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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fractional distillation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="تقطير بالتجزئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقطير بالتجزئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="আংশিক পাতন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আংশিক পাতন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фракцыянаваная кандэнсацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фракцыянаваная кандэнсацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destil%C2%B7laci%C3%B3_fraccionada" title="Destil·lació fraccionada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Destil·lació fraccionada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frak%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_destilace" title="Frakční destilace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frakční destilace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distyllu_ffracsiynol" title="Distyllu ffracsiynol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Distyllu ffracsiynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillation#Fraktionierte_Destillation" title="Destillation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Destillation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktsioneeriv_destillatsioon" title="Fraktsioneeriv destillatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fraktsioneeriv destillatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Κλασματική απόσταξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλασματική απόσταξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilaci%C3%B3n_fraccionada" title="Destilación fraccionada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destilación fraccionada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1" title="تقطیر جزء به جزء – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقطیر جزء به جزء" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_fractionn%C3%A9e" title="Distillation fractionnée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Distillation fractionnée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilaci%C3%B3n_fraccionada" title="Destilación fraccionada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Destilación fraccionada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%B3%84_%EC%A6%9D%EB%A5%98" title="분별 증류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분별 증류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रभाजी आसवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रभाजी आसवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakcijska_destilacija" title="Frakcijska destilacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frakcijska destilacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilasi_fraksional" title="Distilasi fraksional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Distilasi fraksional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Erepaeiming" title="Þrepaeiming – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrepaeiming" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillazione_frazionata" title="Distillazione frazionata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distillazione frazionata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakcion%C4%93t%C4%81_destil%C4%81cija" title="Frakcionētā destilācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frakcionētā destilācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ആംശികസ്വേദനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആംശികസ്വേദനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyulingan_berperingkat" title="Penyulingan berperingkat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyulingan berperingkat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefractioneerde_destillatie" title="Gefractioneerde destillatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gefractioneerde destillatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%95%99#精留" title="蒸留 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蒸留" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraksjonert_destillasjon" title="Fraksjonert destillasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fraksjonert destillasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A3" title="ਅੰਸ਼ਕ ਕਸ਼ੀਦਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਸ਼ਕ ਕਸ਼ੀਦਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rektyfikacja_(destylacja)" title="Rektyfikacja (destylacja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rektyfikacja (destylacja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destila%C3%A7%C3%A3o_fracionada" title="Destilação fracionada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Destilação fracionada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilare_frac%C8%9Bionat%C4%83" title="Distilare fracționată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Distilare fracționată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фракционированная конденсация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фракционированная конденсация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="භාගික ආසවනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භාගික ආසවනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fractional distillation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakcionirna_destilacija" title="Frakcionirna destilacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frakcionirna destilacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakciona_destilacija" title="Frakciona destilacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Frakciona destilacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakciona_destilacija" title="Frakciona destilacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frakciona destilacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakotislaus" title="Jakotislaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jakotislaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktionerad_destillation" title="Fraktionerad destillation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fraktionerad destillation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பகுதிபடக் காய்ச்சி வடிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பகுதிபடக் காய்ச்சி வடிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="การกลั่นแบบเศษส่วน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกลั่นแบบเศษส่วน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr%C4%B1msal_dam%C4%B1tma" title="Ayrımsal damıtma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayrımsal damıtma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фракційна дистиляція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фракційна дистиляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="کسری کشید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کسری کشید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0ng_c%E1%BA%A5t_ph%C3%A2n_%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1n" title="Chưng cất phân đoạn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chưng cất phân đoạn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A6%8F" title="分馏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="分馏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A4%BE" title="分餾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="分餾" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fractional_distillation" title="Special:EditPage/Fractional distillation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fractional+distillation%22">"Fractional distillation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fractional+distillation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fractional+distillation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fractional+distillation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fractional+distillation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fractional+distillation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fractional distillation</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">separation</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> into its component parts, or <a href="/wiki/Fraction_(chemistry)" title="Fraction (chemistry)">fractions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compounds</a> are separated by heating them to a <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> at which one or more fractions of the mixture will <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporize</a>. It uses <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fractionation" title="Fractionation">fractionate</a>. Generally the component parts have boiling points that differ by less than 25 °C (45 °F) from each other under a pressure of one <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a>. If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25 °C, a <a href="/wiki/Simple_distillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple distillation">simple distillation</a> is typically used. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes#Crude_oil_-_Distillation_Unit" title="Petroleum refining processes">crude oil distillation unit</a> uses fractional distillation in the process of refining crude oil. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fractional_distillation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Distillation#Fractional_distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation § Fractional distillation</a></div> <p>The fractional distillation of organic substances played an important role in the 9th-century works attributed to the Islamic alchemist <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a>, as for example in the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Sabʿīn</i></span></a> ('The Book of Seventy'), translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona</a> (c. 1114–1187) under the title <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber de septuaginta</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jabirian experiments with fractional distillation of animal and vegetable substances, and to a lesser degree also of mineral substances, formed the main topic of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De anima in arte alkimiae</i></span>, an originally Arabic work falsely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> that was translated into Latin and would go on to form the most important <a href="/wiki/Alchemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemical">alchemical</a> source for <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220–1292</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laboratory_setup">Laboratory setup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fractional_distillation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Laboratory setup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fractional distillation in a laboratory makes use of common <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">laboratory glassware</a> and apparatuses, typically including a <a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Round-bottomed_flask" class="mw-redirect" title="Round-bottomed flask">round-bottomed flask</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>, as well as the single-purpose <a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">fractionating column</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg/280px-Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg/420px-Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg/560px-Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Fractional distillation</figcaption></figure> <p>As an example, consider the distillation of a mixture of water and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. Ethanol boils at 78.4 °C (173.1 °F) while water boils at 100 °C (212 °F). So, by heating the mixture, the most volatile component (ethanol) will concentrate to a greater degree in the vapor leaving the liquid. Some mixtures form <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotropes</a>, where the mixture boils at a lower temperature than either component. In this example, a mixture of <span data-sort-value="7001960000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>96% ethanol and <span data-sort-value="7000400000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>4% water boils at 78.2 °C (172.8 °F); the mixture is more <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> than pure ethanol. For this reason, ethanol cannot be completely purified by direct fractional distillation of ethanol–water mixtures. </p><p>The apparatus is assembled as in the diagram. (The diagram represents a batch apparatus as opposed to a continuous apparatus.) The mixture is put into the round-bottomed flask along with a few <a href="/wiki/Boiling_chip" title="Boiling chip">anti-bumping granules</a> (or a Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer bar if using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stirrer" title="Magnetic stirrer">magnetic stirring</a>), and the fractionating column is fitted into the top. The fractional distillation column is set up with the heat source at the bottom of the still pot. As the distance from the still pot increases, a temperature gradient is formed in the column; it is coolest at the top and hottest at the bottom. As the mixed vapor ascends the temperature gradient, some of the vapor condenses and vaporizes along the <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradient</a>. Each time the vapor condenses and vaporizes, the composition of the more volatile component in the vapor increases. This distills the vapor along the length of the column, and eventually, the vapor is composed solely of the more volatile component (or an azeotrope). The vapor <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</a> on the glass platforms, known as <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_tray" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical tray">trays</a>, inside the column, and runs back down into the liquid below, <a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">refluxing</a> distillate. The efficiency in terms of the amount of heating and time required to get fractionation can be improved by insulating the outside of the column in an insulator such as wool, aluminum foil, or preferably a vacuum jacket. The hottest tray is at the bottom and the coolest is at the top. At steady-state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray are at <i><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">equilibrium</a></i>. The most volatile component of the mixture exits as a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> at the top of the column. The vapor at the top of the column then passes into the condenser, which cools it down until it liquefies. The separation is more pure with the addition of more trays (to a practical limitation of heat, flow, etc.) Initially, the condensate will be close to the azeotropic composition, but when much of the ethanol has been drawn off, the condensate becomes gradually richer in water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The process continues until all the ethanol boils out of the mixture. This point can be recognized by the sharp rise in temperature shown on the <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a>. </p><p>The above explanation reflects the theoretical way fractionation works. Normal laboratory fractionation columns will be simple glass tubes (often vacuum-jacketed, and sometimes internally <a href="/wiki/Silvering" title="Silvering">silvered</a>) filled with a packing, often small glass helices of 4 to 7 millimetres (0.16 to 0.28 in) diameter. Such a column can be calibrated by the distillation of a known mixture system to quantify the column in terms of number of theoretical trays. To improve fractionation the apparatus is set up to return condensate to the column by the use of some sort of reflux splitter (reflux wire, gago, Magnetic swinging bucket, etc.) – a typical careful fractionation would employ a reflux ratio of around 4:1 (4 parts returned condensate to 1 part condensate take off). </p><p>In laboratory distillation, several types of condensers are commonly found. The <a href="/wiki/Liebig_condenser" title="Liebig condenser">Liebig condenser</a> is simply a straight tube within a <a href="/wiki/Water_jacket" title="Water jacket">water jacket</a> and is the simplest (and relatively least expensive) form of condenser. The <a href="/wiki/Graham_condenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham condenser">Graham condenser</a> is a spiral tube within a water jacket, and the <a href="/wiki/Allihn_condenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Allihn condenser">Allihn condenser</a> has a series of large and small constrictions on the inside tube, each increasing the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. </p><p>Alternate set-ups may use a multi-outlet distillation receiver flask (referred to as a "cow" or "pig") to connect three or four receiving <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_flask" title="Laboratory flask">flasks</a> to the condenser. By turning the cow or pig, the distillates can be channeled into any chosen receiver. Because the receiver does not have to be removed and replaced during the distillation process, this type of apparatus is useful when distilling under an inert atmosphere for <a href="/wiki/Air-sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-sensitive">air-sensitive</a> chemicals or at reduced pressure. A <a href="/wiki/Perkin_triangle" title="Perkin triangle">Perkin triangle</a> is an alternative apparatus often used in these situations because it allows isolation of the receiver from the rest of the system, but does require removing and reattaching a single receiver for each fraction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">Vacuum distillation</a> systems operate at reduced pressure, thereby lowering the boiling points of the materials. <a href="/wiki/Boiling_chip" title="Boiling chip">Anti-bumping granules</a>, however, become ineffective at reduced pressures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_distillation">Industrial distillation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fractional_distillation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonne_distillazione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/200px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/300px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/400px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Typical industrial fractional distillation columns</figcaption></figure> <p>Fractional distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">petroleum refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_separation" title="Air separation">cryogenic air separation</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Kister_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kister-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, the distillation is operated at a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">continuous</a> <a href="/wiki/Steady_state" title="Steady state">steady state</a>. New feed is always being added to the distillation column and products are always being removed. Unless the process is disturbed due to changes in feed, heat, ambient temperature, or condensing, the amount of feed being added and the amount of product being removed are normally equal. This is known as continuous, steady-state fractional distillation. </p><p>Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known as "distillation or fractionation towers" or "distillation columns" with diameters ranging from about 0.65 to 6 meters (2 to 20 ft) and heights ranging from about 6 to 60 meters (20 to 197 ft) or more. The distillation towers have liquid outlets at intervals up the column which allow for the withdrawal of different fractions or products having different <a href="/wiki/Boiling_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling points">boiling points</a> or boiling ranges. By increasing the temperature of the product inside the columns, the different products are separated. The "lightest" products (those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the "heaviest" products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom of the column. </p><p>For example, fractional distillation is used in <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a> to separate <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> into useful substances (or fractions) having different <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> of different boiling points. The crude oil fractions with higher boiling points: </p> <ul><li>have more <a href="/wiki/Carbon_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon atom">carbon atoms</a></li> <li>have higher <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weights</a></li> <li>are less branched-chain <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a></li> <li>are darker in color</li> <li>are more <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a></li> <li>are more difficult to ignite and to <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">burn</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG/217px-Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG" decoding="async" width="217" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG/326px-Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG/434px-Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Large-scale industrial towers use <a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">reflux</a> to achieve a more complete separation of products.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical, large-scale industrial <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> tower. Inside the tower, the reflux liquid flowing downwards provides the cooling needed to condense the vapors flowing upwards, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the distillation tower. The more reflux is provided for a given number of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">theoretical plates</a>, the better the tower's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Alternatively, the more reflux provided for a given desired separation, the fewer theoretical plates are required. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Crude_Oil_Distillation.png/240px-Crude_Oil_Distillation.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Crude_Oil_Distillation.png/360px-Crude_Oil_Distillation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Crude_Oil_Distillation.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">Crude oil</a> is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">fractionating column</a> have lower <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling points</a> than the fractions at the bottom. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fractional distillation is also used in air separation, producing <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a>, and highly concentrated <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. Distillation of <a href="/wiki/Chlorosilane" title="Chlorosilane">chlorosilanes</a> also enable the production of high-purity <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> for use as a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>. </p><p>In industrial uses, sometimes a packing material is used in the column instead of trays, especially when low-pressure drops across the column are required, as when operating under vacuum. This packing material can either be random dumped packing (1–3 in (25–76 mm) wide) such as <a href="/wiki/Raschig_ring" title="Raschig ring">Raschig rings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Structured_packing" title="Structured packing">structured sheet metal</a>. Typical manufacturers are Koch, Sulzer, and other companies. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where <a href="/wiki/Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">mass transfer</a> takes place. Unlike conventional tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of <a href="/wiki/Vapor_liquid_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapor liquid equilibrium">vapor liquid equilibrium</a> the vapor-liquid equilibrium curve in a packed column is continuous. However, when modeling packed columns it is useful to compute several <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">"theoretical plates"</a> to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column concerning more traditional trays. Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>. Both of these factors affect packing performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_of_industrial_distillation_columns">Design of industrial distillation columns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fractional_distillation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design of industrial distillation columns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tray_Distillation_Tower.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Tray_Distillation_Tower.PNG" decoding="async" width="240" height="465" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Chemical engineering schematic of typical bubble-cap trays in a distillation tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Design and operation of a distillation column depends on the feed and desired products. Given a simple, binary component feed, analytical methods such as the <a href="/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method" title="McCabe–Thiele method">McCabe–Thiele method</a><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beychok_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beychok-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SeaderHenley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeaderHenley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Fenske_equation" title="Fenske equation">Fenske equation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be used. For a multi-component feed, <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> models are used both for design and operation. </p><p>Moreover, the efficiencies of the vapor-liquid contact devices (referred to as <i>plates</i> or <i>trays</i>) used in distillation columns are typically lower than that of a theoretical <span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% efficient <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrium stage">equilibrium stage</a>. Hence, a distillation column needs more plates than the number of theoretical vapor-liquid equilibrium stages. </p><p>Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead product that is returned to the tower. The reflux flowing downwards provides the cooling required for condensing the vapors flowing upwards. The reflux ratio, which is the ratio of the (internal) reflux to the overhead product, is conversely related to the theoretical number of stages required for efficient separation of the distillation products. Fractional distillation towers or columns are designed to achieve the required separation efficiently. The design of fractionation columns is normally made in two steps; a process design, followed by a mechanical design. The purpose of the process design is to calculate the number of required theoretical stages and stream flows including the reflux ratio, heat reflux, and other heat duties. The purpose of the mechanical design, on the other hand, is to select the tower internals, column diameter, and height. In most cases, the mechanical design of fractionation towers is not straightforward. For the efficient selection of tower internals and the accurate calculation of column height and diameter, many factors must be taken into account. Some of the factors involved in design calculations include feed load size and properties and the type of distillation column used. </p><p>The two major types of distillation columns used are tray and packing columns. Packing columns are normally used for smaller towers and loads that are corrosive or temperature-sensitive or for vacuum service where pressure drop is important. Tray columns, on the other hand, are used for larger columns with high liquid loads. They first appeared on the scene in the 1820s. In most oil refinery operations, tray columns are mainly used for the separation of petroleum fractions at different stages of oil refining. </p><p>In the oil refining industry, the design and operation of fractionation towers is still largely accomplished on an empirical basis. The calculations involved in the design of petroleum fractionation columns require in the usual practice the use of numerable charts, tables, and complex empirical equations. In recent years, however, a considerable amount of work has been done to develop efficient and reliable computer-aided design procedures for fractional distillation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fractional_distillation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation" title="Azeotropic distillation">Azeotropic distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">Batch distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">Extractive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_distillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze distillation">Freeze distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">Steam distillation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fractional_distillation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKraus1942–1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a> (1942–1943). <i>Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque</i>. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783487091150" title="Special:BookSources/9783487091150"><bdi>9783487091150</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468740510">468740510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n%3A+Contribution+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+des+id%C3%A9es+scientifiques+dans+l%27Islam.+I.+Le+corpus+des+%C3%A9crits+j%C3%A2biriens.+II.+J%C3%A2bir+et+la+science+grecque&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale&rft.date=1942%2F1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468740510&rft.isbn=9783487091150&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span> Vol. II, p. 5. On the attribution of the Latin translation to Gerard of Cremona, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2001" class="citation journal cs1">Burnett, Charles (2001). "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century". <i>Science in Context</i>. <b>14</b> (1–2): 249–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269889701000096">10.1017/S0269889701000096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143006568">143006568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+Context&rft.atitle=The+Coherence+of+the+Arabic-Latin+Translation+Program+in+Toledo+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=249-288&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0269889701000096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143006568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span> p. 280; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoureau2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moureau, Sébastien (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/211340">"Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Micrologus</i>. <b>28</b>: 87–141. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2078.1%2F211340">2078.1/211340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micrologus&rft.atitle=Min+al-k%C4%ABmiy%C4%81%CA%BE+ad+alchimiam.+The+Transmission+of+Alchemy+from+the+Arab-Muslim+World+to+the+Latin+West+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=87-141&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2078.1%2F211340&rft.aulast=Moureau&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2078.1%2F211340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 106, 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Newman" title="William R. Newman">Newman, William R.</a> (2000). "Alchemy, Assaying, and Experiment". In <a href="/wiki/Frederic_L._Holmes" title="Frederic L. Holmes">Holmes, Frederic L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Levere" title="Trevor H. Levere">Levere, Trevor H.</a> (eds.). <i>Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry</i>. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 35–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262082822" title="Special:BookSources/9780262082822"><bdi>9780262082822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alchemy%2C+Assaying%2C+and+Experiment&rft.btitle=Instruments+and+Experimentation+in+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=35-54&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780262082822&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span> p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kister-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kister_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKister,_Henry_Z.1992" class="citation book cs1">Kister, Henry Z. (1992). <i><a href="/wiki/Distillation_Design" title="Distillation Design">Distillation Design</a></i> (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-034909-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-034909-6"><bdi>0-07-034909-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distillation+Design&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-07-034909-6&rft.au=Kister%2C+Henry+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry,_Robert_H.Green,_Don_W.1984" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Robert H.; Green, Don W. (1984). <i><a href="/wiki/Perry%27s_Chemical_Engineers%27_Handbook" title="Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook">Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook</a></i> (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-049479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-049479-7"><bdi>0-07-049479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perry%27s+Chemical+Engineers%27+Handbook&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-07-049479-7&rft.au=Perry%2C+Robert+H.&rft.au=Green%2C+Don+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alutal.com.br/en/industrias-e-aplicacoes/quimica/cilindro-de-refluxo">"Reflux drum"</a>. <i>Alutal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alutal&rft.atitle=Reflux+drum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alutal.com.br%2Fen%2Findustrias-e-aplicacoes%2Fquimica%2Fcilindro-de-refluxo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beychok-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beychok_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeychok1951" class="citation journal cs1">Beychok, Milton (May 1951). "Algebraic Solution of McCabe-Thiele Diagram". <i>Chemical Engineering Progress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Progress&rft.atitle=Algebraic+Solution+of+McCabe-Thiele+Diagram&rft.date=1951-05&rft.aulast=Beychok&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeaderHenley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeaderHenley_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeader,_J._D.Henley,_Ernest_J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Seader, J. D.; Henley, Ernest J. (1998). <i>Separation Process Principles</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-58626-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-58626-9"><bdi>0-471-58626-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separation+Process+Principles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-471-58626-9&rft.au=Seader%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Henley%2C+Ernest+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2014" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Hassan Al-Haj (2014). "Chapter 5". In Bennett, Kelly (ed.). <i>Matlab: Applications for the Practical Engineer</i>. Sciyo. pp. 139–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-51-1719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-51-1719-3"><bdi>978-953-51-1719-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5&rft.btitle=Matlab%3A+Applications+for+the+Practical+Engineer&rft.pages=139-171&rft.pub=Sciyo&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-953-51-1719-3&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Hassan+Al-Haj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFractional+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Distillation" title="Template:Distillation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Distillation" title="Template talk:Distillation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Distillation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Distillation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Distillation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">Reflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenske_equation" title="Fenske equation">Fenske equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method" title="McCabe–Thiele method">McCabe–Thiele method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">Theoretical plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">Partial pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Vapor–liquid equilibrium</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple distillation apparatus"><img alt="Simple distillation apparatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/75px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/113px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/150px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">Batch distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">Continuous distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelrohr" title="Kugelrohr">Kugelrohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporator" title="Rotary evaporator">Rotary evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_band_distillation" title="Spinning band distillation">Spinning band distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">Still</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation" title="Azeotropic distillation">Azeotropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_distillation" title="Catalytic distillation">Catalytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">Extractive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fractional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_distillation" title="Reactive distillation">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-effect_distillation" title="Salt-effect distillation">Salt-effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">Steam-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">Vacuum-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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