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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_faculty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_faculty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable faculty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_faculty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fictional alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MITPhysics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/MITPhysics.jpg/220px-MITPhysics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/MITPhysics.jpg/330px-MITPhysics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/MITPhysics.jpg/440px-MITPhysics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3942" data-file-height="2958" /></a><figcaption>Building 6C is located at the core of the MIT Physics Department. Laboratories are often distributed throughout campus depending on their research areas.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>MIT Department of Physics</b> has over 120 faculty members, is often cited as the largest physics department in the United States, and hosts top-ranked programs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It offers the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">SB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">SM</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ScD" class="mw-redirect" title="ScD">ScD</a> degrees. Fourteen alumni of the department and nine current or former faculty members (two of whom were also students at MIT) have won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.The Department of Physics was born when MIT founder William Barton Rogers proposed in 1865 to bring their Mens et Manus philosophy to life by creating a new laboratory of physics and mechanics in another department’s back room.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate_academics">Undergraduate academics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Undergraduate academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two paths to earning a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> (SB) in physics from MIT. The first, "Course 8 Focused Option", is for students intending to continue studying physics in graduate school.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The track offers a rigorous education in various fields in fundamental physics including <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical physics">statistical physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodynamics">electrodynamics</a>, and higher mathematics. </p><p>The second, "Course 8 Flexible Option" is designed for those students who would like to develop a strong background in physics but who would like to branch off into other research directions or more unconventional career paths, such as information theory, computer science, finance, and biophysics. A significant part of the student's third and fourth undergraduate years are left open for relevant electives and graduate classes, which then form a specialization. Both tracks have a strong emphasis on laboratory instruction, with the third year often reserved for two "Junior Lab" courses. Most students partaking in undergraduate research or a research-oriented internship.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduate_academics">Graduate academics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Graduate academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The department offers doctoral degrees in the following divisions: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.mit.edu/">astrophysics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/physics/research/abcp/areas.html">atomic and optical physics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpls.scripts.mit.edu/wordpress/">biophysics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/physics/research/abcp/areas.html#cmx">experimental condensed matter physics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/physics/cmt/">theoretical condensed matter physics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/lns/">experimental nuclear/particle physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="MIT Center for Theoretical Physics">theoretical nuclear/particle physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Plasma_Science_and_Fusion_Center" title="MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center">plasma physics</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qis.mit.edu/">quantum computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The department is divided into four main research areas, namely a) astrophysics, b) atomic, biophysics, condensed matter, and plasma physics, c) experimental nuclear and particle physics, and d) theoretical nuclear and particle physics. A large amount of research is conducted the department's 17 affiliated labs and centers, a list which includes the Research Laboratory of Electronics, the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Plasma_Science_and_Fusion_Center" title="MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center">Plasma Science and Fusion Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="MIT Center for Theoretical Physics">Center for Theoretical Physics</a>, the Condensed Matter Theory Group, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT%E2%80%93Harvard_Center_for_Ultracold_Atoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIT–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms (page does not exist)">MIT–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_faculty">Notable faculty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable faculty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nobel laureates in the faculty are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C.C. Ting</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome I. Friedman</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Kendall</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> (2017)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science_alumni" title="Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni">Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni</a> for a longer list</i></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Nobel laureates</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Cornell</a> (PhD 1990), Bose–Einstein condensate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> (SB 1939), quantum electrodynamics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> (PhD 1951), quarks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Kendall</a> (PhD 1955), deep inelastic scattering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Robert Laughlin</a> (PhD 1979), fractional quantum Hall effect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William D. Phillips</a> (PhD 1976), laser cooling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> (SB 1952, PhD 1956), J/psi particle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> (SB 1992), high-Z supernova search team</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a> (SB 1953), BCS theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> (PhD 1936), transistor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">George Smoot</a> (SB 1966, PhD 1970), cosmic microwave background radiation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl E. Wieman</a> (SB 1973), Bose–Einstein condensate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> (SB 1965, PhD 1962), LIGO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> (SB 1982), supermassive black hole in galaxy</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other major physics discoveries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Gerald Guralnik</a> (SB 1958), <a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Hagen" title="C. R. Hagen">Carl Richard Hagen</a> (SB & SM 1958, PhD 1962), <a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Breakthrough Prizes in Fundamental Physics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a> (SB & SM 1969, PhD 1972), theory of <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Cumrun Vafa</a> (SB 1981), string theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Andrew Strominger</a> (PhD 1982), string theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bennett" title="Charles L. Bennett">Charles L. Bennett</a> (PhD 1984), <a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Kane" title="Charles L. Kane">Charles Kane</a> (PhD 1989), <a href="/wiki/Topological_insulator" title="Topological insulator">topological insulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_J._Mele" title="Eugene J. Mele">Eugene Mele</a> (PhD 1978), topological insulators</li></ul> <dl><dt>In government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a> (PhD 1957), chair of <a href="/wiki/White_House_Science_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Science Council">White House Science Council</a> under Bush and Reagan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a> (SB 1968, PhD 1973), chair of US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, president of RPI, second black woman to earn a physics PhD in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Papademos" title="Lucas Papademos">Lucas Papademos</a> (SB 1970), prime minister of Greece</li></ul> <dl><dt>Astronauts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_McNair" title="Ronald McNair">Ronald McNair</a> (PhD 1976), Challenger astronaut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Apt" title="Jerome Apt">Jerome J. Apt</a> (PhD 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Grunsfeld" title="John M. Grunsfeld">John M. Grunsfeld</a> (SB 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a> (SM 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Woodward" title="Neil Woodward">Neil Woodward</a> (SB 1984)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_alumni">Fictional alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fictional alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Freeman" title="Gordon Freeman">Gordon Freeman</a> from <i>Half-Life</i> video games - has a doctorate in <a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="MIT Center for Theoretical Physics">theoretical physics from MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Tony Stark</a> from <i>Iron Man</i> - received degrees in physics and electrical engineering from MIT at age 19</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Universities+for+Physics+in+2019&rft.pub=Quacquarelli+Symonds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings-articles%2Funiversity-subject-rankings%2Ftop-universities-physics-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Department+of+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://physics.mit.edu/about-physics/our-history/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/physics/prospective/undergrad/index.html">"Prospective Physics Students"</a>. <i>MIT Department of Physics</i>. MIT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Department+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Prospective+Physics+Students&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fphysics%2Fprospective%2Fundergrad%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Department+of+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/physics/prospective/undergrad/index.html">"Prospective Physics Students"</a>. <i>MIT Department of Physics</i>. MIT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Department+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Prospective+Physics+Students&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fphysics%2Fprospective%2Fundergrad%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Department+of+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/physics/current/graduate/doctoral.html#specialty">"MIT Department of Physics"</a>. <i>web.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.mit.edu&rft.atitle=MIT+Department+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fphysics%2Fcurrent%2Fgraduate%2Fdoctoral.html%23specialty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Department+of+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/physics//research/centers_facilities.html">"Affiliated Labs and Centers"</a>. MIT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affiliated+Labs+and+Centers&rft.pub=MIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fphysics%2F%2Fresearch%2Fcenters_facilities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIT+Department+of+Physics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Department_of_Physics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.mit.edu/">MIT Department of Physics website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm">MIT 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts Institute of Technology"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_academics" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology academics"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Academics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>School of <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_School_of_Architecture_and_Planning" title="MIT School of Architecture and Planning">Architecture and Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Engineering" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_School_of_Humanities,_Arts,_and_Social_Sciences" title="MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences">Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_School_of_Science" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">Sloan School of Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing" title="MIT Schwarzman College of Computing">Schwarzman College of Computing</a></li> <li>Department of <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Biology" title="MIT Department of Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Brain_and_Cognitive_Sciences" title="MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences">Brain and Cognitive Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Economics" title="MIT Department of Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Mathematics" title="MIT Department of Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93MIT_Program_in_Health_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology">Health Sciences and Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Jameel_Poverty_Action_Lab" title="Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab">Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a></li> <li>Center for <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Bits_and_Atoms" title="Center for Bits and Atoms">Bits and Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Information_Systems_Research" title="MIT Center for Information Systems Research">Information Systems Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_International_Studies" title="MIT Center for International Studies">International Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="MIT Center for Theoretical Physics">Theoretical Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Medical_Engineering_and_Science" title="Institute for Medical Engineering and Science">Institute for Medical Engineering and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_Institute_for_Integrative_Cancer_Research" title="Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research">Koch Institute</a></li> <li>Laboratory for <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electromagnetic_and_Electronic_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems">Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Laboratory_for_Information_and_Decision_Systems" title="MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems">Information and Decision Systems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Green_High_Performance_Computing_Center" title="Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center">Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGovern_Institute_for_Brain_Research" title="McGovern Institute for Brain Research">McGovern Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">Media Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Libraries" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries">MIT Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Nuclear_Research_Reactor" title="MIT Nuclear Research Reactor">Nuclear Research Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picower_Institute_for_Learning_and_Memory" title="Picower Institute for Learning and Memory">Picower Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Plasma_Science_and_Fusion_Center" title="MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center">Plasma Science and Fusion Center</a></li> <li>Research Laboratory of Electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Senseable_City_Lab" title="MIT Senseable City Lab">Senseable City Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead_Institute" title="Whitehead Institute">Whitehead Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_alumni" title="List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_faculty" title="List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Institute_Professors_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Institute Professors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIT_class_ring" title="MIT class ring">Brass Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltech%E2%80%93MIT_rivalry" title="Caltech–MIT rivalry">Caltech rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacks_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Hacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemelson%E2%80%93MIT_Prize" title="Lemelson–MIT Prize">Lemelson–MIT Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_Visual_Arts_Center" title="List Visual Arts Center">List Visual Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_$100K_Entrepreneurship_Competition" title="MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition">MIT $100K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Science_Fiction_Society" title="MIT Science Fiction Society">MIT Science Fiction Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Mystery_Hunt" title="MIT Mystery Hunt">Mystery Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Athena" title="Project Athena">Project Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot" title="Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Information_Processing_Board" title="Student Information Processing Board">Student Information Processing Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club" title="Tech Model Railroad Club">Tech Model Railroad Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Squares" title="Tech Squares">Tech Squares</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tech_(newspaper)" title="The Tech (newspaper)">The Tech</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_and_student_activities_at_MIT" title="Traditions and student activities at MIT">Traditions and activities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Campus</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_20" title="Building 20">Building 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Chapel" title="MIT Chapel">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_at_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Dormitories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MIT_fraternities,_sororities,_and_ILGs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of MIT fraternities, sororities, and ILGs">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Building_(MIT)" title="Green Building (MIT)">Green Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Corridor" title="Infinite Corridor">Infinite Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killian_Court" title="Killian Court">Killian Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresge_Auditorium" title="Kresge Auditorium">Kresge Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Libraries" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Museum" title="MIT Museum">MIT Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Police_Department" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata_Center" title="Stata Center">Stata Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Collier_Memorial" title="Sean Collier Memorial">Sean Collier Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesner_Building" title="Wiesner Building">Wiesner Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Hill_(Dartmouth,_Massachusetts)" title="Round Hill (Dartmouth, Massachusetts)">Round Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology_Department_of_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#A31F34; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #8A8B8C, inset -2px -2px 0 #8A8B8C;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MIT_physics_department" title="Template:MIT physics 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style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Department of Physics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1866–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering" title="Edward Charles Pickering">Edward Charles Pickering</a> (1868–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Cross_(physicist)" title="Charles R. Cross (physicist)">Charles R. Cross</a> (1877–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson">Edwin Bidwell Wilson</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ladd_Norton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Ladd Norton (page does not exist)">Charles Ladd Norton</a> (1922–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a> (1930–1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Herman_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Herman Frank (page does not exist)">Nathaniel Herman Frank</a> (1952–1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_W._Buechner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William W. Buechner (page does not exist)">William W. Buechner</a> (1961–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a> (1972–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a> (1983–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Birgeneau" title="Robert J. Birgeneau">Robert J. Birgeneau</a> (1988–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_A._Kastner" title="Marc A. Kastner">Marc A. Kastner</a> (1998–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bertschinger" title="Edmund Bertschinger">Edmund Bertschinger</a> (2007–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Fisher" title="Peter H. Fisher">Peter H. 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