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3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-86435 ">State aid (notion)</span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-117605 apercu surlignable"><p>Under Article 107(1) TFEU, State aid is any direct or indirect measure taken by State authorities and through State resources which grants an economic advantage on a selective basis to certain undertakings or to the production of certain goods, distorts or threatens to distort competition on the internal market and which affects trade between Member States. State aids are incompatible with the internal market unless they meet the exemption criteria provided for by Articles 106(2), 107(2) and 107(3) TFEU, are de minimis because they do not exceed a certain amount, or fall within the scope of the General Block Exemptions Regulation.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-117605 texte surlignable"><p>The TFEU rules on State aid, provided for in Articles 107 109 TFEU, relate to distortion of competition through State resources. These rules are adjacent in the Treaty to the competition rules that are applicable to undertakings. Both State aid rules and the rules on competition are enforced by DG Competition of the European Commission. Measures that meet the criteria of Article 107(1) TFEU are, in principle, incompatible with the internal market, unless they fall under the exemptions of Articles 106(2), 107(2) and (3) TFEU, are below the turnover thresholds in the de minimis regulation (Regulation (EU) 1407/2013), or fall within the scope of General Block Exemptions Regulation (GBER, Regulation (EU) 651/2014). The cumulative criteria of Article 107(1) TFEU are as follows:</p> <p><strong>The concept of undertakings</strong></p> <p>Article 107(1) TFEU applies to State aid that is granted to an ‘undertaking’. This concept covers any entity, irrespective of whether it is established under private or public law and the way it is financed, that is engaged in an economic activity, which consists of offering goods or services on a market (Höfner and Elser (1991)). The range of actors that can qualify as undertakings is large.</p> <p><strong>State resources and imputability</strong></p> <p>The measures must emanate from the State or through State resources and be imputable to the State. The notion of State encompasses public bodies, agencies and undertakings that could be assimilated to a public authority. Certain aids granted by private undertakings or entities unrelated to the public sector but financed through public resources may constitute a State aid if there is a sufficient direct link between the granting body and the public budget. Such link can be established by demonstrating the existence of a degree of sufficient control by the State on the transferred resources, or if the State played an active part in the decision-making process of granting the measure (Air France v Commission (1996). The Court of Justice has established a joint assessment of the use of public resources and State imputability, even though they are distinct in the phrasing of the Treaty (PreussenElektra (2001) and Stardust Marine (2002)).</p> <p><strong>Form of aid and economic advantage</strong></p> <p>The Court of Justice established in 1994 (Banco Exterior de España) that the concept of economic advantage goes beyond than that of a direct grant or subsidy. Any intervention which can mitigate the charges that are normally incurred by an undertaking and have the same effect as direct subsidies may confer an economic advantage. Whether a direct or indirect form of aid, a measure must grant, according to SFEI (1996), an economic advantage to the undertaking that would not have been obtained under normal market and business conditions or without State intervention. If the State acted as a normal market economy operator, no advantage is granted.</p> <p>The object of the measure is irrelevant, as State aid law has an effects-based approach. The economic advantage granted must lead to the improvement of the economic situation of the concerned undertaking, or amount to a relief from an economic burden on certain undertakings or the production of certain goods and products, whether intended or not. The economic advantage can therefore amount to a direct positive effect or take the form of, inter alia, exemption of charges, levies, certain types of indemnities or tax rulings.</p> <p><strong>The notion of selectivity</strong></p> <p>Selectivity is the most complex element to assess in practice and it is under constant scrutiny and evolution in the European case-law. When a measure granting an economic advantage concerns one particular undertaking, it is inherently selective.</p> <p>The Commission notice on the notion of State aid distinguishes between material and geographic selectivity. Material selectivity can be either de jure or de facto. On the one hand, a measure is selective de jure when it legally and expressly aims at favoring and conferring an economic advantage to specific undertaking or types of undertakings. On the other, it is de facto selective when it seems prima facie to be of general application but, given its individual characteristics, has the effect of favoring certain undertakings or sectors of an economy to the detriment of others. A de facto aid could also be the result of abuse of administrative discretionary power with the effect of distorting schemes of general application. Difficulties in assessing selectivity arise in the framework of tax measures, hence the necessity of applying a threefold assessment of the measures at stake (see for instance, Commission v Gibraltar and UK (2011) regarding offshore companies, Fiat v Commission, regarding individual aids, and Magnetrol v Commission, regarding aid schemes). Namely, (i) the relevant reference system should be identified, in order to determine whether (ii) a derogation granting an advantage inaccessible to other undertakings in a comparable situation exists (therefore the measures are prima facie selective), and, if that is the case, whether (iii) the derogation is justified by the nature or the general scheme of the system (World Duty Free Group SA and others (2016)). Concerning geographic selectivity, measures taken towards a limited part of a given Member State’s territory, concerning only certain regions or local areas are not necessarily selective, especially if they meet three cumulative autonomous criteria: measures are not considered as aid if they are granted by an (i) institutionally, (ii) procedurally and (iii) financially autonomous body (Portugal v Commission (2006)).</p> <p><strong>Effect on trade and distortion of competition between Member States</strong></p> <p>To be unlawful, the State aid measure must affect trade and distort or threaten to distort competition between Member States. These two conditions are distinct and not complementary, but they are most often jointly examined and considered inextricably linked. In Philip Morris (1980) the Court defined an aid as distorting or threating to distort competition when it is liable to improve the competitive position of the concerned undertaking on the market. In the same way as it applies to the effect on trade condition, both are based on actual or potential threat or harm. No proof of actual effects on competition or trade is required, as it suffices that the aid is likely or capable of having this effect (Banco Exterior de España (1994)), regardless of whether it has been implemented or not. However a distortion of competition and an effect on trade cannot merely be presumed; the potential effect must be established based on foreseeable factors (AITEC v Commission (1995)).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-117605 reference"><p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:61993TJ0447&from=FR" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of 6 July 1995, AITEC and Others v Commission, T‑447/93 to T‑449/93, EU:T:1995:130 (‘AITEC v Commission’)</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-39/94" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgement of 11 July 1996, SFEI and Others, C‑39/94, EU:C:1996:285 (‘SFEI’)</a></p> <p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=ecli:ECLI%3AEU%3AC%3A2002%3A294" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of 16 May 2002, France v Commission, C‑482/99, EU:C:2002:294 (‘Stardust Marine’)</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=T-425/04&language=en" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of 2 July 2015, France and Orange v Commission, T‑425/04 RENV and T‑444/04 RENV, EU:T:2015:450</a></p> <p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62019CJ0885" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of 8 November 2022, Fiat Chrysler Finance Europe v Commission, C 885/19 P and C 898/19 P, EU:C:2022:859 (‘Fiat v Commission’)</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=T-263/16" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of 20 September 2023, Magnetrol International and Others v Commission, T‑263/16 RENV, T‑265/16, T‑311/16, T‑319/16, T‑321/16, T‑343/16, T‑350/16, T‑444/16, T‑800/16 and T‑832/16, EU:T:2023:565 (‘Magnetrol v Commission’)</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-117605 jurisprudence"><p>Kelyn Bacon KC (ed.), European Union Law of State Aid (3rd edn, Oxford, 2017), Chapter 2, The Definition of State Aid.</p> <p>Herwig C. H. Hofmann and Claire Micheau, State Aid Law of the European Union (Oxford University Press, 2016), Part II, Chapters 1, 3 and 4.</p> <p>Franz Jürgen Säcker and Frank Montag (eds.), European State Aid (1st edn, Beck, Hart, Nomos, 2016), Chapter 2.</p> <p>Conor Quigley, European State Aid Law and Policy (4th Edn, Hart Publishing, 2022), Chapters 1, 2 and 8.</p> <p>Commission Notice on the notion of State aid as referred to in Article 107(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (OJ 2016, C 262/1).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/anthony-abi-hanna-131054" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/1706102297092-d4eeb.png?1711359404) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Anthony Abi Hanna</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Court of Justice (Luxembourg)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Luxembourg</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>18036</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Anthony Abi Hanna, </span> <span class="entry-title">State aid (notion)</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86435</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2850</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86435 texte surlignable"><p>Basic principles for the control of state subsidies and other aids in order to prevent distortion of competition are contained in Articles 107-109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The Commission determines whether aid violates the Treaty standard, and it can order the Member State to end it and order the recipient of illegal aid to return it. The policy motivation for state aid control in the original treaties was to prevent national favouritism and thus promote opportunities for trade and competition among the Member States. DG Competition administers the system for notification and approval and deals with state aid policy and decisions about most sectors. Other directorates-general apply the rules in transport, coal, agriculture and fisheries. The substantive criterion is whether the aid distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring some products or enterprises (and affects trade between Member States). Drawing on this text, the elements that define state aid are state resources, advantage to firms or industries, selectivity, distortion of competition and effect on trade. Correct classification has practical consequences. A measure that falls within the formal category “state aid” must be notified and approved by the Commission in advance. Thus the first issue to determine is whether a program or action constitutes aid. To then assess whether aid is compatible with the common market, the Treaty describes permissible purposes for aid. Aid is permitted for redressing underdevelopment and unemployment and for dealing with serious economic disturbances and important projects of common European interest. Aid for other regional development and for promoting culture and preserving heritage is permitted only where it does not adversely affect trading conditions to an extent contrary to the common interest. © <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_state_aid.pdf?39812/0a69fe95d170a275846754f06cef45a73dcd644985bc6201f3a516e18fafd3f4" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>OECD</strong></a></p> <p>State aid is defined as an advantage in any form whatsoever conferred on a selective basis to undertakings by national public authorities. Therefore, subsidies granted to individuals or general measures open to all enterprises are not covered by this prohibition and do not constitute State aid (examples include general taxation measures or employment legislation). To be State aid, a measure needs to have these features: (i) there has been an intervention by the State or through State resources which can take a variety of forms (e.g. grants, interest and tax reliefs, guarantees, government holdings of all or part of a company, or providing goods and services on preferential terms, etc.); (ii) the intervention gives the recipient an advantage on a selective basis, for example to specific companies or industry sectors, or to companies located in specific regions competition has been or may be distorted; (iii) the intervention is likely to affect trade between Member States. Despite the general prohibition of State aid, in some circumstances government interventions is necessary for a well-functioning and equitable economy. Therefore, the Treaty leaves room for a number of policy objectives for which State aid can be considered compatible. The legislation stipulates these exemptions. The laws are regularly reviewed to improve their efficiency and to respond to the European Councils’ calls for less but better targeted State aid to boost the European economy. The Commission adopts new legislation is adopted in close cooperation with the Member States. © <a href="IMG/pdf/state_aid_-_ec_europa.pdf?47079/607a485088d2481f8f57ec66648c2c9987ec82b585a2a152df8f8392411f0c88" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXnRhW9pyjRwD9e1eZvqTaK+JgiTVzputu0s4FNlSd68LwygLYE53+pGT4OuZyqapZIFkATv11uFmLdal2vlmoGWP03IS+F1xcSdey8cxJnB4PlakeeHNvjYGYFmJ8lIqw16laJyJ2RxDii8N/XQJiYlVd4w9O6wJalDcjX+r+5fHbVCv1vGPEBby1npLW248O+7joXPiJjlM4wn+z3kzbyxhs7b8bicXQ6u4hmNI7hwhZ+OR04qrQZnGwORf1Qr3/m/m14AXl99vgjD8K4DN0cunCTnrlFEBBoJFuEe8XVsUCpBqDJqot8M1Nft76KxiYiZY0oEQRvB5sCA4OrcaDjlOsTuCAzUw==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/alertes/123860" rel="bookmark"><strong>Air transport</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union sets aside the judgment of the General Court in the case of Romanian aid to Timișoara International Airport and refers it back to the General Court, finding that, in the absence of a sufficient statement of reasons and due to a distortion of the evidence, the General Court failed to justify to the requisite legal standard that the plaintiff was individually and directly concerned by the Commission’s decision and, therefore, had standing to bring an action <em>(Carpatair)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-12T23:00:00Z">13 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123860 introduction entry-content"> <p>On February 13, 2025, the Court of Justice of the European Union handed down a judgment in joined cases C-244/23 (European Commission v. Carpatair) and C-245/23 and C-246/23 (Wizz Air and others v. Carpatair).. <br class='autobr' /> It annulled thejudgment handed down on February 8, 2023 in case T-522/20 (Carpatair (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2025/the-eu-commission-launches-a-public-consultation-on-draft-amendments-to-state" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission launches a public consultation on draft amendments to State aid rules with respect to access to justice in environmental matters</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-06T23:00:00Z">7 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123749 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission invites comments on draft amendments to State aid rules with respect to access to justice in environmental matters* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has launched today a consultation inviting interested stakeholders to comment on its draft amendments to the State aid Implementing Regulation (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/alertes/public-consultation-the-european-commission-launches-a-public-consultation-on" rel="bookmark"><strong>Public consultation</strong> : The European Commission launches a public consultation on the draft mechanism allowing environmental NGOs to ask the Commission to re-examine certain State aid decisions to determine whether they are contrary to EU environmental law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-06T23:00:00Z">7 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123858 introduction entry-content"> <p>On February 7, 2025, the European Commission launched a public consultation until March 21, 2025 on its draft amendments to Implementing Regulation (EC) No. 794/2004 on State aid ("Draft Implementing Regulation") and code of best practice in the field of state aid concerning the details of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2025/the-eu-general-court-dismisses-an-airline-s-action-against-the-commission-s" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court dismisses an airline’s action against the Commission’s decision once again approving rescue aid to a rival airline in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic <em>(Ryanair)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-04T23:00:00Z">5 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123687 introduction entry-content"> <p>The General Court dismisses Ryanair’s action against the European Commission’s decision once again approving rescue aid to TAP in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic* <br class='autobr' /> That decision was adopted in 2021, following a judgment of the General Court annulling the first Commission decision in that (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/alertes/covid-19-the-general-court-of-the-european-union-dismisses-an-action-against" rel="bookmark"><strong>Covid-19</strong> : The General Court of the European Union dismisses an action against the Commission’s decision re-approving rescue aid for an airline in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, holding that the Commission had not disregarded the conditions of eligibility for rescue aid <em>(Ryanair)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-02-04T23:00:00Z">5 February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123855 introduction entry-content"> <p>On February 5, 2025, the EU General Court handed down a judgment in case T-743/21 (Ryanair DAC v. European Commission) concerning rescue aid granted in June 2020 to the 100% parent company of the airline TAP Air Portugal in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. <br class='autobr' /> The Court of First Instance (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhKtp6jRgLdd95pmp57tMe5mK86SrSvqutLKSeDxYTSuPUOPb3d/Mv8mLD1X/OgAGyyEFtwNhYz5lJL0OUr24HbCkO1zDJbSmaHtgA6UaouXaFCziFIcfxAutx/RTvAu7FQ2cQmAkvnemToTFIkAU67+aIADHCfze0ilyiJvd/WzzbismlGJybB4o+PXF7w5tVPO6vsuqA9WI77qxnlRgUWByqkjfdHDDDkmfa3mJHb6VJqswWQilG+tMsuiDXO1V21TAeHBfp7oPF0eO+Qy+djI8jhXIFo1X+fcf1p3+ypuy3xErhK5NlAUpWv8m60PbIvVog3abUTqFwiCraiMOw==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fiona-carlin">Fiona Carlin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/on-topics/i-europe-s-response-to-a-shifting-world-order-and-the-implications-for-eu" rel="bookmark">I. Europe’s response to a shifting world order and the implications for EU competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123675 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article, part of our special On-Topic series on "A New Agenda for Growth: The Draghi Report and Competition Policy," discusses Europe’s ongoing competitiveness crisis amid geopolitical tensions and economic challenges, emphasizing the urgent need for a new industrial strategy. <br class='autobr' /> Table of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-levy">Nicholas Levy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/elena-chutrova">Elena Chutrova</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/aleksandra-wierzbicka">Aleksandra Wierzbicka</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/on-topics/ii-how-the-draghi-report-may-impact-eu-merger-control" rel="bookmark">II. How the Draghi report may impact EU merger control</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123673 introduction entry-content"> <p>Mario Draghi’s report, The Future of European Competitiveness, has given renewed impetus into the question of whether the European Commission should apply the EU Merger Regulation to advance European industrial policy, to strengthen the competitiveness of European companies, or to create (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/arianna-andreangeli">Arianna Andreangeli</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/on-topics/a-new-agenda-for-growth-the-draghi-report-and-competition-policy-123669" rel="bookmark">A new agenda for growth: The Draghi report and competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123669 introduction entry-content"> <p>Today, the European Union stands at a crossroads. Old geopolitical equilibria are shifting and legacy economic models are fast becoming obsolete in the face of the digital revolution and climate change. In this uncertain landscape, the Draghi report sounds the clarion call for a new Europe-wide (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/luc-marie-augagneur">Luc-Marie Augagneur</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/on-topics/iv-new-competition-tool-as-a-duty-to-cooperate-in-regulation" rel="bookmark">IV. New competition tool as a duty to cooperate in regulation </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123610 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article, part of our special On-Topic series on "A New Agenda for Growth: The Draghi Report and Competition Policy," examines the revival of the New Competition Tool (NCT) in the Draghi report, highlighting its potential role in addressing structural competition issues across digital and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tomaso-duso">Tomaso Duso</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/martin-peitz">Martin Peitz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2025/on-topics/iii-facts-and-fiction-in-the-draghi-report" rel="bookmark">III. Facts and fiction in the Draghi report</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123612 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article, part of our special On-Topic series on "A New Agenda for Growth: The Draghi Report and Competition Policy," discusses the Draghi report’s assessment of European telecom markets, questioning its claims of underperformance and its recommendations for increased consolidation. It (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhKtp6jRgLddfbn3K6FZMz5weNhtGKOxkoE52RXGN/8zPUNbGIpARU+5viv+QR/iIEoz4PxrsbgHsNvSkeRqS6NcIZA6HiYnUM9i3l4TLJjHtHrGPye9HYlS9ltVCLp8JLaMWCX0U/QQPN6JMOyhkXd8wx+70KBQzTFFFLAL+v7eEcN6uuLovc3W8BZc44Q+rTqQIlLz59Iy3dzLgCdgrPNitiXjg/6RwMrQTzuROIFy6ZF3dLXAXMl0G014oyL+vgjgfGrh8ou7FsF1KeXjH93hjvJCkgFoZFuEe4XFsUephqDJqttX/tIexOX1k60PbINjzFJpRpMCUBfiMwgd84Xa8LY=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes">Simon Holmes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dirk-middelschulte">Dirk Middelschulte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maurits-dolmans">Maurits Dolmans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-policy-and-the-eu-green-deal-99925" rel="bookmark">Competition Policy and the EU Green Deal</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-19T14:30:00Z">19 April 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99925 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Cleary Gottlieb and Oxera, with <a href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes" class="spip_in">Simon Holmes</a> (Judge, Competition Appeal Tribunal | Visiting Professor, University of Oxford), <a href="en/auteurs/dirk-middelschulte" class="spip_in">Dirk Middelschulte</a> (Global General Counsel Competition, Unilever), <a href="en/authors/martijn-snoep" class="spip_in">Martijn Snoep</a> (Chairman, Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets), <a href="en/authors/maurits-dolmans" class="spip_in">Maurits Dolmans</a> (Partner, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton) and <a href="en/authors/nicole-robins" class="spip_in">Nicole Robins</a> (Partner, Oxera).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/juliette-delarue">Juliette Delarue</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leigh-hancher">Leigh Hancher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nicola-pesaresi">Nicola Pesaresi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-webber">James Webber</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marc-isabelle">Marc Isabelle</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/energy-community-forum-3-energy-and-environmental-state-aid-guidelines-under-96864" rel="bookmark">Energy Community Forum #3 Energy and Environmental State aid guidelines under review</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-29T14:30:00Z">29 January 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96864 introduction entry-content"><p>3nd Webinar of the « Energy Community Forum » organised by Concurrences and Energy Community, in partnership with European Economics and Shearman & Sterling, with <a href="en/authors/juliette-delarue" class="spip_in">Juliette Delarue</a> (Lawyer State Aid, Clientearth), <a href="en/authors/leigh-hancher" class="spip_in">Leigh Hancher</a> (Professor, University Of Tilburg And Florence School Of Regulation, Senior Advisor, Baker Botts), <a href="en/auteurs/marc-isabelle" class="spip_in">Marc Isabelle</a> (Director, European Economics), <a href="en/auteurs/nicola-pesaresi" class="spip_in">Nicola Pesaresi</a> (Head of Unit, Markets And Cases I: Energy And Environment, DG COMP, Brussels) and <a href="en/authors/james-webber" class="spip_in">James Webber</a> (Partner, Shearman & Sterling).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/georges-siotis">Georges Siotis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francois-charles-laprevote">François-Charles Laprévote</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/webinar-3-state-aid-in-the-covid-19-context" rel="bookmark">WEBINAR #3 State aid in the COVID-19 context</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-14T13:30:00Z">14 April 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94007 introduction entry-content"><p>Third Webinar of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/authors/jacques-derenne" class="spip_in">Jacques Derenne</a> (Partner, Sheppard Mullin – Associate Professor, Liège University & Brussels School of Competition), <a href="en/authors/francois-charles-laprevote" class="spip_in">François-Charles Laprévote</a> (Partner, Cleary Gottlieb), <a href="en/authors/nicole-robins" class="spip_in">Nicole Robins</a> (Partner, Oxera) and <a href="en/authors/georges-siotis" class="spip_in">Georges Siotis</a> (Consultant, Compass Lexecon – Associate Professor, University Carlos III Madrid).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/jose-maria-carpi-badia">Josep M. Carpi Badia</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Karl-Soukup">Karl Soukup</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/webinar-1-coronavirus-crisis-the-dg-comp-s-response-state-aid-mergers-en" rel="bookmark">WEBINAR #1 Coronavirus crisis - The DG COMP’s response (State aid & Mergers)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-07T13:30:00Z">7 April 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93995 introduction entry-content"><p>Inaugural webinar of the "Quarantine Webinar Series" organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/auteur/Karl-Soukup" class="spip_in">Karl Soukup</a> (Director of the State aid General Scrutiny and Enforcement’s Direction, DG COMP), and, <a href="en/auteur/jose-maria-carpi-badia" class="spip_in">Josep Carpi Badia</a> (Head of the Mergers case support and policy’s Unit, DG COMP).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francesco-martucci">Francesco Martucci</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jaap-walter-tilstra">Jaap Walter Tilstra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/state-aid-and-regulation-of-unfair-tax-competition-state-of-play" rel="bookmark">State aid and regulation of unfair tax competition: State of play</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-11T10:30:00Z">11 October 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87129 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences Review with Jaap Tilstra (DG COMP), in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhKtp6jRgLdd98q1v8+kFh8iqRWk0cnPt9LKSeDxYTTSjvrRszL0UTsGZNS9R0K3wtvdGuQrM6bwCrNlxqehdUUGpo3M4RnpiKyk4szox53FFkWZIW8bfoZw0WZdQsoiKbXNNW/iHwTs9pNwdS4aXp8+Qg+RT5Dtmz/ONe+s3TkMM+5ECcIRiznYT7Vl3XLBTFzK1OY8H4HRgi9+IS/Hf9BN+8Kqhl9ef1HpTp4DtSfGjcYPQW100xh/mxDujaaRrOMw6ruf+AsEoxp1yk2wqAOiz9BVsT2gcJCYBGHy0vpdU12bqjr9Zfv8Rn2J+smD94f2cTX822SCYQ3OS7jPJvI9OvmoRQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-belmin">Pascal Belmin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131955" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? 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It (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-pisani-ferry">Jean Pisani Ferry</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131992" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>State Support for Innovation. Time for Questions</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">549Why Competition? State Support for Innovation: Time for Questions * Jean Pisani Ferry Bruegel In fifteen years, public financial support for innovation has doubled in constant euros. 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class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = me.find('.picto-round'); if (!picto.length) { picto = me; } var h = jQuery(window).height() 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