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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ma_Clique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ma_Clique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ma Clique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ma_Clique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_three_families_of_the_Ma_clique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_three_families_of_the_Ma_clique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The three families of the Ma clique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_three_families_of_the_Ma_clique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Ma_clique_generals_and_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Ma_clique_generals_and_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of Ma clique generals and officers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_Ma_clique_generals_and_officers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of Ma clique generals and officers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_Ma_clique_generals_and_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Second family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Third family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family trees</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family_trees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family trees subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_family_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_family_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_family_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_family_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_family_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_family_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_family_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_family_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Third family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_family_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_family_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_family_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other notable family members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_family_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_wars_fought_by_the_Ma_clique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_wars_fought_by_the_Ma_clique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klika_Ma" title="Klika Ma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klika Ma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarilla_Ma" title="Camarilla Ma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camarilla Ma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_des_Ma" title="Clique des Ma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clique des Ma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B0%80%EA%B5%B0" title="마가군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마가군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मा परिवार सेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मा परिवार सेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelompok_Ma" title="Kelompok Ma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelompok Ma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricca_Ma" title="Cricca Ma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cricca Ma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%B6%E8%BB%8D" title="馬家軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="馬家軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0" title="Клика Ма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клика Ма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibei_San_Ma" title="Xibei San Ma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Xibei San Ma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D6%B7_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מאַ קליק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאַ קליק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%AE%B6%E5%86%9B" title="马家军 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马家军" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the training group of Chinese track athletes, see <a href="/wiki/Ma_Junren" title="Ma Junren">Ma Junren</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hui Chinese Muslim political faction in the Warlord Era</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox 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colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ma clique</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬家軍</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1862–1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> (1927–1949)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> (after 1928)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">First Dungan revolt</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dungan_revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan revolt (1895–1896)">Second Dungan revolt</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion" title="Bai Lang Rebellion">Bai Lang Rebellion</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927%E2%80%931930)" title="Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930)">Muslim conflict in Gansu</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Governor of Gansu (1911–1918)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Governor of Qinghai (1915–1928) and Chairman of Qinghai (1929–1931)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Governor of Ningxia (1921–1928; 1948–1949) and Governor of Gansu (1930–1931)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Governor of Qinghai (1931–1938)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Governor of Qinghai (1938–1949)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Governor of Ningxia (1931–1948)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Tao-yins of Kashgar</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxing" title="Ma Fuxing">Ma Fuxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Shaowu" title="Ma Shaowu">Ma Shaowu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commander of the <a href="/wiki/New_36th_Division" title="New 36th Division">New 36th Division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commander of the New 36th Division</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hushan</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Ma clique</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">馬家軍(閥)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">马家军(阀)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Ma Family Army<br />Ma Family Military Clique</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mǎ Jiā Jūn(fá)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl">ﻣَﺎ ﮐﯿَا کٌ ﻓَﺎ</span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ma clique</b> or <b>Ma family warlords</b><sup id="cite_ref-lipman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lipman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a collective name for a group of <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> (Muslim Chinese) warlords in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern China</a> who ruled the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese provinces">Chinese provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> for 10 years from 1919 until 1928. Following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in 1912, the region came under Chinese Muslim warlord <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a>'s control until the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> by the Republic of China consolidated central control in 1928. There were three families in the Ma clique ("Ma" being a common Hui rendering of the common <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> name "<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_(name)" title="Muhammad (name)">Muhammad</a>"), each of them respectively controlled, parts of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>. The three most prominent members of the clique were <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a>, collectively known as the <b>Xibei San Ma</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">西北三馬</span>, <i>Three Ma of the Northwest</i>). Some contemporary accounts, such as <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Edgar Snow</a>'s, described the clique as the "Four Ma" (rather than Three), adding Ma Bufang's brother <a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a> to the list of the top warlords.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent Ma's included <a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hu-shan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ma_Clique">Ma Clique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ma Clique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Clique_Kuomintang_Cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ma_Clique_Kuomintang_Cavalry.jpg/220px-Ma_Clique_Kuomintang_Cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ma_Clique_Kuomintang_Cavalry.jpg/330px-Ma_Clique_Kuomintang_Cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ma_Clique_Kuomintang_Cavalry.jpg/440px-Ma_Clique_Kuomintang_Cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>The Muslim family of General Ma Bufang, favorable to the defense of Chiang, to the fight against corruption of Feng Yuxiang in Noroeste</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ma Clique warlords were all generals in the military of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, who controlled most of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> until it was overtaken by the communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. The clique was begun by Muslim generals who served in the military of the Qing dynasty, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Kansu_Braves" title="Kansu Braves">Kansu Braves</a> army, who fought in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> against invading foreign forces. It was continued by two generations of their descendants. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> overthrew the Qing, the Ma Clique Generals declared their allegiance to the Republic of China. Unlike the Mongols, Hui Muslims refused to secede from the Republic, and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a> quickly used his diplomatic and military powers to make the Tibetan and Mongol nobles recognize the Republic of China government as their overlord, and sent a message to President <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> reaffirming that <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> was securely in the Republic. He replaced "Long, Long, Long, Live the reigning Emperor", with "Long live the Republic of China" on inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Anliang also agreed to join the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> seized power in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>, the Ma Clique warlords became members of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> party, and their armies were renamed as divisions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>. The Ma Clique <a href="/wiki/Ninghai_Army" title="Ninghai Army">Ninghai Army</a> under General Ma Qi was renamed the National Revolutionary Army 26th Division. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a> led the <a href="/wiki/36th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">KMT 36th Division</a> to fight against the pro-Soviet governor of Xinjiang, <a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a>, and the Soviets themselves during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Invasion_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang</a>. The 36th Division also crushed the <a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kashgar_(1934)" title="Battle of Kashgar (1934)">Battle of Kashgar (1934)</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a>, Ma Clique forces led by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> defeated the Tibetan Army. Also during the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Pacification_of_Qinghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai">Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai</a> Ma Bufang waged war against Tibetan tribes in Qinghai to bring them under his control. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, Ma Clique forces fought against the Japanese, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a> led his 81st corps to defeat the Japanese at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuyuan" title="Battle of Wuyuan">Battle of Wuyuan</a>. Ma Bufang sent <a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(general)" title="Ma Biao (general)">Ma Biao</a> to attack the Japanese army. 40 years before, Ma Biao had fought in the Boxer Rebellion against the Eight Nation Alliance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> was ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> to invade <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in the 1940s to intimidate and help oust the forces of the pro Soviet Governor <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a>. The Ma Clique forces also clashed with the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_three_families_of_the_Ma_clique">The three families of the Ma clique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The three families of the Ma clique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first family was headed by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Zhanao">Ma Zhanao</a>. He had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a>, and Ma Guoliang, both of whom became Qing generals. Ma Anliang later became a general in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. Ma Anliang had five sons, three of whom were unknown. The other two were Ma Tingran and Ma Tingxian, who was executed in 1962 by the People's Court. </p><p>The second family was headed by Ma Qianling. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a> were cousins. Their respective fathers, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fulu" title="Ma Fulu">Ma Fulu</a> (马福绿) (1854–1900) and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a> (马福祥) (1876–1932) came from Yangzhushan (阳注山) village in Hanji Town (presently, the county seat of <a href="/wiki/Linxia_County" title="Linxia County">Linxia County</a>), and were half-brothers. Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang's father <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qianling" title="Ma Qianling">Ma Qianling</a>, originally a small merchant and farmer from <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Hezhou</a>, had been an associate of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhan%27ao" title="Ma Zhan'ao">Ma Zhan'ao</a> – the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Hezhou</a> region during the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan revolt (1862–1877)">Great Muslim Rebellion</a> of the 1860s – and went over to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> government's side in 1872 along with Ma Zhan'ao himself; rewarded by the government and successful in his business, he had four sons with his three wives.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Zhanao was the father of another 2 Ma clique warlords, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a> and Ma Guoliang.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Qianling also had several nephews who died along with Ma Fulu in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a> started the third family. He had two sons, Ma Qi, and Ma Lin. Ma Qi had 2 sons, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, originally from Monigou Township (漠泥沟乡) in <a href="/wiki/Linxia_County" title="Linxia County">Linxia County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lvyou_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lvyou-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their father, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a> (1869–1931), was based in <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>, controlling what is today <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> Province. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a> was Ma Qi's nephew, and thus a cousin of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hushan</a> was also a member of this family. This family controlled <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> province. One Generation of this family had the same <a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation name</a>, 步 (Bù), <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bukang" title="Ma Bukang">Ma Bukang</a>, Ma Buluan, and Ma Zhongying (whose original name was Ma Buying) all had the Bu character in their names and were of the same generation, all being grandsons of Ma Haiyan. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Bufang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ma Bufang"><img alt="Ma Bufang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg/106px-Ma_Bufang.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg/158px-Ma_Bufang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg/211px-Ma_Bufang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ma Bufang</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Hongkui.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ma Hongkui"><img alt="Ma Hongkui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ma_Hongkui.jpg/78px-Ma_Hongkui.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ma_Hongkui.jpg/117px-Ma_Hongkui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ma_Hongkui.jpg/156px-Ma_Hongkui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ma Hongkui</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Zhongying.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ma Zhongying"><img alt="Ma Zhongying" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ma_Zhongying.jpg/76px-Ma_Zhongying.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ma_Zhongying.jpg/114px-Ma_Zhongying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ma_Zhongying.jpg/152px-Ma_Zhongying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ma Zhongying</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ma Lin"><img alt="Ma Lin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ma_Lin.jpg/89px-Ma_Lin.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ma_Lin.jpg/134px-Ma_Lin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ma_Lin.jpg/179px-Ma_Lin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="807" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ma Lin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ma clique traces its origins to the officers of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> General <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a> was the de facto leader of the Muslims of northwest China.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Three (or Five) Ma took control of the region during the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a>, siding first with the <a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>; they fought against the Red Army during the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> and the Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. </p><p>The Ma Clique controlled vast amounts of land in the northwest, including Xining and Hezhou.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> had granted <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>'s family a yellow standard which had his family name "Ma" on it. Ma Bufang continued to use this standard in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> recruited many <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a> officers from <a href="/wiki/Xunhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xunhua">Xunhua</a> County into his army like Han Yimu and General <a href="/wiki/Han_Youwen" title="Han Youwen">Han Youwen</a>. </p><p>During one campaign against the Communists in the Civil War, in Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia, Muslim soldiers numbered 31,000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, the Ma fought for the Kuomintang side in defiance until the communists <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_Campaign" title="Lanzhou Campaign">wiped out his cavalry</a> and took Gansu in August 1949, just months before the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Upon <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_Campaign" title="Lanzhou Campaign">the arrival of communist forces</a>, Ma Hongbin had little possibility of winning and joined to communists' side. He was appointed vice-chairman (later restyled vice-governor) of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> province. He later died in <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> in 1960. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a> fled with the Kuomintang to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. He was indicted by Republic of China Control Yuan as a scapegoat. He later migrated to the United States, where he died on January 14, 1970. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a> with his son Ma Jiyuan fled by an airplane from <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. In October 1949, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> urged him to return to the Northwest to resist the PLA, but he chose to migrate to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> with more than 200 relatives and subordinates, in the name of <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>. He later worked as the first ambassador to Saudi Arabia for the Republic of China. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a>'s eldest son Ma Burong defected to the Communists after 1949 and donated 10,000 Yuan to support Chinese troops in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. One of Ma Chengxiang's Hui officers, Ma Fuchen <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%BC%94%E8%87%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:馬輔臣">馬輔臣</a>, defected to the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ma Guoliang's son Ma Tingbin became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> after defecting to the Communists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Ma_clique_generals_and_officers">List of Ma clique generals and officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of Ma clique generals and officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_family">First family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Zhanao">Ma Zhanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Guoliang" title="Ma Guoliang">Ma Guoliang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Suiliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Suiliang (page does not exist)">Ma Suiliang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Tingxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Tingxiang (page does not exist)">Ma Tingxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Tingxian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Tingxian (page does not exist)">Ma Tingxian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Tingbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Tingbin (page does not exist)">Ma Tingbin</a> aka Ma Quanqin</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Jieqin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Jieqin (page does not exist)">Ma Jieqin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_family">Second family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qianling" title="Ma Qianling">Ma Qianling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fulu" title="Ma Fulu">Ma Fulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fushou" title="Ma Fushou">Ma Fushou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Fucai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Fucai (page does not exist)">Ma Fucai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Dunjing_(1906%E2%80%931972)" title="Ma Dunjing (1906–1972)">Ma Dunjing (1906–1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Dunjing_(1910%E2%80%932003)" title="Ma Dunjing (1910–2003)">Ma Dunjing (1910–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Dunhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Dunhou (page does not exist)">Ma Dunhou</a> (Ma Tung-hou)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Dunren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Dunren (page does not exist)">Ma Dunren</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officers">Officers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxing" title="Ma Fuxing">Ma Fuxing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Chiang-liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Chiang-liang (page does not exist)">Ma Chiang-liang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_family">Third family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Haiyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Haiyuan (page does not exist)">Ma Haiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Bao (page does not exist)">Ma Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Guzhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Guzhong (page does not exist)">Ma Guzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Liang_(general)" title="Ma Liang (general)">Ma Liang (general)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuanxiang" title="Ma Yuanxiang">Ma Yuanxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bukang" title="Ma Bukang">Ma Bukang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buluan" title="Ma Buluan">Ma Buluan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Burong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Burong (page does not exist)">Ma Burong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Buyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Buyuan (page does not exist)">Ma Buyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a> (Ma Buying)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Zhenwu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Zhenwu (page does not exist)">Ma Zhenwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hushan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Xuyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Xuyuan (page does not exist)">Ma Xuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Weiguo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Weiguo (page does not exist)">Ma Weiguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Jiyuan" title="Ma Jiyuan">Ma Jiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chengxiang" title="Ma Chengxiang">Ma Chengxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(general)" title="Ma Biao (general)">Ma Biao (general)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Burong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Burong (page does not exist)">Ma Burong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officers_2">Officers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Youwen" title="Han Youwen">Han Youwen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Yimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Yimu (page does not exist)">Han Yimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhancang" title="Ma Zhancang">Ma Zhancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuyuan" title="Ma Fuyuan">Ma Fuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Shiming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Shiming (page does not exist)">Ma Shiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ju-lung_(Nationalist_general)" title="Ma Ju-lung (Nationalist general)">Ma Ju-lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pai_Tzu-li" title="Pai Tzu-li">Pai Tzu-li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Sheng-kuei" title="Ma Sheng-kuei">Ma Sheng-kuei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Chin-shou" title="Su Chin-shou">Su Chin-shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xizhen" title="Ma Xizhen">Ma Xizhen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_trees">Family trees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are the family trees of the Ma Clique.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipman_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These trees are not exhaustive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_family_2">First family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Zhanao">Ma Zhanao</a><br />(Ma Zhan'ao or<br />Ma Chan-ao)<br />馬占鰲</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a><br />(Ma An-liang)<br />馬安良</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Guoliang" title="Ma Guoliang">Ma Guoliang</a><br />(Ma Kuo-liang)<br />馬國良</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Suiliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Suiliang (page does not exist)">Ma Suiliang</a><br />(Ma Sui-liang)<br />馬遂良</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Tingxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Tingxiang (page does not exist)">Ma Tingxiang</a><br />(Ma T'ing-hsiang)<br />馬廷勷</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Tingxian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Tingxian (page does not exist)">Ma Tingxian</a><br />(Ma T'ing-hsien)<br />馬廷賢</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Tingbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Tingbin (page does not exist)">Ma Tingbin</a><br />(Ma T'ing-pin)<br />馬廷斌 aka<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Quanqin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Quanqin (page does not exist)">Ma Quanqin</a><br /><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%A8%E6%AC%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:馬全欽">馬全欽</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_family_2">Second family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qianling" title="Ma Qianling">Ma Qianling</a><br />(Ma Ch'ien-ling)<br />馬千齡</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fushou" title="Ma Fushou">Ma Fushou</a><br />(Ma Fu-shou)<br />馬福壽</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Fucai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Fucai (page does not exist)">Ma Fucai</a><br />(Ma Fu-ts'ai)<br />馬福財</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fulu" title="Ma Fulu">Ma Fulu</a><br />(Ma Fu-lu)<br />馬福綠</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a><br />(Ma Fu-hsiang)<br />馬福祥</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a><br />(Ma Hung-pin,<br />misspelled as<br />Ma Hung-ping)<br />馬鴻賓</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a><br />(Ma Hung-kuei or<br />Ma Hung-kwei)<br />馬鴻逵</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Dunjing_(1906%E2%80%931972)" title="Ma Dunjing (1906–1972)">Ma Dunjing</a><br />(Ma Tun-ching)<br />馬惇靖</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Dunhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Dunhou (page does not exist)">Ma Dunhou</a><br />(Ma Tun-hou,<br />misspelled as<br />Ma Tung-hou)<br />馬敦厚</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Dunjing_(1910%E2%80%932003)" title="Ma Dunjing (1910–2003)">Ma Dunjing</a><br />(Ma Tun-ching)<br />馬敦靜</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Dunren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Dunren (page does not exist)">Ma Dunren</a><br />(Ma Tun-jen)<br />馬敦仁</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_family_2">Third family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Third family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Unknown</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Haiyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Haiyuan (page does not exist)">Ma Haiyuan</a><br />(Ma Hai-yüan)<br />馬海淵</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a><br />(Ma Hai-yan)<br />馬海晏</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Bao (page does not exist)">Ma Bao</a><br />(Ma Pao)<br />馬寶</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Guzhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Guzhong (page does not exist)">Ma Guzhong</a><br />(Ma Ku-chung)<br />馬??</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a><br />(Ma Ch'i)<br />馬麒</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a><br />馬麟</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a><br />(Ma Chung-ying)<br />馬仲英<br />(Ma Buying,<br />Ma Pu-ying<br />馬步英)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a><br />(Ma Pu-ch'ing)<br />馬步青</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a><br />(Ma Pu-fang)<br />馬步芳</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Burong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Burong (page does not exist)">Ma Burong</a><br />(Ma Pu-jung)<br />馬步榮</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Buyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Buyuan (page does not exist)">Ma Buyuan</a><br />(Ma Pu-yüan)<br />馬步援</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Xuyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Xuyuan (page does not exist)">Ma Xuyuan</a><br />(Ma Hsü-yüan)<br />馬緒援</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Weiguo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Weiguo (page does not exist)">Ma Weiguo</a><br />(Ma Wei-kuo)<br />馬衛國</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Jiyuan" title="Ma Jiyuan">Ma Jiyuan</a><br />(Ma Chi-yüan)<br />馬繼援</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_notable_family_members">Other notable family members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other notable family members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outer notable family members include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuanzhang" title="Ma Yuanzhang">Ma Yuanzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Shenglin" title="Ma Shenglin">Ma Shenglin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_wars_fought_by_the_Ma_clique">List of wars fought by the Ma clique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of wars fought by the Ma clique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1899–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a> (1915–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927%E2%80%931930)" title="Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930)">Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golok_conflicts_(1917%E2%80%931949)" title="Golok conflicts (1917–1949)">Golok conflicts (1917–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1927–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> (1931–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War_of_1930%E2%80%931932" title="Sino-Tibetan War of 1930–1932">Sino-Tibetan War of 1930–1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_War_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang War (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a> (1950–1958)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ma_Clique" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ma Clique">Ma Clique</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warlord_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlord era">Warlord Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_warlords_and_military_cliques_in_the_Warlord_Era" title="List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era">List of Warlords</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lipman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lipman_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLipman1998" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_FGPtLEoYQC"><i>Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 258 (the main index entry for "Ma family warlords"). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-468-6" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-468-6"><bdi>962-209-468-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.pages=258+%28the+main+index+entry+for+%22Ma+family+warlords%22%29&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-209-468-6&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Neaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_FGPtLEoYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Edgar Snow</a>, <i>Red Star Over China</i>. Chapter 4, "Moslem and Marxist". Numerous editions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=ma+qi+general&pg=PA43"><i>Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dma%2Bqi%2Bgeneral%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Neaman_Lipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=twenty+battalions+of+loyal+muslim+braves&pg=PA168"><i>Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6"><bdi>0-295-97644-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-97644-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CN0vtxdY0C%26q%3Dtwenty%2Bbattalions%2Bof%2Bloyal%2Bmuslim%2Bbraves%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lipman (1998), pp. 167–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Neaman_Lipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=ma+zhan%27ao+son+ma+anliang&pg=PA168"><i>Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6"><bdi>0-295-97644-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-97644-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CN0vtxdY0C%26q%3Dma%2Bzhan%2527ao%2Bson%2Bma%2Banliang%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Neaman_Lipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&q=ma+guoliang+brother&pg=PA168"><i>Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6"><bdi>0-295-97644-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-97644-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CN0vtxdY0C%26q%3Dma%2Bguoliang%2Bbrother%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lvyou-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lvyou_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"临夏旅游" (Linxia Tourism), published by Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture Tourist Board, 2003. 146 pages. No ISBN. pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign._Center_for_Asian_Studies1979" class="citation book cs1">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNAMAQAAMAAJ&q=+moslem+clique++fu+hsiang+an-liang"><i>Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5–7</i></a>. p. 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Republican+studies+newsletter%2C+Volumes+5%E2%80%937&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1979&rft.au=University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign.+Center+for+Asian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNAMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2Bmoslem%2Bclique%2B%2Bfu%2Bhsiang%2Ban-liang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Roelker_WulsinJoseph_Francis_Fletcher1979" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Roelker Wulsin; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fletcher" title="Joseph Fletcher">Joseph Francis Fletcher</a> (1979). "Contributors: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, National Geographic Society (U.S.), Peabody Museum of Salem, Pacific Asia Museum". In Mary Ellen Alonso (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WltwAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+qi+muslim"><i>China's Inner Asian Frontier: Photographs of the Wulsin Expedition to Northwest China in 1923: From the Archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society</i></a>. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-11968-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-11968-1"><bdi>0-674-11968-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contributors%3A+Peabody+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Ethnology%2C+National+Geographic+Society+%28U.S.%29%2C+Peabody+Museum+of+Salem%2C+Pacific+Asia+Museum&rft.btitle=China%27s+Inner+Asian+Frontier%3A+Photographs+of+the+Wulsin+Expedition+to+Northwest+China+in+1923%3A+From+the+Archives+of+the+Peabody+Museum%2C+Harvard+University%2C+and+the+National+Geographic+Society&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Peabody+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Ethnology%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-674-11968-1&rft.au=Frederick+Roelker+Wulsin&rft.au=Joseph+Francis+Fletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWltwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bqi%2Bmuslim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean_King2010" class="citation book cs1">Dean King (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJqPc4tqSGEC&q=ma+bufang+commanded+30%2C000+muslim+soldiers&pg=PT253"><i>Unbound: A True Story of War, Love, and Survival</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Hachette Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-16708-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-16708-6"><bdi>978-0-316-16708-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbound%3A+A+True+Story+of+War%2C+Love%2C+and+Survival&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hachette+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-316-16708-6&rft.au=Dean+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJqPc4tqSGEC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bcommanded%2B30%252C000%2Bmuslim%2Bsoldiers%26pg%3DPT253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foATAAAAIAAJ&q=31000+Mohammedan+troops+(Kansu,+Ninghsia,+Chinghai)+40000+Communist+army+(Kansu"><i>The China monthly review, Volumes 80–81</i></a>. J.W. Powell. 1937. p. 56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+monthly+review%2C+Volumes+80%E2%80%9381&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=J.W.+Powell&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoATAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D31000%2BMohammedan%2Btroops%2B%28Kansu%2C%2BNinghsia%2C%2BChinghai%29%2B40000%2BCommunist%2Barmy%2B%28Kansu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508182927/http://www.qh.xinhuanet.com/2009-11/10/content_18191427.htm">"怀念马辅臣先生"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qh.xinhuanet.com/2009-11/10/content_18191427.htm">the original</a> on May 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%80%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%85%E8%87%A3%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qh.xinhuanet.com%2F2009-11%2F10%2Fcontent_18191427.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618052044/http://www.gs.xinhuanet.com/dfpd/2011-01/04/content_21782709.htm">"马辅臣--民族工商业家"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gs.xinhuanet.com/dfpd/2011-01/04/content_21782709.htm">the original</a> on June 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%85%E8%87%A3--%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%AE%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gs.xinhuanet.com%2Fdfpd%2F2011-01%2F04%2Fcontent_21782709.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipman-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lipman_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017">Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul., 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Sage Publications, Inc.. p. 291. JSTOR 189017.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33588/11/15301511.pdf">甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lipman, Jonathan N. (July 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>10</b> (3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 285–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770048401000302">10.1177/009770048401000302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189017">189017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143843569">143843569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Politics+in+Republican+China%3A+The+Ma+Family+Warlords+of+Gansu&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-316&rft.date=1984-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143843569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F189017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009770048401000302&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+clique" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn-xsm.html">Xibei San Ma at FOTW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/189017?cookieSet=1">Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu by Jonathan Neaman Lipman | Mount Holyoke College | Modern China © 1984 Sage Publications, Inc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201222835/http://tc.wangchao.net.cn/baike/detail_1648252.html">馬家將</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702131936/http://www.chinaislam.net.cn/cms/whyj/mmxm/zmrs/201412/14-7574.html">让日军闻风丧胆地回族抗日名将</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311072734/http://www.5ask.cn/redian/2015061840203.html">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/22px-Beiyang_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/33px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/44px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> and warlordism during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1915–1924</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1925–1934</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_warlords_and_military_cliques_in_the_Warlord_Era" title="List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era">Factions</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1911–1914</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion" title="Bai Lang Rebellion">Bai Lang Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1913</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915–1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Death of Yuan Shikai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Golok_rebellions_(1917%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golok rebellions (1917–1949)">Golok rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1918–1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">Shandong Problem</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Occupation of Outer Mongolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Zhili%E2%80%93Anhui_War" title="Zhili–Anhui War">Zhili–Anhui War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Guangdong–Guangxi War">Guangdong–Guangxi War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Soldier_rebellions_(1920%E2%80%931926)" title="Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926)">Spirit Soldier rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China">1st National CPC Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/First_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="First Zhili–Fengtian War">First Zhili–Fengtian War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923–1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lincheng_Outrage" title="Lincheng Outrage">Lincheng Outrage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1924</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="Second Zhili–Fengtian War">Second Zhili–Fengtian War</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton_Merchants%27_Corps_Uprising" title="Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising">Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Coup" title="Beijing Coup">Beijing Coup</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Yunnan–Guangxi War">Yunnan–Guangxi War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fengtian_War" title="Anti-Fengtian War">Anti-Fengtian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Zhongshan Warship Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926–1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_government#Nanjing–Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan government">Nanjing–Wuhan Split</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Nationalist-Communist Civil War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">July 15 Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927–1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)">Muslim conflict in Gansu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Huanggutun_incident" title="Huanggutun incident">Huanggutun incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Flag_Replacement" title="Northeast Flag Replacement">Northeast Flag Replacement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Red_Spears%27_uprising_in_Shandong_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Red Spears' uprising in Shandong (1928–1929)">Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang-Gui_War" title="Chiang-Gui War">Chiang-Gui War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Rebellion_in_northeastern_Shandong" title="Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong">Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Revolt" title="Beijing Revolt">Beijing Revolt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930–1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1931–1935</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War" title="Han–Liu War">Han–Liu War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Two-Liu_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Liu war">Two-Liu war</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1934</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ningxia_(1934)" title="War in Ningxia (1934)">War in Ningxia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anhui_clique" title="Anhui clique">Anhui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_clique" title="Zhili clique">Zhili</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fengtian_clique" title="Fengtian clique">Fengtian</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Pacification_Army" title="National Pacification Army">National Pacification Army</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_Army_(Fengtian_clique)" title="Zhili Army (Fengtian clique)">Zhili Army</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_clique" title="Shanxi clique">Shanxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_clique" title="Yunnan clique">Yunnan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_clique" title="Sichuan clique">Sichuan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Guangxi_clique" title="Old Guangxi clique">Old Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique" title="New Guangxi clique">New Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiongming" title="Chen Jiongming">Guangdong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guizhou_clique" title="Guizhou clique">Guizhou</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang <span style="font-size:85%;">(KMT)</span></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(CCP)</span></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&oldid=1245686185">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&oldid=1245686185</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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