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id="toc-Reformation_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reformation and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bible_Student_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible_Student_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Bible Student movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible_Student_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Almighty_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Almighty_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>The Church of Almighty God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Almighty_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Apostolic_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Apostolic_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>New Apostolic Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Apostolic_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baha'i_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baha'i_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Baha'i Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baha'i_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nazism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utopianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utopianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Utopianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utopianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliasme" title="Chiliasme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chiliasme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="ألفية (مسيحية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفية (مسيحية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiliazm" title="Xiliazm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xiliazm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хіліязм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіліязм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenyalismo" title="Milenyalismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Milenyalismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C2%B7lenarisme" title="Mil·lenarisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mil·lenarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliasmus" title="Chiliasmus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chiliasmus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliasme" title="Chiliasme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chiliasme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χιλιασμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιλιασμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenarismo" title="Milenarismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Milenarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C3%A9narisme" title="Millénarisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Millénarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyliasme" title="Gyliasme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gyliasme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenarismo" title="Milenarismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Milenarismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EB%85%84%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="천년왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천년왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenijalizam" title="Milenijalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Milenijalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milyarismo" title="Milyarismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milyarismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenialisme" title="Milenialisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Milenialisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliasmo" title="Chiliasmo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chiliasmo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хилиазм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хилиазм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliasmus" title="Chiliasmus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chiliasmus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(Biblia)" title="Millennium (Biblia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Millennium (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenarisma" title="Milenarisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Milenarisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliasme" title="Chiliasme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chiliasme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хилиазм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хилиазм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliazmus" title="Chiliazmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chiliazmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хилијазам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хилијазам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenarizam" title="Milenarizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Milenarizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennialismi" title="Millennialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Millennialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliasm" title="Kiliasm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kiliasm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хіліазм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хіліазм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="الف سعادتیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الف سعادتیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3567687#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Millennialism" rel="discussion" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belief that a Golden Age or Paradise will occur prior to the final judgment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Christian doctrine regarding Jesus Christ's reign in heaven, see <a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession of Christ</a>. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eschatology" title="Category:Eschatology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li>— <i>Biblical texts</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Major figures</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Different views</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Millennialism</a></i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <i>Other events</i> —</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events of Revelation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven Seals</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;">— <i>Figures</i> — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%CA%BEim_%C4%80l_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#In_Islamic_tradition" title="Gog and Magog">Yajuj and Majuj</a></li></ul> </div> <p>— <i>Events</i> — </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasf_al-Bayda" title="Khasf al-Bayda">Swallowing in Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_appearance_of_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the appearance of Mahdi">Coming of the Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Return of Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li>— <i>Biblical texts</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li>— <i>Other sources</i> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Medieval Jewish scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <p>— <i>Figures</i> — </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah the Prophet">Elijah the Prophet</a>, Messiah (<a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Mashiach Ben David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Mashiach Ben Yosef</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <p>— <i>Events and terms</i> — </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchalta_De%27Geulah" title="Atchalta De'Geulah">Atchalta De'Geulah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Kibbutz Galuyot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Gog_and_Magog" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection#Judaism" title="Resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_to_come#Jewish_eschatology" title="World to come">Olam Haba</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;">— <i>Figures and items</i> — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_monster" title="Bound monster">Bound monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarhorn" title="Gjallarhorn">Gjallarhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">Líf and Lífþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naglfar" title="Naglfar">Naglfar</a></li></ul> </div> <p>— <i>Events</i> — </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Divine Incantations Scripture</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Inter-religious</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> / <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Age</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Universal resurrection</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eschatology" title="Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eschatology" title="Template talk:Eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Millennialism</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> mille</i> 'thousand' <i> annus</i> 'year' and <i> <a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">-ism</a></i>) or <b>chiliasm</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> equivalent) is a belief which is held by some <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious denominations</a>. According to this belief, a <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a> will be established on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> and the future permanent state of "eternity".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> have both produced messianic movements which featured millennialist teachings—such as the notion that an earthly kingdom of God was at hand. These <a href="/wiki/Millenarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Millenarian">millenarian</a> movements often led to considerable social unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarities to millennialism also exist in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, which identified successive thousand-year periods, each of which will end in a cataclysm of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and destruction, until the final destruction of <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> and the final destruction of the spirit of evil by a triumphant king of peace at the end of the final millennial age. </p><p>Scholars have also linked various other social and political movements, both religious and <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a>, to millennialist metaphors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Christian millennialist thinking is based upon the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, specifically Revelation 20,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which describes the vision of an angel who descends from heaven with a large chain and a key to a bottomless pit, and captures Satan, imprisoning him for a thousand years: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years and threw him into the pit and locked and sealed it over him, so that he would deceive the nations no more, until the thousand years were ended. After that, he must be let out for a little while.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Revelation 20:2–3<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Book of Revelation then describes a series of judges who are seated on thrones, as well as John's vision of the souls of those who were beheaded for their testimony in favor of Jesus and their rejection of the mark of the beast. These souls: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years. (The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended.) This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection. Over these the second death has no power, but they will be priests of God and of Christ, and they will reign with him a thousand years</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Revelation 20:4–6<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_church">Early church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Premillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> During the first centuries after Christ, various forms of chiliasm (millennialism) were to be found in the Church, both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Premillennialism held by the Early Church is called "<a href="/wiki/Historic_premillennialism" title="Historic premillennialism">historic premillennialism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was supported in the early church by <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Pseudo-Barnabas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methodius_of_Olympus" title="Methodius of Olympus">Methodius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Commodianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodianus">Commodianus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nepos" title="Book of Nepos">Nepos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Africanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Africanus">Julius Africanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Montanus" title="Montanus">Montanus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the premillennial views of Montanus probably affected the later rejection of premillennialism in the Church, as <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a> was seen as a heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contrasting beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of <i>Revelation</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Millennium</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a> <ul><li>Prewrath rapture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biblical texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">(Events)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pseudepigrapha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_eschatology" title="Template talk:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amillennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2nd century, the <a href="/wiki/Alogi" title="Alogi">Alogi</a> (those who rejected all of John's writings) were <a href="/wiki/Amillennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Amillennial">amillennial</a>, as was <a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a> in the first quarter of the 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the influence of <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> denied premillennialism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a> (died 264) argued that Revelation was not written by John and could not be interpreted literally; he was amillennial.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (died 165), who had chiliastic tendencies in his theology, mentions differing views in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_Trypho_the_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue with Trypho the Jew">Dialogue with Trypho the Jew</a></i>, chapter 80:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"I and many others are of this opinion [premillennialism], and [believe] that such will take place, as you assuredly are aware; but, on the other hand, I signified to you that many who belong to the pure and pious faith, and are true Christians, think otherwise."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Augustine in his early days affirmed <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialism</a>, but later changed to amillennialism, causing the view to become popularized together with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> notes that the 2nd-century proponents of various <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> beliefs (themselves considered heresies) also rejected millenarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_and_beyond">Reformation and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reformation and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Millennialism" title="Special:EditPage/Millennialism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Millennialism%22">"Millennialism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Millennialism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Millennialism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Millennialism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Millennialism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Millennialism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millennial_views.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Millennial_views.svg/360px-Millennial_views.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="491" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Millennial_views.svg/540px-Millennial_views.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Millennial_views.svg/720px-Millennial_views.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Christian millennial interpretations</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian views on the future order of events diversified after the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformation">Protestant reformation</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1517</span>). In particular, new emphasis was placed on the passages in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> which seemed to say that as Christ would return to judge the living and the dead, <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> would be locked away for 1000 years, but then released on the world to instigate <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">a final battle against God and his Saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> theologians had no clear or consensus view on what this actually meant (only the concept of the end of the world coming unexpectedly, "like a thief in the night", and the concept of "the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">antichrist</a>" were almost universally held). Millennialist theories try to explain what this "1000 years of Satan bound in chains" would be like. </p><p>Various types of millennialism exist with regard to <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>, especially within <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a>. The first two refer to different views of the relationship between the "millennial Kingdom" and Christ's second coming. </p><p>Premillennialism sees Christ's second advent as preceding the millennium, thereby separating the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Final_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Judgment">Final Judgment</a>. In this view, "Christ's reign" will be physically on the earth. </p><p>Postmillennialism sees Christ's second coming as subsequent to the millennium and concurrent with the final judgment. In this view "Christ's reign" (during the millennium) will be spiritual in and through the <a href="/wiki/Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian church">church</a>. </p><p>Amillennialism sees the 1000 year kingdom as being metaphorically described in Rev. 20:1–6 in which "Christ's reign" is current in and through the church. Thus, while this view does not hold to a future millennial reign, it does hold that the New Heavens and New Earth will appear upon the return of Christ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> strongly condemns millennialism as the following shows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Antichrist's deception already begins to take shape in the world every time the claim is made to realize within history that messianic hope which can only be realized beyond history through the eschatological judgment. The Church has rejected even modified forms of this falsification of the kingdom to come under the name of millenarianism, especially the "intrinsically perverse" political form of a secular messianism.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger</a>, Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1995<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bible_Student_movement">Bible Student movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bible Student movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a> is a millennialist movement based on views expressed in "The Divine Plan of the Ages," in 1886, in Volume One of the <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_the_Scriptures" title="Studies in the Scriptures">Studies in the Scriptures</a></i> series, by Pastor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a>. (This series is still being published, since 1927, by the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Bible_Students_Association" title="Dawn Bible Students Association">Dawn Bible Students Association</a>.) Bible Students believe that there will be a universal opportunity for every person, past and present, not previously recipients of a heavenly calling, to gain everlasting life on Earth during the Millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> believe that Christ will rule from heaven for 1,000 years as king over the earth, assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_salvation#The_.27anointed.27" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation">144,000</a> ascended humans. According to them this 1,000 year reign the earth will become a paradise, like the Garden of Eden, and humans will themselves return to the perfection lost by Adam and Eve.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Almighty_God">The Church of Almighty God</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Church of Almighty God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning, The Church of Almighty God</a> mentions in its teachings the Age of Millennial Kingdom, which will follow the catastrophes prophesied in the Book of Revelation in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Apostolic_Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Apostolic Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Counter to much of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> movement, which tends towards belief in premillennialism, the rise of the Antichrist, and the decay of the world prior to the Second Coming, the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a>'s focus is instead on an "optimistic" eschatology. It holds that most end-time prophecies have long since been fulfilled and that modern-day <a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">prophets and apostles</a> have divine authority; the end times will be an era in which obedient Christians, through using <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">spiritual warfare</a> and shaping all aspects of society into aligning with their Christian beliefs (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a>), will bring about the Second Coming.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GeivettPivec2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeivettPivec2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Millennialist thinking first emerged in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish apocryphal literature</a> of the tumultuous <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gerschom Scholem</a> profiles medieval and early modern Jewish millennialist teachings in his book <i>Sabbatai Sevi, the mystical messiah</i>, which focuses on the 17th-century movement centered on the self-proclaimed messiahship (1648) of <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1626–1676) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad</a> has stated<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a man from his <a href="/wiki/Ahlulbayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahlulbayt">Household</a> will come and rid the world of all injustice and tyranny. He will be known as the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> also believe that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> will come alongside the Mahdi and will fight together with him against oppression and injustice, where the Mahdi will rule for a period of time before the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Day of Judgement</a>. The Mahdi is noted in the Sunni books, <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abi_Dawud" title="Sunan Abi Dawud">Sunan Abi Dawud</a> 4285, <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ibn_Majah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Ibn Majah">Sunan Ibn Majah</a> 4083, and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> 2913. </p><p>Shia and Sunni Muslims differ on who exactly the Mahdi is. While they both agree that he will come alongside Jesus to save mankind from injustice and oppression; Sunnis believe he is yet to be born, while Shias believe that he is currently alive and in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baha'i_Faith"><span id="Baha.27i_Faith"></span>Baha'i Faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Baha'i Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Baha%27i)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive revelation (Baha'i)">Progressive revelation (Baha'i)</a></div> <p>Bahá'u'lláh mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n" title="Kitáb-i-Íqán">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a></i> that God will renew the "City of God" about every thousand years,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and specifically mentioned that a new <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestation of God</a> would not appear within 1,000 years (1852–2852 CE) of Bahá'u'lláh's <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensation (period)">Dispensation</a>, but that the authority of Bahá'u'lláh's message could last up to 500,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a> taught that <i>The Christ</i> or <i>The World Teacher</i> would return "sometime after AD 2025", and that this would be the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> equivalent of the Christian concept of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming of Christ</a>. Note that the being she speaks of <i>The World Teacher</i> is the same as that spiritual being best known to other Theosophists as <i><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_movements">Social movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millennial social movements, a specific form of <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarianism</a>, have as their basis some concept of a cycle of one-thousand years. Sometimes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (August 2020)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> the two terms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> are used<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as synonyms, but purists regard this as not entirely accurate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Millennial social movements need not have a religious foundation, but they must<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> have a vision of an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a> that can be <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a>. Those associated with millennial social movements are "prone to [be violent]",<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with certain types of millennialism connected to violence.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In progressive millennialism, the "transformation of the social order is gradual and humans play a role in fostering that transformation".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catastrophic millennialism "deems the current social order as irrevocably corrupt, and total destruction of this order is necessary as the precursor to the building of a new, godly order".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However the link between millennialism and violence may be problematic, as new religious movements may stray from the catastrophic view as time progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazism">Nazism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nazism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most controversial interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> and of millennialism in general involves <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drittes Reich</i></span>), which in his vision would last for a thousand years to come (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tausendjähriges Reich</i></span>) but ultimately lasted for only 12 years (1933–1945). </p><p>The German thinker <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Arthur Moeller van den Bruck</a> coined the phrase "Third Reich" and in 1923 published a book titled <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i>. Looking back at <a href="/wiki/German_history" class="mw-redirect" title="German history">German history</a>, he distinguished two separate periods, and identified them with <a href="/wiki/Three_Eras" title="Three Eras">the ages</a> of the 12th-century Italian theologian <a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a>: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (beginning with <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in AD 800): the "First Reich", <i>The Age of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></i> and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a> (1871–1918): the "Second Reich", <i>The Age of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>After the interval of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1918 onwards), during which <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentarianism</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> dominated, these were then to be followed by: </p> <ul><li>the "Third Reich", <i>The Age of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></i>.</li></ul> <p>Although van den Bruck was unimpressed by Hitler when he met him in 1922 and did not join the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, nevertheless the Nazis adopted the term "Third Reich" to label the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian state">totalitarian state</a> they wanted to set up when they gained power, which they <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">succeeded in doing in 1933</a>. Later, however, the Nazi authorities banned the informal use of "Third Reich" throughout the German press in the summer of 1939, instructing it to use more official terms such as "German Reich", "Greater German Reich", and "National Socialist Germany" exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early part of the Third Reich many <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> also referred to Hitler as being the <i>German Messiah</i>, especially when he conducted the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which came to be held annually (1933–1938) at a date somewhat before the <a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">September equinox</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. </p><p>In a speech held on 27 November 1937, Hitler commented on <a href="/wiki/Germania_(city)" title="Germania (city)">his plans to have major parts of Berlin torn down and rebuilt</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">[...] einem tausendjährigen Volk mit tausendjähriger geschichtlicher und kultureller Vergangenheit für die vor ihm liegende unabsehbare Zukunft eine ebenbürtige tausendjährige Stadt zu bauen [...].</i></span></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] to build a millennial city adequate [in splendour] to a thousand-year-old people with a thousand-year-old historical and cultural past, for its never-ending [glorious] future [...]</p></blockquote> <p>After Adolf Hitler's unsuccessful attempt to implement a thousand-year-reign, <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">the Vatican</a> issued an official statement that millennial claims could not be safely taught and that the related scriptures in Revelation (also called the Apocalypse) should be understood spiritually. Catholic author Bernard LeFrois wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Millenium [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>]: [...] Since the Holy Office decreed (July 21, 1944) that it cannot be safely taught that Christ at His Second Coming will reign visibly with only some of His saints (risen from the dead) for a period of time before the final and universal judgment, a spiritual millenium is to be seen in Apoc. 20:4–6. St. John gives a recapitulation of the activity of Satan, and the spiritual reign of the saints with Christ in heaven and in His Church on earth.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utopianism">Utopianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Utopianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Three_Eras" title="Three Eras">Three Eras</a></div> <p>The early Christian concepts of millennialism had ramifications far beyond strictly religious concerns during the centuries to come, as various theorists blended and enhanced them with ideas of <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>. </p><p>In the wake of early millennial thinking, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Eras" title="Three Eras">Three Ages</a> philosophy developed. The Italian monk and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a> (died 1202) saw all of human history as a succession of three ages: </p> <ol><li>the Age of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>)</li> <li>the Age of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a> (the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</li> <li>the Age of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> (the age begun when Christ ascended into heaven, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a>, the third person of the Holy Trinity, to guide the faithful)</li></ol> <p>It was believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the Age of the Holy Spirit would begin at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1260</span>, and that from then on all believers would live as monks, mystically transfigured and full of praise for God, for a thousand years until <a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment Day">Judgment Day</a> would put an end to the history of our planet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a>'s divisions of historical time also highly influenced the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement, which transformed the Three Ages philosophy into astrological terminology, relating the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">Northern-hemisphere vernal equinox</a> to different <a href="/wiki/Constellations_of_the_zodiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Constellations of the zodiac">constellations of the zodiac</a>. In this scenario the Age of the Father was recast<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the Age of Aries, the Age of the Son became the Age of Pisces, and the Age of the Holy Spirit was called the Aquarian New Age. The current so-called "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius" title="Age of Aquarius">Age of Aquarius</a>" will supposedly witness the development of a number of great changes for humankind,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflecting the typical features of some manifestations of millennialism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Cult of the Holy Spirit">Cult of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanentize_the_eschaton" title="Immanentize the eschaton">Immanentize the eschaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Day_Theory" title="Millennial Day Theory">Millennial Day Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_the_Millennium" title="The Pursuit of the Millennium">The Pursuit of the Millennium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 1000">Year 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_6000" title="Year 6000">Year 6000</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/dictionary-of-bible-themes/9145-Messianic-age">"9145 Messianic age - Dictionary of Bible Themes - Bible Gateway"</a>. <i>www.biblegateway.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biblegateway.com&rft.atitle=9145+Messianic+age+-+Dictionary+of+Bible+Themes+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fresources%2Fdictionary-of-bible-themes%2F9145-Messianic-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some examples are given by Gerschom Scholem in <i>Sabbatai Sevi, the mystical messiah</i> (London: Routledge, 1973). The whole book profiles a Jewish group of this kind centered on the person of <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a>, but in part 1 Scholem also gives a number of comparable Christian examples, e.g. pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#20:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#20:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 20:2–3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#20:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 20:4–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050103083254/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1997/v53-4-article3.htm">"Theology Today – Vol 53, No. 4 – January 1997 – ARTICLE – Paul Tillich and the Millenialist Heritage"</a>. 2005-01-03. pp. 464–476. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1997/v53-4-article3.htm">the original</a> on 2005-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theology+Today+%E2%80%93+Vol+53%2C+No.+4+%E2%80%93+January+1997+%E2%80%93+ARTICLE+%E2%80%93+Paul+Tillich+and+the+Millenialist+Heritage&rft.pages=464-476&rft.date=2005-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheologytoday.ptsem.edu%2Fjan1997%2Fv53-4-article3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlombergChung2009" class="citation book cs1">Blomberg, Craig L.; Chung, Sung Wook (2009-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=huMlsCYyI5YC&dq=Early+Church+historic+premill&pg=PT73"><i>A Case for Historic Premillennialism: An Alternative to "Left Behind" Eschatology</i></a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-1056-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-1056-2"><bdi>978-1-4412-1056-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Case+for+Historic+Premillennialism%3A+An+Alternative+to+%22Left+Behind%22+Eschatology&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-1056-2&rft.aulast=Blomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rft.au=Chung%2C+Sung+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhuMlsCYyI5YC%26dq%3DEarly%2BChurch%2Bhistoric%2Bpremill%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies_and_Allison" class="citation book cs1">Davies and Allison. <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to Saint Matthew, Volume 1, ICC</i>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+Gospel+according+to+Saint+Matthew%2C+Volume+1%2C+ICC&rft.pages=13&rft.au=Davies+and+Allison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monergism.com/topics/eschatology/all-millennial-views/historic-premillennialism">"Historic Premillennialism"</a>. <i>Monergism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monergism&rft.atitle=Historic+Premillennialism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monergism.com%2Ftopics%2Feschatology%2Fall-millennial-views%2Fhistoric-premillennialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChungMathewson2018" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Sung Wook; Mathewson, David L. (2018-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AlcXEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tertullian+premillennialism&pg=PA12"><i>Models of Premillennialism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_%26_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf & Stock Publishers">Wipf & Stock Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-3769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-3769-8"><bdi>978-1-5326-3769-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+Premillennialism&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-3769-8&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Sung+Wook&rft.au=Mathewson%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAlcXEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTertullian%2Bpremillennialism%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChungMathewson2018" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Sung Wook; Mathewson, David L. (2018-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcpwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Papias+historic+premill&pg=PT16"><i>Models of Premillennialism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_%26_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf & Stock Publishers">Wipf & Stock Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-3771-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-3771-1"><bdi>978-1-5326-3771-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+Premillennialism&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-3771-1&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Sung+Wook&rft.au=Mathewson%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcpwDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPapias%2Bhistoric%2Bpremill%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.vi.html">"Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>. Volume 2, p. 382<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-16</span></span>. <q>Among the Apostolic Fathers Barnabas is the first and the only one who expressly teaches a pre-millennial reign of Christ on earth. He considers the Mosaic history of the creation a type of six ages of labor for the world, each lasting a thousand years, and of a millennium of rest, since with God 'one day is as a thousand years.' Millennial Sabbath on earth will be followed by an eight and eternal day in a new world, of which the Lord's Day (called by Barnabas 'the eighth day') is the type</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+ANF01.+The+Apostolic+Fathers+with+Justin+Martyr+and+Irenaeus+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.pages=Volume+2%2C+p.+382&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Insruct. adv. Gentium Deos</i>, pp. 43, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Encyclopedia of the Early Church</i> "<a href="/wiki/Commodian" title="Commodian">Commodian</a> (mid 3rd century) takes up the theme of the 7000 years, the last of which is the millennium (<i>Instr</i>. II 35, 8 ff.)." M. Simonetti, "Millenarism," p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Against Marcion, book 3, chapter 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simonetti writes in the <i>Encyclopedia of the Early Church</i> "We know that Melito was also a millenarian" regarding <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s reference to him as a chiliast. M. Simonetti, "Millenarism," p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note this is Victorinus of Pettau not Marcus Piav(v)onius <a href="/wiki/Victorinus" title="Victorinus">Victorinus</a> the Gaelic Emperor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his <i>Commentary on Revelation</i> and from the fragment <i>De Fabrica Mundi</i> (Part of a commentary on Genesis). Jerome identifies him as a premillennialist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterFessenden2007" class="citation book cs1">Foster, K. Neill; Fessenden, David E. (2007-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xaVvBAAAQBAJ&dq=Book+of+Nepos+premillenialism&pg=PT14"><i>Essays on Premillennialism: A Modern Reaffirmation of an Ancient Doctrine</i></a>. Moody Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60066-959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60066-959-0"><bdi>978-1-60066-959-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Premillennialism%3A+A+Modern+Reaffirmation+of+an+Ancient+Doctrine&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60066-959-0&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=K.+Neill&rft.au=Fessenden%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxaVvBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBook%2Bof%2BNepos%2Bpremillenialism%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterFessenden2007" class="citation book cs1">Foster, K. Neill; Fessenden, David E. (2007-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xaVvBAAAQBAJ&dq=Montanist+premillenialism&pg=PT14"><i>Essays on Premillennialism: A Modern Reaffirmation of an Ancient Doctrine</i></a>. Moody Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60066-959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60066-959-0"><bdi>978-1-60066-959-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Premillennialism%3A+A+Modern+Reaffirmation+of+an+Ancient+Doctrine&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60066-959-0&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=K.+Neill&rft.au=Fessenden%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxaVvBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMontanist%2Bpremillenialism%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, 3.28.1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Principiis, 2.11.2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i>, 7.24.3; 7.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation web cs1">Schaff, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iv.lxxx.html">"Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+ANF01.+The+Apostolic+Fathers+with+Justin+Martyr+and+Irenaeus+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.viii.iv.lxxx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2005" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jI_MdHZViPwC&dq=Amillennialism+early+Christian&pg=PA146"><i>The SCM Press A-Z of Evangelical Theology</i></a>. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04011-8"><bdi>978-0-334-04011-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SCM+Press+A-Z+of+Evangelical+Theology&rft.pub=Hymns+Ancient+and+Modern+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-334-04011-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjI_MdHZViPwC%26dq%3DAmillennialism%2Bearly%2BChristian%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Folliet, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/638">La typologie du <i>sabbat</i> chez Saint Augustin. Son interpretation millénariste entre 386 et 400</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172051/http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/638">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," RE<i>Aug</i> 2 (1956):371-90. Referenced in David R. Anderson, "The <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriological</a> Impact of Augustine's Change From Premillennialism to Amillennialism: Part One," <i>The Journal of the Grace Evangelical Society,</i> Vol. 15 (Spring 2002), 27. Johannes Quasten also writes "Augustine made a "short shrift of millenarianism after having accepted it at first himself (<i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">De civ. Dei</a></i> 20, 7; <i>Serm</i> 259.2) by explaining Apoc. 20:1-5 in an allegorical sense (it regards the spiritual resurrection of the body – real bodies even though no longer corruptible)" (<i>De civ. Dei</i> 22, 1-28)." Johannes Quasten, <i>Patrology,</i> Vol. 4 (Westminster, Maryland: Christian Classics, Inc.), 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirsch, J.P. Transcribed by Donald J. Boon. Millennium and Millenarianism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#20:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 20:1–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the Catholic Church. Imprimatur Potest +<a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger</a>. Doubleday, New York, 1995, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Studies in the Scriptures</i>, Volume One, <i>The Divine Plan of the Ages,</i> Study IX, "Ransom and Restitution," pp. 149–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/go-to-heaven/">"Who Goes to Heaven?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529173319/https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/go-to-heaven/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.atitle=Who+Goes+to+Heaven%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fbible-teachings%2Fquestions%2Fgo-to-heaven%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2015" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Emily (27 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SA15CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004297258" title="Special:BookSources/9789004297258"><bdi>9789004297258</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lightning+from+the+East%3A+Heterodoxy+and+Christianity+in+Contemporary+China&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft.isbn=9789004297258&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSA15CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeigen2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teigen, Arne Helge (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theofilos.no/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Theofilos-vol-12-nr-2-3-2020-academia-6.pdf">"Profetiene om Donald Trump, USA og NAR-bevegelsen: En kritisk undersøkelse av profetier om Donald Trump, USA og Guds rike innen New Apostolic Reformation-bevegelsen"</a> [Prophecies about Donald Trump, the USA and the NAR movement: A critical examination of prophecies about Donald Trump, the United States, and the Kingdom of God within the New Apostolic Reformation movement] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theofilos</i> (in Norwegian). <b>12</b> (2–3): 296–297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theofilos&rft.atitle=Profetiene+om+Donald+Trump%2C+USA+og+NAR-bevegelsen%3A+En+kritisk+unders%C3%B8kelse+av+profetier+om+Donald+Trump%2C+USA+og+Guds+rike+innen+New+Apostolic+Reformation-bevegelsen&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=296-297&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Teigen&rft.aufirst=Arne+Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheofilos.no%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2FTheofilos-vol-12-nr-2-3-2020-academia-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeivettPivec2014-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GeivettPivec2014_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeivettPivec2014" class="citation book cs1">Geivett, R. Douglas; Pivec, Holly (December 2014). "A New 'Reformation' That Many Don't Realize They've Joined". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biola.edu/blogs/biola-magazine/2015/a-new-reformation"><i>God's Super-Apostles: Encountering the Worldwide Prophets and Apostles Movement</i></a>. Weaver – via <a href="/wiki/Biola_University" title="Biola University">Biola University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+%27Reformation%27+That+Many+Don%27t+Realize+They%E2%80%99ve+Joined&rft.btitle=God%27s+Super-Apostles%3A+Encountering+the+Worldwide+Prophets+and+Apostles+Movement&rft.pub=Weaver&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Geivett&rft.aufirst=R.+Douglas&rft.au=Pivec%2C+Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biola.edu%2Fblogs%2Fbiola-magazine%2F2015%2Fa-new-reformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabor2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Tabor" title="James Tabor">Tabor, James D.</a> (2011). "13: Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Millennialism". In <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Wessinger" title="Catherine Wessinger">Wessinger, Catherine</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgUTDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks (reprint ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 2016). p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190611941" title="Special:BookSources/9780190611941"><bdi>9780190611941</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-05</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Millennialism, as it developed in emerging forms of Judaism around 200 B.C.E., was a response to a much older conceptual problem and a specific historical crisis brought on by a program of Hellenization initiated by the Macedonian ruler, Antiochus IV (r. 175–164 B.C.E.), a successor of Alexander the Great (256–323 B.C.E.), who had conquered Syria-Palestine in 332 B.C.E.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+Ancient+Jewish+and+Early+Christian+Millennialism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Millennialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks&rft.pages=254&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780190611941&rft.aulast=Tabor&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgUTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gerschom Scholem, <i>Sabbatai Sevi, the mystical messiah</i> (London: Routledge, 1973). Scholem also gives examples of other Jewish millennialist movements.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4285">"Sunan Abi Dawud 4285 - The Promised Deliverer (Kitab Al-Mahdi) كتاب المهدي"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunan+Abi+Dawud+4285+-+The+Promised+Deliverer+%28Kitab+Al-Mahdi%29+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fabudawud%3A4285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-6.html.utf8">"Bahá'í Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Íqán, Pages 161–200"</a>. <i>reference.bahai.org</i>. p. 199 specifically<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reference.bahai.org&rft.atitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Reference+Library+%E2%80%93+The+Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n%2C+Pages+161%E2%80%93200&rft.pages=199+specifically&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fb%2FKI%2Fki-6.html.utf8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen2000" class="citation book cs1">McMullen, Michael D. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0UquZAZW8C"><i>The Baha'i: The Religious Construction of a Global Identity</i></a>. Atlanta, Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2836-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2836-4"><bdi>0-8135-2836-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baha%27i%3A+The+Religious+Construction+of+a+Global+Identity&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8135-2836-4&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlF0UquZAZW8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/ka-4.html.utf8">"Bahá'í Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 19–34"</a>. <i>reference.bahai.org</i>. gr. 37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reference.bahai.org&rft.atitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Reference+Library+%E2%80%93+The+Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas%2C+Pages+19%E2%80%9334&rft.pages=gr.+37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fb%2FKA%2Fka-4.html.utf8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, Alice A. <i>The Externalisation of the Hierarchy</i>, New York: 1957 Lucis Publishing Co., p. 530</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailey, Alice A. <i>The Reappearance of the Christ</i>, New York: 1948 Lucis Publishing Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">Bromley, David G.</a> (2003). "Violence and New Religious Movements". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRESDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 2008). p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195369649" title="Special:BookSources/9780195369649"><bdi>9780195369649</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Groups with millennial/apocalyptic expectations have been proposed to be prone to violence due to their fiery rhetoric condemning the existing social order and separation from that order. [...] However, there does not appear to be any simple connection between millennialism and violence. [...] While millennialism as a general form may not be linked to violence, there have been several suggestions that specific types of millennialism may be so connected.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence+and+New+Religious+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Religion+and+Theology&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195369649&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRESDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalliss2011" class="citation book cs1">Walliss, John (2011). "Fragile Millennial Communities and Violence". In <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Wessinger" title="Catherine Wessinger">Wessinger, Catherine</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgUTDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks Series (reprint ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 2016). p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190611941" title="Special:BookSources/9780190611941"><bdi>9780190611941</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Like all religious groups, Wessinger argues, millennial groups possess an 'ultimate concern' [...] When this concern – or 'millennial goal' – is threatened in some way, a group that possesses a radically dualistic perspective may in some cases seek to preserve or fulfill their goal through acts of violence. [...] By contrast, revolutionary millennial movements are likely to engage in pre-emptive, offensive actions, believing 'that revolutionary violence is necessary to become liberated from their persecutors and to set up the righteous government and society' [...]. [...] Finally, [...] Wessinger adds the category of fragile millennial groups, where violence stems from a combination of internal pressures and the perception or experience of external opposition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fragile+Millennial+Communities+and+Violence&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Millennialism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+Series&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780190611941&rft.aulast=Walliss&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgUTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">Bromley, David G.</a> (2003). "Violence and New Religious Movements". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRESDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 2008). p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195369649" title="Special:BookSources/9780195369649"><bdi>9780195369649</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>With progressive millennialism, transformation of the social order is gradual and humans play a role in fostering that transformation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence+and+New+Religious+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Religion+and+Theology&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195369649&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRESDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">Bromley, David G.</a> (2003). "Violence and New Religious Movements". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRESDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 2008). p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195369649" title="Special:BookSources/9780195369649"><bdi>9780195369649</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Catastrophic millennialism deems the current social order as irrevocably corrupt, and total destruction of this order is necessary as the precursor to the building of a new, godly order.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence+and+New+Religious+Movements&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Religion+and+Theology&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195369649&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRESDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation book cs1">Lewis (2004). Lewis, James R. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6"><bdi>0-19-514986-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-514986-6&rft.au=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz-Berning2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitz-Berning, Cornelia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jmWOMks6bkC&q=drittes+reich&pg=PA607"><i>Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus</i></a> [<i>Vocabulary of National Socialism</i>] (in German). Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a> GmbH & Co. KG. pp. 159–160 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vokabular+des+Nationalsozialismus&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=159-160&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co.+KG&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Schmitz-Berning&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jmWOMks6bkC%26q%3Ddrittes%2Breich%26pg%3DPA607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> LeFrois, Bernard J. Eschatological Interpretation of the Apocalypse. <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>, Vol. XIII, pp. 17–20; Cited in: Culleton R. G. <i>The Reign of Antichrist</i>, 1951. Reprint TAN Books, Rockford (IL), 1974, p. 9 and in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulleton1951" class="citation book cs1">Culleton, R. Gerald (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DYqCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Reign of Antichrist</i></a>. TAN Books (published 2009). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781505102918" title="Special:BookSources/9781505102918"><bdi>9781505102918</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>[...] Since the Holy Office decreed (July 21, 1944) that it cannot be safely taught that Christ at His Second Coming will reign visibly with only some of His saints (risen from the dead) for a period of time before the final and universal judgment, a spiritual millenium is to be seen in Apoc. 20:4–6. St. John gives a recapitulation of the activity of Satan, and the spiritual reign of the saints with Christ in heaven and in His Church on earth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Antichrist&rft.pub=TAN+Books&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=9781505102918&rft.aulast=Culleton&rft.aufirst=R.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DYqCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan2012" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, Henrik (5 September 2012). "Envisioning the Birth of a New Aeon: Dispensationalism and Millenarianism in the Thelemic Tradition". In Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpvqhORGQe4C"><i>Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 2012). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199996063" title="Special:BookSources/9780199996063"><bdi>9780199996063</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>The New Age was commonly also defined in astrological terms, with the Age of Pisces said to be supplanted by the Age of Aquarius. The consequent evolutionary leap in the development of humankind was often portrayed as heralding a fundamental change in the understanding of the relationship between human beings and the universe. Such thought culminated in the blossoming of the New Age movement of the 1960s and early 1970s, with its characterization of the Age of Aquarius as the embodiment of holistic principles [...]. [...] the New Age would be marked by peace and harmony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Envisioning+the+Birth+of+a+New+Aeon%3A+Dispensationalism+and+Millenarianism+in+the+Thelemic+Tradition&rft.btitle=Aleister+Crowley+and+Western+Esotericism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-09-05&rft.isbn=9780199996063&rft.aulast=Bogdan&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpvqhORGQe4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Landes" title="Richard Landes">Landes, Richard</a> (2006). "Millenarianism and the Dynamics of Apocalyptic Time". In Newport, Kenneth G. C.; Gribben, Crawford (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3lsZkm6qxcC"><i>Expecting the End: Millennialism in Social and Historical Context</i></a>. Waco, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University_Press" title="Baylor University Press">Baylor University Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781932792386" title="Special:BookSources/9781932792386"><bdi>9781932792386</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Transformational millennialism tends to foster programs of radical and often unrealistic social change [...]. [...] Currently, the most prominent form of transformational millennialism comes from the New Age movements set in motion by the millennial wave of the 1960s: environmentally harmonized communes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Millenarianism+and+the+Dynamics+of+Apocalyptic+Time&rft.btitle=Expecting+the+End%3A+Millennialism+in+Social+and+Historical+Context&rft.place=Waco%2C+Texas&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781932792386&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3lsZkm6qxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Barkun, Michael. <i>Disaster and the Millennium</i> (Yale University Press, 1974) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01725-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01725-1">0-300-01725-1</a>)</li> <li>Case, Shirley J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924029319930#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Millennial Hope,</i></a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1918.</li> <li>Cohn, Norman. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_the_Millennium" title="The Pursuit of the Millennium">The Pursuit of the Millennium</a>: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages</i>, (2nd ed. Yale University Press, 1970).</li> <li>Desroches, Henri, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dieux d'hommes. Dictionnaire des messianismes et millénarismes de l'ère chrétienne</i></span>, The Hague: Mouton, 1969,</li> <li>Ellwood, Robert. "Nazism as a Millennialist Movement", in Catherine Wessinger (ed.), <i>Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>, 2000). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2809-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2809-9">0-8156-2809-9</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0599-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0599-4">0-8156-0599-4</a>)</li> <li>Fenn, Richard K. <i>The End of Time: Religion, Ritual, and the Forging of the Soul</i> (Pilgrim Press, 1997). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8298-1206-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8298-1206-7">0-8298-1206-7</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-281-04994-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-281-04994-7">0-281-04994-7</a>)</li> <li>Hall, John R. <i>Apocalypse: From Antiquity to the Empire of Modernity</i>, (Cambridge, UK: Polity 2009). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4509-4">978-0-7456-4509-4</a> [pb] and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4508-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4508-7">978-0-7456-4508-7</a>)</li> <li>Kaplan, Jeffrey. <i>Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>, 1997). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2687-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2687-8">0-8156-2687-8</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0396-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0396-7">0-8156-0396-7</a>)</li> <li>Landes, Richard. <i>Heaven on Earth: The Varieties of the Millennial Experience</i>, (Oxford University Press 2011)</li> <li>Pasquier, Cyril. <i>Approches du millénium: Et si Irénée de Lyon avait raison?</i>, (Münster, Aschendorff Verlag, Studia Oecumenica Friburgensia 103, 2021, 807 p.). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-402-12237-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-402-12237-2">978-3-402-12237-2</a>)</li> <li>Pentecost, J. Dwight. <i>Things to Come: A study in Biblical Eschatology</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>, 1958) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-30890-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-30890-9">0-310-30890-9</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-30890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-30890-4">978-0-310-30890-4</a>.</li> <li>Redles, David. <i>Hitler's Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation</i> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 2005). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7621-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7621-6">978-0-8147-7621-6</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7524-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7524-0">978-0-8147-7524-0</a>)</li> <li>Stone, Jon R., ed. <i>Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy</i> (<a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2000). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92331-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92331-X">0-415-92331-X</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Underwood" title="Grant Underwood">Underwood, Grant</a>. (1999) [1993]. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/48cbq6kr9780252068263.html">The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism</a>.</i> Urbana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252068263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252068263">978-0252068263</a></li> <li>Wessinger, Catherine. ed. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2011) 768 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530105-2">978-0-19-530105-2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=34266">online review</a></li> <li>Wistrich, Robert. <i>Hitler's Apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi Legacy</i> (St. Martin's Press, 1985). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-38819-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-38819-5">0-312-38819-5</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojcik1997" class="citation book cs1">Wojcik, Daniel (1997). <i>The End of the World as We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9283-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9283-9"><bdi>0-8147-9283-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+World+as+We+Know+It%3A+Faith%2C+Fatalism%2C+and+Apocalypse+in+America&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8147-9283-9&rft.aulast=Wojcik&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillennialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millennialism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10307a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> "Millennium and Millenarianism"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sterx.ru/en_b_hih-anthology.htm">Anthology of Chiliasm and Chillegorism</a> (Compiler V.Sterkh)</li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" 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