CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gastropoda - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7153a089-c421-4f5b-9f73-6617d7ac2bcc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gastropoda","wgTitle":"Gastropoda","wgCurRevisionId":1258960343,"wgRevisionId":1258960343,"wgArticleId":179252,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Webarchive template archiveis links","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles using diversity taxobox","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","All articles containing potentially dated statements", "Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from September 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Gastropods","Mollusc classes","Asymmetry","Extant Cambrian first appearances","Taxa named by Georges Cuvier"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gastropoda","wgRelevantArticleId":179252,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4867740","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gastropod_collage.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gastropod_collage.jpg/800px-Gastropod_collage.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gastropod_collage.jpg/640px-Gastropod_collage.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gastropoda - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gastropoda rootpage-Gastropoda skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gastropoda" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gastropoda" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gastropoda" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gastropoda" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Body wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_organs_and_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_organs_and_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sensory organs and nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_organs_and_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Digestive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Respiratory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulatory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Circulatory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Excretory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Reproductive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Feeding behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_history_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_history_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Geological history and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geological_history_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geological history and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geological_history_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cladogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cladogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cladogram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cladogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Current classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastropoda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buikpotiges" title="Buikpotiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Buikpotiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A6gel" title="Snægel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Snægel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85" title="بطنيات القدم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطنيات القدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lbizl%C9%99r" title="İlbizlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlbizlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ایلبیزلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایلبیزلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="উদরপদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদরপদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondang" title="Gondang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gondang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бруханогія малюскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бруханогія малюскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чэраваногія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэраваногія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Коремоноги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коремоноги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneckn" title="Schneckn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schneckn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%BEevi" title="Puževi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Puževi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastr%C3%B2podes" title="Gastròpodes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastròpodes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawhilahila" title="Dawhilahila – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dawhilahila" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C5%BEi" title="Plži – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plži" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod" title="Gastropod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gastropod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snegle" title="Snegle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Snegle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnecken" title="Schnecken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schnecken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_ch%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9h_digh%C3%A1hii_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Ch%CA%BCosh%C5%82%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BC" title="Chʼosh chʼééh digháhii dóó Chʼoshłóóʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh chʼééh digháhii dóó Chʼoshłóóʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod" title="Teod – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Γαστερόποδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαστερόποδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropodoj" title="Gastropodoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gastropodoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شکم‌پایان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکم‌پایان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniglar" title="Sniglar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sniglar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaster%C3%B3podos" title="Gasterópodos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gasterópodos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%A1%B1%EB%A5%98" title="복족류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복족류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փորոտանիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փորոտանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="उदरपाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उदरपाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%BEevi" title="Puževi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Puževi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasteropodo" title="Gasteropodo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gasteropodo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropodos" title="Gastropodos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gastropodos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniglar" title="Sniglar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sniglar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חלזונות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלזונות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siput" title="Siput – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Siput" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მუცელფეხიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუცელფეხიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бауыраяқтылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бауыраяқтылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D3%A7" title="Лёльӧ – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лёльӧ" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikp%C3%AA" title="Zikpê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zikpê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Курсак буттуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Курсак буттуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Бажанаттукку – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Бажанаттукку" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glieme%C5%BEi" title="Gliemeži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gliemeži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleeken" title="Schleeken – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schleeken" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilvakojai" title="Pilvakojai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilvakojai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slekke" title="Slekke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slekke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden%C3%B6it" title="Edenöit – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Edenöit" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csig%C3%A1k" title="Csigák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csigák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Полжави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полжави" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ქვარაკუჩხამეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქვარაკუჩხამეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Эмгэн хумс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эмгэн хумс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slakken" title="Slakken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slakken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slekke" title="Slekke – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Slekke" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%B6%B3%E7%B6%B1" title="腹足綱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="腹足綱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneken" title="Sneken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sneken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snegler" title="Snegler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Snegler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniglar" title="Sniglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sniglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorinoyoqli_mollyuskalar" title="Qorinoyoqli mollyuskalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qorinoyoqli mollyuskalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzuchonogi" title="Brzuchonogi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brzuchonogi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiksachaki" title="Wiksachaki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wiksachaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Брюхоногие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брюхоногие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABrmilli" title="Kërmilli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kërmilli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulitn%C3%ADky" title="Ulitníky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ulitníky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%BEi" title="Polži – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polži" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%AF" title="گاسترۆپۆد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاسترۆپۆد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Пужеви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пужеви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%BEevi" title="Puževi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Puževi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotilot" title="Kotilot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kotilot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A4ckor" title="Snäckor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Snäckor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="வயிற்றுக்காலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வயிற்றுக்காலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibeldisen" title="Ibeldisen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ibeldisen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Корсагаяклылар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Корсагаяклылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ชั้นแกสโทรโพดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชั้นแกสโทรโพดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C4%B1ndanbacakl%C4%B1lar" title="Karındanbacaklılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karındanbacaklılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Черевоногі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Черевоногі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_Ch%C3%A2n_b%E1%BB%A5ng" title="Lớp Chân bụng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Chân bụng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A0%83" title="蠃 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蠃" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slekkn" title="Slekkn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Slekkn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gastropoda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%B6%B3%E7%BA%B2" title="腹足纲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腹足纲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="פוילע רוילע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוילע רוילע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%B6%B3%E7%B6%B1" title="腹足綱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腹足綱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E8%B6%B3%E7%BA%B2" title="腹足纲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腹足纲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4867740#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gastropoda" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gastropoda" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gastropoda" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&oldid=1258960343" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gastropoda&id=1258960343&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGastropoda"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGastropoda"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gastropoda&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gastropoda" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4867740" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of molluscs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gastropod" redirects here. For the podcast about the science and history of food, see <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_(podcast)" title="Gastropod (podcast)">Gastropod (podcast)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Gastropoda<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Cambrian–Present</span><sup id="cite_ref-GastropodaPonder&Lindberg2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GastropodaPonder&Lindberg2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:47.046153846154px; width:172.95384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:38.636923076923px; width:180.36307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastropod_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gastropod_collage.jpg/260px-Gastropod_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gastropod_collage.jpg/390px-Gastropod_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gastropod_collage.jpg/520px-Gastropod_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Various gastropods from different types: <a href="/wiki/Black_slug" title="Black slug">black slug</a> (a slug), <i><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_asinina" title="Haliotis asinina">Haliotis asinina</a></i> (an abalone), <i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i> (a land snail), <i><a href="/wiki/Notarchus" title="Notarchus">Notarchus indicus</a></i> (a seahare), <i><a href="/wiki/Patella_vulgata" title="Patella vulgata">Patella vulgata</a></i> (a limpet), and <i><a href="/wiki/Polycera_aurantiomarginata" title="Polycera aurantiomarginata">Polycera aurantiomarginata</a></i> (a nudibranch). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Gastropoda" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gastropoda</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, 1795<sup id="cite_ref-Cuvier_1795_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuvier_1795-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subclasses </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caenogastropoda" title="Caenogastropoda">Caenogastropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterobranchia" title="Heterobranchia">Heterobranchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomphaliones" title="Neomphaliones">Neomphaliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritimorpha" title="Neritimorpha">Neritimorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patellogastropoda" title="Patellogastropoda">Patellogastropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetigastropoda" title="Vetigastropoda">Vetigastropoda</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bouchet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouchet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solem_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solem-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="#Diversity">65,000 to 80,000 species</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Angiogastropoda - represented as Gastropoda</li> <li>Apogastropoda - alternate representation of Gastropoda</li> <li>Psilogastropoda - represented as Gastropoda</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Gastropods</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>), commonly known as <b>slugs and snails</b>, belong to a large <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> class of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> within the phylum <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> called <b>Gastropoda</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This class comprises <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> from saltwater, freshwater, and from the land. There are many thousands of species of <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_slug" title="Sea slug">slugs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_snail" title="Freshwater snail">freshwater snails</a>, freshwater <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">land snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>. </p><p>The class Gastropoda is a diverse and highly successful class of mollusks within the phylum Mollusca. It contains a vast total of named species, second only to the <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> in overall number. The fossil history of this class goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Late Cambrian</a>. As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 721 <a href="/wiki/Family_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (taxonomy)">families</a> of gastropods are known, of which 245 are <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> and appear only in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record, while 476 are currently <a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">extant</a> <a href="/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">with</a> or without a fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouchet_2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouchet_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gastropoda (previously known as <b>univalves</b> and sometimes spelled "Gasteropoda") are a major part of the phylum Mollusca, and are the most highly diversified <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a>, with 65,000 to 80,000<sup id="cite_ref-Bouchet_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouchet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solem_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solem-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> living snail and slug <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, behavior, feeding, and reproductive adaptations of gastropods vary significantly from one <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> or group to another, so stating many generalities for all gastropods is difficult. </p><p>The class Gastropoda has an extraordinary diversification of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>. Representatives live in gardens, woodland, deserts, and on mountains; in small ditches, great rivers, and lakes; in <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>, the rocky <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a>, the sandy subtidal, the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_zone" title="Abyssal zone">abyssal</a> depths of the oceans, including the <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>, and numerous other ecological niches, including <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> ones. </p><p>Although the name "snail" can be, and often is, applied to all the members of this class, commonly this word means only those species with an external <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shell</a> big enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it. Slugs are gastropods that have no shell or a very small, internal shell; semislugs are gastropods that have a shell that they can partially retreat into but not entirely. </p><p>The marine shelled species of gastropods include species such as <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">periwinkles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">whelks</a>, and numerous other sea snails that produce <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">seashells</a> that are coiled in the adult stage—though in some, the coiling may not be very visible, for example in <a href="/wiki/Cowries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowries">cowries</a>. In a number of <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> of species, such as all the various <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a>, the shell is coiled only in the <a href="/wiki/Larval" class="mw-redirect" title="Larval">larval</a> stage, and is a simple conical structure after that. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the scientific literature, gastropods were described as "gasteropodes" by <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></span></span> in 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuvier_1795_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuvier_1795-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>gastropod</i> comes from Greek <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γαστήρ">γαστήρ</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gastḗr</i></span> 'stomach') and <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πούς">πούς</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">poús</i></span> 'foot'), a reference to the fact that the animal's "foot" is positioned below its guts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earlier name "univalve" means one <a href="/wiki/Valve_(mollusc)" title="Valve (mollusc)">valve</a> (or shell), in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>, such as clams, which have two valves or shells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At all <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> levels, gastropods are second only to insects in terms of their <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gastropods have the greatest numbers of named <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusk</a> species. However, estimates of the total number of gastropod species vary widely, depending on cited sources. The number of gastropod species can be ascertained from estimates of the number of described species of Mollusca with accepted names: about 85,000 (minimum 50,000, maximum 120,000).<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But an estimate of the total number of Mollusca, including undescribed species, is about 240,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimate of 85,000 mollusks includes 24,000 described species of terrestrial gastropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different estimates for aquatic gastropods (based on different sources) give about 30,000 species of marine gastropods, and about 5,000 species of freshwater and <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> gastropods. Many deep-sea species remain to be discovered, as only 0.0001% of the deep-sea floor has been studied biologically.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of living species of freshwater snails is about 4,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Strong_2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strong_2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> species of gastropods (extinct since 1500) number 444, 18 species are now <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a> (but still exist in captivity), and 69 species are "possibly extinct".<sup id="cite_ref-Régnier_2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Régnier_2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of prehistoric (fossil) species of gastropods is at least 15,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In marine habitats, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental slope">continental slope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">continental rise</a> are home to the highest diversity, while the continental shelf and abyssal depths have a low diversity of marine gastropods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slimaczek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Slimaczek.jpg/220px-Slimaczek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Slimaczek.jpg/330px-Slimaczek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Slimaczek.jpg/440px-Slimaczek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cepaea_nemoralis" title="Cepaea nemoralis">Cepaea nemoralis</a></i>: a European pulmonate land snail, which has been introduced to many other countries</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_slug" title="Sea slug">sea slug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal#Gastropods" title="Terrestrial animal">Terrestrial animal § Gastropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">land snail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-slug" title="Semi-slug">semi-slug</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slug</a></div> <p>Gastropods are found in a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, from deep ocean trenches to deserts. </p><p>Some of the more familiar and better-known gastropods are <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal#Gastropods" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial gastropods</a> (the land snails and slugs). Some live in fresh water, but most named species of gastropods live in a marine environment. </p><p>Gastropods have a worldwide distribution, from the near <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> zones to the tropics. They have become adapted to almost every kind of existence on earth, having colonized nearly every available medium. </p><p>In habitats where not enough <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> is available to build a really solid shell, such as on some acidic soils on land, various species of slugs occur, and also some snails with thin, translucent shells, mostly or entirely composed of the protein <a href="/wiki/Conchiolin" title="Conchiolin">conchiolin</a>. </p><p>Snails such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sphincterochila_boissieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphincterochila boissieri">Sphincterochila boissieri</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Xerocrassa_seetzeni" title="Xerocrassa seetzeni">Xerocrassa seetzeni</a></i> have adapted to desert conditions. Other snails have adapted to an existence in ditches, near deepwater <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vents" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal vents">hydrothermal vents</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trenches</a> 10,000 meters (6 miles) below the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the pounding surf of <a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">rocky shores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>, and many other diverse areas. </p><p>Gastropods can be accidentally transferred from one habitat to another by other animals, e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snail_diagram-en_edit1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Snail_diagram-en_edit1.svg/220px-Snail_diagram-en_edit1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Snail_diagram-en_edit1.svg/330px-Snail_diagram-en_edit1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Snail_diagram-en_edit1.svg/440px-Snail_diagram-en_edit1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>The anatomy of a common air-breathing land snail: much of this anatomy does not apply to gastropods in other <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> or groups.</figcaption></figure> <p>Snails are distinguished by an anatomical process known as <a href="/wiki/Torsion_(gastropod)" title="Torsion (gastropod)">torsion</a>, where the visceral mass of the animal rotates 180° to one side during development, such that the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> is situated more or less above the head. This process is unrelated to the coiling of the shell, which is a separate phenomenon. Torsion is present in all gastropods, but the <a href="/wiki/Opisthobranchia" title="Opisthobranchia">opisthobranch gastropods</a> are secondarily untorted to various degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Southern_Synthesis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Synthesis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brusca&Brusca_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusca&Brusca-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Torsion occurs in two stages. The first, mechanistic stage is muscular, and the second is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutagenetic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mutagenetic">mutagenetic</a>. The effects of torsion are primarily physiological. The organism develops by asymmetrical growth, with the majority of growth occurring on the left side. This leads to the loss of right-side anatomy that in most bilaterians is a duplicate of the left side anatomy. The essential feature of this asymmetry is that the anus generally lies to one side of the median plane. The <a href="/wiki/Ctenidium_(mollusc)" title="Ctenidium (mollusc)">gill-combs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Osphradium" title="Osphradium">olfactory organs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hypobranchial_gland" title="Hypobranchial gland">foot slime-gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">nephridia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">auricle</a> of the heart are single or at least are more developed on one side of the body than the other. Furthermore, there is only one <a href="/wiki/Genital" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital">genital</a> orifice, which lies on the same side of the body as the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the anus becomes redirected to the same space as the head. This is speculated to have some evolutionary function, as prior to torsion, when retracting into the shell, first the posterior end would get pulled in, and then the anterior. Now, the front can be retracted more easily, perhaps suggesting a defensive purpose. </p><p>Gastropods typically have a well-defined <a href="/wiki/Head_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head (anatomy)">head</a> with two or four sensory <a href="/wiki/Tentacle" title="Tentacle">tentacles</a> with eyes, and a ventral foot. The foremost division of the foot is called the propodium. Its function is to push away sediment as the snail crawls. The larval shell of a gastropod is called a <a href="/wiki/Protoconch" title="Protoconch">protoconch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell">Shell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonitoides_nitidus_shell_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zonitoides_nitidus_shell_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Zonitoides_nitidus_shell_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zonitoides_nitidus_shell_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Zonitoides_nitidus_shell_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Zonitoides_nitidus_shell_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Zonitoides_nitidus_shell_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>The shell of <i><a href="/wiki/Zonitoides_nitidus" title="Zonitoides nitidus">Zonitoides nitidus</a></i>, a small land snail, has <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell#Chirality" title="Gastropod shell">dextral coiling</a>, which is typical (but not universal) of <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">gastropod shells</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">Gastropod shell</a></div> <p>Most shelled gastropods have a one piece <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shell</a> (with exceptional <a href="/wiki/Juliidae" title="Juliidae">bivalved gastropods</a>), typically coiled or spiraled, at least in the larval stage. This coiled shell usually opens on the right-hand side (as viewed with the shell <a href="/wiki/Apex_(mollusc)" title="Apex (mollusc)">apex</a> pointing upward). Numerous species have an <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">operculum</a>, which in many species acts as a trapdoor to close the shell. This is usually made of a horn-like material, but in some molluscs it is calcareous. In the land slugs, the shell is reduced or absent, and the body is streamlined. </p><p>Some gastropods have adult shells which are bottom heavy due to the presence of a thick, often broad, convex ventral callus deposit on the inner lip and adapical to the aperture which may be important for gravitational stability.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_wall">Body wall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Body wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Opisthobranchia" title="Opisthobranchia">sea slugs</a> are very brightly colored. This serves either as a <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">warning</a>, when they are <a href="/wiki/Poisonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisonous">poisonous</a> or contain <a href="/wiki/Stinging_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinging cell">stinging cells</a>, or to <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> them on the brightly colored <a href="/wiki/Hydroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroids">hydroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, and seaweeds on which many of the species are found. </p><p>Lateral outgrowths on the body of <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Cerata" title="Cerata">cerata</a>. These contain an outpocketing of <a href="/wiki/Digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive gland">digestive glands</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Diverticula_(mollusc)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diverticula (mollusc)">diverticula</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_organs_and_nervous_system">Sensory organs and nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sensory organs and nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinogradski_puz_glava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vinogradski_puz_glava.jpg/220px-Vinogradski_puz_glava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vinogradski_puz_glava.jpg/330px-Vinogradski_puz_glava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vinogradski_puz_glava.jpg/440px-Vinogradski_puz_glava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>The upper pair of <a href="/wiki/Tentacle" title="Tentacle">tentacles</a> on the head of <i>Helix pomatia</i> have eye spots, but the main sensory organs of the snail are sensory receptors for <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a>, situated in the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> of the tentacles.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organs_of_gastropods" title="Sensory organs of gastropods">Sensory organs of gastropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_of_gastropods" title="Nervous system of gastropods">Nervous system of gastropods</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> of gastropods include <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfactory organs</a>, eyes, <a href="/wiki/Statocyst" title="Statocyst">statocysts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sensory_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gastropods have no hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-sensory_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terrestrial gastropods (land snails and slugs), the olfactory organs, located on the tips of the four <a href="/wiki/Tentacle" title="Tentacle">tentacles</a>, are the most important sensory organ.<sup id="cite_ref-sensory_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemosensory organs of <a href="/wiki/Opisthobranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthobranch">opisthobranch</a> marine gastropods are called <a href="/wiki/Rhinophore" title="Rhinophore">rhinophores</a>. </p><p>The majority of gastropods have simple visual organs, eye spots either at the tip or <a href="/wiki/Leptopoma" title="Leptopoma">base</a> of the tentacles. However, "eyes" in gastropods range from simple <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a> that only distinguish light and dark, to more complex <a href="/wiki/Eye#Pit_eyes" title="Eye">pit eyes</a>, and even to <a href="/wiki/Eye#Spherical_lens_eye" title="Eye">lens eyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In land snails and slugs, vision is not the most important sense, because they are mainly <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a> animals.<sup id="cite_ref-sensory_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nervous system of gastropods includes the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. The central nervous system consists of <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> connected by nerve cells. It includes paired ganglia: the cerebral ganglia, pedal ganglia, <a href="/wiki/Osphradium" title="Osphradium">osphradial</a> ganglia, pleural ganglia, parietal ganglia and the visceral ganglia. There are sometimes also buccal ganglia.<sup id="cite_ref-sensory_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Digestive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_of_gastropods" title="Digestive system of gastropods">Digestive system of gastropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">Radula</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> of a gastropod is usually adapted to the food that a species eats. The simplest gastropods are the <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalones</a>, herbivores that use their hard <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> to rasp at <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweeds</a> on rocks. </p><p>Many marine gastropods are burrowers, and have a <a href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">siphon</a> that extends out from the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</a> edge. Sometimes the shell has a <a href="/wiki/Siphonal_canal" title="Siphonal canal">siphonal canal</a> to accommodate this structure. A siphon enables the animal to draw water into their <a href="/wiki/Mantle_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantle cavity">mantle cavity</a> and over the gill. They use the siphon primarily to "taste" the water to detect prey from a distance. Gastropods with siphons tend to be either predators or scavengers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_system">Respiratory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Respiratory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_gastropods" title="Respiratory system of gastropods">Respiratory system of gastropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Anatomy_of_respiratory_system_in_invertebrates" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system § Anatomy of respiratory system in invertebrates</a></div> <p>Almost all marine gastropods breathe with a <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a>, but many freshwater species, and the majority of terrestrial species, have a pallial <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>. The respiratory protein in almost all gastropods is <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a>, but one freshwater <a href="/wiki/Pulmonata" title="Pulmonata">pulmonate</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/Planorbidae" title="Planorbidae">Planorbidae</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> as the respiratory protein. </p><p>In one large group of sea slugs, the gills are arranged as a rosette of feathery plumes on their backs, which gives rise to their other name, <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a>. Some nudibranchs have smooth or <a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">warty</a> backs with no visible gill mechanism, such that respiration may likely take place directly through the skin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulatory_system">Circulatory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Circulatory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system_of_gastropods" title="Circulatory system of gastropods">Circulatory system of gastropods</a></div> <p>Gastropods have <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system#Open_circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">open circulatory system</a> and the transport fluid is <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">Hemocyanin</a> is present in the <a href="/wiki/Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a> as the respiratory pigment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretory_system">Excretory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Excretory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Excretory_system_of_gastropods" title="Excretory system of gastropods">Excretory system of gastropods</a></div> <p>The primary organs of excretion in gastropods are <a href="/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">nephridia</a>, which produce either <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> as a waste product. The nephridium also plays an important role in maintaining water balance in freshwater and terrestrial species. Additional organs of excretion, at least in some species, include pericardial glands in the body cavity, and digestive glands opening into the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_system">Reproductive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reproductive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elysia_timida_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Elysia_timida_mating.jpg/220px-Elysia_timida_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Elysia_timida_mating.jpg/330px-Elysia_timida_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Elysia_timida_mating.jpg/440px-Elysia_timida_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Mating behaviour of <i><a href="/wiki/Elysia_timida" title="Elysia timida">Elysia timida</a></i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods" title="Reproductive system of gastropods">Reproductive system of gastropods</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mating_of_gastropods#Courtship" title="Mating of gastropods">Courtship</a> is a part of <a href="/wiki/Mating_of_gastropods" title="Mating of gastropods">mating</a> behavior in some gastropods, including some of the <a href="/wiki/Helicidae" title="Helicidae">Helicidae</a>. Again, in some land snails, an unusual feature of the <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods" title="Reproductive system of gastropods">reproductive system of gastropods</a> is the presence and utilization of <a href="/wiki/Love_dart" title="Love dart">love darts</a>. </p><p>In many marine gastropods other than the <a href="/wiki/Opisthobranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthobranch">opisthobranchs</a>, there are separate sexes (<a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochoric</a>); most land gastropods, however, are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.233518_-_Aplysia_spec._-_Aplysiidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.233518_-_Aplysia_spec._-_Aplysiidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg/220px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.233518_-_Aplysia_spec._-_Aplysiidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.233518_-_Aplysia_spec._-_Aplysiidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg/330px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.233518_-_Aplysia_spec._-_Aplysiidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.233518_-_Aplysia_spec._-_Aplysiidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg/440px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.MOL.233518_-_Aplysia_spec._-_Aplysiidae_-_Mollusc_shell.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>Egg strings of an Aplysia species.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods" title="Reproductive system of gastropods">Reproductive system of gastropods</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mating_of_gastropods" title="Mating of gastropods">Mating of gastropods</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mating_of_gastropods#Courtship" title="Mating of gastropods">Courtship</a> is a part of the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a> gastropods with some <a href="/wiki/Pulmonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonate">pulmonate</a> families of land snails creating and utilizing <a href="/wiki/Love_dart" title="Love dart">love darts</a>, the throwing of which have been identified as a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main aspects of the life cycle of gastropods include: </p> <ul><li>Egg laying and the eggs of gastropods</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a> of gastropods</li> <li>The larvae or larval stadium: some gastropods may be <a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">trochophore</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">veliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Estivation">Estivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a> (each of these are present in some gastropods only)</li> <li>The growth of gastropods</li> <li>Courtship and mating in gastropods: <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> is internal or external according to the species. External fertilization is common in marine gastropods.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feeding_behavior">Feeding behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Feeding behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomacea_maculata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pomacea_maculata.jpg/220px-Pomacea_maculata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pomacea_maculata.jpg/330px-Pomacea_maculata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pomacea_maculata.jpg/440px-Pomacea_maculata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Pomacea_maculata" title="Pomacea maculata">Pomacea maculata</a></i> floating and eating a carrot</figcaption></figure> <p>The diet of gastropods differs according to the group considered. Marine gastropods include some that are <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a> feeders, <a href="/wiki/Predatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory">predatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, and also a few ciliary feeders, in which the <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> is reduced or absent. Land-dwelling species can chew up leaves, bark, fruit and decomposing animals while marine species can scrape algae off the rocks on the seafloor. Certain species such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/gastropod/Food-and-feeding">Archaeogastropda</a> maintain horizontal rows of slender marginal teeth. In some species that have evolved into endoparasites, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eulimidae" title="Eulimidae">eulimid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Thyonicola_dogieli" title="Thyonicola dogieli">Thyonicola doglieli</a></i>, many of the standard gastropod features are strongly reduced or absent. </p><p>A few <a href="/wiki/Sea_slug" title="Sea slug">sea slugs</a> are herbivores and some are carnivores. The carnivorous habit is due to specialisation. Many gastropods have distinct dietary preferences and regularly occur in close association with their food species. </p><p>Some predatory carnivorous gastropods include: <a href="/wiki/Cone_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone shell">cone shells</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Testacella" title="Testacella">Testacella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daudebardia" title="Daudebardia">Daudebardia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Turrid" title="Turrid">turrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost_slug" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost slug">ghost slugs</a> and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gastropods exhibit an important degree of variation in <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial gene">mitochondrial gene</a> organization when compared to other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunha_2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunha_2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main events of <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">gene rearrangement</a> occurred at the origin of <a href="/wiki/Patellogastropoda" title="Patellogastropoda">Patellogastropoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterobranchia" title="Heterobranchia">Heterobranchia</a>, whereas fewer changes occurred between the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Vetigastropoda" title="Vetigastropoda">Vetigastropoda</a> (only <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNAs</a> D, C and N) and <a href="/wiki/Caenogastropoda" title="Caenogastropoda">Caenogastropoda</a> (a large single <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_inversion" title="Chromosomal inversion">inversion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">translocations</a> of the tRNAs D and N).<sup id="cite_ref-Cunha_2009_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunha_2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Heterobranchia, gene order seems relatively conserved, and gene rearrangements are mostly related with <a href="/wiki/Transposon" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposon">transposition</a> of tRNA genes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunha_2009_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunha_2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_history_and_evolution">Geological history and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geological history and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_gastropod_genera_in_the_fossil_record" title="List of marine gastropod genera in the fossil record">List of marine gastropod genera in the fossil record</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trochonema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trochonema.jpg/220px-Trochonema.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trochonema.jpg/330px-Trochonema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trochonema.jpg/440px-Trochonema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Trochonema" title="Trochonema">Trochonema</a></i> sp., an early gastropod from the Middle Ordovician of the <a href="/wiki/Galena_Group" title="Galena Group">Galena Group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JurassicMarineIsrael.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JurassicMarineIsrael.JPG/220px-JurassicMarineIsrael.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JurassicMarineIsrael.JPG/330px-JurassicMarineIsrael.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JurassicMarineIsrael.JPG/440px-JurassicMarineIsrael.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Fossil gastropod and attached mytilid <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a> on a Jurassic limestone bedding plane of the <a href="/wiki/Matmor_Formation" title="Matmor Formation">Matmor Formation</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first gastropods were exclusively marine, with the earliest representatives of the group appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Late Cambrian</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chippewaella" title="Chippewaella">Chippewaella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Strepsodiscus" title="Strepsodiscus">Strepsodiscus</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though their only gastropod character is a coiled shell, so they could lie in the stem lineage, if they are gastropods at all.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earliest <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> organisms like <i><a href="/wiki/Helcionella" title="Helcionella">Helcionella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Barskovia" title="Barskovia">Barskovia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scenella" title="Scenella">Scenella</a></i> are no longer considered gastropods,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the tiny coiled <i><a href="/wiki/Aldanella" title="Aldanella">Aldanella</a></i> of earliest <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> time is probably not even a mollusk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As such, it's not until the Ordovician that the first crown-group members arise.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> period the gastropods were a varied group present in a range of aquatic habitats. Commonly, <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> gastropods from the rocks of the early <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> era are too poorly preserved for accurate identification. Still, the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Poleumita" title="Poleumita">Poleumita</a></i> contains fifteen identified species. Fossil gastropods were less common during the <a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> era than <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the gastropods of the Palaeozoic era belong to primitive groups, a few of which still survive. By the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period many of the shapes seen in living gastropods can be matched in the fossil record, but despite these similarities in appearance the majority of these older forms are not directly related to living forms. It was during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> era that the ancestors of many of the living gastropods evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest known terrestrial (land-dwelling) gastropods is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracopupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthracopupa (page does not exist)">Anthracopupa</a></i> (=<i>Maturipupa</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is found in the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Measure">Coal Measures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period in Europe, but relatives of the modern land snails are rare before the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> era, gastropods are slightly more common as fossils; their shells are often well preserved. Their fossils occur in ancient beds deposited in both freshwater and marine environments. The "<a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Marble" title="Purbeck Marble">Purbeck Marble</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period and the "<a href="/wiki/Sussex_Marble" title="Sussex Marble">Sussex Marble</a>" of the early Cretaceous period, which both occur in southern England, are <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> containing the tightly packed remains of the pond snail <i><a href="/wiki/Viviparus" title="Viviparus">Viviparus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain trail-like markings preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks are thought to have been made by gastropods crawling over the soft mud and sand. Although these <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">trace fossils</a> are of debatable origin, some of them do resemble the trails made by living gastropods today.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gastropod fossils may sometimes be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonites</a> or other shelled <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>. An example of this is <i><a href="/wiki/Bellerophon_(genus)" title="Bellerophon (genus)">Bellerophon</a></i> from the limestones of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period in Europe, the shell of which is planispirally coiled and can be mistaken for the shell of a cephalopod.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gastropods are one of the groups that record the changes in fauna caused by the advance and retreat of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cladogram">Cladogram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cladogram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> showing the phylogenic relationships of Gastropoda with example species:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Gastropoda </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Panpulmonata" title="Panpulmonata">Panpulmonata</a> <a href="/wiki/Panpulmonata#Cladogram" title="Panpulmonata">►</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:False_Limpet_Shell_Macro_Digon3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/False_Limpet_Shell_Macro_Digon3.jpg/100px-False_Limpet_Shell_Macro_Digon3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/False_Limpet_Shell_Macro_Digon3.jpg/150px-False_Limpet_Shell_Macro_Digon3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/False_Limpet_Shell_Macro_Digon3.jpg/200px-False_Limpet_Shell_Macro_Digon3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1430" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancylus_fluviatilis_O.F.M%C3%BCller,_1774_(4206383684).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ancylus_fluviatilis_O.F.M%C3%BCller%2C_1774_%284206383684%29.jpg/100px-Ancylus_fluviatilis_O.F.M%C3%BCller%2C_1774_%284206383684%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ancylus_fluviatilis_O.F.M%C3%BCller%2C_1774_%284206383684%29.jpg/150px-Ancylus_fluviatilis_O.F.M%C3%BCller%2C_1774_%284206383684%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ancylus_fluviatilis_O.F.M%C3%BCller%2C_1774_%284206383684%29.jpg/200px-Ancylus_fluviatilis_O.F.M%C3%BCller%2C_1774_%284206383684%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4170" data-file-height="1378" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/100px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/150px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/200px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="515" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biomphalaria_glabrata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Biomphalaria_glabrata.jpg/79px-Biomphalaria_glabrata.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Biomphalaria_glabrata.jpg/119px-Biomphalaria_glabrata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Biomphalaria_glabrata.jpg/158px-Biomphalaria_glabrata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Euopisthobranchia" title="Euopisthobranchia">Euopisthobranchia</a> <a href="/wiki/Euopisthobranchia#Cladogram" title="Euopisthobranchia">►</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aplysia_californica_NHGRI-79108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Aplysia_californica_NHGRI-79108.jpg/100px-Aplysia_californica_NHGRI-79108.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Aplysia_californica_NHGRI-79108.jpg/150px-Aplysia_californica_NHGRI-79108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Aplysia_californica_NHGRI-79108.jpg/200px-Aplysia_californica_NHGRI-79108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="898" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nudipleura" title="Nudipleura">Nudipleura</a> <a href="/wiki/Nudipleura#2010_taxonomy" title="Nudipleura">►</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaucus_atlanticus_1_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Glaucus_atlanticus_1_cropped.jpg/100px-Glaucus_atlanticus_1_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Glaucus_atlanticus_1_cropped.jpg/150px-Glaucus_atlanticus_1_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Glaucus_atlanticus_1_cropped.jpg/200px-Glaucus_atlanticus_1_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1592" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caenogastropoda" title="Caenogastropoda">Caenogastropoda</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampullaria_ampullacea_(Linn%C3%A9)_(2999358117).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ampullaria_ampullacea_%28Linn%C3%A9%29_%282999358117%29.jpg/97px-Ampullaria_ampullacea_%28Linn%C3%A9%29_%282999358117%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ampullaria_ampullacea_%28Linn%C3%A9%29_%282999358117%29.jpg/146px-Ampullaria_ampullacea_%28Linn%C3%A9%29_%282999358117%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ampullaria_ampullacea_%28Linn%C3%A9%29_%282999358117%29.jpg/194px-Ampullaria_ampullacea_%28Linn%C3%A9%29_%282999358117%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="943" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acicula_lineata_(Draparnaud,_1801)_(4309322782).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Acicula_lineata_%28Draparnaud%2C_1801%29_%284309322782%29.jpg/38px-Acicula_lineata_%28Draparnaud%2C_1801%29_%284309322782%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="38" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Acicula_lineata_%28Draparnaud%2C_1801%29_%284309322782%29.jpg/56px-Acicula_lineata_%28Draparnaud%2C_1801%29_%284309322782%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Acicula_lineata_%28Draparnaud%2C_1801%29_%284309322782%29.jpg/75px-Acicula_lineata_%28Draparnaud%2C_1801%29_%284309322782%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="1627" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epitonium-scalare--Trp-6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Epitonium-scalare--Trp-6.png/76px-Epitonium-scalare--Trp-6.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Epitonium-scalare--Trp-6.png/114px-Epitonium-scalare--Trp-6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Epitonium-scalare--Trp-6.png/151px-Epitonium-scalare--Trp-6.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="595" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charonia_tritonis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Charonia_tritonis.png/50px-Charonia_tritonis.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Charonia_tritonis.png/75px-Charonia_tritonis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Charonia_tritonis.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthina_brevidentata_(Wood,_1828)_(3063441884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Acanthina_brevidentata_%28Wood%2C_1828%29_%283063441884%29.jpg/100px-Acanthina_brevidentata_%28Wood%2C_1828%29_%283063441884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Acanthina_brevidentata_%28Wood%2C_1828%29_%283063441884%29.jpg/150px-Acanthina_brevidentata_%28Wood%2C_1828%29_%283063441884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Acanthina_brevidentata_%28Wood%2C_1828%29_%283063441884%29.jpg/200px-Acanthina_brevidentata_%28Wood%2C_1828%29_%283063441884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="478" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neverita_didyma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neverita_didyma.jpg/100px-Neverita_didyma.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neverita_didyma.jpg/150px-Neverita_didyma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Neverita_didyma.jpg/200px-Neverita_didyma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oncomelania_hupensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oncomelania_hupensis.jpg/77px-Oncomelania_hupensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oncomelania_hupensis.jpg/115px-Oncomelania_hupensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oncomelania_hupensis.jpg/153px-Oncomelania_hupensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="819" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neritimorpha" title="Neritimorpha">Neritimorpha</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodoxus_anatolicus_(R%C3%A9cluz,_1841)_(3000195752).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Theodoxus_anatolicus_%28R%C3%A9cluz%2C_1841%29_%283000195752%29.jpg/100px-Theodoxus_anatolicus_%28R%C3%A9cluz%2C_1841%29_%283000195752%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Theodoxus_anatolicus_%28R%C3%A9cluz%2C_1841%29_%283000195752%29.jpg/150px-Theodoxus_anatolicus_%28R%C3%A9cluz%2C_1841%29_%283000195752%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Theodoxus_anatolicus_%28R%C3%A9cluz%2C_1841%29_%283000195752%29.jpg/200px-Theodoxus_anatolicus_%28R%C3%A9cluz%2C_1841%29_%283000195752%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="604" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vetigastropoda" title="Vetigastropoda">Vetigastropoda</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angaria_Delphinus_Shell_Macro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Angaria_Delphinus_Shell_Macro.JPG/100px-Angaria_Delphinus_Shell_Macro.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Angaria_Delphinus_Shell_Macro.JPG/150px-Angaria_Delphinus_Shell_Macro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Angaria_Delphinus_Shell_Macro.JPG/200px-Angaria_Delphinus_Shell_Macro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxystele_variegata_-_ZooKeys-365-337-g004A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Oxystele_variegata_-_ZooKeys-365-337-g004A.jpg/100px-Oxystele_variegata_-_ZooKeys-365-337-g004A.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Oxystele_variegata_-_ZooKeys-365-337-g004A.jpg/150px-Oxystele_variegata_-_ZooKeys-365-337-g004A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Oxystele_variegata_-_ZooKeys-365-337-g004A.jpg/200px-Oxystele_variegata_-_ZooKeys-365-337-g004A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="385" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucapina_suffusa_(Reeve,_1850)_(4947706383).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucapina_suffusa_%28Reeve%2C_1850%29_%284947706383%29.jpg/100px-Lucapina_suffusa_%28Reeve%2C_1850%29_%284947706383%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucapina_suffusa_%28Reeve%2C_1850%29_%284947706383%29.jpg/150px-Lucapina_suffusa_%28Reeve%2C_1850%29_%284947706383%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucapina_suffusa_%28Reeve%2C_1850%29_%284947706383%29.jpg/200px-Lucapina_suffusa_%28Reeve%2C_1850%29_%284947706383%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="862" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fissurella_nimbosa_Linn%C3%A9,_1758_(4426866577).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fissurella_nimbosa_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1758_%284426866577%29.jpg/100px-Fissurella_nimbosa_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1758_%284426866577%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fissurella_nimbosa_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1758_%284426866577%29.jpg/150px-Fissurella_nimbosa_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1758_%284426866577%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fissurella_nimbosa_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1758_%284426866577%29.jpg/200px-Fissurella_nimbosa_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1758_%284426866577%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3238" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Patellogastropoda" title="Patellogastropoda">Patellogastropoda</a> <a href="/wiki/Patellogastropoda#2007_taxonomy" title="Patellogastropoda">►</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patelloida_pustulata_(Helbling,_1779)_(4631972937).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Patelloida_pustulata_%28Helbling%2C_1779%29_%284631972937%29.jpg/100px-Patelloida_pustulata_%28Helbling%2C_1779%29_%284631972937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Patelloida_pustulata_%28Helbling%2C_1779%29_%284631972937%29.jpg/150px-Patelloida_pustulata_%28Helbling%2C_1779%29_%284631972937%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Patelloida_pustulata_%28Helbling%2C_1779%29_%284631972937%29.jpg/200px-Patelloida_pustulata_%28Helbling%2C_1779%29_%284631972937%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2321" data-file-height="1551" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cocculiniformia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocculiniformia">Cocculiniformia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neomphalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Neomphalina">Neomphalina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Heterobranchia" title="Lower Heterobranchia">Lower Heterobranchia</a> are not included in the above cladogram. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Changes_in_the_taxonomy_of_gastropods_since_2005" title="Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005">Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Ponder_%26_Lindberg,_1997)" title="Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)">Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_classification">Current classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Current classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present backbone classification of gastropods relies on the results of phylogenomic analyses. Consensus has not been reached yet considering the relationships at the very base of the gastropod tree of life, but otherwise the major groups are known with confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Gastropoda <ul><li>Adenogonogastropoda<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Angiogastropoda<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apogastropoda" title="Apogastropoda">Apogastropoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caenogastropoda" title="Caenogastropoda">Caenogastropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterobranchia" title="Heterobranchia">Heterobranchia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritimorpha" title="Neritimorpha">Neritimorpha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patellogastropoda" title="Patellogastropoda">Patellogastropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetigastropoda" title="Vetigastropoda">Vetigastropoda</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Neomphaliones" title="Neomphaliones">Neomphaliones</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turritellatricarinata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turritellatricarinata.jpg/220px-Turritellatricarinata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turritellatricarinata.jpg/330px-Turritellatricarinata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turritellatricarinata.jpg/440px-Turritellatricarinata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>A group of fossil shells of <i><a href="/wiki/Turritella_cingulifera" title="Turritella cingulifera">Turritella cingulifera</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulguropsis_radula_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fulguropsis_radula_01.JPG/220px-Fulguropsis_radula_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fulguropsis_radula_01.JPG/330px-Fulguropsis_radula_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Fulguropsis_radula_01.JPG/440px-Fulguropsis_radula_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4334" /></a><figcaption>Five views of a shell of a <i><a href="/wiki/Fulguropsis" title="Fulguropsis">Fulguropsis</a></i> species</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastropoda_sp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gastropoda_sp.JPG/220px-Gastropoda_sp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gastropoda_sp.JPG/330px-Gastropoda_sp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gastropoda_sp.JPG/440px-Gastropoda_sp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Microphoto (35x) of Gastropoda sp. from Holocene sediments of Amuq Plain SSE Turkey</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>, biological taxonomy has attempted to reflect the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of organisms, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a>. The classifications used in taxonomy attempt to represent the precise interrelatedness of the various taxa. However, the taxonomy of the Gastropoda is constantly being revised and so the versions shown in various texts can differ in major ways. </p><p>In the older classification of the gastropods, there were four subclasses:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opisthobranchia" title="Opisthobranchia">Opisthobranchia</a> (gills to the right and behind the heart).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnomorpha">Gymnomorpha</a> (no shell)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosobranchia" title="Prosobranchia">Prosobranchia</a> (gills in front of the heart).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonata" title="Pulmonata">Pulmonata</a> (with a lung instead of gills)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of the Gastropoda is still under revision, and more and more of the old taxonomy is being abandoned, as the results of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> studies slowly become clearer. Nevertheless, a few of the older terms such as "opisthobranch" and "prosobranch" are still sometimes used in a descriptive way. </p><p>New insights based on DNA sequencing of gastropods have produced some revolutionary new taxonomic insights. In the case of the Gastropoda, the taxonomy is now gradually being rewritten to embody strictly <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> groups (only one lineage of gastropods in each group). Integrating new findings into a working <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> remain challenging. Consistent ranks within the taxonomy at the level of subclass, superorder, order, and suborder have already been abandoned as unworkable. Ongoing revisions of the higher taxonomic levels are expected in the near future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a>, which appears to exist at especially high frequency in gastropods, may account for the observed differences between the older phylogenies, which were based on morphological data, and more recent gene-sequencing studies. </p><p>In 2004, Brian Simison and <a href="/wiki/David_R._Lindberg" title="David R. Lindberg">David R. Lindberg</a> showed possible <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">diphyletic</a> origins of the Gastropoda based on <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial">mitochondrial</a> gene order and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid sequence">amino acid sequence</a> analyses of complete genes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Bouchet" title="Philippe Bouchet">Philippe Bouchet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Rocroi" title="Jean-Pierre Rocroi">Jean-Pierre Rocroi</a> made sweeping changes in the <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_%26_Rocroi,_2005)" title="Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)">Bouchet & Rocroi taxonomy</a>, which is a step closer to the evolutionary history of the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouchet_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouchet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bouchet & Rocroi classification system is based partly on the older systems of classification, and partly on new <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> research. In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on <a href="/wiki/Phenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenetic">phenetic</a> morphological characters of the taxa. The recent advances are more based on molecular characters from <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> research. This has made the taxonomical ranks and their hierarchy controversial. </p><p>In 2017, Bouchet, Rocroi, and other collaborators published a significantly updated version of the 2005 taxonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouchet2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouchet2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_et_al.,_2017)" title="Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet et al., 2017)">Bouchet et al. taxonomy</a>, the authors used unranked <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass), while using the traditional <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean approach</a> for all taxa below the rank of superfamily. Whenever <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> has not been tested, or is known to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. The classification of families into subfamilies is often not well resolved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many gastropod species face threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Some species are endangered or have become extinct due to these factors. Conservation efforts often focus on protecting their habitats, especially in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GastropodaPonder&Lindberg2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GastropodaPonder&Lindberg2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAktipisGiribetLindbergW.F.2008" class="citation book cs1">Aktipis, S.W.; Giribet, G.; Lindberg, D.R.; W.F., Ponder (2008). "Gastropoda". In Ponder, W.; Lindberg, D.R. (eds.). <i>Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca</i>. University of California Press. pp. 201–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25092-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25092-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gastropoda&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+and+evolution+of+the+Mollusca&rft.pages=201-238&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25092-5&rft.aulast=Aktipis&rft.aufirst=S.W.&rft.au=Giribet%2C+G.&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+D.R.&rft.au=W.F.%2C+Ponder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuvier_1795-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cuvier_1795_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cuvier_1795_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuvier1795" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier, G</a> (1795). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725031628/https://archive.org/stream/magazinencyclop12pari#page/448/mode/1up">"Second mémoire sur l'organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc, dans lequel on traite de la structure des Mollusques et de leur division en ordres, lu à la Société d'histoire naturelle de Paris, le 11 Prairial, an III"</a>. <i>Magazin Encyclopédique, ou Journal des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts</i> (in French). <b>2</b>: 433–449. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/magazinencyclop12pari#page/448/mode/1up">the original</a> on 2017-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magazin+Encyclop%C3%A9dique%2C+ou+Journal+des+Sciences%2C+des+Lettres+et+des+Arts&rft.atitle=Second+m%C3%A9moire+sur+l%27organisation+et+les+rapports+des+animaux+%C3%A0+sang+blanc%2C+dans+lequel+on+traite+de+la+structure+des+Mollusques+et+de+leur+division+en+ordres%2C+lu+%C3%A0+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27histoire+naturelle+de+Paris%2C+le+11+Prairial%2C+an+III&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=433-449&rft.date=1795&rft.aulast=Cuvier&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmagazinencyclop12pari%23page%2F448%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouchet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bouchet_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bouchet_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bouchet_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. <i>Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families</i>. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-925919-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-925919-72-4">3-925919-72-4</a>. 397 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278">vliz.be</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714234835/http://www.vliz.be/en/imis?module=ref&refid=78278">Archived</a> 2020-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solem-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solem_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solem_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolem" class="citation web cs1">Solem, A.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160308013014/http://global.britannica.com/animal/gastropod">"Gastropod"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.britannica.com/animal/gastropod">the original</a> on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Gastropod&rft.aulast=Solem&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2Fanimal%2Fgastropod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoRMS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielerBouchetGofasMarshall2020" class="citation web cs1">Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101">"Gastropoda"</a>. <i>MolluscaBase</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">World Register of Marine Species</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MolluscaBase&rft.atitle=Gastropoda&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouchet_2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bouchet_2017_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrongSchrödlParkhaevNützel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Strong, Ellen E.; Schrödl, Michael; Parkhaev, Pavel; Nützel, Alexander; Kano, Yasunori; Kaim, Andrzej; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Bouchet, Philippe (December 31, 2017). "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families". <i>Malacologia</i>. <b>61</b> (1–2): 1–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4002%2F040.061.0201">10.4002/040.061.0201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91051256">91051256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malacologia&rft.atitle=Revised+Classification%2C+Nomenclator+and+Typification+of+Gastropod+and+Monoplacophoran+Families&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-526&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4002%2F040.061.0201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91051256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Ellen+E.&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6dl%2C+Michael&rft.au=Parkhaev%2C+Pavel&rft.au=N%C3%BCtzel%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Kano%2C+Yasunori&rft.au=Kaim%2C+Andrzej&rft.au=Hausdorf%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Rocroi%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Bouchet%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=gastropod">"Gastropod"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006082612/https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=gastropod">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gastropod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dgastropod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthur,_A.G.M.G._Harasewych2003" class="citation book cs1">McArthur, A.G.; M.G. Harasewych (2003). "Molecular systematics of the major lineages of the Gastropoda.". In C. Lydeard; D.R. Lindberg (eds.). <i>Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks</i>. Washington: Smithsonian Books. pp. 140–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molecular+systematics+of+the+major+lineages+of+the+Gastropoda.&rft.btitle=Molecular+Systematics+and+Phylogeography+of+Mollusks&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=140-160&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.au=McArthur%2C+A.G.&rft.au=M.G.+Harasewych&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman_2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_2009_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_2009_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapman, A.D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/2009/04-02-groups-invertebrates.html#mollusca">Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World, 2nd edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206050101/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/2009/04-02-groups-invertebrates.html#mollusca">Archived</a> 2010-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. Accessed 12 January 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-56860-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-56860-1">978-0-642-56860-1</a> (printed); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-56861-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-56861-8">978-0-642-56861-8</a> (online).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appeltans W., Bouchet P., Boxshall G.A., Fauchald K., Gordon D.P., Hoeksema B.W., Poore G.C.B., van Soest R.W.M., Stöhr S., Walter T.C., Costello M.J. (eds) (2011). World Register of Marine Species. Accessed at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org">marinespecies.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20151003132733/http://www.marinespecies.org/">Archived</a> 2015-10-03 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> on 2011-03-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comlsecretariat.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/SYNDEEP-Towards-a-first-global-synthesis-of-biodiversity-biogeography-and-ecosystem-function-in-the-deep-sea-Eva-Ramirez-Llodra-et-al..pdf">"Census of Marine Life (2012). SYNDEEP: Towards a first global synthesis of biodiversity, biogeography and ecosystem function in the deep sea. Unpublished data (datasetID: 59)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630235926/https://www.comlsecretariat.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/SYNDEEP-Towards-a-first-global-synthesis-of-biodiversity-biogeography-and-ecosystem-function-in-the-deep-sea-Eva-Ramirez-Llodra-et-al..pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Marine+Life+%282012%29.+SYNDEEP%3A+Towards+a+first+global+synthesis+of+biodiversity%2C+biogeography+and+ecosystem+function+in+the+deep+sea.+Unpublished+data+%28datasetID%3A+59%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comlsecretariat.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F06%2FSYNDEEP-Towards-a-first-global-synthesis-of-biodiversity-biogeography-and-ecosystem-function-in-the-deep-sea-Eva-Ramirez-Llodra-et-al..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_2010-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2010_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226777/gastropod">"gastropod"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013064413/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226777/gastropod">Archived</a> 2008-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 05, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strong_2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strong_2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrongGargominyPonderBouchet2008" class="citation journal cs1">Strong, Ellen E.; Gargominy, Olivier; Ponder, Winston F.; Bouchet, Philippe (January 2008). "Global diversity of gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in freshwater". <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. <b>595</b> (1): 149–166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008HyBio.595..149S">2008HyBio.595..149S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-007-9012-6">10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10088%2F7390">10088/7390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44234861">44234861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=Global+diversity+of+gastropods+%28Gastropoda%3B+Mollusca%29+in+freshwater&rft.volume=595&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-166&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10088%2F7390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44234861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10750-007-9012-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008HyBio.595..149S&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Ellen+E.&rft.au=Gargominy%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Ponder%2C+Winston+F.&rft.au=Bouchet%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Régnier_2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Régnier_2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRégnierFontaineBouchet2009" class="citation journal cs1">Régnier, C.; Fontaine, B. T.; Bouchet, P. (October 2009). "Not Knowing, Not Recording, Not Listing: Numerous Unnoticed Mollusk Extinctions". <i>Conservation Biology</i>. <b>23</b> (5): 1214–1221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ConBi..23.1214R">2009ConBi..23.1214R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2009.01245.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01245.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19459894">19459894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8021609">8021609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Not+Knowing%2C+Not+Recording%2C+Not+Listing%3A+Numerous+Unnoticed+Mollusk+Extinctions&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1214-1221&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2009.01245.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8021609%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19459894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ConBi..23.1214R&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9gnier&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Fontaine%2C+B.+T.&rft.au=Bouchet%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> Nájera J. M. (1996). "Moluscos del suelo como plagas agrícolas y cuarentenarias". <i>X Congreso Nacional Agronómico / II Congreso de Suelos 1996</i> 51-56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Monje1996.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721191146/http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Monje1996.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex1973" class="citation journal cs1">Rex, Michael A. (1973-09-14). "Deep-Sea Species Diversity: Decreased Gastropod Diversity at Abyssal Depths". <i>Science</i>. <b>181</b> (4104): 1051–1053. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973Sci...181.1051R">1973Sci...181.1051R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.181.4104.1051">10.1126/science.181.4104.1051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17731267">17731267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43572097">43572097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Deep-Sea+Species+Diversity%3A+Decreased+Gastropod+Diversity+at+Abyssal+Depths&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=4104&rft.pages=1051-1053&rft.date=1973-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43572097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973Sci...181.1051R&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.181.4104.1051&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17731267&rft.aulast=Rex&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukumoriTakanoHasegawaKano2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fukumori, Hiroaki; Takano, Tsuyoshi; Hasegawa, Kazunori; Kano, Yasunori (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079661119302307">"Deepest known gastropod fauna: Species composition and distribution in the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench"</a>. <i>Progress in Oceanography</i>. <b>178</b>: 102176. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PrOce.17802176F">2019PrOce.17802176F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pocean.2019.102176">10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Deepest+known+gastropod+fauna%3A+Species+composition+and+distribution+in+the+Kuril%E2%80%93Kamchatka+Trench&rft.volume=178&rft.pages=102176&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pocean.2019.102176&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PrOce.17802176F&rft.aulast=Fukumori&rft.aufirst=Hiroaki&rft.au=Takano%2C+Tsuyoshi&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+Kazunori&rft.au=Kano%2C+Yasunori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0079661119302307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RUSIECKI S. & RUSIECKA A. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foliamalacologica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402&catid=114&Itemid=146">Hairy snail <i>Trochulus hispidus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) in flight - a note on avian dispersal of snails.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916075630/http://foliamalacologica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=402&catid=114&Itemid=146">Archived</a> 2013-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Folia Malacologica</i> 21(2):111-112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern_Synthesis-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Synthesis_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayWells,_F._E.Poder,_W._F.1998" class="citation book cs1">Kay, A.; Wells, F. E.; Poder, W. F. (1998). "Class Gastropoda". In Beesley, P. L.; Ross, G. J. B.; Wells, A. (eds.). <i>Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia</i>. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 565–604. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-05756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-05756-2"><bdi>978-0-643-05756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class+Gastropoda&rft.btitle=Mollusca%3A+The+Southern+Synthesis.+Fauna+of+Australia&rft.pages=565-604&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-643-05756-2&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Wells%2C+F.+E.&rft.au=Poder%2C+W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brusca&Brusca-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brusca&Brusca_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruscaBrusca,_G._J.2003" class="citation book cs1">Brusca, R. C.; Brusca, G. J. (2003). "Phylum Mollusca". <i>Invertebrates</i>. Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 701–769. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-097-5"><bdi>978-0-87893-097-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phylum+Mollusca&rft.btitle=Invertebrates&rft.pages=701-769&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-097-5&rft.aulast=Brusca&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.au=Brusca%2C+G.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuter" class="citation book cs1">Suter, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/16786"><i>Manual of the New Zealand mollusca /</i></a>. J. Mackay, govt. printer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926235652/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/16786">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+the+New+Zealand+mollusca+%2F&rft.pub=J.+Mackay%2C+govt.+printer&rft.aulast=Suter&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F16786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeerat_J._Vermeij2022" class="citation journal cs1">Geerat J. Vermeij (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab019">"The balanced life: evolution of ventral shell weighting in gastropods"</a>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>194</b> (1): 256–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab019">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab019</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823114009/https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/1/256/6261015">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=The+balanced+life%3A+evolution+of+ventral+shell+weighting+in+gastropods&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=256-275&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab019&rft.au=Geerat+J.+Vermeij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlab019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sensory-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sensory_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sensory_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sensory_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sensory_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sensory_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chase R.: <i>Sensory Organs and the Nervous System</i>. in Barker G. M. (ed.): <i>The biology of terrestrial molluscs</i>. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85199-318-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85199-318-4">0-85199-318-4</a>. 1-146, cited pages: 179–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGötting1994" class="citation book cs1">Götting, Klaus-Jürgen (1994). "Schnecken". In Becker, U.; Ganter, S.; Just, C.; Sauermost, R. (eds.). <i>Lexikon der Biologie</i>. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86025-156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86025-156-0"><bdi>978-3-86025-156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schnecken&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Biologie&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Spektrum+Akademischer+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-86025-156-0&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6tting&rft.aufirst=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoene2006" class="citation journal cs1">Koene, Joris M. (August 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/46/4/419/633995">"Tales of two snails: sexual selection and sexual conflict in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 419–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj040">10.1093/icb/icj040</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21672754">21672754</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901225823/https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/46/4/419/633995">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2019</span> – via academic.oup.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Tales+of+two+snails%3A+sexual+selection+and+sexual+conflict+in+Lymnaea+stagnalis+and+Helix+aspersa&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-429&rft.date=2006-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficj040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21672754&rft.aulast=Koene&rft.aufirst=Joris+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ficb%2Farticle%2F46%2F4%2F419%2F633995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunha_2009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cunha_2009_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunha_2009_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cunha_2009_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunhaGrandeZardoya2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cunha, R. L.; Grande, C.; Zardoya, R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741453">"Neogastropod phylogenetic relationships based on entire mitochondrial genomes"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009BMCEE...9..210C">2009BMCEE...9..210C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-210">10.1186/1471-2148-9-210</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741453">2741453</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19698157">19698157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Neogastropod+phylogenetic+relationships+based+on+entire+mitochondrial+genomes&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=210&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2741453%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19698157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-9-210&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009BMCEE...9..210C&rft.aulast=Cunha&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Grande%2C+C.&rft.au=Zardoya%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2741453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYochelsonNuelle1985" class="citation journal cs1">Yochelson, Ellis L.; Nuelle, Laurence M. (1985). "Strepsodiscus (Gastropoda) in the Late Cambrian of Missouri". <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>59</b> (3): 733–740. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304993">1304993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=Strepsodiscus+%28Gastropoda%29+in+the+Late+Cambrian+of+Missouri&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=733-740&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1304993%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yochelson&rft.aufirst=Ellis+L.&rft.au=Nuelle%2C+Laurence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budd, G. E., and S. Jensen. 2000: A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla. Biological Reviews 75:253–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBe'Norr,_K.,_and_J._FnÍon1999" class="citation journal cs1">Be'Norr, K., and J. FnÍon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paleoliste.de/bandel/bandel_1999d.pdf">"Notes on the evolution and higher classification of the subclass Neritimorpha (Gastropoda) with the description of some new taxa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geol. Et Palaeont 33</i>: 219–235. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201725/http://www.paleoliste.de/bandel/bandel_1999d.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geol.+Et+Palaeont+33&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+evolution+and+higher+classification+of+the+subclass+Neritimorpha+%28Gastropoda%29+with+the+description+of+some+new+taxa&rft.pages=219-235&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Be%27Norr%2C+K.%2C+and+J.+Fn%C3%8Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paleoliste.de%2Fbandel%2Fbandel_1999d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJochumYuNeubauer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jochum, Adrienne; Yu, Tingting; Neubauer, Thomas A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/first-record-of-the-paleozoic-land-snail-family-anthracopupidae-in-the-lower-jurassic-of-china-and-the-origin-of-stylommatophora/294B5CB18D294A34BF7D814D1FD68701">"First record of the Paleozoic land snail family Anthracopupidae in the Lower Jurassic of China and the origin of Stylommatophora"</a>. <i>Journal of Paleontology</i>. <b>94</b> (2): 266–272. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JPal...94..266J">2020JPal...94..266J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjpa.2019.68">10.1017/jpa.2019.68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360">0022-3360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204269735">204269735</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823114010/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/first-record-of-the-paleozoic-land-snail-family-anthracopupidae-in-the-lower-jurassic-of-china-and-the-origin-of-stylommatophora/294B5CB18D294A34BF7D814D1FD68701">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=First+record+of+the+Paleozoic+land+snail+family+Anthracopupidae+in+the+Lower+Jurassic+of+China+and+the+origin+of+Stylommatophora&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=266-272&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjpa.2019.68&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204269735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3360&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JPal...94..266J&rft.aulast=Jochum&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft.au=Yu%2C+Tingting&rft.au=Neubauer%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-paleontology%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ffirst-record-of-the-paleozoic-land-snail-family-anthracopupidae-in-the-lower-jurassic-of-china-and-the-origin-of-stylommatophora%2F294B5CB18D294A34BF7D814D1FD68701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyTruchado-GarcíaGrande2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kenny, Nathan J.; Truchado-García, Marta; Grande, Cristina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084317">"Deep, multi-stage transcriptome of the schistosomiasis vector <i>Biomphalaria glabrata</i> provides platform for understanding molluscan disease-related pathways"</a>. <i>BMC Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12879-016-1944-x">10.1186/s12879-016-1944-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2334">1471-2334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084317">5084317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27793108">27793108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Deep%2C+multi-stage+transcriptome+of+the+schistosomiasis+vector+Biomphalaria+glabrata+provides+platform+for+understanding+molluscan+disease-related+pathways&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=618&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5084317%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2334&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27793108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12879-016-1944-x&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rft.au=Truchado-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Marta&rft.au=Grande%2C+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5084317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunhaGiribet2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cunha, Tauana Junqueira; Giribet, Gonzalo (2019-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6458328">"A congruent topology for deep gastropod relationships"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>286</b> (1898): 20182776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2018.2776">10.1098/rspb.2018.2776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6458328">6458328</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30862305">30862305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+congruent+topology+for+deep+gastropod+relationships&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=1898&rft.pages=20182776&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6458328%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30862305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2018.2776&rft.aulast=Cunha&rft.aufirst=Tauana+Junqueira&rft.au=Giribet%2C+Gonzalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6458328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUribeGonzálezIrisarriKano2022" class="citation journal cs1">Uribe, Juan E; González, Vanessa L; Irisarri, Iker; Kano, Yasunori; Herbert, David G; Strong, Ellen E; Harasewych, M G (2022-10-12). Oaks, Jamie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/71/6/1271/6619577">"A Phylogenomic Backbone for Gastropod Molluscs"</a>. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>71</b> (6): 1271–1280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyac045">10.1093/sysbio/syac045</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F279410">10261/279410</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-5157">1063-5157</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35766870">35766870</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823114119/https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-abstract/71/6/1271/6619577?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=A+Phylogenomic+Backbone+for+Gastropod+Molluscs&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1271-1280&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F279410&rft.issn=1063-5157&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35766870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyac045&rft.aulast=Uribe&rft.aufirst=Juan+E&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Vanessa+L&rft.au=Irisarri%2C+Iker&rft.au=Kano%2C+Yasunori&rft.au=Herbert%2C+David+G&rft.au=Strong%2C+Ellen+E&rft.au=Harasewych%2C+M+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fsysbio%2Farticle%2F71%2F6%2F1271%2F6619577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenSchrödl2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Zeyuan; Schrödl, Michael (2022-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9048639">"How many single-copy orthologous genes from whole genomes reveal deep gastropod relationships?"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>10</b>: e13285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.13285">10.7717/peerj.13285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359">2167-8359</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9048639">9048639</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35497189">35497189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=How+many+single-copy+orthologous+genes+from+whole+genomes+reveal+deep+gastropod+relationships%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=e13285&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9048639%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2167-8359&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35497189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.13285&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Zeyuan&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6dl%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9048639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Jeffery.<i>Suprageneric classification of class Gastropoda</i>. The Natural History Museum, London, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/cobid/unitas/newsletter/UMNewsletter_21.pdf">"Unitas malacologica, Newsletter number 21 december 2004 - a .pdf file"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615172727/http://www.ucd.ie/cobid/unitas/newsletter/UMNewsletter_21.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unitas+malacologica%2C+Newsletter+number+21+december+2004+-+a+.pdf+file&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fcobid%2Funitas%2Fnewsletter%2FUMNewsletter_21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poppe G.T. & Tagaro S.P. 2006. The new classification of Gastropods according to Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. Visaya, février 2006: 10 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal-malaco.fr/bouchet&rocroi_2005_Visaya.pdf">journal-malaco.fr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927101354/http://www.journal-malaco.fr/bouchet%26rocroi_2005_Visaya.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElpidio_A._RemigioPaul_D.N._Hebert2003" class="citation journal cs1">Elpidio A. Remigio & Paul D.N. Hebert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927101355/http://www.bolinfonet.org/pdf/MPEVsnailpaper.pdf">"Testing the utility of partial COI sequences for phylogenetic (full text on line)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 641–647. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2803%2900140-4">10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00140-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14615199">14615199</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bolinfonet.org/pdf/MPEVsnailpaper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Testing+the+utility+of+partial+COI+sequences+for+phylogenetic+%28full+text+on+line%29&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=641-647&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2803%2900140-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14615199&rft.au=Elpidio+A.+Remigio&rft.au=Paul+D.N.+Hebert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolinfonet.org%2Fpdf%2FMPEVsnailpaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouchet2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bouchet2_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4002/040.061.0201?journalCode=mala">Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823114015/https://bioone.org/journals/malacologia/volume-61/issue-1-2/040.061.0201/Revised-Classification-Nomenclator-and-Typification-of-Gastropod-and-Monoplacophoran-Families/10.4002/040.061.0201.short">Archived</a> 2023-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Malacologia" title="Malacologia">Malacologia</a>, 61(1-2): 1-526.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/CC-BY_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC-BY 2.0">CC-BY-2.0</a> text from the following source: Cunha, R. L.; Grande, C.; Zardoya, R. (2009). "Neogastropod phylogenetic relationships based on entire mitochondrial genomes". <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>9</b>: 210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.1186/1471-2148-9-210. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> 2741453. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> 19698157.</li> <li>Abbott, R. T. (1989): <i>Compendium of Landshells. A color guide to more than 2,000 of the World's Terrestrial Shells.</i> 240 S., American Malacologists. Melbourne, Fl, Burlington, Ma. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915826-23-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-915826-23-2">0-915826-23-2</a></li> <li>Abbott, R. T. & Dance, S. P. (1998): <i>Compendium of Seashells. A full-color guide to more than 4,200 of the world's marine shells.</i> 413 S., Odyssey Publishing. El Cajon, Calif. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9661720-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9661720-0-0">0-9661720-0-0</a></li> <li>Parkinson, B., Hemmen, J. & Groh, K. (1987): <i>Tropical Landshells of the World.</i> 279 S., Verlag Christa Hemmen. Wiesbaden. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-925919-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-925919-00-7">3-925919-00-7</a></li> <li>Ponder, W. F. & Lindberg, D. R. (1997): <i>Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters</i>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, <b>119</b> 83–265.</li> <li>Robin, A. (2008): <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Gastropods.</i> 480 S., Verlag ConchBooks. Hackenheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-939767-09-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-939767-09-1">978-3-939767-09-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gastropod" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gastropod">gastropod</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/univalve" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:univalve">univalve</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gastropoda" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gastropoda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Gastropod_reproductive_behavior">Gastropod reproductive behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manandmollusc.net/advanced_introduction/gastropod_taxonomy_1.html">2004 Linnean taxonomy of gastropods</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterFiorito2001" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, S.; Fiorito, G. (2001). "Socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates". <i>Animal Cognition</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100710100108">10.1007/s100710100108</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25373798">25373798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Cognition&rft.atitle=Socially+guided+behaviour+in+non-insect+invertebrates&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs100710100108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25373798%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Fiorito%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGastropoda" class="Z3988"></span> – Article about <a href="/wiki/Social_learning_(social_pedagogy)" title="Social learning (social pedagogy)">social learning</a> also in gastropods.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/sets/72157647577987145">Gastropod photo gallery</a>, mostly fossils, a few modern shells</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKD5DZ4f6z0">A video of a crawling Garden Snail</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://molluscsoftasmania.org.au/">Grove, S.J. (2018). A Guide to the Seashells and other Marine Molluscs of Tasmania: Molluscs of Tasmania with images</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classes_of_Molluscs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mollusc" title="Template:Mollusc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mollusc" title="Template talk:Mollusc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mollusc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mollusc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classes_of_Molluscs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classes of <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudofoveata" title="Caudofoveata">Caudofoveata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solenogastres" title="Solenogastres">Solenogastres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Polyplacophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">Monoplacophora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gastropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Scaphopoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Rostroconchia" title="Rostroconchia">Rostroconchia</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Helcionelloida" title="Helcionelloida">Helcionelloida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Archinacelloidea" title="Archinacelloidea">Archinacelloidea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Gastropoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4867740" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q4867740">Q4867740</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gastropoda/">Gastropoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2442">2442</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=92">92</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8ZXFZ">8ZXFZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2366">2366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1GASTC">1GASTC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11369">11369</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/4203c426-cf9e-4a31-a42b-8926d2f85267">4203c426-cf9e-4a31-a42b-8926d2f85267</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/225">225</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47114">47114</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1298">1298</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=69459">69459</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6448">6448</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/61ced7ea-ca51-4c6f-afcf-b8f8596eecb0">61ced7ea-ca51-4c6f-afcf-b8f8596eecb0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=409995">409995</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=8304">8304</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F1260A76-FF83-FFDC-FF43-F8DCFA02FC48">F1260A76-FF83-FFDC-FF43-F8DCFA02FC48</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101">101</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/21px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/32px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/42px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="515" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gastropods" title="Portal:Gastropods">Gastropods</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4867740#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179833-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Snails"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123719">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gastéropodes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119403909">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gastéropodes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119403909">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563642">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="plži"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115754&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551164205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&oldid=1258960343">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&oldid=1258960343</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gastropods" title="Category:Gastropods">Gastropods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mollusc_classes" title="Category:Mollusc classes">Mollusc classes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asymmetry" title="Category:Asymmetry">Asymmetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Cambrian_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Cambrian first appearances">Extant Cambrian first appearances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Georges_Cuvier" title="Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier">Taxa named by Georges Cuvier</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_diversity_taxobox" title="Category:Articles using diversity taxobox">Articles using diversity taxobox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_September_2024" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from September 2024">Vague or ambiguous time from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 16:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastropoda&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-6xbrp","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.501","walltime":"1.936","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20479,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":209718,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27735,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":191411,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":20,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1740.513 1 -total"," 21.27% 370.280 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.97% 347.626 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 13.32% 231.781 7 Template:Clade"," 10.28% 178.961 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 8.43% 146.727 3 Template:Sister_project"," 8.09% 140.862 3 Template:Side_box"," 8.06% 140.241 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.02% 139.626 1 Template:Lang"," 7.71% 134.144 1 Template:Fossil_range"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.986","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19111710,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-xr2hk","timestamp":"20241129203036","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gastropoda","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gastropoda","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4867740","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4867740","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-05T00:53:01Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T16:02:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5e\/Gastropod_collage.jpg","headline":"class of molluscs"}</script> </body> </html>