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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.1 Insects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crustaceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crustaceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.2 Crustaceans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crustaceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Amphibians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kormoran_vo_let.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kormoran_vo_let.jpg/300px-Kormoran_vo_let.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kormoran_vo_let.jpg/450px-Kormoran_vo_let.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kormoran_vo_let.jpg/600px-Kormoran_vo_let.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorant</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gali%C4%8Dica_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galičica National Park (page does not exist)">Galičica National Park</a> [<a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="mk:Национален парк Галичица">mk</a>]</figcaption></figure> Over 22,500 species of wildlife have been recorded in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. Over 10,000 of these are insects, which include 3,000 beetle species and large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>. Aside from insects, other large arthropod groups include <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> (mostly spiders) and crustaceans. Among vertebrates, more than 300 species of birds recorded, although not all nest in the country. There are over 80 species of both fish and mammals, 32 reptiles, and 14 amphibians. Over 4,200 plants have been identified, of which more than 3,700 are <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>. The majority of existing forest is <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, and the amount of forest has expanded slightly in recent years. Over 2,000 species of algae have been found, most of them within lakes. There are also 2,000 species of identified fungi, with 90% of these being <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a>, and at least 450 <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. The country covers 25,713 square kilometres (9,928 sq mi), with much of the terrain being mountainous. Significant variation in <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> has contributed to large variation within local climates, which together with the presence of ice age <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a> has resulted in significant diversity and <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a>. Although North Macedonia is landlocked, it has <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of rivers of North Macedonia">numerous rivers</a> and lakes supporting aquatic wildlife. The forest and caves in the west of the country support a number of unique and endangered animals. The three largest lakes, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Lake Prespa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dojran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dojran">Lake Dojran</a>, are further areas of relatively high diversity. There is substantial interaction between people and wildlife, especially in rural areas. Various plant and fungi species are foraged for local use and for export, and many animal species are hunted. Other threats to wildlife include land use change, pollution, and climate change. A number of animal and plant species have become <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">locally extinct</a>. A variety of laws protect some species and habitats and regulate their use, and action plans have been developed by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia#Executive_branch" title="Politics of North Macedonia">government</a>, covering topics including the environment, biodiversity, and water. <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of national parks in North Macedonia">Four national parks</a> have been established, and North Macedonia is party to a number of European and International conventions that relate to wildlife and the environment. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Geography of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_main_lakes_and_rivers_of_North_Macedonia-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_main_lakes_and_rivers_of_North_Macedonia-en.svg/440px-Map_of_the_main_lakes_and_rivers_of_North_Macedonia-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_main_lakes_and_rivers_of_North_Macedonia-en.svg/660px-Map_of_the_main_lakes_and_rivers_of_North_Macedonia-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Map_of_the_main_lakes_and_rivers_of_North_Macedonia-en.svg/880px-Map_of_the_main_lakes_and_rivers_of_North_Macedonia-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river valley lies at the centre of North Macedonia, and much of the country is mountainous.</figcaption></figure> North Macedonia spans 25,713 square kilometres (9,928 sq mi) in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> The landlocked country is centred around the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river valley, with the national borders being marked by mountain ranges.<a href="#cite_note-WaterStrategy-2">[2]</a> Its diverse landscape creates a variety of local climates, which can be divided into eight <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>. The varied <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> of the country, including both natural and man-made environments, can be divided into 28 broad types,<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> which are further subdivided into 120 at the third level of <a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a> classification. These are spread across 38 classes of landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia#Climate" title="Geography of North Macedonia">overall climate</a> is <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a>, with the area undergoing four seasons throughout the year. However, the varied geography means that there is significant local climatic variety. <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a> also varies significantly.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) of snow can fall on some mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> North Macedonia contains 477 square kilometres (184 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of rivers of North Macedonia">35 rivers</a> fall into three <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">river basins</a>, with one basin each flowing into the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The majority of the country, 22.075 square kilometres (8.523 sq mi), falls within the Agean Basin, which contains <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dojran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dojran">Lake Dojran</a>. 20.661 square kilometres (7.977 sq mi) of this basin is covered by the Vardar river and its tributaries. The remaining 1.649 square kilometres (0.637 sq mi) of the Aegean drainage basin is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Strumica_(river)" title="Strumica (river)">Strumica</a> river and its tributaries. The main river of the 3.359 square kilometres (1.297 sq mi) Adriatic basin is <a href="/wiki/Black_Drim" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Drim">Black Drim</a>, which begins at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Lake Prespa</a> also falls within this basin.<a href="#cite_note-WaterStrategy-2">[2]</a> Under some accounting there are also three minor drainage basins, which combined cover just over 1% of North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Altogether, lakes cover 2% of the country, about 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi). The three large lakes mentioned above are <a href="/wiki/Lake#Tectonic_lakes" title="Lake">tectonic lakes</a>. Lake Ohrid is 348.8 square kilometres (134.7 sq mi), and has an average depth of 144.8 metres (475 ft).<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> It is thought to be 2–3 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Lake Prespa is 274 square kilometres (106 sq mi), with an average depth of 18.8 metres (62 ft). Lake Dojran is 43 square kilometres (17 sq mi), with a maximum depth of just 10 metres (33 ft). These three lakes are split between North Macedonia and neighbouring countries. Around 43 <a href="/wiki/Lake#Glacial_lakes" title="Lake">glacial lakes</a> exist in the mountains. There are also 111 are artificial lakes, including large <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> A complex <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> history means the country's surface rocks originate from many periods of Earth's history. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of mountains in North Macedonia">13 mountains</a> whose heights exceed 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), with <a href="/wiki/Korab_(mountain)" title="Korab (mountain)">the highest</a> being 2,753 metres (9,032 ft) above sea level. Around 50% of the country is considered mountainous, containing many <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">gorges</a> and valleys.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Caves, especially in limestone mountains found in the west, support a variety of cave fauna, and contain their own lakes.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Forests cover 9,888.35 square kilometres (3,817.91 sq mi) of the country, 90% of which is within state-owned land. Agricultural land covers 12,680 square kilometres (4,900 sq mi), including both actively used land and land that is able to be quickly cultivated. <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pastures</a> make up 757,000 of this agricultural land.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants">Plants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flora of North Macedonia">Flora of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Forests cover much of the country</figcaption></figure> At least 3700 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> have been identified in North Macedonia, of which 116 are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> or near-endemic.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> 3200 of these are <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Additionally, there are 573 non-vascular plant species, none of which are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Over 400 of these species are <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, while 100 are <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> The estimated wood mass in the country was 74,343,000 cubic metres (2.6254×109 cu ft) in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Forested land expanded by 3.5% in the decade leading up to 2013, reflecting a decrease in annual logging, deliberate efforts to expand forested area, and a reduction in livestock. This recovery is not shared by all forest types however, with <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">coniferous</a> and mixed forest coverage reducing in size. As of 2013, 58% of the forest was <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, 30% was mixed, 7% was coniferous, and 5% was considered degraded. Some deliberate forestation has been undertaken with the <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> <a href="/wiki/Robinia_pseudoacacia" title="Robinia pseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ailanthus_altissima" title="Ailanthus altissima">Ailanthus altissima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Broadleaf tree woodlands, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> species, are some of the country's most endangered habitats. Swamp woodlands are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa" title="Alnus glutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a>. Beech forests are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> species. Oaks, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrya" title="Ostrya">hophornbeams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carpinus_orientalis" title="Carpinus orientalis">Carpinus orientalis</a> dominate deciduous woodlands. Other habitats contain many conifer species.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> 314 species of flowering plants (11% of all flowering plants in the country) are protected.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> 14 species of vascular plants assessed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> are considered at a risk of extinction: four are critically endangered, five are endangered, and five are vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-UNRedLists-7">[7]</a> Eight moss species are protected. Only 11 Macedonian species appear in the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats" title="Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats">Bern Convention</a>, whereas five are listed in <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Habitats Directive</a> appendices.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Plant species that have become <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">locally extinct</a> in North Macedonia include <a href="/wiki/Acorus_calamus" title="Acorus calamus">Acorus calamus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagittaria_sagittifolia" title="Sagittaria sagittifolia">Sagittaria sagittifolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_thyrsiflora" title="Lysimachia thyrsiflora">Lysimachia thyrsiflora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldrovanda_vesiculosa" title="Aldrovanda vesiculosa">Aldrovanda vesiculosa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_alba" title="Nymphaea alba">Nymphaea alba</a>. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacobaea_paludosa" title="Jacobaea paludosa">Jacobaea paludosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranunculus_lingua" title="Ranunculus lingua">Ranunculus lingua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gentiana_pneumonanthe" title="Gentiana pneumonanthe">Gentiana pneumonanthe</a>, are near locally extinct if not extinct already.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex">Carex</a> elata is also on the brink of extinction.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungi">Fungi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fungi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battarrea_phalloides_(29470443257).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battarrea_phalloides_%2829470443257%29.jpg/220px-Battarrea_phalloides_%2829470443257%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battarrea_phalloides_%2829470443257%29.jpg/330px-Battarrea_phalloides_%2829470443257%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Battarrea_phalloides_%2829470443257%29.jpg/440px-Battarrea_phalloides_%2829470443257%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battarrea_phalloides" title="Battarrea phalloides">Battarrea phalloides</a>, which is critically endangered in North Macedonia, has a significant population on the island of <a href="/wiki/Golem_Grad" title="Golem Grad">Golem Grad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Lake Prespa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karadelev2016-8">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> Of the 2000 identified <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> in North Macedonia, none are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Around 1800 belong to <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> (including 550 within <a href="/wiki/Agaricales" title="Agaricales">Agaricales</a> and 450 within <a href="/wiki/Aphyllophorales" title="Aphyllophorales">Aphyllophorales</a>), while 200 species are <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> In addition, at least 450 species of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Entomophaga_maimaiga" title="Entomophaga maimaiga">Entomophaga maimaiga</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Entomopathogenic_fungus" title="Entomopathogenic fungus">entomopathogenic fungus</a>, is found on <a href="/wiki/Lymantria_dispar" title="Lymantria dispar">gypsy moths</a>, following its introduction in neighbouring Bulgaria as a way to control the moth.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> So far, 122 species have been identified as threatened,<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> and 213 species from the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes have been preliminarily assessed for <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> status. Of these, 21 were critically endangered, 30 endangered, 71 vulnerable, 40 near threatened, 9 least concern, and 42 data deficient.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Ten of the critically endangered species have been found in just a single location.<a href="#cite_note-Karadelev2016-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_North_Macedonia" title="Fauna of North Macedonia">Fauna of North Macedonia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invertebrates">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Invertebrate species identified as of 2014<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phylum </th> <th>Species </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a> </td> <td>175 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td> <td>11849<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td> <td>320 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a> </td> <td>870<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminthes</a> </td> <td>229 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Porifera</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera</a> </td> <td>269 </td></tr></tbody></table> There are 13,493 recorded <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species in North Macedonia. The vast majority of these (90%) are <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> 6 of the 10 <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> found in the three major lakes are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eunapius_carteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eunapius carteri (page does not exist)">Eunapius carteri</a> dojranensis is endemic to Lake Doyran. <a href="/wiki/Ochridaspongia_rotunda" title="Ochridaspongia rotunda">Ochridaspongia rotunda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ochridospongia_interlithonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ochridospongia interlithonis (page does not exist)">Ochridospongia interlithonis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ochridospongilla_stankovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ochridospongilla stankovici (page does not exist)">Ochridospongilla stankovici</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spongilla_stankovici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spongilla stankovici (page does not exist)">Spongilla stankovici</a> are endemic to Lake Ohrid. <a href="/wiki/Spongilla" title="Spongilla">Spongilla</a> prespensis is endemic to Lake Prespa.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Of the three <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> species, one is invasive. The 229 <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a> are made up of 158 <a href="/wiki/Neodermata" title="Neodermata">Neodermata</a> and 71 <a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a>. The two known <a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a> species known are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordius_nonmaculatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordius nonmaculatus (page does not exist)">Gordius nonmaculatus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordius_aquaticus" title="Gordius aquaticus">Gordius aquaticus</a>. The only known <a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a> species is <a href="/wiki/Prostoma_graecense" title="Prostoma graecense">Prostoma graecense</a>, which was found in Lake Ohrid.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a> consist of 140 <a href="/wiki/Oligochaeta" title="Oligochaeta">Oligochaeta</a>, 30 <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a>, and 5 <a href="/wiki/Branchiobdellida" title="Branchiobdellida">Branchiobdellida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> 53 of the 180 identified annelids species are endemic, all in Lake Ohrid. 38 of these endemic species are oligochaetes, and 11 are <a href="/wiki/Hirudinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirudinea">Hirudinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> There are at least 870 <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> species,<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> including 450 forest-dwelling species, 80 plant <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, and many living in lakes.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> species represented are mostly <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a>, which have 301 species. At least 195 of these are land snails, and 107 are aquatic snails. The remaining 19 mollusc species are <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> Of 92 molluscs considered endemic, 88 of them are gastropods and four of them are bivalves.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> One gastropod species in Lake Prespa is invasive.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arthropods">Arthropods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arthropods">edit</a>]</div> At least 11,800 arthropod species have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> Of the 1126 <a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerata</a> species present,<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> at least 60 are considered endemic.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> The most numerous order within Chelicerata is that of <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, of which there are 767 species (nine of which are endemic). The next largest taxa is the <a href="/wiki/Acari" class="mw-redirect" title="Acari">Acari</a>, whose 250 species include 164 <a href="/wiki/Hydrachnidia" title="Hydrachnidia">Hydrachnidia</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Halacaridae" title="Halacaridae">Halacaridae</a>. Within Halacroidea, the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stygohalacarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stygohalacarus (page does not exist)">Stygohalacarus</a> genus, represented by Stygohalacarus scupiensis, is endemic to North Macedonia, as is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copidognathus_profundus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copidognathus profundus (page does not exist)">Copidognathus profundus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dolomedes#Europe" title="Dolomedes">fen raft spider</a>, living in marshes near Mount <a href="/wiki/Belasica" title="Belasica">Belasica</a>, is known to eat fish.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> The remaining identified Cherlicerata species are 54 <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscorpion" title="Pseudoscorpion">pseudoscorpions</a>, 50 <a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">opiliones</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Solifugae" title="Solifugae">Solifugae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galeodes" title="Galeodes">Galeodes</a> elegans and Galeodes graceus).<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> 19 Opiliones are endemic, along with 16 pseudoscorpions.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Insects">Insects</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Insects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agapanthia_cynarae_8142817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Agapanthia_cynarae_8142817.jpg/220px-Agapanthia_cynarae_8142817.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Agapanthia_cynarae_8142817.jpg/330px-Agapanthia_cynarae_8142817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Agapanthia_cynarae_8142817.jpg/440px-Agapanthia_cynarae_8142817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Agapanthia_cynarae" title="Agapanthia cynarae">Agapanthia cynarae</a> <a href="/wiki/Longhorn_beetle" title="Longhorn beetle">longhorn beetle</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gali%C4%8Dica_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galičica National Park (page does not exist)">Galičica National Park</a> [<a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="mk:Национален парк Галичица">mk</a>]</figcaption></figure> The at least 10,081 species of insects<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> make up around 85% of the country's arthropod species.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> At least 3,145 <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a> species have been identified, split between 84 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ground_beetle" title="Ground beetle">ground beetles</a> make up a large number of these, represented by 573 species. Within the <a href="/wiki/Staphylinoidea" title="Staphylinoidea">Staphylinoidea</a> superfamily there are 516 species, including representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Rove_beetle" title="Rove beetle">Staphylinidae</a> (383 species), <a href="/wiki/Cholevinae" title="Cholevinae">Cholevinae</a> (57), <a href="/wiki/Hydraenidae" title="Hydraenidae">Hydraenidae</a> (42), <a href="/wiki/Silphidae" title="Silphidae">Silphidae</a> (14), <a href="/wiki/Ptiliidae" title="Ptiliidae">Ptiliidae</a> (4), and <a href="/wiki/Agyrtidae" title="Agyrtidae">Agyrtidae</a> (1) families. <a href="/wiki/Water_beetle" title="Water beetle">Water beetles</a> have been identified from the <a href="/wiki/Dytiscidae" title="Dytiscidae">Dytiscidae</a> (62), <a href="/wiki/Haliplidae" title="Haliplidae">Haliplidae</a> (11), <a href="/wiki/Whirligig_beetle" title="Whirligig beetle">Gyrinidae</a> (6), and <a href="/wiki/Noteridae" title="Noteridae">Noteridae</a> (2) families. Within <a href="/wiki/Hydrophiloidea" title="Hydrophiloidea">Hydrophiloidea</a>, there are 68 <a href="/wiki/Histeridae" title="Histeridae">Histeridae</a> species and 33 <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilidae" title="Hydrophilidae">Hydrophilidae</a> species. There are 14 families of <a href="/wiki/Scarabaeoidea" title="Scarabaeoidea">Scarabaeoidea</a> represented, which altogether contain 172 species. Within <a href="/wiki/Cucujoidea" title="Cucujoidea">Cucujoidea</a>, there are perhaps over 200 species, of which 116 are <a href="/wiki/Sap_beetle" title="Sap beetle">Nitidulidae</a> and 33 are <a href="/wiki/Coccinellidae" title="Coccinellidae">Coccinellidae</a>. Within <a href="/wiki/Chrysomeloidea" title="Chrysomeloidea">Chrysomeloidea</a>, there are 340 <a href="/wiki/Leaf_beetle" title="Leaf beetle">leaf beetles</a> and 176 <a href="/wiki/Longhorn_beetle" title="Longhorn beetle">longhorn beetles</a>. The 88 species of <a href="/wiki/Bostrichiformia" title="Bostrichiformia">Bostrichiformia</a> are split between four families: <a href="/wiki/Bostrichidae" title="Bostrichidae">Bostrichidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermestidae" title="Dermestidae">Dermestidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptinidae" title="Ptinidae">Ptinidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nosodendridae" title="Nosodendridae">Nosodendridae</a>. There are 100 species of <a href="/wiki/Elateroidea" title="Elateroidea">Elateroidea</a>. Most are <a href="/wiki/Click_beetle" title="Click beetle">click beetles</a> (74), with the rest being <a href="/wiki/Soldier_beetle" title="Soldier beetle">soldier beetles</a> (15), <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">fireflies</a> (7), and <a href="/wiki/Lycidae" title="Lycidae">net-winged beetles</a> (4). There are 44 identified <a href="/wiki/Cleroidea" title="Cleroidea">Cleroidea</a> species. 17 each are from <a href="/wiki/Malachiinae" title="Malachiinae">Malachiinae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dasytinae" title="Dasytinae">Dasytinae</a>. One Dasytidae species is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar Mountains</a>. The remaining 10 are from the <a href="/wiki/Cleridae" title="Cleridae">Cleridae</a> family. Other beetles include 290 <a href="/wiki/Curculionidae" title="Curculionidae">Curculionidae</a> and 45 <a href="/wiki/Darkling_beetle" title="Darkling beetle">darkling beetles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>2,638 <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lepidoptera_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of Lepidoptera of North Macedonia">found in North Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> A total of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lepidoptera_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of Lepidoptera of North Macedonia">2,638 species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> have been identified. These are split between 68 families, with family size ranging from a single species to 528 species (the <a href="/wiki/Noctuidae" title="Noctuidae">Noctuidae</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> 67 species have been provisionally assessed for IUCN Red List status within North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> One has been identified as endangered, with 15 being vulnerable and 24 being near threatened.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> There are over 1,500 species of <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>, representing 54 families. The largest family is that of the <a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">hoverflies</a>, represented by 262 species. Some flies are considered potential <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">disease vectors</a>, and one, <a href="/wiki/Obolodiplosis" title="Obolodiplosis">Obolodiplosis</a> robiniae, is invasive.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> is another diverse order, represented by about 1077 species. One relatively well-studied group are <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasps</a>. 150 species of <a href="/wiki/Braconidae" title="Braconidae">Braconidae</a> have been found. The 129 <a href="/wiki/Ichneumonidae" title="Ichneumonidae">Ichneumonidae</a> species (21 of which fall within <a href="/wiki/Cryptinae" title="Cryptinae">Cryptinae</a>) present include three endemics: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrodactylus_tiphae_balcanicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadrodactylus tiphae balcanicus (page does not exist)">Hadrodactylus tiphae balcanicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesochorus" title="Mesochorus">Mesochorus</a> venerandus, and <a href="/wiki/Gelis" title="Gelis">Gelis</a> balcanicus. <a href="/wiki/Eulophidae" title="Eulophidae">Eulophidae</a> has 40 species. Non-parasitic <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a> include 75 members of the family <a href="/wiki/Vespidae" title="Vespidae">Vespidae</a> and 37 members of the family <a href="/wiki/Mutillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutillidae">Mutillidae</a>. In addition to wasps, there are at least 113 <a href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</a> bee species and 99 <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassin_bug_(Rhynocoris_iracundus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Assassin_bug_%28Rhynocoris_iracundus%29.jpg/220px-Assassin_bug_%28Rhynocoris_iracundus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Assassin_bug_%28Rhynocoris_iracundus%29.jpg/330px-Assassin_bug_%28Rhynocoris_iracundus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Assassin_bug_%28Rhynocoris_iracundus%29.jpg/440px-Assassin_bug_%28Rhynocoris_iracundus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhynocoris_iracundus" title="Rhynocoris iracundus">Rhynocoris iracundus</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Heteroptera" title="Heteroptera">Heteroptera</a> species found in North Macedonia</figcaption></figure> Within <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>, 776 species of <a href="/wiki/Heteroptera" title="Heteroptera">Heteroptera</a> (15 endemic) have been identified. However, local expertise in this taxon is lacking. It has been suggested that the discovered number makes up only 62% of the total species present, taking into account the rate of new discoveries, the diversity of habitats, and studies from neighbouring countries. Knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Homoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoptera">Homoptera</a> is also very limited, with most studies covering a small number of species from specific locations. The known Homoptera consist of 134 <a href="/wiki/Sternorrhyncha" title="Sternorrhyncha">Sternorrhyncha</a>, 15 <a href="/wiki/Cicadomorpha" title="Cicadomorpha">Cicadomorpha</a>, and 13 <a href="/wiki/Fulgoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulgoromorpha">Fulgoromorpha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> There are 175 identified <a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">orthoptera</a> species. One, <a href="/wiki/Bradyporus" title="Bradyporus">Bradyporus</a> macrogaster macrogaste, is critically endangered. Four are considered endangered, while another eight are considered vulnerable (another 10 are data deficient). Some species are known only from a single location, or even a single record.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> There are perhaps 106 <a href="/wiki/Caddisfly" title="Caddisfly">caddisfly</a> species, although estimates vary. The 68 species of identified <a href="/wiki/Neuropterida" title="Neuropterida">Neuropterida</a> consist of 59 <a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a> and nine <a href="/wiki/Snakefly" title="Snakefly">Raphidioptera</a>. The 13 known <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">flea</a> species include parasites of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_snow_vole" title="Balkan snow vole">Balkan snow vole</a>. The country has 68 identified <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a>, including seven <a href="/wiki/Rhithrogena" title="Rhithrogena">Rhithrogena</a> species, all found in the <a href="/wiki/Pena_(river)" title="Pena (river)">Pena river</a>. Known <a href="/wiki/Dictyoptera" title="Dictyoptera">Dictyoptera</a> include 12 <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">mantis</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>. Of the 14 <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a> species known, two, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enderleinellus_ferrisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enderleinellus ferrisi (page does not exist)">Enderleinellus ferrisi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizophthirus_gliris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizophthirus gliris (page does not exist)">Schizophthirus gliris</a>, are parasites (of <a href="/wiki/European_ground_squirrel" title="European ground squirrel">European ground squirrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edible_dormouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible dormouse">edible dormice</a> respectively). <a href="/wiki/Haploembia_solieri" title="Haploembia solieri">Haploembia solieri</a>, which was found in <a href="/wiki/Valandovo" title="Valandovo">Valandovo</a>, is the only recorded <a href="/wiki/Embioptera" title="Embioptera">Embioptera</a> species. Other insect species include 97 <a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">Plecoptera</a> (10 of which are endemic), 64 <a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a>, 49 <a href="/wiki/Psocoptera" title="Psocoptera">Psocoptera</a>, 42 <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">Thysanoptera</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Earwig" title="Earwig">Dermaptera</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Archaeognatha</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hylecthrus_rubi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hylecthrus rubi (page does not exist)">Hylecthrus rubi</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Zygentoma" title="Zygentoma">Zygentoma</a>. There is no data for <a href="/wiki/Megaloptera" title="Megaloptera">Megaloptera</a> within the country.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Crustaceans">Crustaceans</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crustaceans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chirocephalus_diaphanus_carinatus_A_MRKVICKA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chirocephalus_diaphanus_carinatus_A_MRKVICKA.JPG/220px-Chirocephalus_diaphanus_carinatus_A_MRKVICKA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chirocephalus_diaphanus_carinatus_A_MRKVICKA.JPG/330px-Chirocephalus_diaphanus_carinatus_A_MRKVICKA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chirocephalus_diaphanus_carinatus_A_MRKVICKA.JPG/440px-Chirocephalus_diaphanus_carinatus_A_MRKVICKA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chirocephalus_diaphanus" title="Chirocephalus diaphanus">Chirocephalus diaphanus</a> in a mountain lake</figcaption></figure> Of the 490 <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a> species found, 133 are considered endemic.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Within the class <a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</a>, the most numerous order is <a href="/wiki/Diplostraca" title="Diplostraca">Diplostraca</a>, which has 86 species. <a href="/wiki/Alona_smirnovi" title="Alona smirnovi">Alona smirnovi</a> is endemic to Lake Ohrid. Of the other orders, there are six species of <a href="/wiki/Anostraca" title="Anostraca">Anostraca</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chirocephalus_pelagonicus" title="Chirocephalus pelagonicus">Chirocephalus pelagonicus</a> which is endemic to wetlands in the <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a> plain. The two species of order <a href="/wiki/Notostraca" title="Notostraca">Notostraca</a> (which contains only the <a href="/wiki/Triopsidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Triopsidae">Triopsidae</a> family) present are <a href="/wiki/Lepidurus_apus" title="Lepidurus apus">Lepidurus apus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triops_cancriformis" title="Triops cancriformis">Triops cancriformis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> All 172 representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracods</a> are from the order <a href="/wiki/Podocopida" title="Podocopida">Podocopida</a>. Numerous genera within this order have high levels of endemism.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> Of the class <a href="/wiki/Maxillopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillopoda">Maxillopoda</a>, 146 species are <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>: 60 <a href="/wiki/Cyclopoida" title="Cyclopoida">Cyclopoida</a>, 54 <a href="/wiki/Harpacticoida" title="Harpacticoida">Harpacticoida</a>, 30 <a href="/wiki/Calanoida" title="Calanoida">Calanoida</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Poecilostomatoida" title="Poecilostomatoida">Poecilostomatoida</a>. Both Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida contain several endemic genera. 12 of these copepods are known to be parasitic, found infecting fish in the major lakes. Other Maxillopoda include three <a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura</a>, all from the genus <a href="/wiki/Argulus" title="Argulus">Argulus</a> within the class <a href="/wiki/Argulidae" title="Argulidae">Argulidae</a>. One, <a href="/wiki/Argulus_foliaceus" title="Argulus foliaceus">Argulus foliaceus</a>, is a parasite of at least three fish species. There is one representative of the <a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida</a> known: <a href="/wiki/Linguatula_serrata" title="Linguatula serrata">Linguatula serrata</a>, which is a human parasite.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> There are representatives of four orders of <a href="/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a> is represented by 50 species, of which about a third are endemic. <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipoda</a> is represented by 47 species, with five genera (<a href="/wiki/Bogidiella" title="Bogidiella">Bogidiella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gammarus" title="Gammarus">Gammarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niphargus" title="Niphargus">Niphargus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadzia (page does not exist)">Hadzia</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignolfiella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignolfiella (page does not exist)">Ignolfiella</a>) containing many endemic species. <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a> is represented by five species: two <a href="/wiki/Astacidae" title="Astacidae">Astacidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austropotamobius_torrentium" title="Austropotamobius torrentium">Austropotamobius torrentium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astacus_astacus" title="Astacus astacus">Astacus astacus</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Potamidae" title="Potamidae">Potamidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potamon_fluviatile" title="Potamon fluviatile">Potamon fluviatile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potamon_ibericum" title="Potamon ibericum">Potamon ibericum</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Atyidae" title="Atyidae">Atyidae</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Atyaephyra_stankoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atyaephyra stankoi (page does not exist)">Atyaephyra stankoi</a>, which was found in Lake Dojran). <a href="/wiki/Bathynellacea" title="Bathynellacea">Bathynellacea</a> is represented by three species: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathynella_natans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathynella natans (page does not exist)">Bathynella natans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabathynella_stygia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parabathynella stygia (page does not exist)">Parabathynella stygia</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathynella_chappuisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathynella chappuisi (page does not exist)">Bathynella chappuisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> There are around 100 species of <a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapoda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> including 18 endemic <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> There are 21 identified species of <a href="/wiki/Entognatha" title="Entognatha">Entognatha</a>, including 11 <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">Collembola</a>, eight <a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliforniska_pastrmka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kaliforniska_pastrmka.jpg/220px-Kaliforniska_pastrmka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Kaliforniska_pastrmka.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> is invasive in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> The total number of fish species differs between sources, potentially due to different classifications regarding <a href="/wiki/Species_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Species concept">what counts as a species</a>. One calculation identifies 85 <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>. Of these, 27 are endemic, and 19 are invasive. Some fish are endemic to certain lakes or rivers.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Lake Ohrid has 21 native species, of which eight are endemic, and seven are introduced species. Lake Prespa has 11 native species, of which eight are endemic, and 12 introduced species. Lake Dojran has 12 native species, one of which is endemic, along with two introduced species.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Of the Actinopterygii, the <a href="/wiki/European_sea_sturgeon" title="European sea sturgeon">European sea sturgeon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_eel" title="European eel">European eel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alburnus_macedonicus" title="Alburnus macedonicus">Alburnus macedonicus</a> are considered critically endangered, and the <a href="/wiki/Prespa_minnow" title="Prespa minnow">Prespa minnow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmo_peristericus" title="Salmo peristericus">Salmo peristericus</a> are considered endangered. A further 10 species are vulnerable, one near threatened, and 10 data deficient.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a> species in Orhid Lake are endangered, while the <a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common carp</a> is endangered in Lake Prespa.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> The two lamprey species are the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_brook_lamprey" title="Ukrainian brook lamprey">Ukrainian brook lamprey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eudontomyzon_stankokaramani" title="Eudontomyzon stankokaramani">Eudontomyzon stankokaramani</a>. The first lives in the Vardar's drainage basin, while the second lives in the Adriatic Sea basin. Both are protected by law.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amphibians">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Markova_Reka_i_Markov_Manastir_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Markova_Reka_i_Markov_Manastir_07.jpg/220px-Markova_Reka_i_Markov_Manastir_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Markova_Reka_i_Markov_Manastir_07.jpg/330px-Markova_Reka_i_Markov_Manastir_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Markova_Reka_i_Markov_Manastir_07.jpg/440px-Markova_Reka_i_Markov_Manastir_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1741" /></a><figcaption>A frog in <a href="/wiki/Marko%27s_River" title="Marko's River">Marko's River</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species found comprise nine <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, and five <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Three of these have been categorized as endangered, three as vulnerable, three as near threatened, and five as least concern. Considering the effects of disease and habitat loss, that proportion of threatened amphibian species is roughly in line with the state of amphibians worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-UNRedLists-7">[7]</a> None of these species are endemic to the country,<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> although two are endemic to the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reptiles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_snakes_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of snakes in North Macedonia">List of snakes in North Macedonia</a></div> The 32 species of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> present are made up of 16 <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, and four <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Within North Macedonia, 11 of these species are widespread, 10 are restricted to certain habitats, and 11 have very limited range.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> While none of these are endemic to the country,<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> two are endemic to the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> One snake species present is the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_whipsnake" title="Caspian whipsnake">Caspian whipsnake</a>, Europe's largest snake.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> Of those with IUCN Red List assessments, seven of them are endangered, six are vulnerable, eight are near threatened, and ten are of least concern.<a href="#cite_note-UNRedLists-7">[7]</a> The globally vulnerable <a href="/wiki/Vipera_ursinii" title="Vipera ursinii">Vipera ursinii</a>, one of three <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">Viperidae</a> in North Macedonia, has strict protection, while another 22 species have some level of protection.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann%27s_tortoise" title="Hermann's tortoise">Hermann's tortoise</a>, found in forest and meadows, are expected to lost at least one third of their population over the next 75 years.<a href="#cite_note-UNRedLists-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Birds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of birds of North Macedonia">List of birds of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_Jay_with_walnut_(37095873220).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eurasian_Jay_with_walnut_%2837095873220%29.jpg/220px-Eurasian_Jay_with_walnut_%2837095873220%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eurasian_Jay_with_walnut_%2837095873220%29.jpg/330px-Eurasian_Jay_with_walnut_%2837095873220%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eurasian_Jay_with_walnut_%2837095873220%29.jpg/440px-Eurasian_Jay_with_walnut_%2837095873220%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2327" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_jay" title="Eurasian jay">Eurasian jay</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Naum" title="Monastery of Saint Naum">Monastery of Saint Naum</a></figcaption></figure> There are 318 <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species with confirmed sightings, and an additional 16 for which there are less reliable claims. None are endemic.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> 215 of these species <a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">nest</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> 106 bird species have some level of protection under law.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> At least eight nesting species have become locally extinct, while another 7–15 no longer nest in the country. For many species, fewer than 100 nesting couples remain.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mammals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of mammals of North Macedonia">List of mammals of North Macedonia</a></div> At least 85 mammal species inhabit North Macedonia, of which four are endemic to the Balkans:<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Western_broad-toothed_field_mouse" title="Western broad-toothed field mouse">western broad-toothed field mouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_snow_vole" title="Balkan snow vole">Balkan snow vole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felten%27s_vole" title="Felten's vole">Felten's vole</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mole" title="Balkan mole">Balkan mole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a> sub-species Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica and lynx sub-species the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_lynx" title="Balkan lynx">Balkan lynx</a> are endemic to the Balkans, and have core populations within North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> It has been suggested that the country's <a href="/wiki/European_ground_squirrel" title="European ground squirrel">European ground squirrel</a> population be considered its own sub-species.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Eight mammal species are considered invasive.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_Lynx_(Lynx_lynx_martinoi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Balkan_Lynx_%28Lynx_lynx_martinoi%29.jpg/220px-Balkan_Lynx_%28Lynx_lynx_martinoi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Balkan_Lynx_%28Lynx_lynx_martinoi%29.jpg/330px-Balkan_Lynx_%28Lynx_lynx_martinoi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Balkan_Lynx_%28Lynx_lynx_martinoi%29.jpg/440px-Balkan_Lynx_%28Lynx_lynx_martinoi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Balkan_lynx" title="Balkan lynx">Balkan lynx</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_North_Macedonia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of North Macedonia">Macedonian stamp</a></figcaption></figure> The Balkan lynx persists around the Albanian-Macedonian border. Its low population leads it to being rarely seen, and it is the subject of recovery efforts. The lynx has a reputation for killing livestock, despite there being very few recorded incidents.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxFear-14">[14]</a> There are perhaps fewer than 100 spread across North Macedonia and Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bears</a> live in mountainous forests in the west of the country. Around 160-200 individuals inhabit these forests, part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindos</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheKing-15">[15]</a> About 70 are found in <a href="/wiki/Mavrovo_National_Park" title="Mavrovo National Park">Mavrovo National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> The population of <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a> numbered around 800–1000 as of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheEffect-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otters</a> can be found throughout most waterways, although they are absent from a couple of areas with particularly high levels of pollution.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackals</a> were considered extinct in the area by the 1960s, but became re-established in forested mountainous areas, especially in the west, during the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> An individual <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">raccoon dog</a>, a species which was introduced to European Russia in the 20th century, was found dead in the north of the country, indicating the species is spreading southwards.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Herbivores include <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, chamois, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_hare" title="European hare">European hares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxFear-14">[14]</a> European ground squirrels are found on <a href="/wiki/Mokra_Gora_(mountain)" title="Mokra Gora (mountain)">Mount Mokra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat</a>, Balkan lynx, Eurasian otter, brown bear, European ground squirrel, and Balkan snow vole have strict protection under national legislation, and another 10 mammal species have lesser levels of protection.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Three bats, two rodents, and one mustelid are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algae">Algae</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Algae">edit</a>]</div> Knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algal</a> species in North Macedonia remains patchy, with inconsistent research and several taxa that remain not fully identified.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> There are 2095 identified forms of algae, with the vast majority being <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>. It is thought at least 10% of these are endemic, with at least 194 having been so far identified as such. Most research on algae has taken place in Lakes Ohrid and Prespa.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Lake Ohrid by itself holds 798 identified taxa,<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> with 158 being endemic to just that lake.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity_and_endemism_hotspots">Diversity and endemism hotspots</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diversity and endemism hotspots">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohrid_and_Prespa_lakes_topographic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ohrid_and_Prespa_lakes_topographic_map.svg/220px-Ohrid_and_Prespa_lakes_topographic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ohrid_and_Prespa_lakes_topographic_map.svg/330px-Ohrid_and_Prespa_lakes_topographic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ohrid_and_Prespa_lakes_topographic_map.svg/440px-Ohrid_and_Prespa_lakes_topographic_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Lake Prespa</a> are the two largest lakes in North Macedonia.</figcaption></figure> Within North Macedonia, there are multiple areas that are likely high in endemism. Lake Ohrid is an extensively studied area, and its diversity is reflected in a high number of endemic species. Lake Prespa lies quite close to Lake Ohrid, and the two lakes are connected <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologically</a>. While Lake Prespa has fewer species than Lake Ohrid and while the two lakes share similar species compositions, Lake Prespa has its own endemic species and species more closely related to more western water bodies than to Lake Ohrid.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> Within Lake Ohrid alone there are over 100 insects, 75 flatworms (35 endemic to the lake and nearby waterbodies), 72 gastropods (56 endemic), 52 ostracods (33 endemic), 49 <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a>, 43 Acari, 36 oligochaetes (17 endemic), 36 copepods (six endemic), 31 <a href="/wiki/Cladocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladocera">Cladocera</a> (one endemic), 30 endemic <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliates</a>, 24 leeches (12 endemic), 24 nematodes (three endemic), 14 <a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">amoebas</a>, 13 bivalves (two endemic), 10–11 Amphipoda (9 endemic), four isopods (3 endemic), four sponges, and two decapods. The <a href="/wiki/Ancylus" title="Ancylus">Ancylus</a> genus species in this lake are monophyletic, likely <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">evolving</a> within the lake itself. The same situation is true for leeches from the genus Dina.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Lake Prespa is less well studied, but is known to have at over 100 insects, 90 crustaceans, 60 rotifers, 50 flatworms, 36 molluscs (27 of which are snails), 35 annelids, and three sponges.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Seven of these snails are endemic, as is the mollusc <a href="/wiki/Pisidium" title="Pisidium">Pisidium</a> maasseni.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radix_(gastropod)" title="Radix (gastropod)">Radix</a> snail species in both Ohrid and Lake Prespas are related, and there are endemic species within springs near the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Naum" title="Monastery of Saint Naum">Monastery of Saint Naum</a> that are unrelated to the species found in the lakes.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Lake Dojran has 17 rotifers.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> It is expected that mountainous areas will also contain a number of endemic species. North Macedonia contains many areas of ice age <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a>, which retain significant plant diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> Plant endemism and sub-endemism is high around mountainous areas.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Mammal diversity is highest in the mountainous west of the country.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Caves in the west, especially within the drainage basins of the <a href="/wiki/Radika" title="Radika">Radika</a>, Galichica, Jakupica, and Poreche rivers, are thought to have rates of invertebrate endemism of around 90%.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> 57 species of <a href="/wiki/Stygofauna" title="Stygofauna">stygofauna</a> are known, including 14 pseudoscorpions, 12 beetles, and 10 isopods.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_influence">Human influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thymus_oehmianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Thymus_oehmianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thymus_oehmianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thymus oehmianus (page does not exist)">Thymus oehmianus</a> on a Macedonian stamp.</figcaption></figure> There is significant interaction between the people of North Macedonia and wildlife, especially in rural areas. This continues despite rural areas decreasing in population by 2.2% from 2005 to 2010.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheEffect-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">Foraging</a> for wild plants remains a common activity for those in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> Around 700 plant species are considered medicinal or aromatic, with 220 frequently used. A quarter of known fungi species are edible, and some fungi and lichens are collected for use and export.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Carnivores, such as bears, wolves, and lynx, are viewed negatively in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxFear-14">[14]</a> Bears and wolves are known to attack livestock such as sheep, cattle, and goats. In some instances wolves have been reported to hunt up to 38% of sheep flocks, and an even higher percentage of goats. Foxes and wild cats are reported to kill poultry. There are reports of bear, wolf, and even lynx and jackal attacks on humans, although none of these attacks resulted in deaths.<a href="#cite_note-KeciConflicts-20">[20]</a> Such conflict is expected to decrease given the number of sheep in the country halved following a 1996 <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a> outbreak and a resultant drop in the value of sheep products.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheEffect-16">[16]</a> Bears and wild boars are also known to damage agricultural produce.<a href="#cite_note-KeciConflicts-20">[20]</a> Some species have cultural relevance. The lynx is depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">denar</a> coin.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxFear-14">[14]</a> Storks are considered to bring luck in local folklore, especially with regard to child-bearing.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Threats">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radika_River_area_65.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Radika_River_area_65.JPG/220px-Radika_River_area_65.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Radika_River_area_65.JPG/330px-Radika_River_area_65.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Radika_River_area_65.JPG/440px-Radika_River_area_65.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Logged trees near the <a href="/wiki/Radika" title="Radika">Radika</a> river</figcaption></figure> Data deficiency is a significant issue for assessing environmental threats.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> For example, knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in lacking.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> The invasive species that are relatively well studied are generally those that directly affect commercial resources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">Colorado potato beetle</a> affecting crops and the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_carp" title="Prussian carp">Prussian carp</a> reducing native fish populations in Lake Dojran.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Marsh draining, agricultural <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> change, and mining have significantly altered the landscape. <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> dams have been placed in gorges that host rare and endemic plants. Lysimachia thyrsiflora became locally extinct due to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Mavrovo_Lake" title="Mavrovo Lake">Mavrovo Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Dams in the Black Drim have blocked eel migration to the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> Smaller watercourses are at risk of diversion and depletion due to demand for irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a> remains an issue. The most polluted river, the Vardar, is polluted by around 120,000,000 cubic metres (4.2×109 cu ft) of waste annually, including 75000 tons of solid particles, 5000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and 1000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Heavy industry contributes to such pollution in both surface and groundwater.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marshes</a> are a habitat under considerable threat, not just from land use changes but from climate change, and lowland marshes may disappear completely from the country.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> This wetland conversion is threatening local plant species. In addition to water pollution and water flow modification, fish are threatened by illegal fishing and invasive species.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> On land, many plant species are threatened by over-harvesting.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gentiana_lutea" title="Gentiana lutea">Gentiana lutea</a> is rare due to over-collection for medical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> is also a threat, reducing the habitat of animals such as lynx.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> can be an issue, with traps and poison used to catch animals such as wild boar.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxFear-14">[14]</a> Poaching increased after <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Independence Day (North Macedonia)">independence</a>, due to perceived high fees for hunting within one of the 249 hunting grounds and a lack of punishment,<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheEffect-16">[16]</a> despite poaching a lynx theoretically being punishable by eight years in jail.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> Wolf hunting is legal.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheEffect-16">[16]</a> As they are considered pests, the government pays a bounty of 700 denar per wolf killed.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> Between 100 and 200 wolves are killed per year, mostly through chance encounters during the hunting of other animals.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheEffect-16">[16]</a> Brown bears are still sometimes poached,<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheKing-15">[15]</a> and while hunting them was banned in 1996, their population has not increased significantly since then.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> Poaching has also caused a decline in the chamois population.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_Lynx_lynx_martinoi_in_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Geographical_distribution_of_Lynx_lynx_martinoi_in_Macedonia.svg/220px-Geographical_distribution_of_Lynx_lynx_martinoi_in_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Geographical_distribution_of_Lynx_lynx_martinoi_in_Macedonia.svg/330px-Geographical_distribution_of_Lynx_lynx_martinoi_in_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Geographical_distribution_of_Lynx_lynx_martinoi_in_Macedonia.svg/440px-Geographical_distribution_of_Lynx_lynx_martinoi_in_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balkan_lynx" title="Balkan lynx">Balkan lynx</a> are mostly found in the mountainous west.</figcaption></figure> Of the 22,500 species that occur in the country,<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> over 800 are considered to be endemic.<a href="#cite_note-UNRedLists-7">[7]</a> Some species listed as endemic nonetheless have ranges which may stretch slightly outside North Macedonia's borders. For example, species found only in the three major lakes are considered endemic, despite the lakes being shared with neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> North Macedonia contains 33 pan-European habitat types regarded as endangered under the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats" title="Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats">Bern Convention</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Emerald_network" title="Emerald network">Emerald network</a>. The network covers 35 areas encompassing 29% of the country. The same network includes 167 species that require specific conservation measures: 7 invertebrates, 13 fish, 3 amphibians, 7 reptiles, 115 birds, 17 mammals, and 5 plants.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia#Executive_branch" title="Politics of North Macedonia">government of North Macedonia</a> has classified threats to biological diversity into 249 items, 17 of which were considered to have a very high priority. The root causes behind these 17 priority threats include poor policymaking, inconsistent enforcement of laws and regulations, poverty, low public awareness, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. 18 habitats are thought to be vulnerable to climate change, along with 58 plant species and 224 animal species.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> 65 bird species are listed under the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Birds_Directive" title="Birds Directive">Birds Directive</a> Annex I, while 15 migratory bird species are listed under Annex I of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>. 24 reptiles are listed in the Bern Convention and 25 in the European Union Habitats directive appendices. Eight amphibian species are protected by law, while also falling under the Bern Convention and European Union Habitats directive. 34 fish species have protection under Macedonian law.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> has identified 24 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas, while <a href="/wiki/Plantlife_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantlife International">Plantlife International</a> has identified 42 Important Plant Areas.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> The Vulture Conservation Project has been operated by the Macedonian Ecological Society since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_Lynx_Recovery_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan Lynx Recovery Programme (page does not exist)">Balkan Lynx Recovery Programme</a><a href="#cite_note-KeciConflicts-20">[20]</a> (or Programme for Balkan Lynx Recovery) began in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> From 2007 to 2014, the government allocated between 4 and 9 million denar each year for environmental protection. However, most funding comes from external bodies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Global_Environment_Facility" title="Global Environment Facility">Global Environment Facility</a>, the European Union (including pre-accession assistance), and bilateral contributions. Cross-border projects exist with Albania, Bulgaria, and Greece.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Species that have increased in number from low bases of local extirpation include Gentiana pneumonanthe, Ranunculus lingua, <a href="/wiki/Salvinia_natans" title="Salvinia natans">Salvinia natans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuphar_lutea" title="Nuphar lutea">Nuphar lutea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menyanthes" title="Menyanthes">Menyanthes trifoliata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legal framework">edit</a>]</div> Environmental protection became part of national law for the first time in 1963, under Article 32 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (page does not exist)">Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a>. This was maintained in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">1991 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia</a> under Article 56.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> The constitution obliges citizens to promote and protect the environment.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Most environmental laws are set at a national level, with <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Assembly of North Macedonia</a> having a commission for transport, communications, and environment. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Physical_Planning" title="Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning">Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning</a> (MoEPP) handles government implementation of laws and regulations. In 2007, the Administration of Environment was established within the MoEPP.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> In 2014 the State Inspectorate of Environment and Nature became a separate legal entity within the MoEPP.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry,_and_Water_Economy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Water Economy (page does not exist)">Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Water Economy</a> [<a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE,_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="mk:Министерство за земјоделство, шумарство и водостопанство на Македонија">mk</a>] also plays a role in ensuring the environment is utilised sustainably.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> The country is working to integrate European Union environmental legislation into its national laws, and to meet the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aichi_targets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aichi targets (page does not exist)">Aichi targets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> IUCN Red List classification and methodology is specifically referenced by the Law on Nature Protection of the Republic of North Macedonia ("Official Gazette" no. 67/04, as amended).<a href="#cite_note-RedlistAbout-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortoises_in_Krushevska_Reka_valley_-_P1100156.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tortoises_in_Krushevska_Reka_valley_-_P1100156.JPG/220px-Tortoises_in_Krushevska_Reka_valley_-_P1100156.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tortoises_in_Krushevska_Reka_valley_-_P1100156.JPG/330px-Tortoises_in_Krushevska_Reka_valley_-_P1100156.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tortoises_in_Krushevska_Reka_valley_-_P1100156.JPG/440px-Tortoises_in_Krushevska_Reka_valley_-_P1100156.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Tortoises and litter near the Krushevo River</figcaption></figure> While the MoEPP is responsible for nature protecting and monitoring, natural resources, such as forests, waters, and <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game animals</a> remain under the jurisdiction of other ministries. This overlap in jurisdiction has complicated ecosystem management, and the implementation of the European Union <a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis communautaire</a> into Macedonian law.<a href="#cite_note-NSEA-23">[23]</a> Different aspects of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a> are carried out by a number of different ministries.<a href="#cite_note-Monitoring-24">[24]</a> However, the development of a biodiversity strategy was an early example of effective cooperation between ministries.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Law on Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and Lake Dojrans provided specific protection for the three large lakes starting in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> The Law on Environment and Nature Protection and Promotion was instituted in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> The Law on Nature Protection was established in 2004 to consolidate previous laws, such as the Law on Natural Rarities (1973) and the Law on Protection of Ohrid, Prespa and Lake Dojrans (1977),<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> and the Law on Protection of National Parks (1980). It also transposes parts of the Acquis communautaire, namely the Habitats Directive, the Birds Directive, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulation_on_the_Protection_of_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora_by_Regulating_Trade_Therein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulation on the Protection of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora by Regulating Trade Therein (page does not exist)">Regulation on the Protection of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora by Regulating Trade Therein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> The use of natural resources such as wild plants and animal parts is regulated under the Law on Nature Protection. National parks issue permits for the collection of wild resources from their forests. This law also legislates to protect the environment from invasive species.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Forests are regulated under the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia (2004), the Strategy for Sustainable Forestry Development in the Republic of Macedonia (2006), the Law on Reproductive Material of Forest Tree Species (2007), and the Law on Forests (2009). Species important for agriculture have their own protection under Article 78 of the Law on Agriculture and Rural Development. 2666 samples from 89 species were stored in a dedicated Gene Bank at the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Agricultural_Science_and_Food_in_Skopje" title="Faculty of Agricultural Science and Food in Skopje">Institute of Agriculture</a> as of 2013. This seed bank is regulated under the Law on Seeds and Seedlings. The government is considering establishing a gene bank for native flora, after a previous attempt at Botanical Garden of the Institute of Biology at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje" title="Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje</a>, ended after one year.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> The Law on Waters transfers the European Union <a href="/wiki/Water_Framework_Directive" title="Water Framework Directive">Water Framework Directive</a> into national law, and directs the management of waters, shorelands, and wetlands. Other laws relevant to water management include the Law on Water Management Companies and the Law on Water Communities. The government has published a National Strategy for Waters to guide its actions, and is preparing specific action plans for various lakes and river systems. <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a> is regulated under the Law on Fishery and Aquaculture. A transboundary plan for fisheries management in Lake Prespa is under development.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> A joint management plan is being put in place for Lake Ohrid.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The first National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was adopted in 2004, alongside the Law on Nature Protection.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Only 56% of its proposed actions were implemented.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> The 2018–2023 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was adopted on 13 March 2020 during the government's 58th session, and contains 19 specific targets.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Another current plan is the National Strategy for Nature Protection for 2017–2027.<a href="#cite_note-UNRedLists-7">[7]</a> The first National Environment Action Plan was put in place in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Monitoring-24">[24]</a> It and the subsequent Second National Environmental Action Plans direct the government's anti-<a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> efforts.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snails_(30426883917).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Snails_%2830426883917%29.jpg/170px-Snails_%2830426883917%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Snails_%2830426883917%29.jpg/255px-Snails_%2830426883917%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Snails_%2830426883917%29.jpg/340px-Snails_%2830426883917%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">Snails</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gali%C4%8Dica_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galičica National Park (page does not exist)">Galičica National Park</a> [<a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="mk:Национален парк Галичица">mk</a>]</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pelister_National_Park" title="Pelister National Park">Pelister National Park</a>, established in 1948, was the first <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Mavrovo National Park followed in 1949, and Mount <a href="/wiki/Gali%C4%8Dica" title="Galičica">Galičica</a> became the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gali%C4%8Dica_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galičica National Park (page does not exist)">third national park</a> [<a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="mk:Национален парк Галичица">mk</a>] in 1958. The Law on Protection of National Parks was implemented in 1980. Other protected areas include "National Monuments" (<a href="/wiki/Smolare_Falls" title="Smolare Falls">Smolare Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markovi_Kuli" title="Markovi Kuli">Markovi Kuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuklica" title="Kuklica">Kuklica</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lovki-Golemo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovki-Golemo (page does not exist)">Lovki-Golemo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slatinski_Izvor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slatinski Izvor (page does not exist)">Slatinski Izvor</a> cave, Lake Prespa, Lake Dojran, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vevchani_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vevchani Springs (page does not exist)">Vevchani Springs</a>), "Strict Nature Reserves" (only <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploche_Litotelmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ploche Litotelmi (page does not exist)">Ploche Litotelmi</a>), "Nature Parks" (<a href="/wiki/Ezerani" title="Ezerani">Ezerani</a> at Lake Prespa), and "Natural Rarities" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dona_Duka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dona Duka (page does not exist)">Dona Duka</a> Cave). Individual species can also be declared natural rarities, and this status has been granted to the <a href="/wiki/Platanus_orientalis" title="Platanus orientalis">sycamore tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> Protected areas have been established in an ad hoc manner, and for a variety of purposes, resulting in no coherent network or strategy. The Law on Nature Protection divided them into six categories. Altogether, the 86 protected sites cover 230,083 ha, or 8.9% of the country<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> (4.5% national parks, 3.0% monuments, 1.4% other protected areas).<a href="#cite_note-NSNP-3">[3]</a> While <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of national parks in North Macedonia">these national parks</a> have established management systems, other protected areas lack specific plans and dedicated scientific studies.<a href="#cite_note-NSEA-23">[23]</a> A fourth park, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shar_Mountain_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shar Mountain National Park (page does not exist)">Shar Mountain National Park</a>, was created in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> There are two classes of protected species under Macedonian law, "Strictly Protected" and "Protected". National protection measures exist for "Strictly Protected" species, but not yet for species identified as "Protected". Legislation has been enacted to control the trade of wildlife and wildlife parts.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> The Constitution treats game animals as <a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">common goods</a>, which are given special protection. Current regulation is established under the 2012 Law on Hunting. 133 wild species are classified as game: 110 birds and 23 mammals. There are 112 hunting grounds for large game, and 144 for small game. These are all divided between 11 hunting management areas under the General Hunting Management Master Plan. The most hunted species include hares, <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, wild boar, and chamois.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> Previously unprotected, bears were classified as a game species in 1988, gaining hunting law protections in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-LescureuxTheKing-15">[15]</a> 762 wolves, 76 deer, 521 chamois, over 6000 wild boar, over 32,000 rabbits, 252 birds of prey, and 1500 waterfowl were recorded as having been shot between 2003 and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> A few hunted species have seen steep reductions in their population. Some deer populations have been reduced by up to 93%.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-4">[4]</a> The legal list of protected and strictly protected species has not kept up to date with taxonomy, for example by double-counting species which had previously been assigned multiple names.<a href="#cite_note-Invertebrates-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_conventions">International conventions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International conventions">edit</a>]</div> North Macedonia ratified the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> in 2002, and the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> North Macedonia is also a party to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, along with the specific <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_Populations_of_European_Bats" title="Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats">Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_African-Eurasian_Migratory_Waterbirds" title="Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds">Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Two areas totalling 21,616 hectares (53,410 acres) have been designated wetlands of international importance under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>: Lake Prespa in 1995 and Dorjan Lake in 2007. However, there is currently no national programme for wetlands conservation, despite obligations under the convention.<a href="#cite_note-RedListPDF-5">[5]</a> Lake Ohrid was designated a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> under the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Natural" title="World Heritage Site">criteria for nature</a> in 1979. Slatinski Izvor cave and the Markovi Kuli landscape were <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Macedonia#Tentative_list" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia">tentatively enrolled</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-NBSAAP-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBSAAP_1-37">al</a> <a 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Template talk:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Macedonia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Ancient_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Kingdom of Macedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Roman Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)#Macedonia_Secunda_or_Salutaris" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia Salutaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Roman Diocese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Medieval_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Theme of Bulgaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Prilep" title="Lordship of Prilep">Kingdom of Prilep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic" title="Kruševo Republic">Kruševo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Manifesto" title="Kruševo Manifesto">Kruševo Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Bulgarian occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">War in Yugoslav Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)" title="Independent Macedonia (1944)">Independent Macedonia (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Front (Macedonia)">National Liberation Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Greek Civil War">Refugees of the Greek Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 Skopje earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement_(2001)" title="Ohrid Agreement (2001)">Ohrid Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republic_of_Macedonia_inter-ethnic_violence" title="2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence">2012 inter-ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Macedonian_government_building_attack" title="2014 Macedonian government building attack">2014 Macedonian government building attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kumanovo_clashes" title="2015 Kumanovo clashes">2015 Kumanovo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Macedonian_protests" title="2015 Macedonian protests">2015 Macedonian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Macedonian_protests" title="2016 Macedonian protests">2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_storming_of_the_Macedonian_Parliament" title="2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament">2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">2018 Prespa agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Macedonia_protests" title="2022 North Macedonia protests">2022 North Macedonia protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of cities in North Macedonia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia" title="Environmental issues in North Macedonia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geology of North Macedonia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#North_Macedonia" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of mountains in North Macedonia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of rivers of North Macedonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Macedonia" title="Elections in North Macedonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of political parties in North Macedonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Administrative divisions of North Macedonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Statistical regions of North Macedonia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Macedonia" title="Foreign relations of North Macedonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="Human rights in North Macedonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Macedonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Macedonia" title="Police of North Macedonia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Naming dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Macedonia" title="Agriculture in North Macedonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of power stations in North Macedonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Stock_Exchange" title="Macedonian Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Tourism in North Macedonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Macedonia" title="Transport in North Macedonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_North_Macedonia" title="Category:Society of North Macedonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Macedonia" title="Health in North Macedonia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Macedonia" title="Women in North Macedonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denes_nad_Makedonija" title="Denes nad Makedonija">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Architecture of North Macedonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_embroidery" title="Macedonian embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flag of North Macedonia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_North_Macedonia" title="Mass media in North Macedonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Slavic_mythology" title="Macedonian Slavic mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_North_Macedonia" title="National emblem of North Macedonia">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_North_Macedonia" title="National symbols of North Macedonia">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of radio stations in North Macedonia">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_North_Macedonia" title="Television in North Macedonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Macedonia" title="Outline of North Macedonia">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Macedonia" title="Category:North Macedonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wildlife_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wildlife_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wildlife of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Armenia" title="Wildlife of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Azerbaijan" title="Wildlife of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cyprus" title="Wildlife of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_France" title="Wildlife of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Greece" title="Wildlife of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iceland" title="Wildlife of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kazakhstan" title="Wildlife of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Norway" title="Wildlife of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sweden" title="Wildlife of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ukraine" title="Wildlife of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&oldid=1236386303">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia&oldid=1236386303</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_North_Macedonia" title="Category:Biota of North Macedonia">Biota of North Macedonia</a></li><li><a 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