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id="toc-Pulse_waveforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lightning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lightning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrostatic_discharge_(ESD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrostatic_discharge_(ESD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Electrostatic discharge (ESD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrostatic_discharge_(ESD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switching_pulses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switching_pulses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Switching pulses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switching_pulses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_(NEMP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_(NEMP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_(NEMP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_(NNEMP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_(NNEMP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_(NNEMP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Test_simulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_simulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Test simulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test_simulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Induced_pulse_simulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induced_pulse_simulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Induced pulse simulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induced_pulse_simulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threat_pulse_simulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threat_pulse_simulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Threat pulse simulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threat_pulse_simulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electromagnetic pulse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نبضة كهرومغناطيسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبضة كهرومغناطيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromaqnit_impuls" title="Elektromaqnit impuls – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektromaqnit impuls" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuls_electromagn%C3%A8tic" title="Impuls electromagnètic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Impuls electromagnètic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetick%C3%BD_impuls" title="Elektromagnetický impuls – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektromagnetický impuls" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_puls" title="Elektromagnetisk puls – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektromagnetisk puls" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetischer_Impuls" title="Elektromagnetischer Impuls – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektromagnetischer Impuls" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetiline_impulss" title="Elektromagnetiline impulss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektromagnetiline impulss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ηλεκτρομαγνητικός παλμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρομαγνητικός παλμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulso_electromagn%C3%A9tico" title="Pulso electromagnético – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pulso electromagnético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulso_(elektromagnetismo)" title="Impulso (elektromagnetismo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Impulso (elektromagnetismo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پالس الکترومغناطیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پالس الکترومغناطیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsion_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Impulsion électromagnétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impulsion électromagnétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%ED%8E%84%EC%8A%A4" title="전자기 펄스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자기 펄스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्ट्रोमैग्नेटिक पल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोमैग्नेटिक पल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafsegulh%C3%B6gg" title="Rafsegulhögg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafsegulhögg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulso_elettromagnetico" title="Impulso elettromagnetico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impulso elettromagnetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פעימה אלקטרומגנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פעימה אלקטרומגנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Электрмагниттік импульс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрмагниттік импульс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firta_Elektromeknet%C3%AEs" title="Firta Elektromeknetîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Firta Elektromeknetîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagn%C3%A9iteschen_Impuls" title="Elektromagnéiteschen Impuls – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektromagnéiteschen Impuls" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="വൈദ്യുത കാന്തിക തരംഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുത കാന്തിക തരംഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denyut_elektromagnet" title="Denyut elektromagnet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Denyut elektromagnet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetische_puls" title="Elektromagnetische puls – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektromagnetische puls" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="電磁パルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電磁パルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_puls" title="Elektromagnetisk puls – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektromagnetisk puls" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_puls" title="Elektromagnetisk puls – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektromagnetisk puls" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8" title="ਇਲੈਕਟਰੋਮੈਗਨੈਟਿਕ ਪਲਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਲੈਕਟਰੋਮੈਗਨੈਟਿਕ ਪਲਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuls_elektromagnetyczny" title="Impuls elektromagnetyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Impuls elektromagnetyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulso_eletromagn%C3%A9tico" title="Pulso eletromagnético – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pulso eletromagnético" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuls_electromagnetic" title="Impuls electromagnetic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Impuls electromagnetic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Электромагнитный импульс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электромагнитный импульс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_Pulse" title="Electromagnetic Pulse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electromagnetic Pulse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetick%C3%BD_impulz" title="Elektromagnetický impulz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektromagnetický impulz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6magneettinen_pulssi" title="Sähkömagneettinen pulssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkömagneettinen pulssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_puls" title="Elektromagnetisk puls – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektromagnetisk puls" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromanyetik_darbe" title="Elektromanyetik darbe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektromanyetik darbe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the phenomenon in general. For nuclear EMP weapons, see <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse" title="Nuclear electromagnetic pulse">Nuclear electromagnetic pulse</a>. For Earth magnetosphere pulsations, see <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_pulsations" title="Magnetic pulsations">Magnetic pulsations</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Special:EditPage/Electromagnetic pulse">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electromagnetic+pulse%22">"Electromagnetic pulse"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electromagnetic+pulse%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electromagnetic+pulse%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electromagnetic+pulse%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electromagnetic+pulse%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electromagnetic+pulse%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>electromagnetic pulse</b> (<b>EMP</b>), also referred to as a <b>transient electromagnetic disturbance</b> (<b>TED</b>), is a brief burst of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic">electromagnetic</a> energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>, as an <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, or as a conducted <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>. The electromagnetic interference caused by an EMP can disrupt communications and damage electronic equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An EMP such as a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning strike</a> can physically damage objects such as buildings and aircraft. The management of EMP effects is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">electromagnetic compatibility</a> (EMC) engineering. </p><p>The first recorded damage from an electromagnetic pulse came with the solar storm of August 1859, or the <a href="/wiki/Carrington_Event" title="Carrington Event">Carrington Event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutteridge_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutteridge_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern warfare, weapons delivering a high energy EMP are designed to disrupt<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> communications equipment, the computers needed to operate modern warplanes, or even put the entire electrical network of a target country out of commission.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An electromagnetic pulse is a short surge of electromagnetic energy. Its short duration means that it will be spread over a range of frequencies. Pulses are typically characterized by: </p> <ul><li>The mode of energy transfer (radiated, electric, magnetic or conducted).</li> <li>The range or <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectrum</a> of frequencies present.</li> <li>Pulse waveform: shape, duration and amplitude.</li></ul> <p>The frequency spectrum and the pulse waveform are interrelated via the <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a> which describes how component waveforms may sum to the observed frequency spectrum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_energy">Types of energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></div> <p>EMP energy may be transferred in any of four forms: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">Electric field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction">Electrical conduction</a></li></ul> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>, a pulse of electric energy will always be accompanied by a pulse of magnetic energy. In a typical pulse, either the electric or the magnetic form will dominate. It can be shown that the non-linear <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a> can have time-dependent <a href="/wiki/Self-similar" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-similar">self-similar</a> electromagnetic shock wave solutions where the electric and the magnetic field components have a discontinuity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, only radiation acts over long distances, with the magnetic and electric fields acting over short distances. There are a few exceptions, such as a <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar magnetic flare</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_ranges">Frequency ranges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frequency ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pulse of electromagnetic energy typically comprises many frequencies from very low to some upper limit depending on the source. The range defined as EMP, sometimes referred to as "DC [direct current] to daylight", excludes the highest frequencies comprising the optical (<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>) and ionizing (<a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>) ranges. </p><p>Some types of EMP events can leave an optical trail, such as lightning and sparks, but these are side effects of the current flow through the air and are not part of the EMP itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulse_waveforms">Pulse waveforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pulse waveforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The waveform of a pulse describes how its instantaneous amplitude (field strength or current) changes over time. Real pulses tend to be quite complicated, so simplified models are often used. Such a model is typically described either in a diagram or as a mathematical equation. </p> <table style="margin:0.5em auto 0.5em auto; text-align:center;" cellpadding="4"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rectangular_pulse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rectangular_pulse.svg/200px-Rectangular_pulse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rectangular_pulse.svg/300px-Rectangular_pulse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rectangular_pulse.svg/400px-Rectangular_pulse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="372" /></a></span><br />Rectangular pulse </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_exponential.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Double_exponential.svg/200px-Double_exponential.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Double_exponential.svg/300px-Double_exponential.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Double_exponential.svg/400px-Double_exponential.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="372" /></a></span><br />Double exponential pulse </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Damped_sinewave.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" "" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Damped_sinewave.svg/200px-Damped_sinewave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Damped_sinewave.svg/300px-Damped_sinewave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Damped_sinewave.svg/400px-Damped_sinewave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="372" /></a></span><br />Damped sinewave pulse </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most electromagnetic pulses have a very sharp leading edge, building up quickly to their maximum level. The classic model is a double-exponential curve which climbs steeply, quickly reaches a peak and then decays more slowly. However, pulses from a controlled switching circuit often approximate the form of a rectangular or "square" pulse. </p><p>EMP events usually induce a corresponding signal in the surrounding environment or material. Coupling usually occurs most strongly over a relatively narrow frequency band, leading to a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Damped_sine_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Damped sine wave">damped sine wave</a>. Visually it is shown as a high frequency sine wave growing and decaying within the longer-lived envelope of the double-exponential curve. A damped sinewave typically has much lower energy and a narrower frequency spread than the original pulse, due to the transfer characteristic of the coupling mode. In practice, EMP test equipment often injects these damped sinewaves directly rather than attempting to recreate the high-energy threat pulses. </p><p>In a pulse train, such as from a digital clock circuit, the waveform is repeated at regular intervals. A single complete pulse cycle is sufficient to characterise such a regular, repetitive train. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An EMP arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band <i><a href="/wiki/Damped_sine_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Damped sine wave">damped sine wave</a></i> response in the surrounding environment. Some types are generated as repetitive and regular <i><a href="/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">pulse</a> trains</i>. </p><p>Different types of EMP arise from natural, man-made, and weapons effects. </p><p>Types of natural EMP events include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> electromagnetic pulse (LEMP). The discharge is typically an initial current flow of perhaps millions of <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amps</a>, followed by a train of pulses of decreasing energy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">Electrostatic discharge</a> (ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into proximity or even contact.</li> <li>Meteoric EMP. The discharge of electromagnetic energy resulting from either the impact of a <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> with a spacecraft or the explosive breakup of a meteoroid passing through the Earth's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a> (CME), sometimes referred to as a solar EMP. A burst of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> and accompanying magnetic field, ejected from the solar corona and released into the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-empact_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-empact-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Types of (civil) man-made EMP events include: </p> <ul><li>Switching action of electrical circuitry, whether isolated or repetitive (as a pulse train).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a> can create a train of pulses as the internal electrical contacts make and break connections as the armature rotates.</li> <li>Gasoline engine ignition systems can create a train of pulses as the spark plugs are energized or fired.</li> <li>Continual switching actions of digital electronic circuitry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Power line</a> surges. These can be up to several kilovolts, enough to damage electronic equipment that is insufficiently protected.</li></ul> <p>Types of military EMP include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse" title="Nuclear electromagnetic pulse">Nuclear electromagnetic pulse</a> (NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude nuclear EMP (HEMP), which produces a secondary pulse due to particle interactions with the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> and magnetic field.</li> <li>Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lightning">Lightning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lightning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a></div> <p>Lightning is unusual in that it typically has a preliminary "leader" discharge of low energy building up to the main pulse, which in turn may be followed at intervals by several smaller bursts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrostatic_discharge_(ESD)"><span id="Electrostatic_discharge_.28ESD.29"></span>Electrostatic discharge (ESD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electrostatic discharge (ESD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">Electrostatic discharge</a></div> <p>ESD events are characterized by high voltages of many kV, but small currents sometimes cause visible sparks. ESD is treated as a small, localized phenomenon, although technically a lightning flash is a very large ESD event. ESD can also be man-made, as in the shock received from a <a href="/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator" title="Van de Graaff generator">Van de Graaff generator</a>. </p><p>An ESD event can damage electronic circuitry by injecting a high-voltage pulse, besides giving people an unpleasant shock. Such an ESD event can also create sparks, which may in turn ignite fires or fuel-vapour explosions. For this reason, before refueling an aircraft or exposing any fuel vapor to the air, the fuel nozzle is first connected to the aircraft to safely discharge any static. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switching_pulses">Switching pulses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Switching pulses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The switching action of an electrical circuit creates a sharp change in the flow of electricity. This sharp change is a form of EMP. </p><p>Simple electrical sources include inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, and brush contacts in electric motors. These typically send a pulse down any electrical connections present, as well as radiating a pulse of energy. The amplitude is usually small and the signal may be treated as "noise" or "interference". The switching off or "opening" of a circuit causes an abrupt change in the current flowing. This can in turn cause a large pulse in the electric field across the open contacts, causing arcing and damage. It is often necessary to incorporate design features to limit such effects. </p><p>Electronic devices such as vacuum tubes or valves, transistors, and diodes can also switch on and off very quickly, causing similar issues. One-off pulses may be caused by solid-state switches and other devices used only occasionally. However, the many millions of transistors in a modern computer may switch repeatedly at frequencies above 1  GHz, causing interference that appears to be continuous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_(NEMP)"><span id="Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_.28NEMP.29"></span>Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse" title="Nuclear electromagnetic pulse">Nuclear electromagnetic pulse</a></div> <p>A nuclear electromagnetic pulse is the abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation resulting from a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">nuclear explosion</a>. The resulting rapidly changing <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a> and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and <a href="/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">voltage surges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intense <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a> emitted can also ionize the surrounding air, creating a secondary EMP as the atoms of air first lose their electrons and then regain them. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_EMP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear EMP">NEMP</a> weapons are designed to maximize such EMP effects as the primary damage mechanism, and some are capable of destroying susceptible electronic equipment over a wide area. </p><p>A high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) weapon is a NEMP warhead designed to be detonated far above the Earth's surface. The explosion releases a blast of gamma rays into the mid-<a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, which ionizes as a secondary effect and the resultant energetic free electrons interact with the Earth's magnetic field to produce a much stronger EMP than is normally produced in the denser air at lower altitudes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_(NNEMP)"><span id="Non-nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse_.28NNEMP.29"></span>Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) is a weapon-generated electromagnetic pulse without use of nuclear technology. Devices that can achieve this objective include a large low-inductance <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> bank discharged into a single-loop antenna, a microwave generator, and an <a href="/wiki/Explosively_pumped_flux_compression_generator" title="Explosively pumped flux compression generator">explosively pumped flux compression generator</a>. To achieve the frequency characteristics of the pulse needed for optimal <a href="/wiki/Coupling_(electronics)" title="Coupling (electronics)">coupling</a> into the target, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">wave</a>-shaping circuits or microwave generators are added between the pulse source and the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vircator" title="Vircator">Vircators</a> are vacuum tubes that are particularly suitable for microwave conversion of high-energy pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-kopp_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kopp-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NNEMP generators can be carried as a payload of bombs, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Counter-electronics_High_Power_Microwave_Advanced_Missile_Project" title="Counter-electronics High Power Microwave Advanced Missile Project">CHAMP</a> missile) and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drones</a>, with diminished mechanical, thermal and ionizing radiation effects, but without the consequences of deploying nuclear weapons. </p><p>The range of NNEMP weapons is much less than nuclear EMP. Nearly all NNEMP devices used as weapons require chemical explosives as their initial energy source, producing only one millionth the energy of nuclear explosives of similar weight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasstoneDolan1977Chapter_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasstoneDolan1977Chapter_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electromagnetic pulse from NNEMP weapons must come from within the weapon, while nuclear weapons generate EMP as a secondary effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasstoneDolan1977Chapter_11,_section_11.73_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasstoneDolan1977Chapter_11,_section_11.73-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These facts limit the range of NNEMP weapons, but allow finer target discrimination. The effect of small e-bombs has proven to be sufficient for certain terrorist or military operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples of such operations include the destruction of electronic control systems critical to the operation of many ground vehicles and aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="cited article is mostly speculation, not fact (July 2016)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The concept of the explosively pumped flux compression generator for generating a non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse was conceived as early as 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> in the Soviet Union,<sup id="cite_ref-fcg_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nations kept work on non-nuclear EMP classified until similar ideas emerged in other nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minor EMP events, and especially pulse trains, cause low levels of electrical noise or interference which can affect the operation of susceptible devices. For example, a common problem in the mid-twentieth century was interference emitted by the ignition systems of gasoline engines,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which caused radio sets to crackle and TV sets to show stripes on the screen. CISPR 25 was established to set threshold standards that vehicles must meet for electromagnetic interference(EMI) emissions. </p><p>At a high voltage level an EMP can induce a spark, for example from an electrostatic discharge when fuelling a gasoline-engined vehicle. Such sparks have been known to cause fuel-air explosions and precautions must be taken to prevent them.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large and energetic EMP can induce high currents and voltages in the victim unit, temporarily disrupting its function or even permanently damaging it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A powerful EMP can also directly affect magnetic materials and corrupt the data stored on media such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> and computer <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a>. Hard drives are usually shielded by heavy metal casings. Some <a href="/wiki/IT_asset_management" class="mw-redirect" title="IT asset management">IT asset disposal</a> service providers and computer recyclers use a controlled EMP to wipe such magnetic media.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very large EMP event, such as a lightning strike or an air bursted nuclear weapon, is also capable of damaging objects such as trees, buildings and aircraft directly, either through heating effects or the disruptive effects of the very large magnetic field generated by the current. An indirect effect can be electrical fires caused by heating. Most engineered structures and systems require some form of protection against lightning to be designed in. A good means of protection is a Faraday shield designed to protect certain items from being destroyed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control">Control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">Electromagnetic compatibility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E-4_advanced_airborne_command_post_EMP_sim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/E-4_advanced_airborne_command_post_EMP_sim.jpg/220px-E-4_advanced_airborne_command_post_EMP_sim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/E-4_advanced_airborne_command_post_EMP_sim.jpg/330px-E-4_advanced_airborne_command_post_EMP_sim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/E-4_advanced_airborne_command_post_EMP_sim.jpg/440px-E-4_advanced_airborne_command_post_EMP_sim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>EMP simulator HAGII-C testing a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-4" title="Boeing E-4">Boeing E-4</a> aircraft.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Estocin_FFG-15_moored_near_EMPRESS_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/USS_Estocin_FFG-15_moored_near_EMPRESS_I.jpg/220px-USS_Estocin_FFG-15_moored_near_EMPRESS_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/USS_Estocin_FFG-15_moored_near_EMPRESS_I.jpg/330px-USS_Estocin_FFG-15_moored_near_EMPRESS_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/USS_Estocin_FFG-15_moored_near_EMPRESS_I.jpg/440px-USS_Estocin_FFG-15_moored_near_EMPRESS_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>EMPRESS I (antennas along shoreline) with <a href="/wiki/USS_Estocin" title="USS Estocin">USS <i>Estocin</i> (FFG-15)</a> moored in the foreground for testing.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like any <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>, the threat from EMP is subject to control measures. This is true whether the threat is natural or man-made. </p><p>Therefore, most control measures focus on the susceptibility of equipment to EMP effects, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">hardening</a> or protecting it from harm. Man-made sources, other than weapons, are also subject to control measures in order to limit the amount of pulse energy emitted. </p><p>The discipline of ensuring correct equipment operation in the presence of EMP and other RF threats is known as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test_simulation">Test simulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Test simulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To test the effects of EMP on engineered systems and equipment, an EMP simulator may be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Induced_pulse_simulation">Induced pulse simulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Induced pulse simulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Induced pulses are of much lower energy than threat pulses and so are more practicable to create, but they are less predictable. A common test technique is to use a <a href="/wiki/Current_clamp" title="Current clamp">current clamp</a> in reverse, to inject a range of damped sine wave signals into a cable connected to the equipment under test. The damped sine wave generator is able to reproduce the range of induced signals likely to occur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Threat_pulse_simulation">Threat pulse simulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Threat pulse simulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the threat pulse itself is simulated in a repeatable way. The pulse may be reproduced at low energy in order to characterise the subject's response prior to damped sinewave injection, or at high energy to recreate the actual threat conditions. A small-scale <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge#Simulation_and_testing_for_electronic_devices" title="Electrostatic discharge">ESD simulator</a> may be hand-held. Bench- or room-sized simulators come in a range of designs, depending on the type and level of threat to be generated. </p><p>At the top end of the scale, large outdoor test facilities incorporating high-energy EMP simulators have been built by several countries.<sup id="cite_ref-baum1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baum1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baum2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baum2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest facilities are able to test whole vehicles including ships and aircraft for their susceptibility to EMP. Nearly all of these large EMP simulators used a specialized version of a <a href="/wiki/Marx_generator" title="Marx generator">Marx generator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baum1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baum1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baum2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baum2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the huge wooden-structured <a href="/wiki/ATLAS-I" title="ATLAS-I">ATLAS-I</a> simulator (also known as TRESTLE) at <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandia National Labs">Sandia National Labs</a>, New Mexico, which was at one time the world's largest EMP simulator.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papers on this and other large EMP simulators used by the United States during the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, along with more general information about electromagnetic pulses, are now in the care of the SUMMA Foundation, which is hosted at the University of New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Navy also has a large facility called the Electro Magnetic Pulse Radiation Environmental Simulator for Ships I (EMPRESS I). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-level EMP signals can pose a threat to human safety. In such circumstances, direct contact with a live electrical conductor should be avoided. Where this occurs, such as when touching a <a href="/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator" title="Van de Graaff generator">Van de Graaff generator</a> or other highly charged object, care must be taken to release the object and then discharge the body through a high resistance, in order to avoid the risk of a harmful shock pulse when stepping away. </p><p>Very high electric field strengths can cause breakdown of the air and a potentially lethal arc current similar to lightning to flow, but electric field strengths of up to 200 kV/m are regarded as safe.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research from Edd Gent, a 2019 report by the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute" title="Electric Power Research Institute">Electric Power Research Institute</a>, which is funded by utility companies, found that a large EMP attack would probably cause regional <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">blackouts</a> but not a nationwide grid failure and that recovery times would be similar to those of other large-scale outages.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known how long these electrical blackouts would last, or what extent of damage would occur across the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is possible that neighboring countries of the U.S. could also be affected by such an attack, depending on the targeted area and people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to an article from Naureen Malik, with North Korea's increasingly successful missile and warhead tests in mind, Congress moved to renew funding for the Commission to Assess the Threat to the U.S. from Electromagnetic Pulse Attack as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act" title="National Defense Authorization Act">National Defense Authorization Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to research from Yoshida Reiji, in a 2016 article for the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>-based nonprofit organization Center for Information and Security Trade Control, Onizuka warned that a high-altitude EMP attack would damage or destroy <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s power, communications and transport systems as well as disable banks, hospitals and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1981, a number of articles on electromagnetic pulse in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">popular press</a> spread knowledge of the EMP phenomenon into the <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EMP has been subsequently used in a wide variety of fiction and other aspects of popular culture. Popular media often depict EMP effects incorrectly, causing misunderstandings among the public and even professionals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="which effects (January 2024)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> Official efforts have been made in the U.S. to remedy these misconceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/One_Second_After" title="One Second After">One Second After</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_R._Forstchen" title="William R. Forstchen">William R. Forstchen</a> and the following books <i>One Year After</i>, <i>The Final Day</i> and <i>Five Years After</i> portrait the story of a fictional character named John Matherson and his community in Black Mountain, North Carolina that after the US loses a war and an EMP attack "sends our nation [the US] back to the Dark Ages". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">Directed-energy weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility" title="Electromagnetic compatibility">Electromagnetic compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_environment" title="Electromagnetic environment">Electromagnetic environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday's law of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-461" title="MIL-STD-461">MIL-STD-461</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard" title="United States Military Standard">United States Military Standard</a> that describes how to test equipment for electromagnetic compatibility</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsed_power" title="Pulsed power">Pulsed power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_(oscillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient (oscillation)">Transient (oscillation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse" title="Ultrashort pulse">Ultrashort pulse</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royal Air Force Common Core and Deployment Skills Aide-Memoire AP 3242B VOL 5, ABBREVIATIONS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutteridge_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gutteridge_2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGutteridge2020" class="citation web cs1">Gutteridge, Nick (30 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/9097706/Electromagnetic-pulses-in-history.html">"Electromagnetic pulses in 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Should we worry?"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Threat+of+North+Korean+EMP+attack+leaves+Japan+vulnerable&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Reiji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2F08%2Fnational%2Fthreat-of-north-korean-emp-attack-leaves-japan-vulnerable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+pulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raloff, Janet. 9 May 1981. "EMP: A Sleeping Electronic Dragon." Science News. Vol. 119, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raloff, Janet. 16 May 1981. "EMP: Defensive Strategies." Science News. Vol. 119, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broad, William J. 1983 January/February. "The Chaos Factor" Science 83, pp. 41–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnham, David. 28 June 1983. "U.S. Fears One Bomb Could Cripple the Nation." New York Times, p. C1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/28/science/us-fears-one-bomb-could-cripple-the-nation.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report Meta-R-320: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://securethegrid.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2010-Metatech-HEMP-Impact-on-US-Power-Grid.pdf#page=167">The Early-Time (E1) High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) and Its Impact on the U.S. Power Grid</a>", January 2010. Written by Metatech Corporation for Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Appendix: E1 HEMP Myths.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Air Force Space Command, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tellyawards.com/winners/2009/filmvideo/non-broadcast-productions-training-for-corporate-use/hollywood-vs-emp/98587"><i>Hollywood vs. EMP</i></a>, Manitou Motion Picture Company, 2009 (not available to the general public).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Katayev, I.G. (1966). <i>Electromagnetic Shock Waves</i> Iliffe Books Ltd. Dorset House, Stanford Street, London, England</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasstoneDolan1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Glasstone" title="Samuel Glasstone">Glasstone, Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Dolan" title="Philip J. Dolan">Dolan, Philip J.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/effects/"><i>The Effects of Nuclear Weapons</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Research_and_Development_Administration" title="Energy Research and Development Administration">Energy Research and Development Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense+and+the+Energy+Research+and+Development+Administration&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Glasstone&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Dolan%2C+Philip+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourmilab.ch%2Fetexts%2Fwww%2Feffects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+pulse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurevich2019" class="citation book cs1">Gurevich, Vladimir (2019). <i>Protecting Electrical Equipment: Good Practices for Preventing High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Impacts</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protecting+Electrical+Equipment%3A+Good+Practices+for+Preventing+High+Altitude+Electromagnetic+Pulse+Impacts&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Gurevich&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromagnetic+pulse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_pulse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electromagnetic_pulse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.unm.edu/summa/notes/trestle_movie.html"><i>TRESTLE: Landmark of the Cold War</i></a>, a short documentary film on the SUMMA Foundation website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" 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