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The endemic situation and continued evolution of various reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Taiwan warrant concern about further reassortment and a fifth wave of intercontinental spread.","publication_date":"2018,,","publication_name":"Emerging infectious diseases"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus, Taiwan, 2017","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [104482266]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":94155265,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus, Taiwan, 2017”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/94155265/mini_magick20221113-1-94fqjc.png?1668341293" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus, Taiwan, 2017</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="104482266" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FanLee3"><img alt="Profile image of Fan Lee" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Fan Lee</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2018, Emerging infectious diseases</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">14 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 90651580; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">A highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was detected in a domestic duck found dead in Taiwan during February 2017. The endemic situation and continued evolution of various reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in Taiwan warrant concern about further reassortment and a fifth wave of intercontinental spread.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":94155265,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/90651580/Reassortant_Clade_2_3_4_4_of_Highly_Pathogenic_Avian_Influenza_A_H5N6_Virus_Taiwan_2017"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":94155265,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/90651580/Reassortant_Clade_2_3_4_4_of_Highly_Pathogenic_Avian_Influenza_A_H5N6_Virus_Taiwan_2017"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" 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H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5770776" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ConozcaChile">Conozca Chile</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern China","attachmentId":31960048,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4593859/The_evolution_of_H5N1_influenza_viruses_in_ducks_in_southern_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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ABSTRACT</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Emergence and Evolution of Avian H5N2 Influenza Viruses in Chickens in Taiwan","attachmentId":41850951,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21395691/Emergence_and_Evolution_of_Avian_H5N2_Influenza_Viruses_in_Chickens_in_Taiwan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21395691/Emergence_and_Evolution_of_Avian_H5N2_Influenza_Viruses_in_Chickens_in_Taiwan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChungLamCheung">Chung-Lam Cheung</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42314602" href="https://hku-hk.academia.edu/ChloeHuang">Chloe Huang</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses from poultry in Taiwan, 2015","attachmentId":41716781,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21105737/Genetic_characterization_of_highly_pathogenic_H5_influenza_viruses_from_poultry_in_Taiwan_2015","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21105737/Genetic_characterization_of_highly_pathogenic_H5_influenza_viruses_from_poultry_in_Taiwan_2015"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="94165226" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94165226/Novel_Eurasian_Highly_Pathogenic_Avian_Influenza_A_H5_Viruses_in_Wild_Birds_Washington_USA_2014">Novel Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses in Wild Birds, Washington, USA, 2014</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="120301984" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BadcoeLyndon">Lyndon Badcoe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Novel Eurasian lineage avian influenza A(H5N8) virus has spread rapidly and globally since January 2014. In December 2014, H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 viruses were detected in wild birds in Washington, USA, and subsequently in backyard birds. When they infect commercial poultry, these highly pathogenic viruses pose substantial trade issues. T he novel Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus (http:// www.who.int/influenza/gisrs_laboratory/h5_nomencla-ture_clade2344/en/) spread rapidly and globally during 2014, substantially affecting poultry populations. The first outbreaks were reported during January 2014 in chickens and domestic ducks in South Korea and subsequently in China and Japan (1-4), reaching Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom by November 2014 and Italy in early December 2014 (5). Also in November 2014, a novel HPAI H5N2 virus was reported in outbreaks on chicken and turkey farms in Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada (5). This H5N2 influenza virus is a reassortant that contains the Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5 plus 4 other Eurasian genes (polymerase acidic protein subunit, matrix protein, polymerase basic protein subunit [PB] 2, nonstructural protein) and 3 North American wild bird lineage genes (neuraminidase [NA], nucleoprotein, PB1) (5). Taiwan has recently reported novel reassortants of the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 with other Eurasian viruses (H5N2, H5N3).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Novel Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses in Wild Birds, Washington, USA, 2014","attachmentId":96699058,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94165226/Novel_Eurasian_Highly_Pathogenic_Avian_Influenza_A_H5_Viruses_in_Wild_Birds_Washington_USA_2014","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94165226/Novel_Eurasian_Highly_Pathogenic_Avian_Influenza_A_H5_Viruses_in_Wild_Birds_Washington_USA_2014"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="70353324" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70353324/RESEARCH_Characterization_of_Avian_Influenza_Viruses_A_H5N1_from_Wild_Birds_Hong_Kong_2004_2008">RESEARCH Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses A (H5N1) from Wild Birds, Hong Kong, 2004–2008</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62902453" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TrevorEllis1">Trevor Ellis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">periodically detected highly pathogenic avian infl uenza (HPAI) viruses (H5N1) in individual birds from different species. During this period, no viruses of subtype H5N1 were detected in poultry on farms and in markets in Hong Kong despite intensive surveillance. Thus, these fi ndings in wild birds demonstrate the potential for wild birds to disseminate HPAI viruses (H5N1) to areas otherwise free from the viruses. Genetic and antigenic characterization of 47 HPAI (H5N1) viruses isolated from dead wild birds in Hong Kong showed that these isolates belonged to 2 antigenically distinct virus groups: clades 2.3.4 and 2.3.2. Although research has shown that clade 2.3.4 viruses are established in poultry in Asia, the emergence of clade 2.3.2 viruses in nonpasserine</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RESEARCH Characterization of Avian Influenza Viruses A (H5N1) from Wild Birds, Hong Kong, 2004–2008","attachmentId":80142982,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70353324/RESEARCH_Characterization_of_Avian_Influenza_Viruses_A_H5N1_from_Wild_Birds_Hong_Kong_2004_2008","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70353324/RESEARCH_Characterization_of_Avian_Influenza_Viruses_A_H5N1_from_Wild_Birds_Hong_Kong_2004_2008"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="9863443" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9863443/The_pathobiology_of_two_Indonesian_H5N1_avian_influenza_viruses_representing_different_clade_2_1_sublineages_in_chickens_and_ducks">The pathobiology of two Indonesian H5N1 avian influenza viruses representing different clade 2.1 sublineages in chickens and ducks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23919867" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WibawaH">Hendra Wibawa</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The pathobiology of two Indonesian H5N1 avian influenza viruses representing different clade 2.1 sublineages in chickens and ducks","attachmentId":36026679,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9863443/The_pathobiology_of_two_Indonesian_H5N1_avian_influenza_viruses_representing_different_clade_2_1_sublineages_in_chickens_and_ducks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9863443/The_pathobiology_of_two_Indonesian_H5N1_avian_influenza_viruses_representing_different_clade_2_1_sublineages_in_chickens_and_ducks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2388764" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2388764/Role_of_domestic_ducks_in_the_propagation_and_biological_evolution_of_highly_pathogenic_H5N1_influenza_viruses_in_Asia">Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3089195" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HuyN">Nguyen Huy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Role of domestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia","attachmentId":30422166,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2388764/Role_of_domestic_ducks_in_the_propagation_and_biological_evolution_of_highly_pathogenic_H5N1_influenza_viruses_in_Asia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2388764/Role_of_domestic_ducks_in_the_propagation_and_biological_evolution_of_highly_pathogenic_H5N1_influenza_viruses_in_Asia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="30512050" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30512050/Continued_Evolution_of_H5N1_Influenza_Viruses_in_Wild_Birds_Domestic_Poultry_and_Humans_in_China_from_2004_to_2009">Continued Evolution of H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds, Domestic Poultry, and Humans in China from 2004 to 2009</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58166483" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HuanchunChen">Huanchun Chen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Continued Evolution of H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds, Domestic Poultry, and Humans in China from 2004 to 2009","attachmentId":50959131,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30512050/Continued_Evolution_of_H5N1_Influenza_Viruses_in_Wild_Birds_Domestic_Poultry_and_Humans_in_China_from_2004_to_2009","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30512050/Continued_Evolution_of_H5N1_Influenza_Viruses_in_Wild_Birds_Domestic_Poultry_and_Humans_in_China_from_2004_to_2009"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="122559073" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122559073/Five_distinct_reassortants_of_H5N6_highly_pathogenic_avian_influenza_A_viruses_affected_Japan_during_the_winter_of_2016_2017">Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016–2017</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39097023" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KirillSharshov">Kirill Sharshov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Virology, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To elucidate the evolutionary pathway, we sequenced the entire genomes of 89 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated in Japan during winter 2016-2017 and 117 AIV/HPAIVs isolated in Japan and Russia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least 5 distinct genotypes of H5N6 HPAIVs affected poultry and wild birds during that period. Japanese H5N6 isolates shared a common genetic ancestor in 6 of 8 genomic segments, and the PA and NS genes demonstrated 4 and 2 genetic origins, respectively. Six gene segments originated from a putative ancestral clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus that was a possible genetic reassortant among Chinese clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs. In addition, 2 NS clusters and a PA cluster in Japanese H5N6 HPAIVs originated from Chinese HPAIVs, whereas 3 distinct AIV-derived PA clusters were evident. These results suggest that migratory birds were important in the spread and genetic diversification of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIVs. neuraminidase to form the H5N5 HPAIVs, such as A/duck/Guangdong/wy19/2008 (H5N5) (Liu et al., 2013). Since then, the clade 2.3.4.4 HA gene has been found in association with either N2, N5, N6, or N8 NA in poultry and wild birds. The H5N6 HPAIVs with the clade 2.3.4.4 HA have expanded in poultry in China since 2013 (Bi et al., 2016a, 2016b). In 2014, the first human infection with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV was reported in China, followed by 16 human cases as of</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Five distinct reassortants of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses affected Japan during the winter of 2016–2017","attachmentId":117200703,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122559073/Five_distinct_reassortants_of_H5N6_highly_pathogenic_avian_influenza_A_viruses_affected_Japan_during_the_winter_of_2016_2017","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122559073/Five_distinct_reassortants_of_H5N6_highly_pathogenic_avian_influenza_A_viruses_affected_Japan_during_the_winter_of_2016_2017"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="109858773" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109858773/Origin_and_evolution_of_highly_pathogenic_H5N1_avian_influenza_in_Asia">Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="71776703" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkikoKamata">Akiko Kamata</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Veterinary Record, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by H5N1 viruses were reported almost simultaneously in eight neighbouring Asian countries between December 2003 and January 2004, with a ninth reporting in August 2004, suggesting that the viruses had spread recently and rapidly. However, they had been detected widely in the region in domestic waterfowl and terrestrial poultry for several years before this, and the absence of widespread disease in the region before 2003, apart from localised outbreaks in the Hong Kong Special Autonomous Region (SAR), is perplexing. Possible explanations include limited virus excretion by domestic waterfowl infected with H5N1, the confusion of avian influenza with other serious endemic diseases, the unsanctioned use of vaccines, and the under‐reporting of disease as a result of limited surveillance. There is some evidence that the excretion of the viruses by domestic ducks had increased by early 2004, and there is circumstantial evidence that they...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia","attachmentId":108864098,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109858773/Origin_and_evolution_of_highly_pathogenic_H5N1_avian_influenza_in_Asia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109858773/Origin_and_evolution_of_highly_pathogenic_H5N1_avian_influenza_in_Asia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":94155265,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":94155265,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_94155265" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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