EMBRYOLOGIE - Encyclop忙dia Universalis

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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_534716667b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous 脿 Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <div class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="EMBRYOLOGIE, Les 茅tapes de l'embryologie" href="/encyclopedie/embryologie/"> 1. Les 茅tapes de l'embryologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="EMBRYOLOGIE, Embryologie descriptive聽: l'embryogen猫se" href="/encyclopedie/embryologie/2-embryologie-descriptive-l-embryogenese/"> 2. Embryologie descriptive聽: l'embryogen猫se </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="EMBRYOLOGIE, Annexes embryonnaires" href="/encyclopedie/embryologie/3-annexes-embryonnaires/"> 3. Annexes embryonnaires </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="EMBRYOLOGIE, L'embryologie exp茅rimentale" href="/encyclopedie/embryologie/4-l-embryologie-experimentale/"> 4. L'embryologie exp茅rimentale </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="EMBRYOLOGIE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/embryologie/5-bibliographie/"> 5. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>EMBRYOLOGIE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifi茅 le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071197_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071197_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="DE070043" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : D茅veloppement compar茅 d'embryons" href="/media/developpement-compare-dembryons-de070043/"><img id="DE070043" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/9/csm_de070043_9010a91d74.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="D茅veloppement compar茅 d'embryons - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" data-description="Le d茅veloppement embryonnaire est une succession d'茅tapes au cours desquelles un nouvel individu se constitue. La segmentation est la premi猫re 茅tape pendant laquelle le zygote se divise, sans interruption, par mitoses successives. Les divisions de la segmentation se d茅roulent de mani猫re sp茅cifique…" data-copyright="Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1259" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> D茅veloppement compar茅 d'embryons </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclop忙dia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> L'embryologie est la science qui se consacre 脿 l'茅tude du d茅veloppement de l'embryon, c'est-脿-dire 脿 la p茅riode de la vie comprise entre la f茅condation de l'艙uf et la naissance, ou l'茅closion. D茅crire, mais aussi expliquer la formation de l'embryon, 茅tudier les m茅canismes et les causes du d茅veloppement embryonnaire, tels sont les buts de l'embryologie. Cette science, consid茅rablement d茅velopp茅e au cours des derni猫res d茅cennies et qui fait appel aux techniques les plus modernes, depuis la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La r茅volution qui consiste, 脿 la fin du xvi e si猫cle, 脿 regarder 芦聽脿 la loupe聽禄 non plus directement un objet, mais son image agrandie est 脿 l'origine de la microscopie. L'茅tymologie (du grec mikros , petit, et skopein , examiner) renvoie 脿 l'examen d'objets ou de d茅tails d'objets 脿 peine perceptibles ou invisibles 脿 l'艙il nu. La microscopie s'est ensuite progressivement impo..." title="Article : MICROSCOPIE" href="/encyclopedie/microscopie/">microscopie</a> 茅lectronique jusqu'脿 la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La biochimie (mot cr茅茅 en 1903 par Neuberg) est la discipline scientifique qui explore, chez les 锚tres vivants, les r茅actions chimiques qui, par leur juxtaposition et leurs interactions, permettent le maintien de l'茅tat vivant. Cet 茅tat est caract茅ris茅 par la capacit茅 de reproduction d'autres 锚tres vivants identiques aux organismes parentaux. La biochimie peut 锚tre consid茅r茅e comme un..." title="Article : BIOCHIMIE" href="/encyclopedie/biochimie/">biochimie</a> mol茅culaire en passant par la fabrication d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les anticorps, ou immunoglobines, sont des prot茅ines s茅cr茅t茅es par une famille de cellules, les lymphocytes , dont la principale propri茅t茅 est de reconna卯tre le 芦聽non-soi聽禄. Les substances chimiques reconnues comme 茅trang猫res, qu'elles soient des associations de mol茅cules ou des mol茅cules, sont appel茅es antig猫nes . L'anticorps identifiera l'antig猫ne gr芒ce 脿 la compl茅..." title="Article : ANTICORPS MONOCLONAUX" href="/encyclopedie/anticorps-monoclonaux/">anticorps monoclonaux</a>, n'en est pas moins une science tr猫s ancienne.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071197_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071197_1"></i><h2>Les 茅tapes de l'embryologie</h2><p> Les origines de l'embryologie remontent 脿 l'Antiquit茅聽: de nombreux m茅decins et philosophes s'int茅ress猫rent alors 脿 l'茅volution de l'embryon. Leurs moyens techniques 茅taient r茅duits, limit茅s 脿 l'observation d'艙ufs de divers animaux, surtout celui de la poule. Sp茅culations et hypoth猫ses rempla莽aient l'insuffisance des techniques. Les doctrines les plus vari茅es et les plus erron茅es furent alors propos茅es pour tenter d'expliquer la formation des 锚tres.</p><p>C'est 脿 Aristote qu'on doit le premier trait茅 d'embryologie connu, ainsi que la premi猫re classification des animaux en esp猫ces ovipares, vivipares, et ovovivipares. Mais il 茅chafaude des hypoth猫ses fantaisistes, impr茅gn茅es de finalisme, qui seront n茅fastes au d茅veloppement de la science jusqu'au Moyen聽脗ge.</p><p>Ce n'est qu'au milieu du <span class="pc">xvii</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle qu'est franchie une 茅tape importante dans l'histoire de l'embryologie聽: la publication, en 1651, d'un ouvrage de W.聽 Harvey intitul茅 <em>Exercitationes de generatione animalium </em>茅tablit la notion fondamentale que 芦聽tout ce qui vit vient initialement d'un 艙uf聽禄.</p><p>En 茅tudiant le d茅veloppement du germe d'艙uf de poule, Harvey constate que l'embryon se forme progressivement, partie apr猫s partie聽: ce processus est interpr茅t茅 par la th茅orie de l' 茅pigen猫se. Une autre th茅orie, celle de la pr茅formation, supplante provisoirement la pr茅c茅dente, gr芒ce 脿 l'utilisation du microscope qui, en 1677, permet l'observation des spermatozo茂des. Cette d茅couverte, s'ajoutant 脿 celle des follicules dans l'ovaire de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'茅tat actuel des connaissances, d茅finir scientifiquement ces vert茅br茅s que l'on nomme couramment mammif猫res est une v茅ritable gageure que nous ne nous proposons pas de tenir. Il semble pourtant, a priori, parfaitement possible, voire facile, de trouver des caract猫res g茅n茅raux et communs 脿 l'homme, au cheval et au rat . D'une fa莽on plus g茅n茅rale, il est possible de d茅finir..." title="Article : MAMMIF脠RES" href="/encyclopedie/mammiferes/">mammif猫res</a> faite par R. De Graaf, est interpr茅t茅e 脿 l'茅poque comme une preuve que l'锚tre serait pr茅form茅, soit dans l'艙uf, pour les ovistes, soit dans le spermatozo茂de, pour les animalculistes. Parmi les ovistes se rangent Malpighi, Buffon, Malebranche et Bonnet. Les imaginations se donnent libre cours. C'est alors que Bonnet exprime sa fameuse hypoth猫se de l'芦聽embo卯tement des germes聽禄. L'ovaire d'脠ve, m猫re de l'esp猫ce humaine, aurait contenu les germes des 锚tres humains, embo卯t茅s les uns dans les autres, d'autant plus petits qu'ils sont 茅loign茅s dans le temps de la premi猫re femme. Chaque embryon est un 锚tre en miniature, le d茅veloppement n'est qu'un d茅plissement des formes. Pour les animalculistes, comme A. Leeuwenhoek, Hatsoekerq, Leibniz, Andry, Delenpatius, au contraire, l'艙uf n'est qu'un terrain nutritif, c'est dans le spermatozo茂de que l'锚tre est pr茅form茅. Mais la d茅couverte, par Bonnet, de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La parth茅nogen猫se est un mode de reproduction ind茅pendant de toute sexualit茅 permettant le d茅veloppement d'un individu 脿 partir d'un ovule non f茅cond茅. Elle a 茅t茅茅tudi茅e pour la premi猫re fois en 1740 (chez les pucerons) par Charles Bonnet mais elle existe chez un grand nombre d'esp猫ces animales. Il est rare qu'elle constitue le seul mode de reproduction (comme chez certains rotif..." title="Article : PARTH脡NOGEN脠SE" href="/encyclopedie/parthenogenese/">parth茅nogen猫se</a> chez le puceron vient renforcer consid茅rablement la th茅orie des ovistes. Les spermatozo茂des sont compl猫tement discr茅dit茅s et on ne les consid猫re plus que comme des parasites. Il faut attendre 1786 et les travaux de L. Spallanzani pour que le r么le des spermatozo茂des dans la f茅condation soit vraiment 茅tabli. Spallanzani accouple des grenouilles dont les m芒les sont rev锚tus de petites culottes de taffetas. Il constate que, dans ces conditions, les 艙ufs n'茅voluent pas. Mais, si on verse<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li 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href="/auteurs/denise-scheib/"><strong>Denise SCHEIB</strong></a> : docteur 猫s sciences, ma卯tre de recherche au C.N.R.S. </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="SCHOWING, Jean"><a title="Auteur : Jean SCHOWING" rel="author" href="/auteurs/jean-schowing/"><strong>Jean SCHOWING</strong></a> : professeur 脿 la facult茅 des sciences de Fribourg, Institut de biologie animale </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : EMBRYOLOGIE" href="/carte-mentale/embryologie/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> 脡largissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071197_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Biologie du d茅veloppement"> <a title="Classification : Biologie du d茅veloppement" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/biologie-du-developpement/"> Biologie du d茅veloppement </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" 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title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Sciences de la vie: instruments et techniques exp茅rimentales"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie: instruments et techniques exp茅rimentales" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/sciences-de-la-vie-instruments-et-techniques-experimentales/"> Sciences de la vie: instruments et techniques exp茅rimentales </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071197_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">M茅dias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE070043" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : D茅veloppement compar茅 d'embryons" href="/media/developpement-compare-dembryons-de070043/"> <img id="DE070043" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/9/csm_de070043_9010a91d74.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="D茅veloppement compar茅 d'embryons - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" data-description="Le d茅veloppement embryonnaire est une succession d'茅tapes au cours desquelles un nouvel individu se constitue. La segmentation est la premi猫re 茅tape pendant laquelle le zygote se divise, sans interruption, par mitoses successives. Les divisions de la segmentation se d茅roulent de mani猫re sp茅cifique…" data-copyright="Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1259" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> D茅veloppement compar茅 d'embryons </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclop忙dia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V080203" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Gastrulation" href="/media/gastrulation-v080203/"> <img id="V080203" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/9/csm_v080203_fefc648d4a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Gastrulation - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" data-description="Modalit茅s de la gastrulation." data-copyright="Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="2270" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gastrulation </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclop忙dia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V080206B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Gastrulation chez les oiseaux" href="/media/gastrulation-chez-les-oiseaux-v080206b/"> <img id="V080206B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/d/csm_v080206b_92f090bb6c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Gastrulation chez les oiseaux - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" data-description="Gastrulation chez les Oiseaux." data-copyright="Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="490" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gastrulation chez les oiseaux </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclop忙dia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/embryologie/"> Afficher les 19 m茅dias de l'article <span class="rg">EMBRYOLOGIE</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071197_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres r茅f茅rences</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/abdomen/#c88353"> <span class="rg">ABDOMEN</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Claude GILLOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 350 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 m茅dias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ABDOMEN" href="/encyclopedie/abdomen/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Paroi abdominale (face) - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/9/csm_de070243a_f3a2c4cae5.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Quelques notions d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'embryologie est la science qui se consacre 脿 l'茅tude du d茅veloppement de l'embryon, c'est-脿-dire 脿 la p茅riode de la vie comprise entre la f茅condation de l'艙uf et la naissance, ou l'茅closion. D茅crire, mais aussi expliquer la formation de l'embryon, 茅tudier les m茅canismes et les causes du d茅veloppement embryonnaire, tels sont les buts de l'embryologie. Cette science, consid茅rable..." title="Article : EMBRYOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/embryologie/">embryologie</a> 茅claireront l'茅volution du p茅ritoine. Le tube digestif initial est sagittal (fig.聽5) et pr茅sente de haut en bas diff茅rents segments. L'艙sophage abdominal est court聽; l'estomac a la forme d'une poche qui dirige sa concavit茅, la petite courbure, du c么t茅 ventral. Le duod茅num... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/louis-agassiz/#c88353"> <span class="rg">AGASSIZ </span><span class="pc">LOUIS </span><span class="rm">(1807-1873)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">St茅phane SCHMITT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 397 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 m茅dia </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AGASSIZ LOUIS (1807-1873)" href="/encyclopedie/louis-agassiz/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Louis Agassiz - cr茅dits : MPI/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/f/csm_ph995109_913276c030.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...tirer de ces descriptions des lois g茅n茅rales. Ainsi, il tente de mettre en 茅vidence l鈥檈xistence d鈥檜n 芦聽triple parall茅lisme聽禄 entre les stades successifs du d茅veloppement embryonnaire, l鈥櫭ヽhelle des 锚tres actuels (des plus simples aux plus complexes) et les s茅ries de fossiles des diff茅rentes couches g茅ologiques.... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/modes-de-reproduction-des-animaux/#c88353"> <span class="rg">ANIMAUX </span><span class="pc">MODES DE REPRODUCTION DES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Catherine ZILLER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 448 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 m茅dias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ANIMAUX MODES DE REPRODUCTION DES" href="/encyclopedie/modes-de-reproduction-des-animaux/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Escargot - cr茅dits : Balazs Kovacs Images/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/2/csm_ph160232_c469c417b8.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Chezde nombreux animaux, la s茅gr茅gation de la lign茅e germinale est pr茅coce, et s'茅tablit d猫s les premiers stades du d茅veloppement embryonnaire. Ainsi, chez l'ascaris du cheval, l'艙uf f茅cond茅 est polaris茅聽: un p么le 芦聽animal聽禄 et un p么le 芦聽v茅g茅tatif聽禄 diff茅rent morphologiquement par l'aspect des... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/karl-ernst-von-baer/"> <span class="rg">BAER </span><span class="pc">KARL ERNST VON </span><span class="rm">(1792-1876)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Jacqueline BROSSOLLET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">691 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Naturaliste russe, Karl Ernst von Baer domina la science de son 茅poque et fut l'un des pionniers de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'embryologie est la science qui se consacre 脿 l'茅tude du d茅veloppement de l'embryon, c'est-脿-dire 脿 la p茅riode de la vie comprise entre la f茅condation de l'艙uf et la naissance, ou l'茅closion. D茅crire, mais aussi expliquer la formation de l'embryon, 茅tudier les m茅canismes et les causes du d茅veloppement embryonnaire, tels sont les buts de l'embryologie. Cette science, consid茅rable..." title="Article : EMBRYOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/embryologie/">embryologie</a> moderne. N茅 en Estonie d'une famille prussienne, il 茅tudie la m茅decine 脿 l'universit茅 de Dorpat (actuellement Tartu), passe sa th猫se en 1814, puis voyage durant trois ans...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste compl猫te des r茅f茅rences" rel="related" href="/index/embryologie/"> Afficher les 56 r茅f茅rences <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071197_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : 脡PIGEN脠SE" href="/index/epigenese/"> <span class="rg">ÉPIGENÈSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : F艗TALE VIE" href="/index/vie-foetale/"> <span class="rg">F艗TALE </span><span class="pc">VIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PR脡FORMATION TH脡ORIE DE LA, biologie" href="/index/theorie-de-la-preformation-biologie/"> <span class="rg">PRÉFORMATION </span><span class="pc">THÉORIE DE LA, </span><em class="it">biologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CORDON OMBILICAL" href="/index/cordon-ombilical/"> <span class="rg">CORDON OMBILICAL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HISTIOTYPIQUES & ORGANOTYPIQUES CULTURES" href="/index/cultures-histiotypiques-et-organotypiques/"> <span class="rg">HISTIOTYPIQUES & ORGANOTYPIQUES </span><span class="pc">CULTURES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : IMMUNO脡LECTROPHOR脠SE" href="/index/immunoelectrophorese/"> <span class="rg">IMMUNOÉLECTROPHORÈSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MICROCHIRURGIE" href="/index/microchirurgie/"> <span class="rg">MICROCHIRURGIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MORPHOGEN脠SE ANIMALE" href="/index/morphogenese-animale/"> <span class="rg">MORPHOGENÈSE ANIMALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GASTRULATION" href="/index/gastrulation/"> <span class="rg">GASTRULATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FEUILLETS EMBRYONNAIRES ou GERMINATIFS" href="/index/feuillets-embryonnaires/"> <span class="rg">FEUILLETS EMBRYONNAIRES </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">GERMINATIFS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANAMNIOTES" href="/index/anamniotes/"> <span class="rg">ANAMNIOTES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EMBRYON" href="/index/embryon/"> <span class="rg">EMBRYON</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AMNIOS" href="/index/amnios/"> <span class="rg">AMNIOS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLANTO脧DE" href="/index/allantoide/"> <span class="rg">ALLANTOÏDE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHORION" href="/index/chorion/"> <span class="rg">CHORION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ARCHENTERON" href="/index/archenteron/"> <span class="rg">ARCHENTERON</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ENDODERME, embryologie animale" href="/index/endoderme-embryologie-animale/"> <span class="rg">ENDODERME, </span><em class="it">embryologie animale</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BLASTULA" href="/index/blastula/"> <span class="rg">BLASTULA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BLASTOM脠RE" href="/index/blastomere/"> <span class="rg">BLASTOMÈRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BLASTOC艗LE" href="/index/blastocoele/"> <span class="rg">BLASTOC艗LE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANIMALCULISME" href="/index/animalculisme/"> <span class="rg">ANIMALCULISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : V脡SICULE OMBILICALE" href="/index/vesicule-ombilicale/"> <span class="rg">VÉSICULE OMBILICALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : S脡LACIENS" href="/index/selaciens/"> <span class="rg">SÉLACIENS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SEGMENTATION, embryologie" href="/index/segmentation-embryologie/"> <span class="rg">SEGMENTATION, </span><em class="it">embryologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TROPHOBLASTE" href="/index/trophoblaste/"> <span class="rg">TROPHOBLASTE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : 艗UF" href="/index/oeuf/"> <span class="rg">艗UF</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OVISME" href="/index/ovisme/"> <span class="rg">OVISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AXES EMBRYONNAIRES" href="/index/axes-embryonnaires/"> <span class="rg">AXES EMBRYONNAIRES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OVIPARIT脡" href="/index/oviparite/"> <span class="rg">OVIPARITÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PLACENTA" href="/index/placenta/"> <span class="rg">PLACENTA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NOYAU CELLULAIRE" href="/index/noyau-cellulaire/"> <span class="rg">NOYAU CELLULAIRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : F脡CONDATION" href="/index/fecondation/"> <span class="rg">FÉCONDATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SPERMATOZO脧DE" href="/index/spermatozoide/"> <span class="rg">SPERMATOZOÏDE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VITELLUS" href="/index/vitellus/"> <span class="rg">VITELLUS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TOTIPOTENCE, biologie cellulaire" href="/index/totipotence-biologie-cellulaire/"> <span class="rg">TOTIPOTENCE, </span><em class="it">biologie cellulaire</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ORGANOGEN脠SE" href="/index/organogenese/"> <span class="rg">ORGANOGENÈSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ASCIDIES" href="/index/ascidies/"> <span class="rg">ASCIDIES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LIQUIDE AMNIOTIQUE" href="/index/liquide-amniotique/"> <span class="rg">LIQUIDE AMNIOTIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VILLOSIT脡S CHORIALES ou VILLOSIT脡S PLACENTAIRES" href="/index/villosites-choriales-villosites-placentaires/"> <span class="rg">VILLOSITÉS CHORIALES </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">VILLOSITÉS PLACENTAIRES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANTICORPS" href="/index/anticorps/"> <span class="rg">ANTICORPS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHIM脡RISME" href="/index/chimerisme/"> <span class="rg">CHIMÉRISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DIVISION CELLULAIRE" href="/index/division-cellulaire/"> <span class="rg">DIVISION CELLULAIRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CULTURES BIOLOGIQUES" href="/index/cultures-biologiques/"> <span class="rg">CULTURES BIOLOGIQUES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : COQUILLE" href="/index/coquille/"> <span class="rg">COQUILLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : IMMUN-S脡RUM ou ANTIS脡RUM" href="/index/immun-serum-antiserum/"> <span class="rg">IMMUN-SÉRUM </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">ANTISÉRUM</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NEURONOGEN脠SE" href="/index/neuronogenese/"> <span class="rg">NEURONOGENÈSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MICROM脡RISME" href="/index/micromerisme/"> <span class="rg">MICROMÉRISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HISTOGEN脠SE" href="/index/histogenese/"> <span class="rg">HISTOGENÈSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CULTURES D'EXPLANTS" href="/index/cultures-d-explants/"> <span class="rg">CULTURES D'EXPLANTS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EMBRYOGEN脠SE ANIMALE" href="/index/embryogenese-animale/"> <span class="rg">EMBRYOGENÈSE ANIMALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : D脡VELOPPEMENT HUMAIN" href="/index/developpement-humain/"> <span class="rg">DÉVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EXP脡RIMENTATION ANIMALE" href="/index/experimentation-animale/"> <span class="rg">EXPÉRIMENTATION ANIMALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HENSEN N艗UD DE" href="/index/noeud-de-hensen/"> <span class="rg">HENSEN </span><span class="pc">N艗UD DE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BRIGGS ROBERT WILLIAM (1911-1983)" href="/index/robert-william-briggs/"> <span class="rg">BRIGGS </span><span class="pc">ROBERT WILLIAM </span><span class="rm">(1911-1983)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BLASTODERME" href="/index/blastoderme/"> <span class="rg">BLASTODERME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NEURULA" href="/index/neurula/"> <span class="rg">NEURULA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANNEXES EMBRYONNAIRES" href="/index/annexes-embryonnaires/"> <span class="rg">ANNEXES EMBRYONNAIRES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CIRCULATION SANGUINE F艗TALE" href="/index/circulation-sanguine-foetale/"> <span class="rg">CIRCULATION SANGUINE F艗TALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LIGNE PRIMITIVE, embryologie" href="/index/ligne-primitive-embryologie/"> <span class="rg">LIGNE PRIMITIVE, </span><em class="it">embryologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CLONAGE ANIMAL" href="/index/clonage-animal/"> <span class="rg">CLONAGE ANIMAL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BIOLOGIE HISTOIRE DE LA" href="/index/histoire-de-la-biologie/"> <span class="rg">BIOLOGIE </span><span class="pc">HISTOIRE DE LA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : R脡CAPITULATION TH脡ORIE DE LA ou LOI BIOG脡N脡TIQUE FONDAMENTALE" href="/index/recapitulation-loi-biogenetique-fondamentale/"> <span class="rg">RÉCAPITULATION </span><span class="pc">THÉORIE DE LA </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">LOI BIOGÉNÉTIQUE FONDAMENTALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a 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