">County-level divisions</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hunan</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Furong District">Furong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifu_District,_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaifu District, Changsha">Kaifu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxin_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianxin District">Tianxin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangcheng District">Wangcheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuelu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuelu District">Yuelu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhua_District,_Changsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuhua District, Changsha">Yuhua District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_County" title="Changsha County">Changsha County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxiang" title="Ningxiang">Ningxiang city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hetang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetang District">Hetang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukou District">Lukou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusong District">Lusong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifeng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shifeng District">Shifeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianyuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianyuan District">Tianyuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liling" title="Liling">Liling city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaling_County" title="Chaling County">Chaling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanling_County,_Hunan" title="Yanling County, Hunan">Yanling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_County" title="You County">You County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuetang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuetang District">Yuetang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuhu District">Yuhu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang" title="Xiangxiang">Xiangxiang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan_County" title="Xiangtan County">Xiangtan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanyue District">Nanyue District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shigu District">Shigu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanfeng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanfeng District">Yanfeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengxiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengxiang District">Zhengxiang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuhui District">Zhuhui District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changning,_Hunan" title="Changning, Hunan">Changning city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiyang" title="Leiyang">Leiyang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengdong_County" title="Hengdong County">Hengdong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengnan_County" title="Hengnan County">Hengnan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshan_County" title="Hengshan County">Hengshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang_County" title="Hengyang County">Hengyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidong_County" title="Qidong County">Qidong County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beita_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Beita District">Beita District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daxiang District">Daxiang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangqing_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuangqing District">Shuangqing District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaodong" title="Shaodong">Shaodong city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Hunan" title="Wugang, Hunan">Wugang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengbu_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Chengbu Miao Autonomous County">Chengbu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongkou_County" title="Dongkou County">Dongkou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhui_County" title="Longhui County">Longhui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_County" title="Shaoyang County">Shaoyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suining_County,_Hunan" title="Suining County, Hunan">Suining County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinning_County,_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinning County, Hunan">Xinning County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinshao_County" title="Xinshao County">Xinshao County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Junshan District">Junshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyanglou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yueyanglou District">Yueyanglou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunxi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunxi District">Yunxi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Hunan" title="Linxiang, Hunan">Linxiang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluo_City" title="Miluo City">Miluo city</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Quyuan_Management_District" title="Quyuan Management District">Quyuan Mgmt Dist</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarong_County" title="Huarong County">Huarong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingjiang_County" title="Pingjiang County">Pingjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyin_County" title="Xiangyin County">Xiangyin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang_County" title="Yueyang County">Yueyang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingcheng District">Dingcheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling District">Wuling District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshi_City" title="Jinshi City">Jinshi city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiang_County" title="Anxiang County">Anxiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshou_County" title="Hanshou County">Hanshou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_County,_Hunan" title="Li County, Hunan">Li County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linli_County" title="Linli County">Linli County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimen_County" title="Shimen County">Shimen County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_County" title="Taoyuan County">Taoyuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulingyuan District">Wulingyuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongding_District,_Zhangjiajie" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongding District, Zhangjiajie">Yongding District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cili_County" title="Cili County">Cili County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangzhi_County" title="Sangzhi County">Sangzhi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heshan_District,_Yiyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshan District, Yiyang">Heshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyang District">Ziyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang" title="Yuanjiang">Yuanjiang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhua_County" title="Anhua County">Anhua County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_County" title="Nan County">Nan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taojiang_County" title="Taojiang County">Taojiang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beihu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Beihu District">Beihu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Suxian District">Suxian District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zixing" title="Zixing">Zixing City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anren_County" title="Anren County">Anren County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidong_County" title="Guidong County">Guidong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_County" title="Guiyang County">Guiyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiahe_County" title="Jiahe County">Jiahe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linwu_County" title="Linwu County">Linwu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucheng_County" title="Rucheng County">Rucheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizhang_County" title="Yizhang County">Yizhang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongxing_County" title="Yongxing County">Yongxing County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lengshuitan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lengshuitan District">Lengshuitan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingling District">Lingling District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang" title="Qiyang">Qiyang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_County" title="Dao County">Dao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27an_County" title="Dong'an County">Dong'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianghua_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Jianghua Yao Autonomous County"> Jianghua County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyong_County" title="Jiangyong County">Jiangyong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanshan_County" title="Lanshan County">Lanshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningyuan_County" title="Ningyuan County">Ningyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangpai_County" title="Shuangpai County">Shuangpai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xintian_County" title="Xintian County">Xintian County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hecheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecheng District">Hecheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjiang" title="Hongjiang">Hongjiang city</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hongjiang_District" title="Hongjiang District">Hongjiang Mgmt Dist</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenxi_County" title="Chenxi County">Chenxi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitong_County" title="Huitong County">Huitong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhou_Miao_and_Dong_Autonomous_County" title="Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County">Jingzhou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Mayang Miao Autonomous County">Mayang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Dong_Autonomous_County" title="Tongdao Dong Autonomous County">Tongdao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhuang_Dong_Autonomous_County" title="Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County">Xinhuang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xupu_County" title="Xupu County">Xupu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanling_County" title="Yuanling County">Yuanling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijiang_Dong_Autonomous_County" title="Zhijiang Dong Autonomous County">Zhijiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongfang_County" title="Zhongfang County">Zhongfang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louxing_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Louxing District">Louxing District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengshuijiang" title="Lengshuijiang">Lengshuijiang city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyuan" title="Lianyuan">Lianyuan city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_County" title="Shuangfeng County">Shuangfeng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_County" title="Xinhua County">Xinhua County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Xiangxi56" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jishou" title="Jishou">Jishou city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baojing_County" title="Baojing County">Baojing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang_County" title="Fenghuang County">Fenghuang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzhang_County" title="Guzhang County">Guzhang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayuan_County" title="Huayuan County">Huayuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_County" title="Longshan County">Longshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxi_County,_Hunan" title="Luxi County, Hunan">Luxi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongshun_County" title="Yongshun County">Yongshun County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provincial-level_divisions_of_China602" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Template:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Template talk:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provincial-level_divisions_of_China602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Province-level divisions of China">Provincial-level divisions of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_blank_province_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/150px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/225px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/300px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipality" title="Direct-administered municipality">Direct-administered municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Disputed province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size:80%;"><div><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a> is <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">claimed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> but administered by the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a>).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146568259">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205462/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmH8wGgp7dqptJc7dfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026179-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79064833">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12009405f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12009405f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36732272">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hunan (Čína : provincie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge118448&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4804710">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564350305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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