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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destil%C2%B7laci%C3%B3_al_vapor" title="Destil·lació al vapor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Destil·lació al vapor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserdampfdestillation" title="Wasserdampfdestillation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserdampfdestillation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeaurudestillatsioon" title="Veeaurudestillatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeaurudestillatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilaci%C3%B3n_por_arrastre_de_vapor" title="Destilación por arrastre de vapor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destilación por arrastre de vapor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تقطیر بخاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقطیر بخاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entra%C3%AEnement_%C3%A0_la_vapeur" title="Entraînement à la vapeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Entraînement à la vapeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EC%A6%9D%EB%A5%98" title="증기 증류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="증기 증류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="भाप आसवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाप आसवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillazione_in_corrente_di_vapore" title="Distillazione in corrente di vapore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distillazione in corrente di vapore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyulingan_wap" title="Penyulingan wap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyulingan wap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoomdestillatie" title="Stoomdestillatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoomdestillatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97%E8%92%B8%E7%95%99" title="水蒸気蒸留 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水蒸気蒸留" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destylacja_z_par%C4%85_wodn%C4%85" title="Destylacja z parą wodną – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Destylacja z parą wodną" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destila%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_vapor" title="Destilação a vapor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Destilação a vapor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Паровая дистилляция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паровая дистилляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilacija_z_vodno_paro" title="Destilacija z vodno paro – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Destilacija z vodno paro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesih%C3%B6yrytislaus" title="Vesihöyrytislaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesihöyrytislaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngdestillation" title="Ångdestillation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ångdestillation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கொதிநீராவிமுறைக் காய்ச்சி வடிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொதிநீராவிமுறைக் காய்ச்சி வடிப்பு" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of separation in organic chemistry</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_distilation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Steam_distilation.jpg/220px-Steam_distilation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Steam_distilation.jpg/330px-Steam_distilation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Steam_distilation.jpg/440px-Steam_distilation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5663" data-file-height="2705" /></a><figcaption>Steam distillation apparatus, showing <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> steam distillation</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Steam distillation</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">separation process</a> that consists of <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilling</a> water together with other <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> and non-volatile components. The <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> from the boiling water carries the vapor of the volatiles to a <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>; both are cooled and return to the liquid or solid state, while the non-volatile residues remain behind in the boiling container. </p><p>If, as is usually the case, the volatiles are not miscible with water, they will spontaneously form a distinct <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phase</a> after condensation, allowing them to be separated by <a href="/wiki/Decantation" title="Decantation">decantation</a> or with a <a href="/wiki/Separatory_funnel" title="Separatory funnel">separatory funnel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-quinoline_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quinoline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steam distillation can be used when the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of the substance to be extracted is higher than that of water, and the starting material cannot be heated to that temperature because of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_decomposition" title="Chemical decomposition">decomposition</a> or other unwanted reactions. It may also be useful when the amount of the desired substance is small compared to that of the non-volatile residues. It is often used to separate volatile <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> from plant material.<sup id="cite_ref-ullm2lyjs_3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullm2lyjs_3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, to extract <a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">limonene</a> (boiling point 176 °C) from <a href="/wiki/Orange_peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange peel">orange peels</a>. </p><p>Steam distillation once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds, but it has been replaced in many such uses by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid_extraction" title="Supercritical fluid extraction">supercritical fluid extraction</a>. It is however much simpler and economical than those alternatives, and remains important in certain industrial sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-berk2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berk2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the simplest form, <b>water distillation</b> or <b>hydrodistillation</b>, the water is mixed with the starting material in the boiling container. In <b>direct steam distillation</b>, the starting material is suspended above the water in the boiling flask, supported by a metal <a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">mesh</a> or perforated screen. In <b>dry steam distillation</b>, the steam from a <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> is forced to flow through the starting material in a separate container. The latter variant allows the steam to be heated above the boiling point of water (thus becoming <a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated steam</a>), for more efficient extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-cerpa2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerpa2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_distillation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alambic_bussard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alambic_bussard.jpg/220px-Alambic_bussard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alambic_bussard.jpg/330px-Alambic_bussard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alambic_bussard.jpg/440px-Alambic_bussard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Steam distillation apparatus</figcaption></figure> <p>Steam distillation is used in many of the recipes given in the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Taraffuq fī al-ʿiṭr</i></span> ('Book of Gentleness on Perfume'), also known as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb Kīmiyāʾ al-ʿiṭr wa-l-taṣʿīdāt</i></span> ('Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations'), attributed to the early Arabic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">al-Kindi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 801</span>–873).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steam distillation was also used by the Persian philosopher and physician <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (980–1037) to produce <a href="/wiki/Essential_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a> by adding water to rose petals and distilling the mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was also used by <a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">al-Dimashqi</a> (1256–1327) to produce <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a> on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle">Principle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_distillation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every substance has some <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> even below its boiling point, so in theory it could be distilled at any temperature by collecting and condensing its vapors. However, ordinary distillation below the boiling point is not practical because a layer of vapor-rich air would form over the liquid, and evaporation would stop as soon as the <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of the vapor in that layer reached the vapor pressure. The vapor would then flow to the condenser only by diffusion, which is an extremely slow process. </p><p>Simple distillation is generally done by boiling the starting material, because, once its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, that still vapor-rich layer of air will be disrupted, and there will be a significant and steady flow of vapor from the boiling flask to the condenser. </p><p>In steam distillation, that positive flow is provided by steam from boiling water, rather than by the boiling of the substances of interest. The steam carries with it the vapors of the latter. </p><p>The substance of interest does not need to be miscible water or soluble in it. It suffices that it has significant vapor pressure at the steam's temperature. </p><p>If the water forms an <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a> with the substances of interest, the boiling point of the mixture may be lower than the boiling point of water. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bromobenzene" title="Bromobenzene">bromobenzene</a> boils at 156 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (at normal atmospheric pressure), but a mixture with water boils at 95 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the formation of an azeotrope is not necessary for steam distillation to work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_distillation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_water_distiller.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steam_water_distiller.JPG/220px-Steam_water_distiller.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steam_water_distiller.JPG/330px-Steam_water_distiller.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steam_water_distiller.JPG/440px-Steam_water_distiller.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A boiling water distiller. Boiling tank on top and holding tank on the bottom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Steam distillation is often employed in the isolation of <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a>, for use in <a href="/wiki/Perfumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfumes">perfumes</a>, for example. In this method, steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils. <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphor_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Camphor oil">camphor oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_oil" title="Orange oil">orange oil</a> are obtained by this method on an industrial scale.<sup id="cite_ref-ullm2lyjs_3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullm2lyjs_3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steam distillation is a means of purifying fatty acids, e.g. from <a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">tall oils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakrabarty2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarty2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steam distillation is sometimes used in the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical laboratory">chemical laboratory</a>. Illustrative is a classic preparation of bromo<a href="/wiki/Biphenyl" title="Biphenyl">biphenyl</a> where steam distillation is used to first remove the excess benzene and subsequently to purifiy the brominated product.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one preparation of <a href="/wiki/Benzophenone" title="Benzophenone">benzophenone</a>, steam is employed to first recover unreacted <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a> and subsequently to hydrolyze the intermediate benzophenone dichloride into benzophenone, which is in fact not steam distilled.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It one preparation of a <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a>, steam distillation is used to remove volatile <a href="/wiki/Benzaldehyde" title="Benzaldehyde">benzaldehyde</a> from nonvolatile product.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_distillation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrodistillation_using_the_Clevenger-type_apparatus_-_N._Sadgrove_and_G._Jones,_Agriculture_2015,_5(1),_48-102.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hydrodistillation_using_the_Clevenger-type_apparatus_-_N._Sadgrove_and_G._Jones%2C_Agriculture_2015%2C_5%281%29%2C_48-102.png/220px-Hydrodistillation_using_the_Clevenger-type_apparatus_-_N._Sadgrove_and_G._Jones%2C_Agriculture_2015%2C_5%281%29%2C_48-102.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hydrodistillation_using_the_Clevenger-type_apparatus_-_N._Sadgrove_and_G._Jones%2C_Agriculture_2015%2C_5%281%29%2C_48-102.png/330px-Hydrodistillation_using_the_Clevenger-type_apparatus_-_N._Sadgrove_and_G._Jones%2C_Agriculture_2015%2C_5%281%29%2C_48-102.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hydrodistillation_using_the_Clevenger-type_apparatus_-_N._Sadgrove_and_G._Jones%2C_Agriculture_2015%2C_5%281%29%2C_48-102.png/440px-Hydrodistillation_using_the_Clevenger-type_apparatus_-_N._Sadgrove_and_G._Jones%2C_Agriculture_2015%2C_5%281%29%2C_48-102.png 2x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>Hydrodistillation using the Steam distillation apparatus, Clevenger-type apparatus. (A) Power regulator; (B) Heating mantle with round bottom flask containing water and aromatic leaves; (C) Clevenger-type apparatus that returns the hydrosol to the still and maintains the essential oil phase, but only for essential oils that are less dense than water and therefore float; (D) The condenser.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On a lab scale, steam distillations are carried out using steam generated outside the system and piped through the mixture to be purified.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quinoline_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quinoline-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steam can also be generated in-situ using a Clevenger-type apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_distillation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation" title="Azeotropic distillation">Azeotropic distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">Batch distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">Extractive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroazeotrope" title="Heteroazeotrope">Heteroazeotrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_distillates" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbal distillates">Herbal distillates</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrodistillation" class="extiw" title="wikt:hydrodistillation">Hydrodistillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory equipment">Laboratory equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_stripping" title="Steam stripping">Steam stripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid_extraction" title="Supercritical fluid extraction">Supercritical fluid extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">Theoretical plate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_distillation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-quinoline-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quinoline_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quinoline_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFH._T._Clarke,_Anne_W._Davis1922" class="citation journal cs1">H. T. Clarke, Anne W. Davis (1922). "Quinoline". <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <b>2</b>: 79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.002.0079">10.15227/orgsyn.002.0079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=Quinoline&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=79&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15227%2Forgsyn.002.0079&rft.au=H.+T.+Clarke%2C+Anne+W.+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ullm2lyjs_3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ullm2lyjs_3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullm2lyjs_3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschHammerschmidtPantenPickenhagen2003" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Karl-Georg; Hammerschmidt, Franz-Josef; Panten, Johannes; Pickenhagen, Wilhelm; Schatkowski, Dietmar; Bauer, Kurt; Garbe, Dorothea; Surburg, Horst (2003). "Flavors and Fragrances". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a11_141">10.1002/14356007.a11_141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-527-30673-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-527-30673-0"><bdi>3-527-30673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flavors+and+Fragrances&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a11_141&rft.isbn=3-527-30673-0&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Karl-Georg&rft.au=Hammerschmidt%2C+Franz-Josef&rft.au=Panten%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Pickenhagen%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Schatkowski%2C+Dietmar&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Garbe%2C+Dorothea&rft.au=Surburg%2C+Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berk2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berk2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeki Berk (2018): <i>Food Process Engineering and Technology</i>, 3rd edition. 742 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812018-7">978-0-12-812018-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2016-0-03186-8">10.1016/C2016-0-03186-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cerpa2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cerpa2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel G. Cerpa, Rafael B. Mato, María José Cocero, Roberta Ceriani, Antonio J. A. Meirelle, Juliana M. Prado, Patrícia F. Leal, Thais M. Takeuchi, and M. Angela A. Meireles (2008): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbHa32_IYLIC&pg=PA9">Steam distillation applied to the food industry</a>". Chapter 2 of <i>Extracting Bioactive Compounds for Food Products: Theory and Applications</i>, pages 9–75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420062397" title="Special:BookSources/9781420062397">9781420062397</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA128"><i>Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part IV: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521085731" title="Special:BookSources/9780521085731"><bdi>9780521085731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China.+Volume+5%3A+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology.+Part+IV%3A+Spagyrical+Discovery+and+Invention%3A+Apparatus%2C+Theories+and+Gifts&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780521085731&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrNDwP0pS8sC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span> p. 128, note h (cf. the reservations on the authenticity of the work in <a href="#CITEREFNeedham1980">Needham 1980</a>, p. 128, note d). <br />Translation of some of the recipes as quoted in the 14th-century cookbook <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid</i></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrallah2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nawal_Nasrallah" title="Nawal Nasrallah">Nasrallah, Nawal</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fIJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA425"><i>Treasure Trove of Benefits and Variety at the Table: A Fourteenth-Century Egyptian Cookbook. English Translation, with an Introduction and Glossary</i></a>. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 148. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004349919">10.1163/9789004349919</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34729-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34729-8"><bdi>978-90-04-34729-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasure+Trove+of+Benefits+and+Variety+at+the+Table%3A+A+Fourteenth-Century+Egyptian+Cookbook.+English+Translation%2C+with+an+Introduction+and+Glossary&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004349919&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34729-8&rft.aulast=Nasrallah&rft.aufirst=Nawal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfIJ1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 425–430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShreveBrink1977" class="citation book cs1">Shreve, Randolph Norris; Brink, Joseph Andrew (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMtTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chemical Process Industries</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-057145-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-057145-7"><bdi>978-0-07-057145-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Process+Industries&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-07-057145-7&rft.aulast=Shreve&rft.aufirst=Randolph+Norris&rft.au=Brink%2C+Joseph+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMtTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxeRubinBollinger2020" class="citation book cs1">Axe, Dr Josh; Rubin, Jordan; Bollinger, Ty (2020-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kBUEAAAQBAJ&dq=avicenna+steam+distillation+essential+oil&pg=PT19"><i>The Chemistry of Essential Oils</i></a>. Destiny Image Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7684-5702-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7684-5702-5"><bdi>978-0-7684-5702-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Essential+Oils&rft.pub=Destiny+Image+Publishers&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7684-5702-5&rft.aulast=Axe&rft.aufirst=Dr+Josh&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Jordan&rft.au=Bollinger%2C+Ty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kBUEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Davicenna%2Bsteam%2Bdistillation%2Bessential%2Boil%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. 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Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474469135" title="Special:BookSources/9781474469135"><bdi>9781474469135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Science+and+Engineering&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781474469135&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96UxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span> p. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin's Physical Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical sciences, fifth edition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-6426-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-6426-2">0-7817-6426-2</a>, Lippincott williams & wilkins</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakrabarty2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarty2003_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.M._Chakrabarty2003" class="citation book cs1">M.M. 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Allied Publishers. pp. 12–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-495-1"><bdi>978-81-7764-495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Technology+of+Oils+%26+Fats&rft.pages=12-&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2003-11-09&rft.isbn=978-81-7764-495-1&rft.au=M.M.+Chakrabarty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIq9UBNQOskC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Gomberg_and_W._E._Bachmann1928" class="citation journal cs1">M. Gomberg and W. E. 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"Benzophenone". <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <b>8</b>: 26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.008.0026">10.15227/orgsyn.008.0026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=Benzophenone&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15227%2Forgsyn.008.0026&rft.au=C.+S.+Marvel%2C+W.+M.+Sperry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Klötzer,_J._Stadlwieser,_J._Raneburger1986" class="citation journal cs1">W. Klötzer, J. Stadlwieser, J. Raneburger (1986). "Electrophilic N-Amination of Imide Sodium Salts with O-Diphenylphosphinylhydroxylamine (DPH): 7-Aminotheophylline". <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <b>64</b>: 96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.064.0096">10.15227/orgsyn.064.0096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=Electrophilic+N-Amination+of+Imide+Sodium+Salts+with+O-Diphenylphosphinylhydroxylamine+%28DPH%29%3A+7-Aminotheophylline&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15227%2Forgsyn.064.0096&rft.au=W.+Kl%C3%B6tzer%2C+J.+Stadlwieser%2C+J.+Raneburger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteam+distillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadgrove & Jones, A contemporary introduction to essential oils: Chemistry, bioactivity and prospects for Australian agriculture, Agriculture 5(1), 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagriculture5010048">10.3390/agriculture5010048</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_B._Wiberg1960" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth B. 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href="/wiki/Template:Distillation" title="Template:Distillation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Distillation" title="Template talk:Distillation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Distillation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Distillation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Distillation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">Reflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenske_equation" title="Fenske equation">Fenske equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method" title="McCabe–Thiele method">McCabe–Thiele method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">Theoretical plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">Partial pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Vapor–liquid equilibrium</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple distillation apparatus"><img alt="Simple distillation apparatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/75px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/113px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/150px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">Batch distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">Continuous distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelrohr" title="Kugelrohr">Kugelrohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporator" title="Rotary evaporator">Rotary evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_band_distillation" title="Spinning band distillation">Spinning band distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">Still</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation" title="Azeotropic distillation">Azeotropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_distillation" title="Catalytic distillation">Catalytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">Extractive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_distillation" title="Reactive distillation">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-effect_distillation" title="Salt-effect distillation">Salt-effect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steam-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">Vacuum-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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