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science des animaux" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/"> 1. Aristote et les origines de la science des animaux </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), La Renaissance, association des sciences antiques aux découvertes" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/2-la-renaissance-association-des-sciences-antiques-aux-decouvertes/"> 2. La Renaissance, association des sciences antiques aux découvertes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), La révolution technique du microscope" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/3-la-revolution-technique-du-microscope/"> 3. La révolution technique du microscope </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), La zoologie moderne entre unité et morcellement" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/4-la-zoologie-moderne-entre-unite-et-morcellement/"> 4. La zoologie moderne entre unité et morcellement </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), De la classification linnéenne à l'anatomie comparée" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/5-de-la-classification-linneenne-a-l-anatomie-comparee/"> 5. De la classification linnéenne à l'anatomie comparée </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), L'essor des institutions de recherche" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/6-l-essor-des-institutions-de-recherche/"> 6. L'essor des institutions de recherche </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), Fragmentation de la zoologie en nombreuses disciplines" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/7-fragmentation-de-la-zoologie-en-nombreuses-disciplines/"> 7. Fragmentation de la zoologie en nombreuses disciplines </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), L'effacement temporaire de la zoologie" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/8-l-effacement-temporaire-de-la-zoologie/"> 8. L'effacement temporaire de la zoologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), Crise de la biodiversité et renouveau de la zoologie" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/9-crise-de-la-biodiversite-et-renouveau-de-la-zoologie/"> 9. Crise de la biodiversité et renouveau de la zoologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), Les différents visages des zoologistes" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/10-les-differents-visages-des-zoologistes/"> 10. Les différents visages des zoologistes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), La nomenclature zoologique" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/11-la-nomenclature-zoologique/"> 11. La nomenclature zoologique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA), Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/zoologie-histoire-de-la/12-bibliographie/"> 12. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA)</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC110004_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC110004_0"></i><p>Le mot zoologie est formé du grec <em>zôov</em>, « tout ce qui vit et n'est pas plante », et de <em>logos</em>, « discours » : la zoologie est la science des animaux. De nombreuses disciplines scientifiques ont un rapport avec l'étude scientifique des animaux : anatomie, morphologie, taxinomie, physiologie, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'embryologie est la science qui se consacre à l'étude du développement de l'embryon, c'est-à-dire à la période de la vie comprise entre la fécondation de l'œuf et la naissance, ou l'éclosion. Décrire, mais aussi expliquer la formation de l'embryon, étudier les mécanismes et les causes du développement embryonnaire, tels sont les buts de l'embryologie. Cette science, considérable..." title="Article : EMBRYOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/embryologie/">embryologie</a>, biologie, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Au cœur des sciences biologiques, la génétique se préoccupe de comprendre le mécanisme de la reproduction biologique, à tous les niveaux où elle se manifeste : individu, cellule, molécule. Mais, plus encore peut-être que par cet objectif, cette discipline est caractérisée par la démarche suivie pour l'atteindre, qui passe toujours par l'étude de la variation.. L'aptitude à var..." title="Article : GÉNÉTIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/genetique/">génétique</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme écologie (du grec oikos , demeure, et logos , science) a été proposé par Ernst Haeckel en 1866 pour désigner la science qui étudie les rapports entre les organismes et le milieu où ils vivent. Cette définition reste encore valable, mais elle demande à être approfondie et précisée, car elle est trop générale. Pour la situer par rapport aux autres sciences biologiques,..." title="Article : ÉCOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/ecologie/">écologie</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L 'éthologie est la science qui étudie l'évolution du comportement animal . Raymond Campan et Felicita Scapini (2002) ajoutent que l'éthologie est l'étude du comportement dans toutes ses manifestations et à tous les niveaux (de la cellule à l'organisme entier, dans les sociétés animales), des causes qui le déterminent et de ses fonctions. Vaste programme qui illustre à lui seul la ..." title="Article : ÉTHOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/ethologie/">éthologie</a>, biologie de la conservation, etc. En fait, la zoologie est un domaine pluridisciplinaire qui n'existe pas pour lui-même, ce qui est un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Paradoxe signifie, fondamentalement, « contre » (en grec, para ) « l'opinion commune » ( doxa ). Pourtant, la part de vérité des paradoxes est suffisante pour que l'on ne puisse pas facilement les délaisser. Le paradoxe suscite la curiosité.. Le mot paradoxe admet trois acceptions principales, selon la force qu'on veut bien lui donner. Au sens le plus fort, il s'agit d'un récit, d'un..." title="Article : PARADOXE" href="/encyclopedie/paradoxe/">paradoxe</a> pour un mot que tout le monde connaît et dont le sens paraît très simple. Retracer l'histoire de la zoologie est un exercice complexe et revient à suivre différents fils qui, commençant et s'interrompant, se réunissant et se séparant, en constituent la trame.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC110004_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC110004_1"></i><h2>Aristote et les origines de la science des animaux</h2><p>L'être humain a, depuis toujours, observé les animaux ; les connaissances qui en résultent se trouvent dans toutes les cultures humaines et ont principalement une vocation utilitariste lorsqu'il s'agit de connaître les mœurs des animaux chassés, des prédateurs, des commensaux, des parasites ou des espèces domestiques...</p><p>C'est <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ARISTOTE (env. 385-322 av. J.-C.). Aristote n'est sans doute pas le philosophe le plus séduisant de l'Antiquité, celui auquel on se reporte le plus volontiers quand on veut remonter aux sources de ce que les Grecs ont nommé la « sagesse ». Mais nul n'a marqué autant que lui la philosophie et la science des siècles suivants, peut-être même – et cela jusqu'à nos jours in..." title="Article : ARISTOTE (env. 385-322 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/aristote/">Aristote</a> (384-322 av. J.-C.) qui est l'auteur de l'œuvre zoologique de l'Antiquité la plus remarquable en ce qu'il analyse l'ensemble des phénomènes de la nature et de l'être humain dans une approche unifiée. Il réalise la classification d'environ 500 espèces d'animaux en se fondant sur les modes de vie, l'anatomie et la physiologie. Il mêle à ses observations personnelles celles qu'il recueille auprès de pêcheurs et de bergers. Si nombre de ses descriptions sont précises, d'autres sont plus douteuses : il évoque l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Par hibernation on entend la « manière de passer l'hiver ». Il s'agit d'une faculté qu'ont certains êtres vivants de s'adapter aux conditions climatiques hivernales : abaissement de la température moyenne, réduction des heures d'éclairement, diminution des précipitations. On rencontre les formes d'hibernation les plus prononcées dans les climats tempérés frais où les caractères..." title="Article : HIBERNATION" href="/encyclopedie/hibernation/">hibernation</a> de certains <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="On connaît plus de 9 800 espèces d'oiseaux vivants. Les spécialistes ne sont pas d'accord sur la classification des oiseaux les plus évolués, les passereaux. En effet, en raison du très petit nombre de fossiles et des grandes ressemblances entre espèces, on n'est pas encore parvenu à établir un arrangement qui fasse l'unanimité. On trouvera ici le système adopté par Peters et revu..." title="Article : OISEAUX" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/">oiseaux</a>, leur transmutation (une espèce en devient une autre par une sorte de métamorphose), l'apparition de certains animaux par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Quelques mois avant de périr sur l'échafaud, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier proposait à l'Académie des sciences de décerner un prix à qui pourrait répondre aux questions qu'il posait de la façon suivante, où apparaît l'idée de biosphère , sinon le mot : « Les végétaux puisent dans l' air qui les environne, dans l'eau et en général dans le règne minéral les matériaux nécessaires..." title="Article : GÉNÉRATION SPONTANÉE" href="/encyclopedie/generation-spontanee/">génération spontanée</a>, la guerre que se livrent en Afrique les grues et les Pygmées... <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de PLINE L'ANCIEN (23-79). Pline l'Ancien – ainsi nommé pour le distinguer de son neveu et fils adoptif Pline le Jeune – fut parfois appelé Pline le Naturaliste. Le seul ouvrage qui reste de lui est en effet une Histoire naturelle . Et, malgré l'importance de ses écrits historiques qui constituent l'une des principales sources de Tacite , son « enquête sur la nature »..." title="Article : PLINE L'ANCIEN (23-79)" href="/encyclopedie/pline-l-ancien/">Pline l'Ancien</a> (23-79) adopte quant à lui une perspective encyclopédique, et son <em>Naturalis</em><em> Historia</em> est le plus vaste ouvrage sur la nature qui nous soit parvenu de l'époque romaine. Il consacre quatre livres sur trente-sept aux animaux et quatre autres aux remèdes que l'on peut en tirer. Malgré le manque de cohérence de l'ensemble, son <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La constitution d'une histoire naturelle à la fin du xvii e siècle et au début du xviii e est fondée sur le souci de substituer à l'explication de la nature sa description intégrale, considérée alors comme seul moyen de préserver la richesse des formes naturelles dans leur singularité. Décrire, selon Tournefort (1656-1708), c'est dire avec toute la précision et la concision néce..." title="Article : HISTOIRE NATURELLE" href="/encyclopedie/histoire-naturelle/">histoire naturelle</a> devient un modèle au moins jusqu'au <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle.</p><p>L'observation de la nature au Moyen Âge est souvent décrite comme une époque de régression par rapport à l'Antiquité. Cette présentation stéréotypée cache une grande variété de situations et parfois des productions d'une grande qualité. Les textes, sont pour l'essentiel la reprise et les commentaires des auteurs précédents, notamment <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="— 385-— 384 Naissance d' Aristote , à Stagire, en Macédoine. Il est le fils du médecin Nicomaque.. — 366 Arrivée à Athènes , à l'âge de dix-huit ans. Brillant disciple de Platon .. — 363 Enseigne la rhétorique à l'Académie fondée par Platon . Rédige des textes d'inspiration platonicienne qui sont perdus.. — 356 Philippe II roi de Macédoine. Naissance d'A..." title="Article : ARISTOTE - repères chronologiques" href="/encyclopedie/aristote-reperes-chronologiques/">Aristote</a>, mais certains n'hésitent pas à ajouter leurs propres observations. C'est le cas d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ALBERT LE GRAND (1193?-1280). Dominicain, maître de l' université de Paris (d'où son nom de « Maître Albert »), évêque, savant, philosophe et théologien célèbre du xiii e siècle, Albert a, de son vivant, joui du titre de « Grand » et, par la suite, de celui de « Docteur universel ». La légende lui a beaucoup prêté. Encombrée d'apocryphes, son œuvre multi..." title="Article : ALBERT LE GRAND (1193?-1280)" href="/encyclopedie/albert-le-grand/">Albert le Grand</a> (Albert von Bollstädt, 1193-1280) dont le <em>De </em><em>Animalibus</em> contient dix-neuf volumes tirés d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ARISTOTE, en bref. C'est à partir de l'œuvre de Platon que la pensée d' Aristote peut être comprise. Tant en physique, métaphysique , ou logique, qu'en morale et en politique, il rompt avec son maître, ouvrant un chantier de réflexion qui aura des échos considérables dans les pensées médiévales islamique ou chrétienne. À la séparation tranchée du « monde intell..." title="Article : ARISTOTE, en bref" href="/encyclopedie/aristote-en-bref/">Aristote</a> et sept de sa propre main. Il faut signaler aussi des auteurs atypiques comme l'empereur Frédéric II de Hohenstaufen (1194-1250) qui compile, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le langage courant, le terme « ver » désigne des animaux caractérisés essentiellement par une forme allongée, une certaine mollesse, le corps ne comprenant aucun élément dur, ni extérieur ni intérieur, et enfin l'absence de pattes ou la présence de pattes très réduites. C'est pourquoi des animaux aussi différents qu'un ver plat (Ténia), un ver rond (Ascaris), un ver de terr..." title="Article : VERS, invertébrés" href="/encyclopedie/vers-invertebres/">vers</a> 1250, un traité de fauconnerie qui ne se limite pas aux seuls rapaces et qui contient également de très nombreuses observations d'autres oiseaux d'une très grande précision. Le Moyen Âge s'inscrit dans la continuité de l'Antiquité en constituant un vaste corpus de connaissances sur les animaux, établi sans véritable <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « méthode », d'origine grecque, signifie chemin : celui, tracé à l'avance, qui conduit à un résultat. La méthode ou bien se rapporte à la meilleure façon de conduire un raisonnement , ou bien est un programme de recherche (Aristote : Essayer d'expliquer les causes, celles des propriétés communes autant que celles des propriétés particulières ). En la première acceptio..." title="Article : MÉTHODE" href="/encyclopedie/methode/">méthode</a>, donc mêlant observations réelles et faits plus ou moins imaginaires.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C110004_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="CHANSIGAUD, Valérie"><a title="Auteur : Valérie CHANSIGAUD" rel="author" href="/auteurs/valerie-chansigaud/"><strong>Valérie CHANSIGAUD</strong></a> : docteur en sciences de l'environnement, historienne des sciences et de l'environnement, chercheuse associée au laboratoire SPHERE, CNRS, UMR 7219, université de Paris-VII-Denis-Diderot </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA)" href="/carte-mentale/zoologie-histoire-de-la/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC110004_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire des sciences de la vie"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/histoire-des-sciences-de-la-vie/"> Histoire des sciences de la vie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Zoologie"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC110004_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH020487" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Buffon" href="/media/buffon-ph020487/"> <img id="PH020487" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/d/csm_ph020487_dad25700bb.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Buffon - crédits : Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" data-description="Portrait du naturaliste français Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon (1707-1788), intendant du Jardin du roi de 1739 à sa mort. Il est connu pour avoir rédigé l'Histoire naturelle, une œuvre de 36 volumes abordant l'origine du système solaire, la formation de la Terre, la fossilisation, la faune…" data-copyright="Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" width="669" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Buffon </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH020631" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Carl von Linné" href="/media/carl-von-linne-ph020631/"> <img id="PH020631" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/2/csm_ph020631_0e304db6a1.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Carl von Linné - crédits : Stefano Bianchetti/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Portrait du naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné (1707-1778) qui développa une classification des règnes animal et végétal où chaque espèce est définie par un nom double en latin : le premier étant un nom générique commun à plusieurs espèces voisines (genre) et le second étant spécifique à l'espèce.…" data-copyright="Stefano Bianchetti/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="826" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Carl von Linné </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Stefano Bianchetti/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH995116" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Georges Cuvier" href="/media/georges-cuvier-ph995116/"> <img id="PH995116" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/f/csm_ph995116_9ce9b68bb0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Georges Cuvier - crédits : Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Français Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) fit accéder l'anatomie comparée et la paléontologie au rang des disciplines véritablement scientifiques." data-copyright="Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" width="818" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Georges Cuvier </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/zoologie-histoire-de-la/"> Afficher les 7 médias de l'article <span class="rg">ZOOLOGIE (HISTOIRE DE LA)</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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