CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Market share - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="Measure for the relative size of a firm in an industry or market, in terms of the proportion of total output, sales or capacity it accounts for. In addition to profits, one of the frequently cited…" /> <style type='text/css'>img.adapt-img{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper {display:inline-block;max-width:100%;position:relative;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;line-height:1px;overflow:hidden}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper.loading:not(.loaded){background-size: cover;}@media (min-width:320.5px){.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}}.adapt-img-background{width:100%;height:0}@media print{html .adapt-img-wrapper{background:none}}</style> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/var adaptImgDocLength=153388;adaptImgAsyncStyles="picture.adapt-img-wrapper{background-size:0;}";adaptImgLazy=false;(function(){function d(a){var b=document.documentElement;b.className=b.className+" "+a}function f(a){var b=window.onload;window.onload="function"!=typeof window.onload?a:function(){b&&b();a()}}document.createElement("picture");adaptImgLazy&&d("lazy");var a=!1;if("undefined"!==typeof window.performance)a=window.performance.timing,a=(a=~~(adaptImgDocLength/(a.responseEnd-a.connectStart)))&&50>a;else{var c=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;"undefined"!==typeof c&& (a=3==c.type||4==c.type||/^[23]g$/.test(c.type))}a&&d("aislow");var e=function(){var a=document.createElement("style");a.type="text/css";a.innerHTML=adaptImgAsyncStyles;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("style")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b);window.matchMedia||window.onbeforeprint||beforePrint()};"undefined"!==typeof jQuery?jQuery(function(){jQuery(window).on('load',e)}):f(e)})();/*]]>*/</script>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/market-share" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/dictionnaire/part-de-marche" />   <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="rfc1766" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" lang="en" content="Market share " /> <meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" lang="en" content="Measure for the relative size of a firm in an industry or market, in terms of the proportion of total output, sales or capacity it accounts for. In addition to profits, one of the frequently cited…" /> <meta name="DC.Date" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2006-09-24" /> <meta name="DC.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2006-09-24T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.date.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2006-09-24T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2022-11-30" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/market-share" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Concurrences" /> <meta name="DC.Source" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Commission, European" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Commission, European" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Commission - DG COMP (Brussels)"/> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="OECD, " /> <meta name="citation_author" content="OECD, " /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="OECD - Competition Division (Paris)"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="OECD" /> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="High market shares" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://www.concurrences.com/squelettes/img/logo/favicon/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/38/eb53752304d66f157aaf81b9ef6dd6.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="48x48" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/2b/0d54d963c60e773622ff95e0b4c182.ico" /> <link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/b8/42ed8c8a24f31e702c68b2aa6f69ba.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/05/6ca8b6d4c932f8e13bf741535dd98e.png" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.concurrences.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="SPIP 4.3.4" /> <meta name="bingbot" content="nocache" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Subscribe to the whole site" href="en/page/backend/" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='local/cache-css/9ef4d70b4b6709daec6af6b3147131c3.css?1732788380' type='text/css' /> <script>window.MathJaxLib='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-chtml.js';window.MathJax={ startup: { elements: ['.spip-math'] }, tex: { inlineMath: [['$', '$']] }, svg: { fontCache: 'global' } };</script><script type='text/javascript'>var var_zajax_content='content';</script><script> var mediabox_settings={"auto_detect":true,"ns":"box","tt_img":true,"sel_g":"#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/jpeg'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/png'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/gif']","sel_c":".mediabox","str_ssStart":"Slideshow","str_ssStop":"Stop","str_cur":"{current}\/{total}","str_prev":"Previous","str_next":"Next","str_close":"Close","str_loading":"Loading\u2026","str_petc":"Press \u2019Esc\u2019 to close","str_dialTitDef":"Dialogue box","str_dialTitMed":"Media display","splash_url":"","lity":{"skin":"_simple-dark","maxWidth":"90%","maxHeight":"90%","minWidth":"400px","minHeight":"","slideshow_speed":"2500","opacite":"0.8","defaultCaptionState":"expanded"}}; </script>  <style>p.spip-math {margin:1em 0;text-align: center}</style> <script type='text/javascript' src='local/cache-js/54e8ce81bfe7b8537886d04b4fb6cdfc.js?1732029944'></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> window.spipConfig ??= {}; spipConfig.select2 ??= {}; spipConfig.select2.selector ??= ''; </script><script src="https://cdn.nuclia.cloud/nuclia-video-widget.umd.js"></script><link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.concurrences.com/oembed.api/?format=json&url=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Fmarket-share" /> <script>var error_on_ajaxform='Ooops. An unexpected error prevented to submit the form. You can try again.';</script> </head> <body> <div class="page" id="page"> <header id="header" class="page-header" data-idc-header-sticky role="banner"> <section id="header-main" class="page-header__main"> <div id="header-logo" class="page-header__logo"> <a rel="start home" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/" title="Home"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/20ans/concurrences.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' width='2750' height='800' /> </a> </div> <nav id="header-aside1" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_1"> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CompetitionLaws" title="Visit our Twitter page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_twitter-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Twitter (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/concurrences.review/" title="Visit our Facebook page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_facebook-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/concurrences_review/" title="Visit our Instagram page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_instagram-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> <span class="lang"> <a href='https://www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=language&var_lang=fr&redirect=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Fmarket-share' title='Passer à la version française'>Fr</a> | <strong class="on active">En</strong> </span> <span class="about"> <a href="en/institute" title="About Concurrences"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_info" aria-hidden></em> <span class="about__label">About</span></a> </span> </nav> <nav id="header-aside2" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_2"> <a href="en/page/subscribe/" class="tem newsletter"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_mail" aria-hidden></em> <span>Newsletter</span></a> <a href="en/page/login/" class="item popin link-popin-login"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_log-in" aria-hidden></em> <span>Sign in</span></a> <a href="en/page/cart/" class="item"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_shopping-cart" aria-hidden></em> <span>Cart</span> </a> <button class="item search hide" onclick="jQuery('#header-search').toggleClass('visible');return false;"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_search" aria-hidden></em> </button> </nav> </section> <section id="header-nav" class="page-header__nav"> <nav class="navbar navbar-responsive"> <div class="menu-conteneur navbar-inner container-fluid"> <a class="btn btn-navbar navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse-main"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></a> <div class="nav-collapse navbar-collapse nav-collapse-main collapse"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items navbar-nav nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul></div></div> </nav> </section> <section id="header-search" class="page-header__search searchbar"> <hr> <div class="searchbar-item searchbar-item_search"> <div class="searchbar-inner"> <div class="formulaire_spip formulaire_recherche form-search"> <form action="en/page/recherche/#" method="get"><div> <label for="recherche" class="over offscreen">Search:</label> <div class="input-append input-group input-group-text-search"> <input type="text" class="search text search-query form-control" name="recherche" id="recherche" accesskey="4" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" placeholder="Type your search…"/> <span class="btn-group input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" > <i class="picto picto-search"></i> <span>Search</span> </button> </span> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </section> </header> <nav class="breadcrumb-wrapper" id="breadcrumb-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <ul class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/">Home</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li><a href="en/dictionary/">Dictionary</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li class="active"><span class="on active">Market share</span></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="central" id="central"> <div class="banner-top" id="banner-top"> <div class="container"> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-12322 ">Market share </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-118178 apercu surlignable"><p>"Market share" refers to the percentage of the total amount of goods sold or services provided in a particular market accounted for by a certain enterprise. To perform market share measurement, the relevant market has to be defined first to confirm the suppliers in the relevant market, decide a certain period of time (normally one year) and adopt the appropriate metric (such as amount, production, productivity, inventory, etc.) to figure out the scale of business of suppliers or the market. In the end, the ratio of the sales or value of sales (exports excluded) of each supplier during the certain period of time in the relevant market to the total sales of all the suppliers in the relevant market is calculated. The outcome is the market share or percentage of the market.</p> <p>Fair Trade Commission (FTC). 公平交易委員會. Taiwanese Competition Authority, 2020.</p> <p>Market shares reflect the relative position of suppliers on the market and, as such, can be very useful in assessing market power. However, market shares are not the sole indicator of an undertaking’s strength in the market. Other factors, such as barriers to entry or expansion, including those derived from scale or network effects, access to specific assets and inputs, as well as product differentiation and degree of substitutability, may also be relevant, depending on the specific facts of the case.</p> <p>European Commission, 2024.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-118178 texte surlignable"><p>Market shares enable to calculate not just the share, but the total market size. It is crucial to determine whether an undertaking has a dominant position (sine qua non condition to abusing such position) or even, as in the case of Spain, to determine the legality of a concentration (30% threshold). It also determines whether the de minimis rule applies, whether a block exemption is granted, or whether a concentration can have an effect on trade and must undergo examination. As the United Nations have noted, despite its usefulness, market shares can be very complex indicators and must be used cautiously.</p> <p>The literature has focused heavily on how market shares are calculated, taking for granted what is meant by “market share”. Why market share plays such an important role is a less addressed question.</p> <p>Market share is just a tool, a measure for an otherwise unquantifiable trait: market power. Law resorted to economic analysis to identify anti-competitive conducts, and the selected proxy for this task was market share.</p> <p>The European Commission, in its draft revised Commission Notice, reckoned that market shares are not the sole indicator of an undertaking’s strength in the market, and that other factors, such as the degree of substitutability may also be relevant (e.g. the Ryanair case before the CJEU (T-342/07) par. 42). The Commission may also use market shares as a first screening tool to assess whether competition concers may arise.</p> <p>Inaccuracy would be the first criticism to the term, which assumes that high shares equal bestowing market power, but in reality, it does not purely resemble it. Market share is a static concept that must be complemented with elements about the dynamics of an industry, such as innovation.</p> <p>Secondly, despite being "flawed" by default (as market power cannot be genuinely measured), actually calculating the share of a company’s share is very complex. Its results rely heavily on economic and market assumptions.</p> <p>And the third problem added to the equation is that market share is, in itself, a byproduct of the relevant market. The judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) dated 16 June 2011 (T-209/08 – Stichting) expressly stated that “in order to calculate a market share, it is necessary first to determine that market” (par. 108). The 2004 European Commission Guidelines on the effect on trade concept also point in the same direction (par. 55). As a consequence, an incorrect market definition will, almost inevitably, lead to unreliable market shares. Likewise, market shares depend heavily on a correct geographic scope of the affected market.</p> <p>Then, it is no surprise that lawyers often try to fight the relevant market definition to tackle high market shares.</p> <p>Some authors like KAPLOW argue that market shares can be misleading and should be adjusted in light of economic reality to not render the market definition moot.</p> <p>To sum up the above: (i) market share is not the same as market power, (ii) market share cannot give exact results on the influence of an undertaking in a given market, and; (iii) the relevant market is to be correctly defined from the start for market shares to have a meaningful sense.</p> <p>Each relevant market needs a different approach to calculating market shares. Dividing the company’s sales by the industry’s total sales does not suffice. In fact, market share is more studied in economic forums than in legal ones. However, there are alternative approaches. For instance, the Spanish Competition Authority (CNMC) determined market share in the railroad sector based on non-economic terms and focused only on the number of passengers transported.</p> <p>The 2024 Commission Notice on the definition of the relevant market also pays attention to other forms of calculating market share involving non-economic metrics, such as capacity or production volumes, number of suppliers, number of tenders awarded, reserves held, or even expenditure and investment in R&D (par. 108).</p> <p>Economists also consider market asymmetry, marketing efforts, demand elasticity, customer attraction, or purchase frequency. Despite criticism to economic models, there are well-elaborated formulas that truly grasp the insights of the market.</p> <p>As the European Commission has admitted (2022 Guidelines on vertical restraints, par. 175), market share is a moldable concept that adapts its criteria and methodology on a case-by-case basis. There is not a single parameter in the market share formula that cannot be subject to change.<br class='autobr' /> Nevertheless, a rigorous analysis is not always needed. Market share criteria have proven to be flexible. Vague market shares often suffice (e.g. approximate percentages). The CJEU, in its 11 July 2013 judgement (C-439/11 Ziegler), accepted that despite not having the relevant market well defined, a “sufficiently detailed description of the relevant sector” (par. 73) was enough to determine whether the specific threshold was met.</p> <p>Spanish case law has also faced situations where market shares were calculated counterintuitively. The Supreme Court judgment dated 24 February 2009 dealt with a case to determine whether a dominant telecommunications service provider had suffered a competitive disadvantage. Interestingly, the Court calculated the market share of the dominant company based on a relevant market that was much larger than the market where their competitors operated.</p> <p>In conclusion, market shares as indicators are not free of criticism, though it has become a central player in competition law procedures. Some countries like Spain are loyal supporters of this system. In contrast, others like Türkiye or Brasil decided to erase It from their legal systems (Russia, for instance, kept it only for dominant position presumptions). As such, it is a concept with great potential, but experience has shown that it can also be risky.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-118178 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/IMG/pdf/trib_ziegler.pdf?27513/47638cf18a2cbb989d23eea548a91535be24242bcddbdaf00364301758ca0eae">Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union dated 11 July 2013 (C-439/11P – Ziegler v Commission)</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=T-209/08" class="spip_out" rel="external">Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union dated 16 June 2011 (T-209/08 – Stichting Administratiekantoor Portielje/Comisión)</a></p> <p>Judgment of the Spanish Supreme Court dated 24 February 2009 (ECLI:ES:TS:2009:802)</p> <p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Sysco+Corporation+and+US+Foods%2C+Inc.+Docket+No.9364&oq=Sysco+Corporation+and+US+Foods%2C+Inc.+Docket+No.9364&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQRRg80gEGODJqMGo5qAIAsAIB&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8" class="spip_out" rel="external">Federal Trade Commission Resolution dated 19 February 2015 (Sysco Corporation and US Foods, Inc. Docket No.9364)</a></p> <p>National Market and Competition Authority (Spanish Competition Authority - CNMC) Resolution dated 12 December 2022 (INF/DTSP/111/23)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-118178 jurisprudence"><p>Armengol Gasull, et. al (2015). Problemas prácticos y actualidad del Derecho de la Competencia [Anuario 2015]. Thomson Reuters. Civitas.</p> <p>Barnard, C., & Peers, S. (Eds.). (2020). European Union law. Oxford University Press.</p> <p>Cooper, L. G. (1993). Market-share models. Handbooks in operations research and management science, 5, 259-314.</p> <p>Kaplow, L. (2013). Market definition: Impossible and counterproductive. Antitrust LJ, 79, 361.</p> <p>Whish, R., & Bailey, D. (2021). Competition law. Oxford University Press.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/market-share#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/market-share#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/market-share#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/market-share#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Authors</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/julia-suderow-26524" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton26524-049bc.jpg?1711359740) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Julia Suderow</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Suderow Fernandez</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Spain</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>29694</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/alejandro-martinez" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH99/whatsapp-image-2023-10-16-at-11.25.45-1-2-6be84.png?1712843768) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Alejandro Martínez Luna</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Suderow Fernandez</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="articles"><em>1</em> contribution</span> <span class="visites"><em>29153</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Julia Suderow, Alejandro Martínez Luna, </span> <span class="entry-title">Market share</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12322</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">8379</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12322 texte surlignable"><p>Measure for the relative size of a firm in an industry or market, in terms of the proportion of total output, sales or capacity it accounts for. In addition to profits, one of the frequently cited business objectives of firms is to increase market share. This is because market share, economies of scale and profits are often positively correlated in market economies. In competition policy analysis, market shares are an important indicator for the existence of market power. In this respect, one should not only look at the absolute market share level, but also at the market share level relative to competitors. However, even firms with large market shares do not necessarily posses market power, e.g. in cases where barriers to enter the market concerned (entry barriers) are very low and the threat of entry prevents the exercise of market power. <strong><a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a> </strong></p> <p>Measure of the relative size of a firm in an industry or market in terms of the proportion of total output or sales or capacity it accounts for. In addition to profits, one of the frequently cited business objectives of firms is to increase market share. Market share, profits and economies of scale are often positively correlated in market economies. High levels of market share may bestow market power on firms. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p> <p>See also <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en" class="spip_in">Merger (notion)</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lKCDRvml+n82yHcQ+r+pct9PcS/b4HOzyulJOGiNM0ThoL33VPJd50Wx04BZnnji5/5s4NW9AIoA0MNWYslE9PUBZETypHznDcCFIENuPS2PYbW716oAWNJVvWuGpMbqS81OVTKcxw4YfWvISlQ9wuCn8cRWGf3fVDNEAPeEDa59fDubjFJ4J0FAJlyUollEiyecvTQb23mVt14A/eXY6lNj1HT0wtk5jSUh+crXAXMv0MWvS9So/R6ye2I+I3LC11sFFQN38pTCV3jFFwN65mosiQrf18Z7Z3TPuKDDtXnbGw75m2x9j2aqifq6XruGnoUmEvcG6ZfZ71vqhPR5L' data-origin="//en/dictionary/market-share"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Finnish-Competition-and-Consumer-43771">Finnish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/study-consolidation-in-the-veterinary-sector-has-increased-prices-fcca-cannot" rel="bookmark">The Finnish Competition Authority conducts an investigation into the veterinary sector, concluding that market concentration has increased prices and harmed consumers </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-04T23:00:00Z">5 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121616 introduction entry-content"> <p>Study: Consolidation in the veterinary sector has increased prices – FCCA cannot intervene without call-in option* <br class='autobr' /> The markets for veterinary services have concentrated in two leading chains owned by foreign private equity firms through mergers and acquisitions. This consolidation has also led (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/hungarian-competition-authority">Hungarian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-hungarian-competition-authority-completes-its-market-analysis-of-artificial" rel="bookmark">The Hungarian Competition Authority completes its market analysis of artificial intelligence and recommends focusing on small businesses, AI infrastructure, and national language models</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-20T22:00:00Z">21 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121292 introduction entry-content"> <p>GVH: The use of artificial intelligence can increase the competitiveness of Hungarian businesses * <br class='autobr' /> Specific and targeted public interventions are necessary to ensure that the potential of AI-based technologies is widely realised <br class='autobr' /> Budapest, 21 October 2024 – The rapid spread of artificial (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-eu-commission-approves-the-acquisition-of-a-construction-company-by-a" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission approves the acquisition of a construction company by a multinational construction group subject to conditions <em>(Eiffage / EQOS)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-15T22:00:00Z">16 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121068 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission approves Eiffage’s acquisition of EQOS subject to conditions* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has approved, under the EU Merger Regulation, the proposed acquisition of EQOS by Eiffage. The approval is conditional upon full compliance with commitments offered by Eiffage and EQOS. <br class='autobr' /> Eiffage (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mexican-competition-authority">Mexican Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-mexican-competition-authority-preliminarily-recommends-that-a-dominant" rel="bookmark">The Mexican Competition Authority preliminarily recommends that a dominant tortilla manufacturing company divest from five of its factories to remedy the competitive situation <em>(Gruma)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-06T22:00:00Z">7 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120868 introduction entry-content"> <p>Investigative Authority finds that Gruma must sell 5 production plants to reactivate competition in the Mexican corn flour market* The Investigative Authority concluded that there is a lack of competition conditions in the market for nixtamalized corn flour due to the current market structure. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-german-competition-authority-designates-a-big-tech-firm-as-an-undertaking" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority designates a Big Tech firm as an undertaking of paramount significance and therefore subject to extended abuse control measures <em>(Microsoft)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-29T22:00:00Z">30 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120790 introduction entry-content"> <p>Microsoft also subject to extended abuse control pursuant to Section 19a GWB – Bundeskartellamt determines paramount significance across markets* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt has determined that Microsoft Corporation based in Redmond, USA, is an undertaking of paramount significance for competition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mexican-competition-authority">Mexican Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-mexican-competition-authority-blocks-the-acquisition-of-4-operators-of" rel="bookmark">The Mexican Competition Authority blocks the acquisition of 4 operators of ferry routes by a tourism company <em>(Groupo Xcaret)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-28T22:00:00Z">29 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120438 introduction entry-content"> <p>Cofece prevents the creation of monopolies and duopolies of ferries in Quintana Roo* The merger would have reduced the number of ferry companies in the region, reducing competition on prices and quality of the services. Ferries are the main means of transportation for people commuting between (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-us-doj-files-a-lawsuit-against-a-software-company-alleging-that-the-company" rel="bookmark">The US DoJ files a lawsuit against a software company alleging that the company’s algorithmic pricing scheme violates antitrust laws <em>(RealPage)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-22T22:00:00Z">23 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120392 introduction entry-content"> <p>Justice Department Sues RealPage for Algorithmic Pricing Scheme that Harms Millions of American Renters* <br class='autobr' /> RealPage’s Pricing Algorithm Violates Antitrust Laws <br class='autobr' /> The Justice Department, together with the Attorneys General of North Carolina, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Minnesota, Oregon, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/polish-competition-authority">Polish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-polish-competition-authority-publishes-a-report-on-the-beer-and-hops-market" rel="bookmark">The Polish Competition Authority publishes a report on the beer and hops market highlighting the dominance of the 3 main breweries and recommending greater cooperation between growers and processors</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-20T22:00:00Z">21 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120364 introduction entry-content"> <p>UOKiK Report – Polish beer and hops market* UOKiK has examined the characteristics, relationships, and level of competition in the Polish beer and hops industry. The biggest problems it experiences include the fragmentation of hop growers and the underdeveloped hop processing sector. In addition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-o-barnett">Thomas O. Barnett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cortlin-h-lannin">Cortlin H. Lannin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anne-y-lee">Anne Y. Lee</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kate-patchen">Kate Patchen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-district-of-columbia-finds-a-big-tech-firm-guilty" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the District of Columbia finds a Big Tech firm guilty of engaging in exclusionary conduct in the market for online search text ads <em>(Google)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-04T22:00:00Z">5 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120292 introduction entry-content"> <p>On August 5, 2024, Judge Amit Mehta of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia concluded that Google has monopolized markets for online searches and search text advertising and unlawfully engaged in exclusionary conduct in those markets. Specifically, the court found that Google (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-milne">Robert Milne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/edward-thrasher">Edward Thrasher</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-district-of-columbia-rules-that-a-big-tech-firm" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the District of Columbia rules that a Big Tech firm unlawfully maintained its monopoly in the market for online search text ads through exclusive agreements that substantially foreclosed rivals from the market <em>(Google)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-04T22:00:00Z">5 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120297 introduction entry-content"> <p>On August 8, 2024, Judge Amit P. Mehta of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia issued his much anticipated and long-awaited opinion in the U.S. Department of Justice’s (DOJ) case challenging Google’s alleged dominance in online search markets. In his nearly 300-page (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rujul-desai">Rujul Desai</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ryan-k-quillian">Ryan K. Quillian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alezeh-rauf">Alezeh Rauf</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/katelynn-pan">Katelynn Pan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-us-ftc-releases-a-report-suggesting-that-vertical-integration-and-market" rel="bookmark">The US FTC releases a report suggesting that vertical integration and market consolidation between the 6 largest pharmacy benefit managers have given the firms significant power over drug prices <em>(Caremark / Express Scripts / OptumRx...)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-08T22:00:00Z">9 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119742 introduction entry-content"> <p>On July 9, 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) voted 4-1 (with Commissioner Melissa Holyoak dissenting) to release an Interim Staff Report (the “Interim Report”) entitled: Pharmacy Benefit Managers: The Powerful Middlemen Inflating Drug Costs and Squeezing Main Street Pharmacies. The (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francois-charles-laprevote">François-Charles Laprévote</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wanjie-lin">Wanjie Lin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/william-kocemba">William Kocemba</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-eu-commission-imposes-provisional-countervailing-duties-on-imports-of" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission imposes provisional countervailing duties on imports of battery electric vehicles from China to counteract foreign subsidies threatening the local industry</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-02T22:00:00Z">3 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119621 introduction entry-content"> <p>On July 4, 2024, the European Commission imposed provisional countervailing duties on imports of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) from China. <br class='autobr' /> Under its traditional trade defense rules (Basic Regulation (EU) 2016/1037) the EU can impose duties to counteract subsidies that cause or threaten to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-publishes-a-statement-of-issues-outlining" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority publishes a Statement of Issues outlining preliminary competition concerns with the proposed lease acquisitions in the radiation oncology services market <em>(Icon Group)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-05T22:00:00Z">6 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119090 introduction entry-content"> <p>Icon Group’s proposed lease acquisitions raise concerns* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC has published a Statement of Issues outlining its preliminary competition concerns with Icon Group’s proposed acquisitions of leases at: St Andrew’s Ipswich Private Hospital in Queensland; St Vincent’s Private Hospital Northside (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-d-carroll">John D. Carroll</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jordan-grushkin">Jordan Grushkin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-us-state-of-california-attorney-general-along-with-10-other-state-ags" rel="bookmark">The US State of California Attorney General along with 10 other State AGs advocates for greater antitrust enforcement in private equity in healthcare consolidation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-05T22:00:00Z">6 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119214 introduction entry-content"> <p>California Attorney General Advocates for Greater Antitrust Enforcement in Private Equity in Healthcare* <br class='autobr' /> On June 6, 2024, California Attorney General Rob Bonta announced that he led a multistate coalition of eleven (11) state attorneys general in submitting a comment letter (the “Comment (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/silvia-pietrini">Silvia Pietrini</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/italy-the-italian-competition-and-market-authority-gives-conditional-approval" rel="bookmark"><strong>Italy</strong> : The Italian Competition and Market Authority gives conditional approval to a merger in the maritime sector, using its new powers to deal with sub-threshold mergers <em>(Ignazio Messina / Terminal San Giorgio)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-22T22:00:00Z">23 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121792 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Competition and Market Authority conditionally authorizes a merger in the maritime sector, using its new powers in the area of sub-threshold mergers (AGCM, May 23, 2024 no. 31198, Ignazio Messina & C./Terminal San Giorgio) <br class='autobr' /> In a decision adopted on May 23, 2024, the Competition and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/market-share?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhKtpyjRgDOl0vAX7SETzdj1ycxqfg6EkYMoB0xO0O4LgeorSd28M6LwHHDmel1RFUMLCnCN4iXHYvC8zQLACl65MNnBrmNlR/zVQBajLIsB8iIFNpMHPYkS9ltVCPt/JLZM6jcqALDVoRC50Sd0zxUhSeQ2PSVuZ6ST2lk0eBJTu1nb7BEOSPuKRBhMSBARR+IF8bVbxj2StubWxIFgrGMMWCYTOaykbwj0SLvVDhxzSch2rbccokStNxm/sdq+CWvQ2A/eIEbmOs5JtpsPlzTstmzXkNEC/eiJcKXNZyMD+wkNNqOU4Ly10muK35uuAuKwepRuvmer3izqlqGdxN3b' data-origin="//en/dictionary/market-share"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-spulber-37769">Daniel Spulber</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/law-economics/new-article-no121089" rel="bookmark">How should antitrust market definition address innovation?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121089 introduction entry-content"> <p>The increasing importance of innovation competition requires adjusting the definition of an antitrust market. The article considers how technological change affects the economic definition of a market. The article examines both the 2023 Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission Merger (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-taladay">John Taladay</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/insights/the-use-of-presumptions-in-antitrust-enforcement-and-jurisprudence-121319" rel="bookmark">The use of presumptions in antitrust enforcement and jurisprudence</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121319 introduction entry-content"> <p>This paper considers the use of rebuttable and irrebuttable presumptions in competition law, focusing on the conditions for their use. We conclude that: (i) presumptions based on predictable effects are key in various antitrust proceedings; (ii) it is crucial to distinguish between rebuttable (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ioannis-stefatos">Ioannis Stefatos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ania-thiemann">Ania Thiemann</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/law-economics/exploiting-end-user-data-in-digital-mergers-does-the-gdpr-have-a-role-to-play" rel="bookmark">Exploiting end-user data in digital mergers: Does the GDPR have a role to play? Thoughts on the role of data protection</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119523 introduction entry-content"> <p>In recent years, there has been significant debate regarding the role of end-user data in digital markets, and whether data privacy should influence merger control as well as other competition assessments. This discussion arises from the surge in mergers and acquisitions among digital platforms (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thomas-bowman">Thomas Bowman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/de-bernard">Thibaut de Bernard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-duquesne">Guillaume Duquesne</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/law-economics/getting-over-market-definition-the-nvidia-arm-merger" rel="bookmark">Getting over market definition: The <em>NVIDIA/Arm</em> merger</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113241 introduction entry-content"> <p>Understanding competition between ecosystems is increasingly important in competition cases concerning digital markets. This article contributes to the debate on reforming the traditional approach to market definition in digital markets, calling for an increased focus on indirect ecosystem (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christian-wey">Christian Wey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/benjamin-schroder">Benjamin Schröder</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/daniel-fritz">Daniel Fritz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/law-economics/creating-the-single-market-the-ab-inbev-case-in-perspective" rel="bookmark">Creating the single market: The <em>AB InBev</em> case in perspective</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108966 introduction entry-content"> <p>The main objective of the European Union is to establish the single market. Yet, research by the European institutions shows that there are large price and persistent differences in the retail sector between the different member states for the same goods. There are indications that trade (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/morgan-blaschke-broad">Morgan Blaschke-Broad</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/international/australia-merger-law-at-the-crossroads-examining-proposals-for-substantive" rel="bookmark">Australia: Merger law at the crossroads – Examining proposals for substantive reform</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109003 introduction entry-content"> <p>Globally, competition laws, regulatory approaches and enforcement models are the subject of intense debate and, in many cases, fundamental reform. We are experiencing the largest wholesale reassessment and refinement of competition laws in decades. Australia has not been immune from this trend. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/articles/agriculture-and-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Agriculture and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109366 introduction entry-content"> <p>The implementation of competition law in agriculture and, more broadly, the food sector constitutes an important area of study, of particular importance during this period of inflationary tendencies. The paper examines the broader competition policy issues that arise in the context of global (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/articles/competition-law-enforcement-and-regulation-for-digital-ecosystems-understanding-en" rel="bookmark">Competition law enforcement and regulation for digital ecosystems: Understanding the issues, facing the challenges and moving forward</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101662 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition authorities are under severe political pressure to intervene quickly against the digital behemoth for a variety of reasons. Various expert reports have suggested that traditional antitrust or competition law enforcement and merger control are inadequate or insufficient to deal with (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/claude-d-aspremont">Claude D’Aspremont</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rodolphe-dos-santos-ferreira">Rodolphe Dos Santos Ferreira</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/livres/the-economics-of-competition-collusion-and-in-between-claude-d-aspremont-and" rel="bookmark">The Economics of Competition, Collusion and In-between, Claude D’ASPREMONT and Rodolphe DOS SANTOS FERREIRA</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114714 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle">Daniel Fasquelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-guersent">Olivier Guersent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christiane-feral-schuhl">Christiane Féral-Schuhl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marie-even">Marie Even</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laure-de-la-raudiere">Laure de La Raudière</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jean-luc-sauron">Jean-Luc Sauron</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/linda-arcelin">Linda Arcelin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-louis-fourgoux">Jean-Louis Fourgoux</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leyla-djavadi">Leyla Djavadi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/colette-bouckaert">Colette Bouckaert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/geoffroy-didier">Geoffroy Didier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/valeria-faure-muntian">Valéria Faure-Muntian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/emmanuelle-inacio">Emmanuelle Inacio</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2021/on-topic/dma-dsa-has-europe-really-given-itself-the-means-to-achieve-its-ambitions" rel="bookmark">DMA/DSA: Has Europe really given itself the means to achieve its ambitions?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100023 introduction entry-content"> <p>In order to upgrade the rules governing digital players operating in the internal market and to improve the regulatory framework for digital services, on December 15th, 2020, the European Commission published two legislative initiatives: the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-a-posner">Eric A. Posner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-volpin">Cristina Volpin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2020/droit-et-economie/eric-a-posner" rel="bookmark">Labor monopsony and European competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97193 introduction entry-content"> <p>Recent economic research indicates that labor markets tend to be highly concentrated, and that employers use mergers, no-poaching agreements, and related collusive behavior to further concentrate labor markets and exploit labor market power at the expense of workers. In the United States, this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2019/livres/le-droit-des-concentrations-economiques-mathieu-le-coq-89467" rel="bookmark">Le droit des concentrations économiques, Mathieu LE COQ</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89467 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/federico-agnoletto">Federico Agnoletto</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/helene-bourguignon">Hélène Bourguignon</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2017/droit-et-economie/when-the-competition-authority-innovantes-the-local-competitive-pressure-s" rel="bookmark">The scores method: When the Competition Authority innovates in the local competitive pressure’s evaluation in merger control</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84397 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article deals with the weighted share of stores method, a new tool in merger control developed by the Competition & Markets Authority and recently employed by the French Competition Authority. After a summary of its framework and features, the authors review the two competition (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-gauvin">Alain Gauvin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-luc">Irène Luc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-louis-fourgoux">Jean-Louis Fourgoux</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Maurice-Nussenbaum">Maurice Nussenbaum</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/muriel-chagny">Muriel Chagny</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2017/conferences/what-attractiveness-of-competition-law-at-the-date-of-reforms-competition-s" rel="bookmark">What attractiveness of competition law at the date of reforms? (Competition’s interviews: New competitive opportunities before ordinary courts, October 18, 2016)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83415 introduction entry-content"> <p>The third edition of “Entretiens de la concurrence”, focusing on the new economic and legal opportunities before ordinary courts, aimed to emphasise on the specific nature and assets of those jurisdictions in competition law. Having to implement competition law rules in a globalized economy, the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Alexey-Ivanov">Alexey Ivanov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Dmitry-Katalevsky">Dmitry Katalevsky</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2016/Articles-1826/The-global-seed-market-competition" rel="bookmark">The global seed market, competition law and intellectual property rights: Untying the Gordian knot</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-78807 introduction entry-content"> <p>The paper explores the competition dynamics of the global seed market. It documents the growth strategies of the major seed companies, in particular their M&A activity and their reliance on complex intellectual property strategies in order to offer a one stop shop solution to farmers. Recent (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/market-share?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789AyZJCFOyOV08aCNxLLBzHMoQDLlcvybAm18qOjCIOOEJ22KKrPEaGE1B95BGh/ph4Svwa5fHOzBa9RQvFZHMjo6mSc4rspts6PGiDbj5oIp4tzXz73UeOSqk2bdIfdPhayvZXv5rxsT4YD+BKdY3nRwRykDHSpH+inTrZdq2Q77QER3lKujfCBtaVyC23XgMd1LSdWwdGQPF4sSCg/Oo5BSPgmwV1d8DIavYam7P5NpZdMBnxIFQkYpao6Yc9S+nu9R1lI/8eIoDojUudqWZ9jstcOwE4hGovHxkqZG6m7ewAoCW3WLCW+k2znXfMiqkJ0a2R0UsTAadUg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/market-share"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/torsten-korber">Torsten Körber</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-freget">Olivier Fréget</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/catherine-batchelor">Catherine Batchelor</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/towards-an-effective-dma-discussing-member-states-reactions-and-proposals-while" rel="bookmark">Towards an effective DMA: discussing Member States reactions and proposals...</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-10T16:00:00Z">10 November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102910 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Fréget Glaser & Associés, Meta and Oxera, with <a href="en/auteurs/catherine-batchelor" class="spip_in">Catherine Batchelor</a> (Director, Digital Markets Unit, UK Competition and Markets Authority), <a href="en/authors/olivier-freget" class="spip_in">Olivier Fréget</a> (Partner, Fréget Glaser & Associés), and <a href="en/auteurs/torsten-korber" class="spip_in">Torsten Körber</a> (Professor, University of Cologne).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hanna-anttilainen">Hanna Anttilainen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bernard-amory">Bernard Amory</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marc-ivaldi">Marc Ivaldi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anca-cojoc">Anca Cojoc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gabriel-lluch">Gabriel Lluch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/telecommunications-infrastructures-and-network-sharing-agreements-101468" rel="bookmark">Telecommunications Infrastructures and Network Sharing Agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-09-20T13:30:00Z">20 September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101468 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Jones Day and Nera Economic Consulting, with <a href="en/authors/hanna-anttilainen" class="spip_in">Hanna Anttilainen</a> (Head of Unit - Antitrust: Telecoms, Markets and cases II: Information, Communication and Media, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/bernard-amory" class="spip_in">Bernard Amory</a> (Partner, Jones Day), <a href="en/auteurs/anca-cojoc" class="spip_in">Anca Cojoc</a> (Senior Consultant/Principal, NERA Economic Consulting), <a href="en/authors/gabriel-lluch" class="spip_in">Gabriel Lluch</a> (General Counsel - Competition and Regulation, Orange) and <a href="en/authors/marc-ivaldi" class="spip_in">Marc Ivaldi</a> (Affiliated Academic - Head of Econometrics and Programming Team, NERA Economic Consulting).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/isabelle-de-silva">Isabelle De Silva</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alessandra-laudante">Gabriella Muscolo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ian-forrester">Ian Forrester</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gabriel-lluch">Gabriel Lluch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-bary">Laurence Bary</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-foster">David Foster</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-flochel">Laurent Flochel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/8th-global-merger-control-conference-1-joint-interview-with-isabelle-de-silva" rel="bookmark">8th Global Merger Control Conference #1 Joint interview with Isabelle de Silva & The ECJ Three/O2 ruling: Everything changed?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-12-02T14:30:00Z">2 December 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95717 introduction entry-content"><p>1st Webinar of the « 8th Global Merger Control Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Dechert, CRA and Frontier Economics. Opening discussion with <a href="en/authors/isabelle-de-silva" class="spip_in">Isabelle de Silva</a> (President, Autorité de la concurrence), <a href="en/authors/laurent-flochel" class="spip_in">Laurent Flochel</a> (Vice President, CRA) and <a href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara" class="spip_in">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a> (Partner, Dechert).</br><br class='autobr' /> Panel with <a href="en/authors/laurence-bary" class="spip_in">Laurence Bary</a> (National Partner, Dechert), <a href="en/auteurs/david-foster" class="spip_in">David Foster</a> (Director, Frontier Economics), <a href="en/authors/ian-forrester" class="spip_in">Ian Forrester</a> (Former Judge, General Court of the EU), <a href="en/authors/gabriel-lluch" class="spip_in">Gabriel Lluch</a> (General Counsel - Competition, Orange) and <a href="en/authors/alessandra-laudante" class="spip_in">Gabriella Muscolo</a> (Commissioner, Italian Competition Authority – AGCM).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tom-smith">Tom Smith</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-depoortere">Frederic Depoortere</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-loriot">Guillaume Loriot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lorenzo-coppi">Lorenzo Coppi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/giorgio-motta">Giorgio Motta</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-future-of-eu-and-uk-merger-control-enforcement" rel="bookmark">The future of EU and UK merger control enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-09-17T14:00:00Z">17 September 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-93605 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Compass Lexecon and Skadden, with <a href="en/authors/guillaume-loriot" class="spip_in">Guillaume Loriot</a> (Director - Markets and cases II: Information, Communication and Media, DG COMP), <a href="en/auteurs/tom-smith" class="spip_in">Tom Smith</a> (Legal Director, Competition and Markets Authority), <a href="en/authors/lorenzo-coppi" class="spip_in">Lorenzo Coppi</a> (Executive Vice President, Compass Lexecon), <a href="en/authors/frederic-depoortere" class="spip_in">Frederic Depoortere</a> (Partner, Skadden), and <a href="en/authors/giorgio-motta" class="spip_in">Giorgio Motta</a> (Partner, Skadden).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-powell">Mark Powell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-forwood">Nicholas Forwood</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/katarzyna-czapracka">Katarzyna Czapracka</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Thilo-Klein">Thilo Klein</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/the-general-court-s-ck-telecoms-ruling-is-three-the-new-magic-number-towards-a" rel="bookmark">The General Court’s CK Telecoms ruling: Is Three the New Magic Number? Towards a re-assessment of unilateral effects in merger review</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-07-01T12:00:00Z">1 July 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95438 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with White & Case and Compass Lexecon, with <a href="en/authors/nicholas-forwood" class="spip_in">Sir Nicholas Forwood QC</a> (Counsel, White & Case - Former Judge, Court of Justice of the European Union, General Court), <a href="en/authors/katarzyna-czapracka" class="spip_in">Katarzyna Czapracka</a> (Partner, White & Case), <a href="en/auteur/Thilo-Klein" class="spip_in">Thilo Klein</a> (Executive Vice President, Compass Lexecon) and <a href="en/authors/mark-powell" class="spip_in">Mark Powell</a> (Partner, White & Case).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeremiah-juts">Jeremiah Juts</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/koen-platteau">Koen Platteau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laure-dosogne-varaire">Laure Dosogne Varaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ombline-ancelin">Ombline Ancelin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/exchange-of-information-between-competitors-within-professional-associations" rel="bookmark">Exchange of information between competitors within professional associations</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-01-27T11:00:00Z">27 January 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83008 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop with Laure Dosogne-Varaire (Autorité de la concurrence), in partnership with Simmons & Simmons and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fiona-m-scott-morton">Fiona M. Scott-Morton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-loriot">Guillaume Loriot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/hanno-f-kaiser">Hanno F. Kaiser</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Sven-Volcker">Sven Voelcker</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/challenges-for-antitrust-enforcement-in-the-technology-sector-82986" rel="bookmark">Challenges for Antitrust Enforcement in the Technology Sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-10-14T10:00:00Z">14 October 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82986 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Latham & Watkins.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Anne-Yvrande-Billon">Anne Yvrande-Billon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charlotte-tasso-de-panafieu">Charlotte Tasso de Panafieu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-in-the-transport-sector-what-s-new-since-the-liberalization" rel="bookmark">Competition in the transport sector — What’s new since the liberalization?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-10-06T10:00:00Z">6 October 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82984 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences review in partnership with ARAF, Fréget — Tasso de Panafieu and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/benoit-loutrel">Benoît Loutrel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascale-dechamps">Pascale Déchamps</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sylvain-justier">Sylvain Justier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-issues-in-the-telecom-sector" rel="bookmark">Competition issues in the telecom sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-30T10:00:00Z">30 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82968 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Magenta and Oxera.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/juliette-thery-1437">Juliette Théry</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ombline-ancelin">Ombline Ancelin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/pricing-policy-limiting-the-risks-82964" rel="bookmark">Pricing policy: limiting the risks?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-25T10:00:00Z">25 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82964 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Simmons & Simmons, Microeconomix, AFJE & EFB.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/benoit-durand">Benoît Durand</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maxime-lombardini">Maxime Lombardini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-freget">Olivier Fréget</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/mavericks-abuse-of-dominant-position" rel="bookmark">Maverick et abuse of dominant position</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-03-26T11:00:00Z">26 March 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82938 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Iliad, Fréget – Tasso de Panafieu and RBB Economics</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-de-montalembert">Pierre de Montalembert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/conditional-rebates-lessons-from-intel" rel="bookmark">Conditional rebates: Lessons from Intel </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-07-01T10:00:00Z">1 July 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82868 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics breakfast organized by Concurrences in partnership with Hogan Lovells and RBB economics.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Francesco-Rosati">Francesco Rosati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-de-montalembert">Pierre de Montalembert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/upcoming-events/conditional-rebates-lessons-from-the-intel-judgment-of-12-june-2014" rel="bookmark">Conditional rebates: lessons from the Intel judgment of 12 June 2014</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-05-16T15:16:05Z">16 May 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-66421 introduction entry-content"><p>Etienne Pfister<br/>Pierre de Montalembert<br/>Francesco Rosati</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds/osX4VQa3ns+Pverh/3w7tAi2N1P4Q/06cTAbpcL2lMGAF+HZGQNJu+0I94ag1t0Vi7UJCHQK50CVcTnSgxQoUC668SAZqilflAwOkHTNKj+sXpB4sUiqcZNFeujv6719u+whK05OO1WNqfeUdaclXxnk8BuHz2AqOMWD7SweACk4Zo2sEGwgEd8EJJYKR20N+JcaHqmHlVxEMpMNS3dkGTgVCM1zXtUi361Bdh0ZO8s2sd/pIkVDHP6XKEfKeR8FXZ6fscHnuYYnghVsDFkU+4kEXSqKHxdLM/bwnu/H4Z1x1g/mE4H59+4UoWqnZ1DmTRetPPLdd1V120sQg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/market-share"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41234" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small><strong>Part V. Buyer Power From a Seller’s Perspective: Countervailing Buyer Power and Buyer Power Limitation</strong> <br/>Chapter 9. Countervailing Buyer Power</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">PART V BUYER POWER FROM A SELLER'S PERSPECTIVE: COUNTERVAILING BUYER POWER AND BUYER POWER LIMITATION I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 457 COUNTERVAILING BUYER POWER I. Introduction Countervailing buyer power (CBP), along with UPPs, is arguably the sub-topic of buyer (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41233" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small>Chapter 8. Exploitative Buyer Power: Unfair Purchasing Practices</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 387 EXPLOITATIVE BUYER POWER: UNFAIR PURCHASING PRACTICES* I. Introduction A powerful buyer, alone or in agreement with other buyers, may exploit its buyer power vis-à-vis its supplier(s) by imposing ‘unfair' trading conditions, in (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41230" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small>Chapter 5. Buyer Power Market Assessment</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 161 BUYER MARKET POWER ASSESSMENT I. Introduction Once the relevant product and geographic markets have been defined, competition authorities will assess the market power of the involved undertaking(s) to determine the economic effects (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41227" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small><strong>Part II. Buyer Power Economics and Ordoliberal Buyer Power Policy</strong> <br/>Chapter 2. Buyer Power: Monopsony and Bargaining Power, An Economic Approach</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">PART II BUYER POWER ECONOMICS AND ORDOLIBERAL BUYER POWER POLICY I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 25 BUYER POWER: MONOPSONY AND BARGAINING POWER, AN ECONOMIC APPROACH I. Introduction Understanding buyer power economics in its forms of monopsony and bargaining power is (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/loren-k-smith">Loren Smith</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maria-stoyadinova">Maria Stoyadinova</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/global-antitrust-economics-issues-in-antitrust-and-law-economics#id=42558" rel="bookmark">Global Antitrust Economics - Issues in Antitrust and Law & Economics <small>The Prominence of Market Definition in Antitrust Evaluation and Litigation</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-03-20T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">21 </span><span class="m">Mar</span></span><span class="y"> 2016</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">GLOBAL ANTITRUST ECONOMICS | CURRENT ISSUES IN ANTITRUST AND LAW & ECONOMICS 103 The Prominence of Market Deflnition in Antitrust Evaluation and Litigation * LOREN SMITH lsmith@compasslexecon.com Senior Vice President, Compass Lexecon MARIA STOYADINOVA mstoyadinova@compasslexecon.com Vice (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gregory-werden">Gregory Werden</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/global-antitrust-economics-issues-in-antitrust-and-law-economics#id=42559" rel="bookmark">Global Antitrust Economics - Issues in Antitrust and Law & Economics <small>The Relevant Market Concept in Antitrust Law</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-03-20T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">21 </span><span class="m">Mar</span></span><span class="y"> 2016</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">GLOBAL ANTITRUST ECONOMICS | CURRENT ISSUES IN ANTITRUST AND LAW & ECONOMICS 117 The Relevant Market Concept in Antitrust Law GREGORY J. WERDEN * gregory.werden@usdoj.gov Senior Economic Counsel, Antitrust Division, US Department of Justice Abstract Contrary to the claims of many economists and (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leslie-m-marx">Leslie M. Marx</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-c-marshall">Robert C. Marshall</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/william-e-kovacic-an-antitrust-tribute-liber-amicorum-vol-ii#id=43462" rel="bookmark">William E. Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>Section 1 Compliance from an Economic Perspective</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-08T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">9 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2014</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">293William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Section 1 Compliance from an Economic Perspective ROBERT C. MARSHALL rcm10@psu.edu Distinguished Professor of Economics, Penn State University LESLIE M. MARX marx@duke.edu Robert A. Bandeen Professor of Economics, Fuqua (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/doris-hildebrand">Doris Hildebrand</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/william-e-kovacic-an-antitrust-tribute-liber-amicorum-vol-ii#id=43448" rel="bookmark">William E. Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>Bill’s Advocacy for Converging Economic Schools of Thought inthe US and EU</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-08T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">9 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2014</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">11William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Bill's Advocacy for Converging Economic Schools of Thought in the US and EU DORIS HILDEBRAND dhildebrand@ee-mc.com Professor of Economics, University of Brussels Managing Partner, EE&MC, Bonn Abstract This contribution (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/market-share#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/market-share#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/market-share#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/market-share#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/market-share#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = me.find('.picto-round'); if (!picto.length) { picto = me; } var h = jQuery(window).height() - ($container.offset().top + y - jQuery(window).scrollTop()) - 25; y = Math.round(y); h = Math.round(h); $index.css({top:y+'px',maxHeight:h+'px'}); var x = picto.offset().left - $container.offset().left + picto.outerWidth() / 2 + 20; $index.find('.arrow-top').css({left:x+'px'}); me.removeClass('collapsed'); $index.collapse('show'); jQuery('body').addClass('index-visible'); } else { $index.collapse('hide'); } return false; }) $index.on('shown.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('shown.bs.collapse'); }); $index.on('hidden.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('hidden.bs.collapse'); $btn_index.addClass('collapsed'); jQuery('body').removeClass('index-visible') }); $index.find('.close').on('click', function() { $index.collapse('hide'); }); $index.on('click', 'a.lettre', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var anchor = jQuery(this).data('anchor'); jQuery('.glossaire-index', $index).scrollTo(anchor, {duration: 500,axis: 'y'}); return false; }).find('a.lettre').off('click'); // Menu général sticky // var topHeight = 50; // jQuery('.menu-glossaire-wrapper').each(function() { // var me = jQuery(this); // var offset = me.offset(); // me.affix({offset: {top:offset.top - topHeight}}); // topHeight += 50; // }); // Scroll auto vers ancre if (window.location.hash) { // console.log('ScrollTo '+window.location.hash); // setTimeout(function(){jQuery('[data-target="'+window.location.hash+'"]').click()},200); } }); </script> </main> <aside class="aside secondary" id="aside"> </aside> <aside class="extra secondary" id="extra"> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="banner-bottom" id="banner-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="banners clearfix format-full position-bas" data-interval="5000"> <div class="banners-inner" role="listbox" style="padding-bottom: 5.33%"> <div class="item active"> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <div class="adresse small"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/concurrences-crop.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' class='logo-concurrences' width='1680' height='408' /> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/20ans/20ans-crop.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' class='logo-20ans' width='617' height='439' /> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-8"> <div class="adresse small"> <p>19 avenue Jean Aicard<br class='autobr' /> 75011 Paris, France </p> <p>106 West 32nd Street, Suite 149<br class='autobr' /> New York, NY, 10001, USA </p> <p>Camden Gateway, 349 Royal College St,<br class='autobr' /> London NW1 9QS, UK </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-3 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="menu small"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="col-sm-6"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-6 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="links small"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_page-speciale plan"> <a href="en/page/sitemap/" class="menu-items__lien">Site map</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/institute" class="menu-items__lien">Concurrences</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-use-63" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-sale" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Sale</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/write-for-concurrences-review" class="menu-items__lien">Publish</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="tools small"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="en/page/subscriptions/"><i class="picto picto-footer-abonnements"></i> Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="en/page/contact/" class="popin"><i class="picto picto-footer-contact"></i> Contact</a></li> <li> <a href="en/page/subscribe/"><i class="picto picto-footer-newsletter"></i> Newsletter</a> </li> <li><a href="https://calendly.com/concurrences/30min" rel="external" target="blank">Request a demo</a></li> </ul> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CompetitionLaws" title="Visit our Twitter page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_twitter-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Twitter (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/concurrences.review/" title="Visit our Facebook page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_facebook-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/concurrences_review/" title="Visit our Instagram page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_instagram-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var w=window,d=document,r="",g=d.createElement('script'),s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; try{r=w.top.document.referrer}catch(Y){if(w.parent){try{r=w.parent.document.referrer}catch(X){r=""}}}if(r===""){r=d.referrer} g.type='text/javascript';g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src="//www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=statsjs&c=YToyOntzOjExOiJpZF9ydWJyaXF1ZSI7czozOiIxNjEiO3M6MTA6ImlkX2FydGljbGUiO3M6NToiMTIzMjIiO30="+"&r="+btoa(r);s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script></body></html>