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href="#Industrial-scale_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Industrial-scale applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial-scale_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial-scale applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial-scale_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vacuum_distillation_in_petroleum_refining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacuum_distillation_in_petroleum_refining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vacuum distillation in petroleum refining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacuum_distillation_in_petroleum_refining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large-scale_water_purification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large-scale_water_purification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Large-scale water purification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large-scale_water_purification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Molecular distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destil%C2%B7laci%C3%B3_al_buit" title="Destil·lació al buit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Destil·lació al buit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilace_za_sn%C3%AD%C5%BEen%C3%A9ho_tlaku" title="Destilace za sníženého tlaku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Destilace za sníženého tlaku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuumdestillation" title="Vakuumdestillation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vakuumdestillation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaakumdestillatsioon" title="Vaakumdestillatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaakumdestillatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilaci%C3%B3n_al_vac%C3%ADo" title="Destilación al vacío – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destilación al vacío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A3" title="تقطیر خلأ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقطیر خلأ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EC%95%95_%EC%A6%9D%EB%A5%98" title="감압 증류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감압 증류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="निर्वात आसवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वात आसवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillazione_sottovuoto" title="Distillazione sottovuoto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distillazione sottovuoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ ಬಟ್ಟೀಕರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ ಬಟ್ಟೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCmdestillatie" title="Vacuümdestillatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vacuümdestillatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E5%9C%A7%E8%92%B8%E7%95%99%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="減圧蒸留装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="減圧蒸留装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuumdestillasjon" title="Vakuumdestillasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vakuumdestillasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destylacja_pod_zmniejszonym_ci%C5%9Bnieniem" title="Destylacja pod zmniejszonym ciśnieniem – Polish" lang="pl" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Low-pressure and low-temperature distillation method</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg/220px-Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg/330px-Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg/440px-Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Figure 1: At atmospheric pressure, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">dimethyl sulfoxide</a> boils at 189 °C. In the vacuum apparatus here, it distills off into the connected receiver flask on the left at only 70 °C.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vacuum distillation</b> or <b>distillation under reduced pressure</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy. This technique separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points. This technique is used when the boiling point of the desired compound is <i>difficult to achieve or will cause the compound to decompose.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduced pressures decrease the boiling point of compounds. The reduction in boiling point can be calculated using a temperature-pressure <a href="/wiki/Nomogram" title="Nomogram">nomograph</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">Clausius–Clapeyron relation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laboratory-scale_applications">Laboratory-scale applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Laboratory-scale applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compounds with a boiling point lower than 150 °C typically are distilled at ambient pressure. For samples with high boiling points, short-path distillation apparatus is commonly employed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique is amply illustrated in Organic Synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary_evaporation">Rotary evaporation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rotary evaporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary evaporation">Rotary evaporation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary evaporation">Rotary evaporation</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a common technique used in laboratories to concentrate or isolate a compound from solution. Many solvents are volatile and can easily be evaporated using rotary evaporation. Even less volatile solvents can be removed by rotary evaporation under high vacuum and with heating. It is also used by environmental regulatory agencies for determining the amount of solvents in paints, coatings and inks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_considerations">Safety considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Safety considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safety is an important consideration when glassware is under vacuum pressure. Scratches and cracks can result in implosions when the vacuum is applied. Wrapping as much of the glassware with tape as is practical helps to prevent dangerous scattering of glass shards in the event of an implosion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial-scale_applications">Industrial-scale applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Industrial-scale applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_Distillation_Column.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vacuum_Distillation_Column.gif/220px-Vacuum_Distillation_Column.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vacuum_Distillation_Column.gif/330px-Vacuum_Distillation_Column.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vacuum_Distillation_Column.gif/440px-Vacuum_Distillation_Column.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Figure 2: Simplified animation of a typical dry vacuum distillation column as used in oil refineries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_Column.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vacuum_Column.jpg/170px-Vacuum_Column.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Vacuum_Column.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Figure 3: Large-scale vacuum distillation tower at the <a href="/wiki/Fawley_Refinery" title="Fawley Refinery">Fawley oil refinery</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Industrial-scale vacuum distillation<sup id="cite_ref-Kister_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kister-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has several advantages. Close boiling mixtures may require many <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrium stage">equilibrium stages</a> to separate the key components. One tool to reduce the number of stages needed is to utilize vacuum distillation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vacuum distillation columns (as depicted in Figures 2 and 3) typically used in oil refineries have diameters ranging up to about 14 meters (46 feet), heights ranging up to about 50 meters (164 feet), and feed rates ranging up to about 25,400 cubic meters per day (160,000 barrels per day).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Vacuum distillation can improve a separation by:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Prevention of product degradation or polymer formation because of reduced pressure leading to lower tower bottoms temperatures,</li> <li>Reduction of product degradation or polymer formation because of reduced mean residence time especially in columns using <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation#Packing" title="Continuous distillation">packing</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation#Plates_or_trays" title="Continuous distillation">trays</a>.</li> <li>Increasing yield, and purity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacuum_distillation_in_petroleum_refining">Vacuum distillation in petroleum refining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vacuum distillation in petroleum refining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> is a complex mixture of hundreds of different <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> compounds generally having from 3 to 60 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> per <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>, although there may be small amounts of hydrocarbons outside that range.<sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leffler_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leffler-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The refining of crude oil begins with distilling the incoming crude oil in a so-called <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes#The_crude_oil_distillation_unit" title="Petroleum refining processes"><i>atmospheric distillation column</i></a> operating at pressures slightly above atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Kister_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kister-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handwerk_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwerk-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leffler_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leffler-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vacuum distillation can also be referred to as "low-temperature distillation".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In distilling the crude oil, it is important not to subject the crude oil to temperatures above 370 to 380 °C because high <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> components in the crude oil will undergo <a href="/wiki/Thermal_cracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal cracking">thermal cracking</a> and form <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_coke" title="Petroleum coke">petroleum coke</a> at temperatures above that. Formation of coke would result in plugging the tubes in the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_furnace" title="Vacuum furnace">furnace</a> that heats the feed stream to the crude oil distillation column. Plugging would also occur in the <a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">piping</a> from the furnace to the distillation column as well as in the column itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The constraint imposed by limiting the column inlet crude oil to a temperature of less than 370 to 380 °C yields a residual oil from the bottom of the atmospheric distillation column consisting entirely of hydrocarbons that boil above 370 to 380 °C. </p><p>To further distill the residual oil from the atmospheric distillation column, the distillation must be performed at <a href="/wiki/Absolute_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute pressure">absolute pressures</a> as low as 10 to 40 <a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">Torr</a> (About 5% atmospheric pressure) so as to limit the <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a> to less than 370 to 380 °C. </p><p>Figure 2 is a simplified process diagram of a petroleum refinery vacuum distillation column that depicts the internals of the column and Figure 3 is a photograph of a large vacuum distillation column in a petroleum refinery. </p><p>The 10 to 40 mmHg absolute pressure in a vacuum distillation column increases the volume of vapor formed per volume of liquid distilled. The result is that such columns have very large diameters.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distillation columns such those in Images 1 and 2, may have diameters of 15 meters or more, heights ranging up to about 50 meters, and feed rates ranging up to about 25,400 cubic meters per day (160,000 barrels per day). </p><p>The vacuum distillation column internals must provide good vapor–liquid contacting while, at the same time, maintaining a very low-pressure increase from the top of the column top to the bottom. Therefore, the vacuum column uses <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">distillation trays</a> only where products are withdrawn from the side of the column (referred to as <i>side draws</i>). Most of the column uses <a href="/wiki/Packed_bed" title="Packed bed">packing material</a> for the vapor–liquid contacting because such packing has a lower pressure drop than distillation trays. This packing material can be either <a href="/wiki/Structured_packing" title="Structured packing">structured sheet metal</a> or randomly dumped packing such as <a href="/wiki/Raschig_ring" title="Raschig ring">Raschig rings</a>. </p><p>The absolute pressure of 10 to 40 mmHg in the vacuum column is most often achieved by using multiple stages of steam jet <a href="/wiki/Ejector" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejector">ejectors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many industries, other than the petroleum refining industry, use vacuum distillation on a much smaller scale. Copenhagen-based Empirical Spirits,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a distillery founded by former <a href="/wiki/Noma_(restaurant)" title="Noma (restaurant)">Noma</a> chefs,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses the process to create uniquely flavoured spirits. Their flagship spirit, Helena, is created using Koji, alongside Pilsner Malt and Belgian Saison Yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Large-scale_water_purification">Large-scale water purification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Large-scale water purification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vacuum distillation is often used in large industrial plants as an efficient way to remove salt from ocean water, in order to produce fresh water. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>. The ocean water is placed under a vacuum to lower its boiling point and has a heat source applied, allowing the fresh water to boil off and be condensed. The condensing of the water vapor prevents the water vapor from filling the vacuum chamber, and allows the effect to run continuously without a loss of vacuum pressure. The heat from condensation of the water vapor is removed by a heat sink, which uses the incoming ocean water as the coolant and thus preheats the feed of ocean water. Some forms of distillation do not use condensers, but instead compress the vapor mechanically with a pump. This acts as a <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a>, concentrating the heat from the vapor and allowing for the heat to be returned and reused by the incoming untreated water source. There are several forms of vacuum distillation of water, with the most common being <a href="/wiki/Multiple-effect_distillation" title="Multiple-effect distillation">multiple-effect distillation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_desalination" title="Vapor-compression desalination">vapor-compression desalination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_flash_distillation" title="Multi-stage flash distillation">multi-stage flash distillation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_Treatment_2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_Treatment_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_distillation">Molecular distillation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Molecular distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Molecular_distillation" title="Molecular distillation">Molecular distillation</a> is vacuum distillation below the pressure of 0.01 torr<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1.3 Pa). 0.01 torr is one order of magnitude above <a href="/wiki/Vacuum#Measurement" title="Vacuum">high vacuum</a>, where fluids are in the <a href="/wiki/Free_molecular_flow" title="Free molecular flow">free molecular flow</a> regime, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Mean_free_path" title="Mean free path">mean free path</a> of molecules is comparable to the size of the equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gaseous phase no longer exerts significant pressure on the substance to be evaporated, and consequently, the rate of evaporation no longer depends on pressure. That is, because the continuum assumptions of fluid dynamics no longer apply, mass transport is governed by molecular dynamics rather than fluid dynamics. Thus, a short path between the hot surface and the cold surface is necessary, typically by suspending a hot plate covered with a film of feed next to a cold plate with a line of sight in between.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Molecular distillation is used industrially for purification of oils.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_Treatment_2018_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_Treatment_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A simple short path vacuum distillation apparatus"><img alt="A simple short path vacuum distillation apparatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg/120px-Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg/180px-Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg/240px-Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A simple <a href="/wiki/Distillation#Short_path_and_molecular_distillation" title="Distillation">short path</a> vacuum distillation apparatus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kugelrohr_-_numbered.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kugelrohr – a short path[1] vacuum distillation apparatus"><img alt="Kugelrohr – a short path[1] vacuum distillation apparatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kugelrohr_-_numbered.jpg/120px-Kugelrohr_-_numbered.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kugelrohr_-_numbered.jpg/180px-Kugelrohr_-_numbered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kugelrohr_-_numbered.jpg/240px-Kugelrohr_-_numbered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Kugelrohr" title="Kugelrohr">Kugelrohr</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Distillation#Short_path_and_molecular_distillation" title="Distillation">short path</a><sup id="cite_ref-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vacuum distillation apparatus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perkin triangle – for air-sensitive vacuum distillation"><img alt="Perkin triangle – for air-sensitive vacuum distillation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg/81px-Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg/122px-Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg/162px-Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="698" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Perkin_triangle" title="Perkin triangle">Perkin triangle</a> – for air-sensitive vacuum distillation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccum_distillation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vacuum distillation apparatus"><img alt="Vacuum distillation apparatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vaccum_distillation.jpg/120px-Vaccum_distillation.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vaccum_distillation.jpg/180px-Vaccum_distillation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vaccum_distillation.jpg/240px-Vaccum_distillation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vacuum distillation apparatus</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">Continuous distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a></li> <li>[[Kugelrohr]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adventures_in_vacuum_chemistry_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHickman1945" class="citation cs2">Hickman, K. C. D. (1945), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826079">"Adventures in vacuum chemistry"</a>, <i>American Scientist</i>, <b>33</b> (4), Scientific american: xxx–231, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826079">27826079</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Adventures+in+vacuum+chemistry&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=xxx-231&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27826079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=K.+C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27826079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/solvents/learning-center/nomograph.html">"Pressure-Temperature Nomograph Interactive Tool"</a>. Sigma-Aldrich<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pressure-Temperature+Nomograph+Interactive+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fchemistry%2Fsolvents%2Flearning-center%2Fnomograph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Small Scale Approach By Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz, Randall G. Engel. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9128456">"Asymmetric Michael Addition of Dimethyl Malonate to 2 Cyclopenten-1-one Catalyzed by a Heterobimetallic Complex"</a>. <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <b>97</b>: 327–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.097.0327">10.15227/orgsyn.097.0327</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9128456">9128456</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35614904">35614904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=Asymmetric+Michael+Addition+of+Dimethyl+Malonate+to+2+Cyclopenten-1-one+Catalyzed+by+a+Heterobimetallic+Complex&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=327-338&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9128456%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35614904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15227%2Forgsyn.097.0327&rft.aulast=Fastuca&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Wong%2C+Alice+R.&rft.au=Mak%2C+Victor+W.&rft.au=Reisman%2C+Sarah+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9128456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartkoDengDanheiser2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bartko, Samuel G.; Deng, James; Danheiser, Rick L. 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(2004), <i>Designing Distillation Columns for Vacuum Service</i>, 11th India Oil and Gas Symposium and International Exhibition, September 2004, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India (also published in <i>Hydrocarbon Processing</i>, May 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handwerk-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handwerk_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handwerk_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary,_J.H.Handwerk,_G.E.1984" class="citation book cs1">Gary, J.H. & Handwerk, G.E. (1984). <i>Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics</i> (2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-7150-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-7150-8"><bdi>0-8247-7150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Refining+Technology+and+Economics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker%2C+Inc&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8247-7150-8&rft.au=Gary%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Handwerk%2C+G.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leffler-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leffler_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leffler_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffler,_W.L.1985" class="citation book cs1">Leffler, W.L. (1985). <i>Petroleum refining for the nontechnical person</i> (2nd ed.). PennWell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87814-280-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87814-280-0"><bdi>0-87814-280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+refining+for+the+nontechnical+person&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=PennWell+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-87814-280-0&rft.au=Leffler%2C+W.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G,_Speight2006" class="citation book cs1">James G, Speight (2006). <i>The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum</i> (4th ed.). CRC Press. 0-8493-9067-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+and+Technology+of+Petroleum&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=James+G%2C+Speight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Kolmetz, Andrew W. Sloley et al (2004), <i>Designing Distillation Columns for Vacuum Service</i>, 11th India Oil and Gas Symposium and International Exhibition, September 2004, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India (also published in <i>Hydrocarbon Processing</i>, May 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graham-mfg.com/ejphotos.html">Photo gallery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207173354/http://graham-mfg.com/ejphotos.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (from website of Graham Manufacturing Company)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://empiricalspirits.co/">"Empirical Spirits"</a>. <i>empiricalspirits.co</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=empiricalspirits.co&rft.atitle=Empirical+Spirits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fempiricalspirits.co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn2018" class="citation news cs1">Kahn, Howie (2018-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-fresh-take-on-liquor-from-two-noma-alums-1524666332">"A Fresh Take on Liquor From Two Noma Alums"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Fresh+Take+on+Liquor+From+Two+Noma+Alums&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Howie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fa-fresh-take-on-liquor-from-two-noma-alums-1524666332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.empiricalspirits.co/">"Empirical Spirits"</a>. <i>Empirical Spirits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Empirical+Spirits&rft.atitle=Empirical+Spirits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.empiricalspirits.co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVacuum+distillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Water_Treatment_2018-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Water_Treatment_2018_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Water_Treatment_2018_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Desalination and Water Treatment, Murat Eyvaz, Ebubekir Yüksel 1988/2018. Chapter 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel's 5th ed.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dd><i>This article incorporates material from the <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> article "<a href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" class="extiw" title="citizendium:Vacuum distillation">Vacuum distillation</a>", which is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a> but not under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080901002137/http://www.fractional-distillation.com/automatic_astm_d_1160.html">D1160 Vacuum Distillation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhe.uk.com/process-water-recycling/water-treatment/vacudest-vacuum-distillation-system/vacuum-distillation-work/">How vacuum distillation works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/solvents/learning-center/nomograph.html">Pressure-temperature nomograph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemtechservicesinc.com/en/shortpath.html">Short path 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Distillation" title="Template:Distillation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Distillation" title="Template talk:Distillation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Distillation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Distillation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Distillation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">Reflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenske_equation" title="Fenske equation">Fenske equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method" title="McCabe–Thiele method">McCabe–Thiele method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">Theoretical plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">Partial pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Vapor–liquid equilibrium</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple distillation apparatus"><img alt="Simple distillation apparatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/75px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/113px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/150px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">Batch distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">Continuous distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelrohr" title="Kugelrohr">Kugelrohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporator" title="Rotary evaporator">Rotary evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_band_distillation" title="Spinning band distillation">Spinning band distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">Still</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation" title="Azeotropic distillation">Azeotropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_distillation" title="Catalytic distillation">Catalytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">Extractive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_distillation" title="Reactive distillation">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-effect_distillation" title="Salt-effect distillation">Salt-effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">Steam-based</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vacuum-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&oldid=1259135018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_distillation&oldid=1259135018</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distillation" title="Category:Distillation">Distillation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_processes" title="Category:Industrial processes">Industrial processes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vacuum" 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