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Pourtant, la part de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 des paradoxes est suffisante pour que l'on ne puisse pas facilement les d\u00e9laisser. Le paradoxe suscite la curiosit\u00e9.. Le mot paradoxe admet trois acceptions principales, selon la force qu'on veut bien lui donner. Au sens le plus fort, il s'agit d'un r\u00e9cit, d'un texte, fondamentalement contradictoire. Dans un sens plus faible, \u00e9tymologique, le paradoxe est simplement un jugement oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 une opinion g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement r\u00e9pandue ou \u00e0 un pr\u00e9jug\u00e9 mais qui rec\u00e8le, n\u00e9anmoins, une part de v\u00e9rit\u00e9. 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href="/encyclopedie/paradoxe/"> 1. Trois grandes classes de paradoxes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PARADOXE, Paradoxes scientifiques" href="/encyclopedie/paradoxe/2-paradoxes-scientifiques/"> 2. Paradoxes scientifiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PARADOXE, Paralogies" href="/encyclopedie/paradoxe/3-paralogies/"> 3. Paralogies </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PARADOXE, Dilemmes logiques" href="/encyclopedie/paradoxe/4-dilemmes-logiques/"> 4. Dilemmes logiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="PARADOXE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/paradoxe/5-bibliographie/"> 5. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>PARADOXE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072337_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072337_0"></i><p>Paradoxe signifie, fondamentalement, « contre » (en grec, <em>para</em>) « l'opinion commune » (<em>doxa</em>). Pourtant, la part de vérité des paradoxes est suffisante pour que l'on ne puisse pas facilement les délaisser. Le paradoxe suscite la curiosité.</p><p>Le mot paradoxe admet trois acceptions principales, selon la force qu'on veut bien lui donner. Au sens le plus fort, il s'agit d'un récit, d'un texte, fondamentalement contradictoire. Dans un sens plus faible, étymologique, le paradoxe est simplement un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le jugement est l'acte de la pensée qui affirme ou nie, et qui ainsi pose le vrai ; plus largement, c'est le point d'arrêt d'un problème, qui s'achève dans une décision. L'existence du jugement est donc au point de rencontre de multiples approches, celles de la logique, de la psychologie , ou même de la doctrine de l'activité. Le logicien retient que le jugement est l'adhésion à une p..." title="Article : JUGEMENT" href="/encyclopedie/jugement/">jugement</a> opposé à une opinion généralement répandue ou à un préjugé mais qui recèle, néanmoins, une part de vérité. En ce sens, Proust déclare : « Les paradoxes d'aujourd'hui sont les préjugés de demain. » Enfin, comme le paradoxe bénéficie d'une presse excellente, le mot s'est galvaudé, jusqu'à signifier une banale opposition, une simple bizarrerie ou un jugement atypique qui cherche à se faire remarquer.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072337_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC072337_1"></i><h2>Trois grandes classes de paradoxes</h2><p>Au sens fort, on peut séparer les paradoxes en trois grands types, qui jouent des rôles discursifs et épistémologiques différents. Dans les trois cas, le paradoxe se présente comme un récit qui comporte, explicitement ou implicitement, trois moments logiques : le premier pose un décor, convoque des représentations d'une petite scène, souvent fort simple à comprendre ; le deuxième est un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot de raisonnement est ambigu. On ne dispose pas, pour ce qu'il recouvre, de deux vocables, comme c'est le cas pour le concept et le terme qui le désigne, pour le jugement et la proposition qui l'exprime. Un raisonnement, c'est d'abord une certaine activité de l'esprit, une opération discursive par laquelle on passe de certaines propositions posées comme prémisses à une proposition n..." title="Article : RAISONNEMENT" href="/encyclopedie/raisonnement/">raisonnement</a> qui mène à la contradiction ou simplement l'expose ; enfin, le troisième suggère, plus ou moins fortement, une « morale » à tirer du paradoxe, conclusion ou solution de celui-ci. Il est rare que le lecteur ou l'auditeur soit laissé complètement dans l'indécision.</p><p>Les trois types de paradoxes se distingueront par le lieu d'origine de leur contradiction. Quand le paradoxe résulte d'une contradiction entre deux représentations ou deux descriptions incompatibles ou incohérentes d'une réalité, on parlera de <em>paradoxe scientifique</em> ou, plus généralement, de <em>paradoxe cognitif</em> ou de <em>paracosmie</em>. Quand les représentations mises en œuvre sont cohérentes et que c'est le raisonnement menant à la contradiction qui est lui-même à l'origine de celle-ci, on parlera de <em>paralogie</em>. Enfin, quand et le contexte et le raisonnement sont pour l'essentiel corrects, il advient que l'on ne peut former de conclusion univoque et cohérente. On parlera dans ce cas de <em><a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Originellement, le dilemme désigne un argument à deux prémisses. Sa signification s'est restreinte, chez les rhéteurs hellénistiques du ii e siècle, aux arguments dont les stances du Cid représentent pour nous le meilleur exemple :. – Si je tue don Gormas [le père de Chimène], je perds Chimène.. – Si je ne tue pas don Gormas [et ainsi me déshonore], je perds Chimène.. –�..." title="Article : DILEMME" href="/encyclopedie/dilemme/">dilemme</a> logique</em> ou, simplement, de <em>dilemme</em>.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C072337_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="DELMAS-RIGOUTSOS, Yannis"><a title="Auteur : Yannis DELMAS-RIGOUTSOS" rel="author" href="/auteurs/yannis-delmas-rigoutsos/"><strong>Yannis DELMAS-RIGOUTSOS</strong></a> : maître de conférences à l'université de Poitiers, directeur adjoint, ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : PARADOXE" href="/carte-mentale/paradoxe/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072337_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie" href="/classification/philosophie/"> Philosophie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Logique"> <a title="Classification : Logique" href="/classification/philosophie/logique/"> Logique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences: généralités" href="/classification/sciences-generalites/"> Sciences: généralités </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Sciences et philosophie"> <a title="Classification : Sciences et philosophie" href="/classification/sciences-generalites/sciences-et-philosophie/"> Sciences et philosophie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie" href="/classification/philosophie/"> Philosophie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie des sciences" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-des-sciences/"> Philosophie des sciences </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Épistémologie générale"> <a title="Classification : Épistémologie générale" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-des-sciences/epistemologie-generale/"> Épistémologie générale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072337_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/antinomie/"> <span class="rg">ANTINOMIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Françoise ARMENGAUD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">372 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> N'est pas antinomie n'importe quelle contradiction, mais seulement celle qui joue entre des lois — soit des lois juridiques ou théologiques, soit des lois de la raison (Kant), soit des thèses déduites de lois logiques (théorie des ensembles) —, ni n'importe quel <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Paradoxe signifie, fondamentalement, « contre » (en grec, para ) « l'opinion commune » ( doxa ). Pourtant, la part de vérité des paradoxes est suffisante pour que l'on ne puisse pas facilement les délaisser. Le paradoxe suscite la curiosité.. Le mot paradoxe admet trois acceptions principales, selon la force qu'on veut bien lui donner. Au sens le plus fort, il s'agit d'un récit, d'un..." title="Article : PARADOXE" href="/encyclopedie/paradoxe/">paradoxe...</a></p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/grece-antique-civilisation-l-homme-grec/#c36397"> <span class="rg">GRÈCE ANTIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Civilisation) - L'homme grec</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André-Jean FESTUGIÈRE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 602 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Montrons maintenant comment le paradoxe socratique – <em>subir l'injustice vaut mieux que de la commettre</em> – découle du premier principe sur la dignité de l'homme. Ce paradoxe a une préhistoire, il ne surgit pas tout à coup comme une nouveauté absolue. Dans un passage célèbre de son poème ... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/heuristique/#c36397"> <span class="rg">HEURISTIQUE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre CHRÉTIEN-GONI</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 426 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : HEURISTIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/heuristique/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Heuristique : l'espace d'un problème - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/8/csm_de040100_32d98ad343.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Chaque problème souffre d'un paradoxe initial. L'examen des fondements doit démêler le trilemme dit de Münchhausen : la recherche de fondements ultimes conduit ou à une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Parce qu'expliquer c'est remonter du présent à ce qui l'a précédé, du composé au simple, la régression à l'infini est un procédé logique qui tente de rencontrer une limite ou un terme premier ne dépendant plus d'aucune condition. L'impossibilité d'accomplir ainsi la régression, s'agissant d'un tout infini, est un argument sceptique, tandis que des dogmatistes assurent l'intelligibilit..." title="Article : RÉGRESSION À L' INFINI" href="/encyclopedie/regression-a-l-infini/">régression à l'infini</a>, ou à une fondation circulaire formant une pétition de principe, voire une justification autoréférentielle,... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/langages-de-masse/#c36397"> <span class="rg">LANGAGES DE MASSE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean BAUDRILLARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 009 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : LANGAGES DE MASSE" href="/encyclopedie/langages-de-masse/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Discours de Hitler - crédits : Topical Press Agency/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/5/csm_ph998545_78cdb2a926.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Ce principe de synthèse magique, corollaire de celui de tautologie, se révèle en politique comme le langage même du terrorisme et de la dissuasion : c'est le fameux <em>Peace is war, war is peace</em> de George Orwell (<em>1984</em>), ou encore « bombe propre », les retombées « inoffensives » et, encore une... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/paradoxe/"> Afficher les 9 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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