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id="toc-Northern_and_Southern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_and_Southern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Northern and Southern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_and_Southern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultranationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultranationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Ultranationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultranationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Modern times </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern times subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme_chinois" title="Nationalisme chinois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nationalisme chinois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_chin%C3%A9s" title="Nacionalismo chinés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacionalismo chinés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="중국 국민주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" 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dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about nationalism that asserts all Chinese, including ethnic minorities, are a nation. For Chinese nationalism applied exclusively to the Han Chinese ethnicity, see <a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a>. For the diplomatic system and ideology that emphasized China's centrality in the world, see <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a>. For the political party commonly known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, see <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_(May_4,_1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg/300px-Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg/450px-Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Beijing_students_protesting_the_Treaty_of_Versailles_%28May_4%2C_1919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>At the beginning of the 20th century, the sentiment of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in China rose sharply, represented by the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> in 1919</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese nationalism</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中國民族主義</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中国民族主义</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōngguó mínzú zhǔyì</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chung1-kuo2 min2-tsu2 chu3-i4</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中華民族主義</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中华民族主义</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōnghuá mínzú zhǔyì</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄗㄨˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chung1-hua2 min2-tsu2 chu3-i4</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Chinese nationalism<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in which asserts that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> and promotes the cultural and national unity of all Chinese people. According to <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s philosophy in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a>, Chinese nationalism is evaluated as <a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">multi-ethnic nationalism</a>, which should be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">local ethnic nationalism</a>. Modern Chinese nationalism emerged in the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912) in response to the <a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)#Chinese_臉面_and_面子" title="Face (sociological concept)">humiliating</a> defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> and the invasion and pillaging of Beijing by the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a>. In both cases, the aftermath forced China to pay financial reparations and grant special privileges to foreigners. The nationwide image of China as a superior <a href="/wiki/Celestial_Empire" title="Celestial Empire">Celestial Empire</a> at the center of the universe was shattered, and last-minute efforts to modernize the old system were unsuccessful. These last-minute efforts were best exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>, a late Qing reformer who failed to <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">reform the Qing government</a> in 1896 and was later expelled to Japan, where he began work on his ideas of Chinese nationalism. The effects of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> continually shaped Chinese nationalism. Despite joining the Allied Powers, China was again severely <a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">humiliated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a> of 1919 which transferred the special privileges given to Germany to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> of 1919, which developed into nationwide protests that saw a surge of Chinese nationalism. Large-scale military campaigns led by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) during the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> that overpowered provincial warlords and sharply reduced special privileges for foreigners helped further strengthen and aggrandize a sense of Chinese national identity.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The current <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">national flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (1949–present), representing a variety of Chinese nationalism. Currently in use in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. Closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">second national flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (1928–present), representing a variety of Chinese nationalism. Defunct in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> post-1949. Currently in use in the <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a>. Closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party</figcaption></figure>After the Empire of Japan was defeated by Allies in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Chinese nationalism again gained traction as China recovered lost territories previously lost to Japan before the war, including <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Northeast area</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, (which had paused due to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>) had resumed, damaging the image of a unified Chinese identity. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) was victorious in 1949, as the KMT government <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">retreated</a> to Taiwan. Under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, the CCP began to employ Chinese nationalism as a political tool. Chinese nationalism has become more <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-centric since <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> assumed power in 2012. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E%E5%83%8F.jpg/220px-%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E%E5%83%8F.jpg/440px-%E5%B2%B3%E9%A3%9E%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Qing dynasty illustration of <a href="/wiki/Yue_Fei" title="Yue Fei">Yue Fei</a> who led Chinese <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> army against <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg/220px-A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg/330px-A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg/440px-A_Seated_Portrait_of_Ming_Emperor_Taizu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="5050" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>, who led Chinese movement against <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> The first state of China was confirmed as the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (c. 1570 BC-c. 1045 BC). The Chinese concept of the world was largely a division between the civilized world and the barbarian world and there was little concept of the belief that Chinese interests were served by a powerful Chinese state. Commenter <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Pye" title="Lucian Pye">Lucian Pye</a> has argued that the modern "<a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>" is fundamentally different from a traditional empire, and argues that dynamics of the current <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) – a concentration of power at a central point of authority – share an essential similarity with the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Chinese nationalism as it emerged in the early 20th century was based on the experience of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a>, especially as viewed and interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>. In 1894, Sun founded the <a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a>, which was the first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society.<a href="#cite_note-:022-3">[2]</a>: 31  Chinese nationalism was rooted in the long historic tradition of China as the center of the world, in which all other states were offshoots and owed some sort of deference. That sense of superiority underwent a series of terrible shocks in the 19th century, including large-scale internal revolts, and more grievously the systematic gaining and removal of special rights and privileges by foreign nations who proved their military superiority during the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a>, based on modern technology that was lacking in China. It was a matter of humiliation one after another, the loss of faith in the Qing dynasty. By the 1890s, disaffected Chinese intellectuals began to develop "a new nationalist commitment to China as a nation-state in a world dominated by predatory imperialist nation states."<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a>: 12  Overall, their concern was not in preserving a traditional Chinese order but instead the construction of a strong state and society that could stand in a hostile international arena.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a> Unlike many nationalist projects in other countries, the trend among Chinese intellectuals was to regard tradition as unsuitable for China's survival and instead to view tradition as a source of China's problems.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[3]</a>: 13  For the Qing dynasty, ethnicity was a troublesome issue. Some of the ethnic groups within the empire were identified according to language and culture, including the Manchus who originated in a non-Han Chinese population and ruled the dynasty. Most citizens had multiple identities, of which the locality was more important than the nation as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a>: 29–30  Anyone who wanted to rise in government non-military service had to be immersed in Confucian classics, and pass the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a>. If accepted, they would be rotated around the country, so the bureaucrats did not identify with the locality. The depth of two-way understanding and trust developed by European political leaders and their followers did not exist.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> China's defeat by Japan in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–1895) was fundamental to the development of the first generation of Chinese nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 132  The most dramatic watershed came in 1900, in the wake of the invasion, capture, and pillaging of the national capital by the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> that punished China for the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a>, the rise of the national education trend emphasizes instilling national values in education and inspiring patriotic sentiments. For example, the Chinese geography textbooks published during the period usually praised China's superior geographical conditions, and such texts generally came from the first chapters of the textbooks, which were convenient for guiding students to develop a love for their motherland when they first came into contact with China's geography.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Chinese nationalists drew inspiration from Japan's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, which they broadly viewed as demonstrating the fallacy of a European-centric racial hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-:022-3">[2]</a>: 30  The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese war</a> was one of the most important events in the modern construction of Chinese nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> The Chinese experience in the war helped create an ideology based on the concept of “the people” as a political body in its own right, “a modern nation as opposed to a feudal empire.”<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_sources">Ideological sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideological sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qingtuiweizhaoshu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Qingtuiweizhaoshu.JPG/300px-Qingtuiweizhaoshu.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Qingtuiweizhaoshu.JPG/450px-Qingtuiweizhaoshu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Qingtuiweizhaoshu.JPG/600px-Qingtuiweizhaoshu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>This abdication decree announced the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the succession of the Republic of China, marking the success of the 1911 Revolution</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_Shikai2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yuan_Shikai2.jpg/220px-Yuan_Shikai2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yuan_Shikai2.jpg/330px-Yuan_Shikai2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Yuan_Shikai2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, a nationalist in the Beiyang Government</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liang_Qichao4a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Liang_Qichao4a.jpg/220px-Liang_Qichao4a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Liang_Qichao4a.jpg/330px-Liang_Qichao4a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Liang_Qichao4a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>, who greatly contributed to creating the foundation of modern Chinese nationalism</figcaption></figure> The discussion of modern Chinese nationalism has dominated many political and intellectual debates since the late nineteenth century. Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Suisheng Zhao</a> argues that nationalism in China is not monolithic but exists in various forms, including political, liberal, ethnical, and state nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Over the first half of the twentieth century, Chinese nationalism has constituted a crucial part of many political ideologies, including the anti-Manchuism during the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> sentiment of the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> in 1919, and the <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> thoughts that guided the <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist revolution in China">Communist Revolution</a> in 1949. The origin of modern Chinese nationalism can be traced back to the intellectual debate about the subjects of race and nation which occurred during the late nineteenth century. Shaped by the global discourse about <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>, reformers and intellectuals both held debates about how they should build a new Chinese national subject based on a proper racial order, particularly the Manchu-Han relations.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> After the collapse of the Qing regime and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1912, concerns of both domestic and international threat made the role of racism decline, while anti-imperialism became the new dominant ideology of Chinese nationalism over the 1910s. While intellectuals and elites advocated their distinctive thoughts on Chinese nationalism, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Chalmers Johnson</a> has pointed out that most of these ideas had very little to do with China's majority population—the Chinese peasantry. He thus proposes to supplement the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in the discussion of Chinese nationalism, which he labels "peasant nationalism."<a href="#cite_note-:6-13">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E8%A1%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E8%A1%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg/220px-%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E8%A1%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E8%A1%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg/330px-%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E8%A1%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E8%A1%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg/440px-%E6%B1%AA%E7%B2%BE%E8%A1%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></figcaption></figure> In some revolutionary circles in the 19th century, the significance of the development of a Chinese national identity was the result of an attempt to negatively identify the Han people by turning them against the Qing dynasty, which was non-Chinese in their view.<a href="#cite_note-:9-14">[13]</a>: 18  Under this initial view of Chinese nationalism, the Chinese identity was primarily associated with the majority Han ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-:9-14">[13]</a>: 18  After Qing's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese War of 1895</a>, reformers and intellectuals debated about how to strengthen the nation, the discussion of which centered on the issue of race. <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>, a late Qing reformist who participated in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a> of 1898, contended that the boundary between Han and Manchu must be erased (ping Man-Han zhi jie).<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[14]</a>: 3  Liang was among the most prominent nationalists who viewed earlier conceptions of a Han-focused national identity as too restrictive.<a href="#cite_note-:9-14">[13]</a>: 18  Liang attributed the decline of China to the Qing dynasty ruled by the Manchus, who treated the Han as an "alien race" and imposed a racial hierarchy between the Han and the Manchus while ignoring the threat of imperial powers.<a href="#cite_note-:7-15">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However Liang's critique of the Qing court and the Manchu-Han relations laid the foundation for anti-Manchuism, an ideology that early Republican and nationalist revolutionaries advocated in their efforts to overthrow the Qing dynasty and found a new Republic in China. More broadly, Liang's view was that modernity was "an age of struggle among nations for the survival of the fittest" and that therefore the Qing government should support industrialization and develop a Chinese people with strong work ethic, "a strong sense of nationalism, and a militaristic mentality."<a href="#cite_note-:03-16">[15]</a>: 22  In his writing "Revolutionary Army," <a href="/wiki/Zou_Rong" title="Zou Rong">Zou Rong</a>, an active Chinese revolutionary at the turn of the twentieth century, demanded an educational revolution for the Han people who were suffering under the oppressive rule of the Manchus.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> He argued that China should be a nation of the orthodox Han Chinese and no alien race shall rule over them. According to Zou, the Han Chinese, as the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>, must overthrow the Manchu rule to restore their legitimacy and rights. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, a Chinese revolutionary who later became an important figure in the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, also believed that the Manchus were an inferior race. Wang contended that a state consisting of a single race would be superior to those multiracial ones. Most of the Republican revolutionaries agreed that preserving the race was vital to the survival of the nation. Since the Han had asserted its dominant role in Chinese nationalism, the Manchus had to be either absorbed or eradicated.<a href="#cite_note-:02-18">[17]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Prasenjit_Duara" title="Prasenjit Duara">Prasenjit Duara</a> summarized this by stating that the Republican revolutionaries primarily drew on the international discourse of "racist evolutionism" to envision a "racially purified China."<a href="#cite_note-:02-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg/220px-%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg/440px-%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, founder of the Kuomintang</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Category:Three Principles of the People">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000099; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif/lossless-page1-240px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif/lossless-page1-360px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif/lossless-page1-480px-%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1719" data-file-height="373" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalism (Mínzú)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy (Mínquán)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Power_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-Power Constitution">Five-Power Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_people%27s_rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary people's rights (page does not exist)">Revolutionary people's rights</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:革命民權">zh</a>]</li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialism (Mínshēng)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equalization_of_Land_Ownership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equalization of Land Ownership (page does not exist)">Equalization of Land Ownership</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%9C%B0%E6%AC%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:平均地權">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_International_Development_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The International Development of China (page does not exist)">The International Development of China</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E6%A5%AD%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" class="extiw" title="zh:實業計畫">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Taiwan" title="Land reform in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_16_incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June 16 incident (page does not exist)">June 16 incident</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" class="extiw" title="zh:六一六事变">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidnapped_in_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kidnapped in London (page does not exist)">Kidnapped in London</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E8%92%99%E9%9B%A3%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="zh:倫敦蒙難記">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Revolution (Republic of China) (page does not exist)">National Revolution</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:國民革命">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Chinese Nationalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Alliance (Hong Kong)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revive_China_Society" title="Revive China Society">Revive China Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslim_Association" title="Chinese Muslim Association">Chinese Muslim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Youth_League" title="Kuomintang Youth League">Kuomintang Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Group" title="Reorganization Group">Reorganization Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-shui" title="Chiang Wei-shui">Chiang (Wei-shui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Zhongkai" title="Liao Zhongkai">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yuanchong" title="Shao Yuanchong">Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chonghui" title="Wang Chonghui">Wang (Chonghui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang (Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhihui" title="Wu Zhihui">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Youren" title="Yu Youren">Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhiben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhiben (page does not exist)">Zhang</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%9F%A5%E6%9C%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:張知本">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Zhixin_(revolutionary)" title="Zhu Zhixin (revolutionary)">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zou_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zou Lu (page does not exist)">Zou (Lu)</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%92%E9%AD%AF" class="extiw" title="zh:鄒魯">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Rong" title="Zou Rong">Zou (Rong)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outside of mainland China</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_Democracy_and_Unity_Party" title="Kokang Democracy and Unity Party">Kokang Democracy and Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_(Singapore)" title="People's Power Party (Singapore)">People's Power Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_Equality" title="Three Principles of the Equality">Three Principles of the Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_People%27s_Party" title="Taiwanese People's Party">Taiwanese People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Vietnamese Nationalist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a> (element)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism</a> (element)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Taiwan">National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Military_Academy" title="Republic of China Military Academy">Republic of China Military Academy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Republic of China">Republic of China portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Template:Three Principles of the People"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Three_Principles_of_the_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Three Principles of the People (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Three Principles of the People"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> After the 1911 Revolution, Sun Yat-sen established the Republic of China, the national flag of which contained five colors with each symbolizing a major racial ethnicity of China. This marked a shift from the earlier discourse of radical racism and assimilation of the non-Han groups to the political autonomy of the five races.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The rhetorical move, as China historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Esherick_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Esherick (historian)">Joseph Esherick</a> points out, was based on the practical concerns of both imperial threats from the international environment and conflicts on the Chinese frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> While both Japan and Russia were encroaching China, the newly born republic also faced ethnic movements in Mongolia and Tibet which claimed themselves to be part of the Qing Empire rather than the Republic of China. Pressured by both domestic and international problems, the fragile Republican regime decided to maintain the borders of the Qing Empire to keep its territories intact.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> With the increasing threat from the imperialist powers in the 1910s, anti-imperialist sentiments started to grow and spread in China. An ideal of "a morally just universe," anti-imperialism made racism appear shameful and thus took over its dominant role in the conceptualization of Chinese nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Yet racism never perished. Instead, it was embedded by other social realms, including the discourse of eugenics and <a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> paramilitary organization within the Kuomintang that modelled itself after <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">blackshirts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">anti-foreign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism.<a href="#cite_note-DaiLi-23">[22]</a> In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man <a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai Li</a> were <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-American</a>, and wanted to expel American influence.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_(1926%E2%80%931941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)">close Sino-German relations</a> at the time promoted close ties between the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a> was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralized ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, mixed with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> that have some similarities to fascism.<a href="#cite_note-schok-25">[24]</a> It rejected <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, while also opposing <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. Some historians regard this movement as imitating <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and being a neo-nationalistic movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman" title="Frederic Wakeman">Frederic Wakeman</a> suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".<a href="#cite_note-:11-26">[25]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Chiang Kai-shek launched a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a> movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, the movement promoted Confucian values.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In addition to anti-Manchurism and anti-imperialism, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Chalmers Johnson</a> has argued that the rise of power of the CCP through its alliance with the peasantry should also be understood as "a species of nationalism."<a href="#cite_note-:6-13">[12]</a>: 19–20  Johnson observes that social mobilization, a force that unites people to form a political community together, is the "primary tool" for conceptualizing nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-:6-13">[12]</a>: 22  In the context of social mobilization, Chinese nationalism only fully emerged during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), when the CCP mobilized the peasantry to fight against the Japanese invaders. Johnson contends that early nationalism of the Kuomintang was quite similar to the late nineteenth-century nationalism in Europe, as both referred to the search for their national identities and positions in the modern world by the intelligentsia.<a href="#cite_note-:6-13">[12]</a>: 23  He argues that nationalism constructed by the intellectuals is not identical to nationalism based on mass mobilization, as the nationalist movements led by the Kuomintang, as well as the May Fourth Movement in 1919, were not mass movements because their participants were only a small proportion of the society where the peasants were simply absent. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, the CCP began to mobilize the Chinese peasantry through mass propaganda of national salvation (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 救國; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Jiùguó) Johnson observed that the primary shift of the CCP's post-1937 propaganda was its focus on the discourse of national salvation and the temporary retreat of its Communist agenda on class struggle and land redistribution.<a href="#cite_note-:6-13">[12]</a>: 4  The wartime alliance of the Chinese peasantry and the CCP manifests how the nationalist ideology of the CCP, or the peasant nationalism, reinforced the desire of the Chinese to save and build a strong nation.<a href="#cite_note-:6-13">[12]</a>: 30  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg/220px-Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg/330px-Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg/440px-Republic_of_China_Administrative_Subdivisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>A map of the 1945 de jure borders of the Republic of China, used by Chinese nationalists as a map of "<a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a>".</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Irredentism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expansionism" title="Chinese expansionism">expansionism</a> have also played a role in Chinese nationalism, declaring that China should regain its "lost territories" and form a <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-source-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Source2-29">[28]</a> To this day, the Republic of China maintains its territorial claims since its inception in 1912. Its territorial claims were inherited from the Great Qing government as part of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">List of ethnic groups in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Yat-sen_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sun_Yat-sen_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/220px-Sun_Yat-sen_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sun_Yat-sen_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/330px-Sun_Yat-sen_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sun_Yat-sen_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg/440px-Sun_Yat-sen_and_Chiang_Kai-shek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Chinese nationalist leaders <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatwall_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greatwall_large.jpg/220px-Greatwall_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greatwall_large.jpg/330px-Greatwall_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greatwall_large.jpg/440px-Greatwall_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall">Great Wall</a>, a national symbol of China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Xiuquan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hong_Xiuquan.jpg/180px-Hong_Xiuquan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hong_Xiuquan.jpg/270px-Hong_Xiuquan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Hong_Xiuquan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a>, leader of Taiping Rebellion against Qing dynasty</figcaption></figure> Defining the relationship between ethnicity and the Chinese identity has been a very complex issue throughout <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese history</a>. In the 17th century, with the help of Ming Chinese rebels, the Manchus conquered <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> and set up the Qing dynasty. Over the next centuries, they would incorporate groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>, the Mongols, and the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> into territories which they controlled. The Manchus were faced with the simultaneous task of maintaining loyalty among the people who they ruled and maintaining their distinct identity. The main method by which they accomplished control of the Chinese heartland was by portraying themselves as enlightened <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> sages part of whose goal was to preserve and advance Chinese civilization. Over the course of centuries, the Manchus were gradually assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and eventually, many Manchus identified themselves as a people of China.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Chinese nation has also been referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Huang_Zisun" title="Yan Huang Zisun">descendants of Yan and Yellow Emperors</a>, legendary rulers who are considered the historical ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Huaxia" title="Huaxia">Huaxia</a> people, an ethnic group whose members were the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The complexity of the relationship between ethnicity and Chinese identity was best exemplified during the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> in which the rebels fiercely fought against the Manchus on the ground that they were barbarians and foreigners while at the same time, others fought just as fiercely on behalf of the Manchus on the ground that they were the preservers of traditional Chinese values. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg/200px-Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg/300px-Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg/400px-Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the Yihetuan.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Boxers_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxers (group)">Yihetuan</a>, also known as the Boxers, were a Chinese nationalist and pro-Qing <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> which instigated and led the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> from 1899 to 1901. Their motivations were <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">resistance to Westernisation</a>. At their peak, the Boxers were supported by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Imperial Army</a>. Their slogan was "Support the Qing, destroy the foreigners!".<a href="#cite_note-:2-32">[31]</a> In 1909, the Law of Nationality of Great Qing (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 大清國籍條例; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Dà qīng guójí tiáolì) was published by the Manchu government, which defined Chinese with the following rules: 1) born in China while his/her father is a Chinese; 2) born after his/her father's death while his/her father is a Chinese at his death; 3) his/her mother is a Chinese while his/her father's nationality is unclear or stateless.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In 1919, the May Fourth Movement grew out of student protests against the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, especially its terms allowing <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">keep territories</a> surrendered by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a>, and spurned upsurges of Chinese nationalism amongst the protests.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1920s and 1930s, the official Chinese nationalistic view was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>, and it included advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> of ethnic groups in the western and central provinces into the "culturally advanced" Han state, a policy which would enable them to become members of the Chinese nation in name as well as in fact. Furthermore, it was also influenced by the fate of multi-ethnic states such as <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. It also became a very powerful force during the Japanese occupation of Coastal China during the 1930s and 1940s and the atrocities committed then.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] With the 1911 Revolution and the appearance of modern nationalist theories, "<a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a>" in the early <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">Republic of China</a>, referred to the <a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a> concept. This principle held that the five major ethnicities in China, the Han Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a>, all belonged to a single Chinese identity.<a href="#cite_note-:9-14">[13]</a>: 19  The government promoted Chinese nationalism for these five ethnic groups but with the Han Chinese are main ethnic group of "Zhonghua minzu" or China, this continued by <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist rule</a> under Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang in all China until the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in Chinese Mainland and the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. While it was initially rejected by Mao Zedong and his Chinese Communist Party, it later became accepted, the concept of "Chinese" created in Mao's period was "huge Chinese family" or a political union including the Han Chinese and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">55 other ethnic groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the government extended the number of ethnicities comprising the Chinese nation to these 56.<a href="#cite_note-:9-14">[13]</a>: 19  Before <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> took power in 2012, Chinese nationalism of the People's Republic of China was influenced strongly by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a> policy. The Chinese Communist Party also criticized that the Kuomintang-led Republic of China for supporting Han chauvinism. The official ideology of the People's Republic of China asserts that China is a multi-ethnic state, with the majority Han as one of many ethnic groups of China, each of whose culture and language should be respected (akin to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet patriotism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001501-35">[34]</a>). The government also instituted policies of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_China" title="Affirmative action in China">affirmative action</a>, in general, the ethnic policy of the People's Republic of China at the time was strongly influenced by the nature of its <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist state">Marxist-Leninist state</a>. Despite this official view, <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">assimilationist</a> attitudes remain deeply entrenched, and popular views and actual power relationships create a situation in which Chinese nationalism has in practice meant Han dominance of minority areas and peoples and assimilation of those groups.<a href="#cite_note-:10-36">[35]</a> Since Xi Jinping took power, assimilation of non-Han ethnic groups has been overt and intensified while preferential policies for ethnic minorities have shrunk.<a href="#cite_note-:10-36">[35]</a> During the 1960s and 1970s, Chinese nationalism within <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> became mixed with the rhetoric of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, and as a result, nationalistic rhetoric was largely subsumed into internationalist rhetoric. On the other hand, the primary focus of Chinese nationalism in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> was the preservation of the ideals and lineage of Sun Yat-sen, the party which he founded, the Kuomintang (KMT), and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism">anti-Communism</a>. While the definition of Chinese nationalism differed in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (ROC) and the PRC, the KMT and the CCP were both adamant in their claims on Chinese territories such as <a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands" title="Senkaku Islands">Senkaku (Diaoyutai) Islands</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, rising economic standards and the lack of any other legitimizing ideology, has led to what most observers see as a resurgence of nationalism within mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_minorities">Ethnic minorities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethnic minorities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_Muslims_and_Uyghurs">Chinese Muslims and Uyghurs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese Muslims and Uyghurs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Songshan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Hu_Songshan.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a>, a Chinese Muslim Imam who was a Chinese nationalist.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Chinese Muslims</a> have played an important role in Chinese nationalism. Chinese Muslims, known as Hui people, are a mixture of the descendants of foreign Muslims like Arabs and Persians, mixed with Han Chinese who converted to Islam. Chinese Muslims are sinophones, speaking Chinese and practicing Confucianism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a>, a Muslim Imam from <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, was a Chinese nationalist and preached Chinese nationalism and unity of all Chinese people, and also against foreign imperialism and other threats to China's sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-google210-38">[37]</a> He even ordered the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Chinese Flag</a> to be saluted during prayer, and that all Imams in Ningxia preach Chinese nationalism. Hu Songshan led the <a href="/wiki/Yihewani" title="Yihewani">Ikhwan</a>, the Chinese Muslim Brotherhood, which became a Chinese nationalist, patriotic organization, stressing education and independence of the individual.<a href="#cite_note-google210-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Hu Songhan also wrote a prayer in Arabic and Chinese, praying for <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> to support the Chinese Kuomintang government and defeat Japan.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Hu Songshan also cited a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (聖訓), a saying of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, which says "Loving the Motherland is equivalent to loving the Faith" (“愛護祖國是屬於信仰的一部份”). Hu Songshan harshly criticized those who were non-patriotic and those who taught anti-nationalist thinking, saying that they were fake Muslims.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a> was a Muslim reformer, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Xidaotang" title="Xidaotang">Xidaotang</a>, and he taught that Islam could only be understood by using Chinese culture such as Confucianism. He read classic Chinese texts and even took his cue from <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> when he decided to go on <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a>, a Chinese Muslim general and Kuomintang member, was another Chinese nationalist. Ma Fuxiang preached unity of all Chinese people, and even non-Han Chinese people such as Tibetans and Mongols to stay in China. He proclaimed that Mongolia and Tibet were part of the Republic of China, and not independent countries.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Ma Fuxiang was loyal to the Chinese government, and crushed Muslim rebels when ordered to. Ma Fuxiang believed that modern education would help Hui Chinese build a better society and help China resist foreign imperialism and help build the nation. He was praised for his "guojia yizhi"(national consciousness) by non-Muslims. Ma Fuxiang also published many books, and wrote on Confucianism and Islam, having studied both the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals" title="Spring and Autumn Annals">Spring and Autumn Annals</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ma Fuxiang had served under the Chinese Muslim general <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a>, and fought against the foreigners during the Boxer Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The Muslim unit he served in was noted for being anti-foreign, being involved in shooting a Westerner and a Japanese to death before the Boxer Rebellion broke out.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> It was reported that the Muslim troops were going to wipe out the foreigners to return a golden age for China, and the Muslims repeatedly attacked foreign churches, railways, and legations, before hostilities even started.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The Muslim troops were armed with modern repeater rifles and artillery, and reportedly enthusiastic about going on the offensive and killing foreigners. Ma Fuxiang led an ambush against the foreigners at <a href="/wiki/Langfang" title="Langfang">Langfang</a> and inflicted many casualties, using a train to escape. Dong Fuxiang was a xenophobe and hated foreigners, wanting to drive them out of China.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Various Muslim organizations in China like the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China" title="Islamic Association of China">Islamic Association of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslim_Association" title="Chinese Muslim Association">Chinese Muslim Association</a> were sponsored by the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chinese Muslim imams had synthesized Islam and Confucianism in the <a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a>. They asserted that there was no contradiction between Confucianism and Islam, and no contradiction between being a Chinese national and a Muslim. Chinese Muslim students returning from study abroad, from places such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in Egypt, learned about nationalism and advocated Chinese nationalism at home. One Imam, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingzhai" title="Wang Jingzhai">Wang Jingzhai</a>, who studied at Mecca, translated a Hadith, or saying of Muhammad, "Aiguo Aijiao"- loving the country is equivalent to loving the faith. Chinese Muslims believed that their "Watan" <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: وطن, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'country; homeland' was the whole of the Republic of China, non-Muslims included.<a href="#cite_note-Masumi-47">[46]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a>, the warlord of <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, and a member of the Kuomintang, presented himself as the protector of Islam in China and harbored Muslim intellectuals fleeing from the Japanese invasion in Guangxi. General Bai preached Chinese nationalism and anti-imperialism. Chinese Muslims were sent to Saudi Arabia and Egypt to denounce the Japanese. Translations from Egyptian writings and the Quran were used to support propaganda in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Masumi-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Bufang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg/220px-Ma_Bufang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg/330px-Ma_Bufang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, a Chinese Muslim general</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang">Ma Bufang</a>, a Chinese Muslim general who was part of the Kuomintang, supported Chinese nationalism and tolerance between the different Chinese ethnic groups. The Japanese attempted to approach him however, their attempts at gaining his support were unsuccessful. Ma Bufang presented himself as a Chinese nationalist who fought against Western <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> to the people of China in order to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to his advantage to keep himself in power as noted by the author Erden.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, the Chinese Muslim general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hushan</a> supported Chinese nationalism. He was chief of the <a href="/wiki/36th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)">36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army</a>. He spread <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">anti-Soviet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">anti-Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">propaganda</a>, and instituted a colonial regime over the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>. Uyghur street names and signs were changed to Chinese, and the Chinese Muslim troops imported Chinese cooks and baths, rather than using Uyghur ones.<a href="#cite_note-google130-50">[49]</a> The Chinese Muslims even forced the Uyghur carpet industry at <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> to change its design to Chinese versions.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Ma Hushan proclaimed his loyalty to Nanjing, denounced <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a> as a Soviet puppet, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">fought against him</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-google130-50">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tungans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungans">Tungans</a> (Chinese Muslims, Hui people) had anti-Japanese sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-google130-50">[49]</a> General Ma Hushan's brother <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a> denounced separatism in a speech at <a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a> and told the Uyghurs to be loyal to the Chinese government at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-54">[53]</a> The 36th division had crushed the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Islamic_Republic_of_East_Turkestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan">Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan</a>, and the Chinese Muslim general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhancang" title="Ma Zhancang">Ma Zhancang</a> beheaded the Uyghur emirs <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Bughra" title="Abdullah Bughra">Abdullah Bughra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nur_Ahmad_Jan_Bughra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra">Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-54">[53]</a> Ma Zhancang abolished the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law which was set up by the Uyghurs, and set up <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">military rule</a> instead, retaining the former Chinese officials and keeping them in power.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-54">[53]</a> The Uyghurs had been promoting Islamism in their separatist government, but Ma Hushan eliminated religion from politics. Islam was barely mentioned or used in politics or life except as a vague spiritual focus for unified opposition against the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-google130-50">[49]</a> The Uyghur warlord <a href="/wiki/Yulbars_Khan" title="Yulbars Khan">Yulbars Khan</a> was pro-China and supported the Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The Uyghur politician <a href="/wiki/Masud_Sabri" title="Masud Sabri">Masud Sabri</a> served as the governor of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province</a> from 1947 to 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Klimeš2015-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibetans">Tibetans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tibetans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLA_marching_into_Lhasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PLA_marching_into_Lhasa.jpg/250px-PLA_marching_into_Lhasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PLA_marching_into_Lhasa.jpg/375px-PLA_marching_into_Lhasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/PLA_marching_into_Lhasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> took over the capital <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> during its <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation</a> by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in 1951</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pandatsang_Rapga" title="Pandatsang Rapga">Pandatsang Rapga</a>, a Tibetan politician, founded the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a> with the goal of modernisation and <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">integration of Tibet into the Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The 9th Panchen Lama, <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Choekyi_Nyima,_9th_Panchen_Lama" title="Thubten Choekyi Nyima, 9th Panchen Lama">Thubten Choekyi Nyima</a>, was considered extremely "pro-Chinese", according to official Chinese sources.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongols">Mongols</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mongols">edit</a>]</div> Many of the Chinese troops used to <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">occupy Mongolia in 1919</a> were <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar Mongols</a>, which has been a major cause for animosity between <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkhas</a> and Inner Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manchus">Manchus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Manchus">edit</a>]</div> In the late Qing Dynasty, revolutionaries incited anti-Manchuism to overthrow the Qing dynasty, especially Zou Rong.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Taiwan">In Taiwan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_unify_party_P1240412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_unify_party_P1240412.jpg/220px-China_unify_party_P1240412.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_unify_party_P1240412.jpg/330px-China_unify_party_P1240412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_unify_party_P1240412.jpg/440px-China_unify_party_P1240412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Rally organized by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Unification_Promotion_Party" title="Chinese Unification Promotion Party">Chinese Unification Promotion Party</a> in Taiwan.</figcaption></figure> One common goal of current Chinese government is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">unification</a> of mainland China and Taiwan. While this was the commonly stated goal of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) before 1992, both sides differed sharply in the form of unification due to differences in political ideology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Taiwan, there is a general consensus to support the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> of Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">de facto independence as a separate nation</a>. Despite this, the relationship between Chinese nationalism and Taiwan remains controversial, involving symbolic issues such as the use of the "Republic of China" as the official name of the government on Taiwan and the use of the word "China" in the name of <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">government-owned corporations</a>. There is little support in Taiwan for immediate unification. Overt support for formal independence is also muted due to the PRC's insistence on <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">military action</a> should Taiwan make such a formal declaration. The argument against unification is partly over culture and whether democratic <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese</a> should see themselves as Chinese or Taiwanese; and partly over mistrust of the authoritarian Chinese Communist Party (CCP), its <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights record</a>, and its de-democratizing actions in Hong Kong (e.g. <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform">2014–2015 Hong Kong electoral reform</a>, which sparked the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These misgivings are particularly prevalent among younger generations of Taiwanese, who generally consider themselves to have little or no connection to China.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> There are ultranationalist groups in Taiwan that support unification with China. Some radical Chinese nationalist groups in Taiwan include the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Alliance_Association" title="Patriot Alliance Association">Patriot Alliance Association</a> founded in 1993<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Unification_Promotion_Party" title="Chinese Unification Promotion Party">Chinese Unification Promotion Party</a> founded by Taiwanese mafia leader <a href="/wiki/Chang_An-lo" title="Chang An-lo">Chang An-lo</a>. The former has engaged in combating the influence of <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> in Taiwan,<a href="#cite_note-China-Taiwan_Rapprochement-68">[67]</a> while the latter has been accused of violence against <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong opposition</a> figures such as <a href="/wiki/Denise_Ho" title="Denise Ho">Denise Ho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lam_Wing-kee" title="Lam Wing-kee">Lam Wing-kee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNA-20200422-1-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalist_symbology">Nationalist symbology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nationalist symbology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiu_Long_Bi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jiu_Long_Bi.JPG/220px-Jiu_Long_Bi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jiu_Long_Bi.JPG/330px-Jiu_Long_Bi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jiu_Long_Bi.JPG/440px-Jiu_Long_Bi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nine-Dragon_Wall" title="Nine-Dragon Wall">Nine-Dragon Wall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. The dragon has been a prominent symbol of China for centuries.</figcaption></figure> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">national symbols of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Taiwan" title="National symbols of Taiwan">national symbols of the Republic of China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_flags" title="List of Chinese flags">flags of China</a>, there are many symbols opted for use by Chinese nationalists. Some of these include Chinese legendary or ancient figures such as the Yellow Emperor<a href="#cite_note-:9-14">[13]</a>: 19  and the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Emperor" title="Yan Emperor">Fire Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, or more modern figures such as Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, or Mao Zedong. Another symbol often used is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a> as a personification for the Chinese nation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meihua_ROC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Meihua_ROC.svg/220px-Meihua_ROC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Meihua_ROC.svg/330px-Meihua_ROC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Meihua_ROC.svg/440px-Meihua_ROC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>The plum blossom symbol in the Republic of China</figcaption></figure> Similar to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a> (which also has cultural significance in China) in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal of Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prunus_mume" title="Prunus mume">plum blossom</a> is also a national symbol of China, designated by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> in the Republic of China on 21 July 1964.<a href="#cite_note-roc-70">[69]</a> It was also proposed to be the national flower of the People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The Republic of China patriotic song <a href="/wiki/The_Plum_Blossom" title="The Plum Blossom">The Plum Blossom</a> revolves around its symbolism for China. In the Republic of China, as the <a href="/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flower of the Republic of China">National Flower</a>, the plum blossom symbolises: <ul><li>Three buds and five petals – symbolises <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a> and the five branches of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a></li> <li>The plum blossom withstands the cold winter (it blossoms more in colder temperatures) – it symbolises the faithful, the resolute and the holy; it represents the national spirit of Republic of China nationals.</li> <li>The five petals of the flower – symbolises <a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a>; it also symbolises Five Cardinal Relationships (Wǔlún), Five Constants (Wǔcháng) and Five Ethics (Wǔjiào) according to <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian philosophy</a> (national philosophy of imperial China for two millennia until 1912, when the Qing Dynasty was overthrown and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-49)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-49)">Republic of China</a> was established)</li> <li>The branches (枝橫), shadow (影斜), flexibility (曳疏), and cold resistance (傲霜) of the plum blossom also represent the four kinds of noble virtues, "originating and penetrating, advantageous and firm" mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a> (Book of Changes).<a href="#cite_note-Flower-72">[71]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> There are movements for regional <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_China" title="Secession in China">secession</a> from China and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">independence</a> for Taiwan. The <a href="/wiki/Milk_Tea_Alliance" title="Milk Tea Alliance">Milk Tea Alliance</a> formed by netizens from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> began as a reaction against Chinese nationalist commentators online.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Elements of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> are <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">hostile to China</a>. In World War II, the Empire of Japan conquered large swathes of Chinese territory, and many contemporary nationalists in Japan <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">deny the events of the Nanking Massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yoshida157-158-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Chinese_nationalism">Types of Chinese nationalism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of Chinese nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populist_nationalism">Populist nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Populist nationalism">edit</a>]</div> Populist nationalism or popular nationalism (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 民粹民族主義 or simply "民族主義")<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> is a comparatively late development in Chinese nationalism of the 1990s. It began to take recognizable shape after 1996, as a joint result of the evolving nationalist thinking of the early 1990s and the ongoing debates on modernity, postmodernism, postcolonialism, and their political implications-debates that have engaged many Chinese intellectuals since early 1995.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_nationalism">State nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: State nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang#Chinese_nationalism" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang § Chinese nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism (China)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">State nationalism</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">國家主義</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">国家主义</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Statism<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">guójiā zhǔyì</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄚㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中國國家主義</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中国国家主义</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Chinese statism</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōngguó guójiā zhǔyì</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄐㄧㄚㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (<a href="/wiki/Category:Transliteration_template_errors" title="Category:Transliteration template errors">help</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/State_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State nationalism">State nationalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> state-led nationalism<a href="#cite_note-Liu_Li_Fan_Hong-81">[80]</a> or simply "statism" is nationalism from above, in contrast to popular nationalism. State nationalism was strongly advocated by incumbent political elites in both the regimes of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP);<a href="#cite_note-Liu_Li_Fan_Hong-81">[80]</a> past KMT or present CCP-led state nationalism advocates Chinese nationalism and equates 'nation'/'state' (國家) and 'party' (黨) to build a <a href="/wiki/One-party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party system">one-party system</a>. State nationalism has not made the PRC s international behaviour particularly aggressive or inflexible, according to most observers, but rather cautious and opportunistic.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Academic Frances Yaping Wang states that "[i]f we liken nationalism to a pet dragon under the control of state authorities in China, we could say that the state keeps it alive and occasionally provokes it, as long as it does not breathe fire. However, when it does and oversteps its bounds occasionally, the state master reins it in to ensure the flames do not harm them."<a href="#cite_note-:Wang2-83">[82]</a>: 247–248  A feature of Chinese state nationalism is that it is CCP-centred; it regards the party as an embodiment of the nation's will and the nation as a means rather than an end in itself. Accordingly, its primary objective is 'stability' for the party-state, even though it is keen to maintain national identity, national unity and national autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> A group of Chinese "statist" legal scholars is influencing the authoritarian policies of the Chinese government, which, influenced by ultraconservative and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi German">Nazi German</a> legal theorist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, values 'state authority'; these statists are also related to the Chinese government's reduction of autonomy over <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nazi-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese nationalist">Taiwanese nationalists</a> who are critical of Chinese nationalism are especially critical of Chinese state nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnic nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a></div> Ethnic nationalism (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 族裔民族主義 or 族群主義) is divided into two forms in China; based on the dominant ethnic-centered "<a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a>" (or <a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a>) and ethnic minorities based "<a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">local ethnic nationalism</a>".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The PRC government and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) opposes these singular ethnic nationalism and encourages multi-ethnic nationalism (more akin to <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, the CCP portrays itself as the custodian of a <a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">conservative</a>, Han-centric vision of "China's outstanding traditional culture".<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The Chinese government has also pursued ethno-nationalist policies aimed at appealing to <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_and_Southern">Northern and Southern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Northern and Southern">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Northern and southern China</a></div> American scholar Edward Friedman has argued that there is a northern governmental, political, bureaucratic Chinese nationalism that is at odds with a southern, commercial Chinese nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ultranationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_ultranationalism" title="Category:Chinese ultranationalism">Category:Chinese ultranationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#China" title="Fascism in Asia">Fascism in Asia § China</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 极端民族主义; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 極端民族主義) was born out of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Kai-shek Thought">Chiang Kai-shek Thought</a> and pro-Chiang <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s Kuomintang, China had <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="China–Germany relations (1912–1949)">friendly diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> when Germany eventually favoured Japan diplomatically.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Since Xi Jinping took power, the Chinese Communist Party has been suspected of cultivating far-right<a href="#cite_note-The_Diplomat-93">[92]</a> ultranationalism.<a href="#cite_note-The_Diplomat-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern times">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Anti-Japan_demonstrations2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2012_Anti-Japan_demonstrations2.jpg/220px-2012_Anti-Japan_demonstrations2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2012_Anti-Japan_demonstrations2.jpg/330px-2012_Anti-Japan_demonstrations2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2012_Anti-Japan_demonstrations2.jpg/440px-2012_Anti-Japan_demonstrations2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Chinese anti-Japan protest in Hong Kong in 2012, with protesters waving the flags of the PRC and ROC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></div> During the Cold War era, American strategies to contain the spread of communism fueled nationalist sentiment in China, including as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the Taiwan Strait Crisis, the PRC's exclusion from the United Nations, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">U.S. embargo of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>: 62  The end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> has seen the revival throughout the world of nationalist sentiments and aspirations, nationalism is seen as increasing the legitimacy of Chinese Communist Party rule. It has been pursued in a more pragmatic and flexible manner compared to policies during the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> One remarkable phenomenon in the post-Cold War upsurge of Chinese nationalism is that Chinese intellectuals became one of the driving forces.<a href="#cite_note-FriendThayer2018-97">[96]</a> Many well-educated people-social scientists, humanities scholars, writers, and other professionals have given voice to and even become articulators for rising nationalistic discourse in the 1990s. Some commentators have proposed that "positive nationalism" could be an important unifying factor for the country as it has been for other countries.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing,_1999_(flickr_2543499638).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg/220px-Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg/330px-Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg/440px-Anti-American_Protests_in_Nanjing%2C_1999_%28flickr_2543499638%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Anti-American protests in Nanjing following the <a href="/wiki/U.S._bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a>, 1999</figcaption></figure> On 7 May 1999, during <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a> killing three Chinese citizens. The US claimed that the bombing was an accident caused by the use of outdated maps but few Chinese accepted this explanation.<a href="#cite_note-ChinaJournal-99">[98]</a> The incident caused widespread anger and following the attack Chinese officials described the bombing as a "barbarian act"<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> and a "war crime"<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> while Chinese students in Europe and America demonstrated against '<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> fascism'.<a href="#cite_note-ChinaJournal-99">[98]</a> In China thousands were involved in protest marches in Beijing and other provincial capitals, some protesters threw gas bombs and rocks at the diplomatic missions of the United States and other NATO countries<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> while in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> the American Consul's residence was firebombed,<a href="#cite_note-ChinaJournal-99">[98]</a> deepening <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Western sentiment in China">anti-Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-American sentiment in China">anti-American sentiment in China</a>. China, along with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, had already supported <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> and opposed NATO bombardment of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The 1995 book <a href="/wiki/China_Can_Say_No" title="China Can Say No">China Can Say No</a> was a benchmark for 1990s nationalist sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-:Wang2-83">[82]</a>: 69  Nationalist online forums including Strong China Forum and Iron Blood became popular forums for expression of nationalist sentiment on the internet.<a href="#cite_note-:Wang2-83">[82]</a>: 69–70  The internet has since continued to increase in significance as a forum for Chinese nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-:Wang2-83">[82]</a>: 70  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%8D%E4%BA%BAhanfu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%8D%E4%BA%BAhanfu.jpg/220px-%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%8D%E4%BA%BAhanfu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%8D%E4%BA%BAhanfu.jpg/330px-%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%8D%E4%BA%BAhanfu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%8D%E4%BA%BAhanfu.jpg/440px-%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%8D%E4%BA%BAhanfu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a> promoters at the Chinese Cultural Festival in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></figcaption></figure> In the 21st century, notable spurs of grassroots Chinese nationalism grew from what the Chinese public saw as the marginalization of their country from Japan and the Western world. One such event occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a> of April 1, 2001, in which a United States US <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_EP-3" title="Lockheed EP-3">EP-3</a> surveillance aircraft collided mid-air with a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-8" title="Shenyang J-8">Shenyang J-8</a> jet fighter over the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 64  China sought a formal apology, and President <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> accepted United States Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>'s expression of "very sorry" as sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 64  The incident nonetheless created negative feelings towards the United States by the Chinese public and increased public feelings of Chinese nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 64  The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbook controversies</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a>'s visits to the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> was the source of considerable anger on Chinese blogs. In addition, the protests following the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a> of the Olympic torch has gathered strong opposition within the Chinese community inside China and abroad. Almost every Tibetan protest on the Olympic torch route was met with a considerable pro-China protest. Because the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> were a major source of national pride, anti-Olympics sentiments are often seen as anti-Chinese sentiments inside China. Moreover, the Sichuan earthquake in 2008 sparked a high sense of nationalism from the Chinese at home and abroad. The central government's quick response to the disaster was instrumental in galvanizing general support from the population amidst harsh criticism directed towards China's handling of the Lhasa riots only two months previously. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/2005_anti-Japanese_demonstrations" title="2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations">anti-Japanese demonstrations</a> were held throughout Asia as a result of events such as the Japanese history textbook controversies. In 2012, Chinese people in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan held <a href="/wiki/2012_China_anti-Japanese_demonstrations" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations">anti-Japanese protests</a> due to the escalating <a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute" title="Senkaku Islands dispute">Senkaku Islands dispute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Nationalism was witnessed at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Olympic_torch_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Olympic torch relay">2008 Olympic torch relay</a> where pro-Olympic protests were held by <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> in response to disruptions by anti-China activists in Paris and London.<a href="#cite_note-:4-106">[105]</a> At least 5,000 Chinese Americans including immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> also protested outside CNN's Hollywood offices after CNN commentator <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cafferty" title="Jack Cafferty">Jack Cafferty</a> described Chinese products as "junk" and the Chinese as “goons” and “thugs” during a segment about China's relationship with America.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-106">[105]</a> When the Olympic torch passed through Paris, a pro-<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence</a> protestor attempted to snatch it from a young handicapped Chinese athlete who clung to it.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 151  The images were widely televised and led to an internet rumor that accused French supermarket company <a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 151  of funding Tibetan independence groups.<a href="#cite_note-:8-109">[108]</a> Protests and calls for boycott resulted and ultimately subsided, in part because of efforts by French officials to apologize for the Paris torch attack.<a href="#cite_note-:8-109">[108]</a> A 2013 survey of Chinese adults found that respondents who sourced their information about the dispute from traditional <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">mass media</a> (which are more subject to state regulation) were less supportive of the idea that China should adopt hardline policies in the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea territorial disputes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Wang2-83">[82]</a>: 42  The researchers who conducted the survey concluded that China's state-media coverage of the dispute was "more of a dampener than a driver of nationalistic policy preference."<a href="#cite_note-:Wang2-83">[82]</a>: 42–43  Another example of modern nationalism in China is the <a href="/wiki/Hanfu_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanfu movement">Hanfu movement</a>, which is a Chinese movement in the early 21st century that seeks the revival of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Chinese clothing">Chinese traditional clothing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> also fueled nationalist sentiment among both CCP leadership and the general public.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 94  The external pressure of the trade war allowed Xi Jinping to point to the United States' actions as a reason for China's economic slowdown.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 94  The Chinese public responded.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 94  Academic Suisheng Zhao summarizes, "Proud of their accomplishments through hard work, tremendous sacrifices, dogged determination, and well-crafted policies, many Chinese are fed up with US criticisms that China's rise is because it did not play by rules, violated international commitments, and tilted the playing field to advantage Chinese firms."<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 94  <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> has determined through a 2018 survey that young Chinese consumers are turning to local brands as a result of growing nationalism. Local brands like Lenovo have also received backlash from some online Chinese for being unpatriotic.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> On 1 July 2021, Xi Jinping delivered a nationalistic speech at <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> in connection with the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party">100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>. Xi said, "The Chinese people will never allow foreign forces to bully, oppress, or enslave us," and "whoever nurses delusions of doing that will <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%A0%B4%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:頭破血流">crack their heads and spill blood</a> on the Great Wall of steel built from the flesh and blood of 1.4 billion Chinese people.".<a href="#cite_note-116">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> In 2021 Hannah Bailey, a researcher of Chinese internet censorship at the University of Oxford's Internet Institute, noted a shift in China's approach toward deriving <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> from nationalism, compared to the earlier approach based on its economic performance.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_activism">Internet activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internet activism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Water_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Water Army">Internet Water Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">50 Cent Party</a></div> In the 1990s, nationalists among the Chinese public were primarily connected through the internet.<a href="#cite_note-:22-7">[6]</a>: 150  In 2005, twenty-two million Chinese netizens signed an internet petition in opposition to Japan's efforts to join the United Nations Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> In response to protests during the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay, the Chinese blogosphere became filled with nationalistic material, many of which highlighted perceived biases and inaccuracies in <a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Western media</a> such as photos of clashes between police and Tibetan independence protestors that took place in Nepal and India but captioned to seem as if the events happened in China.<a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Student-founded website<a href="#cite_note-:Mao-122">[120]</a>: 305  <a href="/wiki/Anti-CNN" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-CNN">Anti-CNN</a> claimed that news channels such as <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> pushed false narratives and only reported selectively in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[118]</a> Chinese hackers have claimed to have attacked the CNN website numerous times, through the use of <a href="/wiki/DDoS" class="mw-redirect" title="DDoS">DDoS</a> attacks.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Similarly, the Yasukuni Shrine website was hacked by Chinese hackers during late 2004, and another time on 24 December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a>, in response to protestors <a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">doxing</a> police officers and people unsupportive of the protests, some Chinese nationalists in Hong Kong responded by doxing protestors.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> (in particular the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">nationalistic netizens</a> disseminated pro-Russian sentiments and posted <a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">pro-Russian</a> posts across the Chinese internet.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Online representations of Russian women across the Chinese internet have been described as gendered nationalism or nationalistic sexism.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xi_Jinping_and_the_"Chinese_Dream"">Xi Jinping and the "Chinese Dream"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Xi Jinping and the "Chinese Dream"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></div> As Xi Jinping solidified his control after 2012, became the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, the CCP has used the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a>", to describe his overarching plans for China. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a> on 29 November 2012, where he and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a "national revival" (民族复兴; more commonly translated "national rejuvenation" to differentiate from <a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">national awakening</a>) exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In the public media, the Chinese Dream and nationalism are interwoven.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> In diplomacy, the Chinese dream and nationalism have been closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>. Peter Ferdinand argues that it thus becomes a dream about a future in which China "will have recovered its rightful place."<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> There are various notation for "Nationalism" in China: <ul><li>民族主义 or 民族主義 (pinyin: mínzú zhǔyì )</li> <li>国族主义 or 國族主義 (pinyin: guózú zhǔyì )</li> <li>国民主义 or 國民主義 (pinyin: guómín zhǔyì )</li> <li>国粹主义 or 國粹主義 (pinyin: guócuì zhǔyì )</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Chinese notation: “中国人民从来没有欺负、压迫、奴役过其他国家人民，过去没有，现在没有，将来也不会有。同时，中国人民也绝不允许任何外来势力欺负、压迫、奴役我们，谁妄想这样干，必将在14亿多中国人民用血肉筑成的钢铁长城面前碰得头破血流！”<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPyePye1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Pye" title="Lucian Pye">Pye, Lucian W.</a>; Pye, Mary W. (1985). Asian power and politics: the cultural dimensions of authority. Harvard University Press. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+power+and+politics%3A+the+cultural+dimensions+of+authority&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Pye&rft.aufirst=Lucian+W.&rft.au=Pye%2C+Mary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2023" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Zhiyi (2023). Poetry, History, Memory: Wang Jingwei and China in Dark Times. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Michigan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Michigan Press">The University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05650-7"><bdi>978-0-472-05650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry%2C+History%2C+Memory%3A+Wang+Jingwei+and+China+in+Dark+Times&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-472-05650-7&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Zhiyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisner1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Meisner" title="Maurice Meisner">Meisner, Maurice J.</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Mao%27s_China_and_After" title="Mao's China and After">Mao's China and After</a> (3rd ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-920870-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-920870-X"><bdi>0-02-920870-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13270932">13270932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+China+and+After&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13270932&rft.isbn=0-02-920870-X&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Maurice+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Westad, Odd Arne</a> (6 September 2012). Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-8510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-8510-1"><bdi>978-1-4464-8510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+Empire%3A+China+and+the+World+Since+1750&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-8510-1&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> On how Confucianism was an invented tradition in China see <a href="/wiki/Lionel_M._Jensen" title="Lionel M. Jensen">Lionel M. Jensen</a>, Manufacturing Confucianism: Chinese traditions & universal civilization (Duke UP, 1997) pp. 3–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Zhao, Suisheng</a> (2023). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Mary Clabaugh Wright, ed. China and revolution: the first phase, 1900–1913 (1968) pp. 1–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/127415152_488316">"地理书写与国家认同：清末地理教科书中的民族主义话语"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sohu" title="Sohu">Sohu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605050419/https://www.sohu.com/a/127415152_488316">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sohu&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%86%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C%EF%BC%9A%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%AB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E4%B9%A6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%9D%E8%AF%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F127415152_488316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitter2020" class="citation book cs1">Mitter, Rana (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704">China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98426-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98426-4"><bdi>978-0-674-98426-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1141442704">1141442704</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121743/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1141442704">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+good+war+%3A+how+World+War+II+is+shaping+a+new+nationalism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1141442704&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98426-4&rft.aulast=Mitter&rft.aufirst=Rana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1141442704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao,_Suisheng2004" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2004). A nation-state by construction : dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4897-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4897-7"><bdi>0-8047-4897-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54694622">54694622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+nation-state+by+construction+%3A+dynamics+of+modern+Chinese+nationalism&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54694622&rft.isbn=0-8047-4897-7&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuara1995" class="citation book cs1">Duara, Prasenjit (1995). Rescuing History from the Nation. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226167237.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226167237.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16722-0"><bdi>978-0-226-16722-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rescuing+History+from+the+Nation&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226167237.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-16722-0&rft.aulast=Duara&rft.aufirst=Prasenjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Johnson, Chalmers A.</a> (1 June 1962). Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1937-1945. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503620582">10.1515/9781503620582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2058-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2058-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-2058-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+Nationalism+and+Communist+Power%3A+The+Emergence+of+Revolutionary+China%2C+1937-1945&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1962-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503620582&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-2058-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Chalmers+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_14-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠebok2023" class="citation book cs1">Šebok, Filip (2023). "Historical Legacy". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 15–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003350064-3">10.4324/9781003350064-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1"><bdi>978-1-03-239508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Legacy&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China%3A+a+New+Superpower%3F&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003350064-3&rft.isbn=978-1-03-239508-1&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ebok&rft.aufirst=Filip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). "Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928". Studies on Ethnic Groups in China: 404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6069%2F9780295997483">10.6069/9780295997483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+on+Ethnic+Groups+in+China&rft.atitle=Manchus+and+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861-1928&rft.pages=404&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6069%2F9780295997483&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-16"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyskens2020" class="citation book cs1">Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108784788">10.1017/9781108784788</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-78478-8"><bdi>978-1-108-78478-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145096137">1145096137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218936313">218936313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Third+Front%3A+The+Militarization+of+Cold+War+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145096137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218936313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108784788&rft.isbn=978-1-108-78478-8&rft.aulast=Meyskens&rft.aufirst=Covell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZou1903" class="citation journal cs1">Zou, Rong (1903). "The Revolutionary Army". Contemporary Chinese Thought. 31: 32–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Chinese+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Revolutionary+Army&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=32-38&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Zou&rft.aufirst=Rong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuara1995" class="citation book cs1">Duara, Prasenjit (1995). Rescuing History from the Nation. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226167237.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226167237.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16722-0"><bdi>978-0-226-16722-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rescuing+History+from+the+Nation&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226167237.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-16722-0&rft.aulast=Duara&rft.aufirst=Prasenjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuara1995" class="citation book cs1">Duara, Prasenjit (1995). Rescuing History from the Nation. University of Chicago Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226167237.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226167237.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16722-0"><bdi>978-0-226-16722-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rescuing+History+from+the+Nation&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226167237.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-16722-0&rft.aulast=Duara&rft.aufirst=Prasenjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsherick,_JosephKayalı,_HasanVan_Young,_Eric2011" class="citation book cs1">Esherick, Joseph; Kayalı, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2011). Empire to nation : historical perspectives on the making of the modern world. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7815-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-7815-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030355615">1030355615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+to+nation+%3A+historical+perspectives+on+the+making+of+the+modern+world&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030355615&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-7815-9&rft.au=Esherick%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Kayal%C4%B1%2C+Hasan&rft.au=Van+Young%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuara1995" class="citation book cs1">Duara, Prasenjit (1995). Rescuing History from the Nation. University of Chicago Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226167237.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226167237.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-16722-0"><bdi>978-0-226-16722-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rescuing+History+from+the+Nation&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226167237.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-16722-0&rft.aulast=Duara&rft.aufirst=Prasenjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikötter,_Frank.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dik%C3%B6tter" title="Frank Dikötter">Dikötter, Frank.</a> (1998). Imperfect conceptions : medical knowledge, birth defects, and eugenics in China. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11370-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11370-6"><bdi>0-231-11370-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38909337">38909337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperfect+conceptions+%3A+medical+knowledge%2C+birth+defects%2C+and+eugenics+in+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38909337&rft.isbn=0-231-11370-6&rft.au=Dik%C3%B6tter%2C+Frank.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaiLi-23"><a href="#cite_ref-DaiLi_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_E._Wakeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75">Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service</a>. University of California Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23407-9"><bdi>978-0-520-23407-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143553/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spymaster%3A+Dai+Li+and+the+Chinese+Secret+Service&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23407-9&rft.au=Frederic+E.+Wakeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYYYQYK6FAYC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Fenby2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Jonathan Fenby</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C">Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost</a>. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1484-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1484-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-1484-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205021230/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiang+Kai+Shek%3A+China%27s+Generalissimo+and+the+Nation+He+Lost&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1484-1&rft.au=Jonathan+Fenby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkREps9oGR4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schok-25"><a href="#cite_ref-schok_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoppa2006" class="citation book cs1">Schoppa, R. Keith (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&q=New+Life+Movement">Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Prentice_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-193039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-193039-1"><bdi>978-0-13-193039-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403221205/https://books.google.com/books?id=M6_tAAAAMAAJ&q=New+Life+Movement">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Its+Past%3A+Identities+and+Change+in+Modern+Chinese+History&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-13-193039-1&rft.aulast=Schoppa&rft.aufirst=R.+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6_tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNew%2BLife%2BMovement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-26"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeman1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman" title="Frederic Wakeman">Wakeman, Frederic</a> (June 1997). "A Revisionist View of the Nanjing Decade: Confucian Fascism". <a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a>. 150: 395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS030574100005253X">10.1017/S030574100005253X</a> (inactive 3 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Revisionist+View+of+the+Nanjing+Decade%3A+Confucian+Fascism&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=395&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS030574100005253X&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_BaryLufrano2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_de_Bary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ted de Bary">De Bary, William Theodore</a>; Lufrano, Richard John, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0aAjW8GU7kC">Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century</a>. Introduction to Asian civilizations. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11271-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11271-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11271-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 November 2011. <q>The meaning of Li, Yi, Lian, and Chi[.] [...] li, yi, lian, and chi have always been regarded as the foundations of the nation [...] they may be interpreted as follows: Li means 'regulated attitude.' Yi means 'right conduct.' Lian means 'clear discrimination.' Chi means 'real self-consciousness.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Chinese+Tradition%3A+From+1600+Through+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.series=Introduction+to+Asian+civilizations&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11271-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0aAjW8GU7kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-source-28"><a href="#cite_ref-source_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseng2017" class="citation book cs1">Tseng, Hui-Yi (2017). Revolution, State Succession, International Treaties and the Diaoyu/Diaoyutai Islands. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443893688" title="Special:BookSources/9781443893688"><bdi>9781443893688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%2C+State+Succession%2C+International+Treaties+and+the+Diaoyu%2FDiaoyutai+Islands&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781443893688&rft.aulast=Tseng&rft.aufirst=Hui-Yi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Source2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Source2_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1979" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Samuel S. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaunitednatio0000kims/page/43">China, the United Nations, and World Order</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaunitednatio0000kims/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691100760" title="Special:BookSources/9780691100760"><bdi>9780691100760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%2C+the+United+Nations%2C+and+World+Order&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780691100760&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinaunitednatio0000kims%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeo2008" class="citation book cs1">Yeo, K.K. (2008). Musing with Confucius and Paul: Toward a Chinese Christian theology. Cascade Books. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556354885" title="Special:BookSources/9781556354885"><bdi>9781556354885</bdi></a>. <q>Zhonghua (Chinese) or huaren (Chinese people) can be inclusive terms that refer to a common ancestry, traceable according to legend to the Yellow Emperor. Sometimes the Chinese are called the Yan-Huang zisun—descendants of the legendary Emperor Yan (a.k.a. Shen Nong, god of husbandry and first pharmacist) and Emperor Huang (whose burial place is in Huangling). [...] The legend of Emperors Yan-Huang can provide only an "imagined" identity for those who wish their genealogy to be traced to the royal gene of the emperors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musing+with+Confucius+and+Paul%3A+Toward+a+Chinese+Christian+theology&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Cascade+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781556354885&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.aufirst=K.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2006" class="citation book cs1">Yuan, Haiwang (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magiclotuslanter00yuan_633">The magic lotus lantern and other tales from the Han Chinese</a>. Libraries Unlimited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magiclotuslanter00yuan_633/page/n28">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591582946" title="Special:BookSources/9781591582946"><bdi>9781591582946</bdi></a>. <q>The Chinese believe that they all came from the common ancestors Sanhuang Wudi [...] referring to themselves as Yanhuang zisun (descendants of Yandi and Huangdi).)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magic+lotus+lantern+and+other+tales+from+the+Han+Chinese&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781591582946&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Haiwang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagiclotuslanter00yuan_633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Boxer-Rebellion">"Significance, Combatants, Definition, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Boxer Rebellion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010113506/https://www.britannica.com/event/Boxer-Rebellion">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Significance%2C+Combatants%2C+Definition%2C+%26+Facts&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.series=Boxer+Rebellion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBoxer-Rebellion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B"><bdi lang="zh">大清國籍條例</bdi></a> [Law of Nationality of Great Qing]. Wikisource (Chinese version) (in Traditional Chinese). Qing government. 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929112751/https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikisource+%28Chinese+version%29&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fzh-hant%2F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%25B8%2585%25E5%259C%258B%25E7%25B1%258D%25E6%25A2%259D%25E4%25BE%258B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou_Wenjiu,_Zhang_Jingpeng2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou Wenjiu, Zhang Jingpeng (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ixueshu.com/document/707a828b3050b9d8cfc98c157055c2e3318947a18e7f9386.html">"关于"中华民族是一个"学术论辩的考察"</a> [On the academic argument that "the Chinese nation is one"]. Minzu Yanjiu. 3: 20–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029145113/https://www.ixueshu.com/document/707a828b3050b9d8cfc98c157055c2e3318947a18e7f9386.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minzu+Yanjiu&rft.atitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%22%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%22%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AE%BA%E8%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=20-29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Zhou+Wenjiu%2C+Zhang+Jingpeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ixueshu.com%2Fdocument%2F707a828b3050b9d8cfc98c157055c2e3318947a18e7f9386.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001501-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001501_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyl2001">Motyl 2001</a>, pp. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2019" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Mimi (5 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3040577/chinas-ethnic-groups-face-end-affirmative-action-education">"From Xinjiang to Ningxia, China's ethnic groups face end to affirmative action in education, taxes, policing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923224656/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3040577/chinas-ethnic-groups-face-end-affirmative-action-education">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=From+Xinjiang+to+Ningxia%2C+China%27s+ethnic+groups+face+end+to+affirmative+action+in+education%2C+taxes%2C+policing&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3040577%2Fchinas-ethnic-groups-face-end-affirmative-action-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal1992" class="citation journal cs1">Segal, Gerald (1992). "China and the Disintegration of the Soviet Union". <a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a>. 32 (9): 848–868. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645075">10.2307/2645075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645075">2645075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=China+and+the+Disintegration+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=848-868&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645075&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google210-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google210_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google210_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Neaman_Lipman2004" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167">Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97644-6"><bdi>0-295-97644-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041900/https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA167">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+strangers%3A+a+history+of+Muslims+in+Northwest+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-97644-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Neaman+Lipman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D90CN0vtxdY0C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Committee_on_Chinese_Studies_(U.S1987" class="citation book cs1">Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ">Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3</a>. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324234944/https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+from+the+Conference+on+Chinese+Local+Elites+and+Patterns+of+Dominance%2C+Banff%2C+August+20%E2%80%9324%2C+1987%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Joint+Committee+on+Chinese+Studies+%28U.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSxYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_A._Dudoignon2004" class="citation book cs1">Stéphane A. Dudoignon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ">Devout societies vs. impious states?: transmitting Islamic learning in Russia, Central Asia and China, through the twentieth century : proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carré des Sciences, French Ministry of Research, Paris, November 12–13, 2001</a>. Schwarz. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87997-314-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-87997-314-8"><bdi>3-87997-314-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805084121/https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devout+societies+vs.+impious+states%3F%3A+transmitting+Islamic+learning+in+Russia%2C+Central+Asia+and+China%2C+through+the+twentieth+century+%3A+proceedings+of+an+international+colloquium+held+in+the+Carr%C3%A9+des+Sciences%2C+French+Ministry+of+Research%2C+Paris%2C+November+12%E2%80%9313%2C+2001&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Schwarz&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-87997-314-8&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+A.+Dudoignon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyhtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Lipman, Familiar Strangers, p 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Lipman, Familiar Strangers, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Lipman, Familiar Strangers, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Esherick1988" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Esherick (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA182">The origins of the Boxer Uprising</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06459-1"><bdi>978-0-520-06459-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+Boxer+Uprising&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06459-1&rft.au=Joseph+Esherick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVESdBSMasMC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Esherick1988" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Esherick (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVESdBSMasMC&pg=PA182">The origins of the Boxer Uprising</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06459-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06459-1"><bdi>978-0-520-06459-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+Boxer+Uprising&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06459-1&rft.au=Joseph+Esherick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVESdBSMasMC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing-shan,_Jan_Julius_Lodewijk_Duyvendak1976" class="citation book cs1">Ching-shan, Jan Julius Lodewijk Duyvendak (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6WsKAQAAIAAJ">The diary of His Excellency Ching-shan: being a Chinese account of the Boxer troubles</a>. University Publications of America. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89093-074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89093-074-8"><bdi>978-0-89093-074-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801025547/https://books.google.com/books?id=6WsKAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+diary+of+His+Excellency+Ching-shan%3A+being+a+Chinese+account+of+the+Boxer+troubles&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-89093-074-8&rft.au=Ching-shan%2C+Jan+Julius+Lodewijk+Duyvendak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WsKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masumi-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masumi_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masumi_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasumi" class="citation web cs1">Masumi, Matsumoto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr">"The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+completion+of+the+idea+of+dual+loyalty+towards+China+and+Islam&rft.aulast=Masumi&rft.aufirst=Matsumoto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience-islam.net%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D676%26lang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=patriotism">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074059/http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&q=patriotism#v=onepage&q=patriotism%20ma%20bufang%20british&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.place=City+University+of+New+York&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dpatriotism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=patriotism">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074059/http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&q=patriotism#v=onepage&q=patriotism%20ma%20bufang%20family%20feudalism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dpatriotism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google130-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google130_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google130_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google130_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google130_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA130">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/CUP_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="CUP Archive">CUP Archive</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/CUP_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="CUP Archive">CUP Archive</a>. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25514-1"><bdi>978-0-521-25514-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221103183055/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=131&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25514-1&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Frederick_Starr2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Frederick_Starr" title="S. Frederick Starr">S. Frederick Starr</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA79">Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1318-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1318-2"><bdi>0-7656-1318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+borderland&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7656-1318-2&rft.au=S.+Frederick+Starr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXj4a3gss8wC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Millward2007" class="citation book cs1">James A. Millward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA200">Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+crossroads%3A+a+history+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.au=James+A.+Millward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949</a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. pp. 82, 123, 124, 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7"><bdi>0-521-25514-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=82%2C+123%2C+124%2C+303&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-25514-7&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Tyler2004" class="citation book cs1">Christian Tyler (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA280">Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang</a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3533-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3533-6"><bdi>0-8135-3533-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+West+China%3A+the+taming+of+Xinjiang&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8135-3533-6&rft.au=Christian+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEzNwgtiVQ0C%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._W._Forbes1986" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=yulbars+khan&pg=PA225">Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949</a>. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25514-7"><bdi>0-521-25514-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014542/https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA225&dq=yulbars+khan">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Muslims+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%3A+a+political+history+of+Republican+Sinkiang+1911-1949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-25514-7&rft.au=Andrew+D.+W.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAs9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyulbars%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klimeš2015-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Klimeš2015_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOndřej_Klimeš2015" class="citation book cs1">Ondřej Klimeš (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c. 1900–1949</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 197–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28809-6"><bdi>978-90-04-28809-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109175346/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+by+the+Pen%3A+The+Uyghur+Discourse+of+Nation+and+National+Interest%2C+c.+1900%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=197-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28809-6&rft.au=Ond%C5%99ej+Klime%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdcuBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvyn_C._Goldstein1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Melvyn C. Goldstein (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&q=rapga+chinese&pg=PA450">A history of modern Tibet, 1913–1951: the demise of the Lamaist state</a>. Vol. 1 of A History of Modern Tibet (reprint, illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07590-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07590-0"><bdi>0-520-07590-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014542/https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&pg=PA450&dq=rapga+chinese">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Tibet%2C+1913%E2%80%931951%3A+the+demise+of+the+Lamaist+state&rft.pages=450&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-07590-0&rft.au=Melvyn+C.+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpwq0I-wm7YC%26q%3Drapga%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=shen+in+Chongqing+to+render+clandestine+support+to+pro-Nationalist+underground+forces+led+by+a+Khampa+Tibetan&pg=PA95">Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west</a>. Vol. 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58264-3"><bdi>978-0-415-58264-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819211055/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&pg=PA95&dq=shen+in+Chongqing+to+render+clandestine+support+to+pro-Nationalist+underground+forces+led+by+a+Khampa+Tibetan#v=snippet">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%27s+ethnic+frontiers%3A+a+journey+to+the+west&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58264-3&rft.au=Hsiao-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrsLQdBUgyMUC%26q%3Dshen%2Bin%2BChongqing%2Bto%2Brender%2Bclandestine%2Bsupport%2Bto%2Bpro-Nationalist%2Bunderground%2Bforces%2Bled%2Bby%2Ba%2BKhampa%2BTibetan%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinese_Materials_Center1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chinese Materials Center (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YFCAAAAYAAJ&q=panchen+he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there">Who's who in China, 1918–1950: 1931–1950</a>. Vol. 3 of Who's who in China, 1918–1950: With an Index, Jerome Cavanaugh. Chinese Materials Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014606/https://books.google.com/books?id=8YFCAAAAYAAJ&dq=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there&q=panchen+he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+China%2C+1918%E2%80%931950%3A+1931%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Chinese+Materials+Center&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Chinese+Materials+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YFCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dpanchen%2Bhe%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bpronounced%2Bpro-Chinese%2Bleader%2Bin%2BTibet%2Band%2Bhas%2Brendered%2Bgreat%2Bassistance%2Bto%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Bresiding%2Bthere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAWAQAAMAAJ&q=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there">The China weekly review, Volume 54</a>. Millard Publishing House. 1930. p. 406. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014555/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAWAQAAMAAJ&q=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there&dq=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+weekly+review%2C+Volume+54&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Millard+Publishing+House&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCAWAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhe%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bpronounced%2Bpro-Chinese%2Bleader%2Bin%2BTibet%2Band%2Bhas%2Brendered%2Bgreat%2Bassistance%2Bto%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Bresiding%2Bthere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvaLxatYUiIC&q=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there">China monthly review, Volume 56</a>. Millard Publishing Co., Inc. 1931. p. 306. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014606/https://books.google.com/books?id=WvaLxatYUiIC&q=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there&dq=he+is+the+most+pronounced+pro-Chinese+leader+in+Tibet+and+has+rendered+great+assistance+to+the+Chinese+residing+there">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+monthly+review%2C+Volume+56&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Millard+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvaLxatYUiIC%26q%3Dhe%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bpronounced%2Bpro-Chinese%2Bleader%2Bin%2BTibet%2Band%2Bhas%2Brendered%2Bgreat%2Bassistance%2Bto%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Bresiding%2Bthere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulag1998" class="citation book cs1">Bulag, Uradyn Erden (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3JZIdw8YDkC&pg=PA139">Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia</a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198233574" title="Special:BookSources/0198233574"><bdi>0198233574</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221091442/https://books.google.com/books?id=K3JZIdw8YDkC&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Hybridity+in+Mongolia&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0198233574&rft.aulast=Bulag&rft.aufirst=Uradyn+Erden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3JZIdw8YDkC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926224557/http://www.chss.iup.edu/baumler/zourong.html">"Zou Rong The Revolutionary Army"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chss.iup.edu/baumler/zourong.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zou+Rong+The+Revolutionary+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chss.iup.edu%2Fbaumler%2Fzourong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandy_Mulyanto" class="citation web cs1">Randy Mulyanto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/generation-nexthow-young-changing-taiwan-politics-200326070158729.html">"Generation next: How the young are changing Taiwan's politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607172106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/generation-nexthow-young-changing-taiwan-politics-200326070158729.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Generation+next%3A+How+the+young+are+changing+Taiwan%27s+politics&rft.au=Randy+Mulyanto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2Fgeneration-nexthow-young-changing-taiwan-politics-200326070158729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李雪莉2018" class="citation web cs1">李雪莉 (4 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twreporter.org/a/about-ilovchinaorg-english">"They Used To Be Anti-Communist, But Now They Play To Beijing's Tune - 報導者 The Reporter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Reporter_(Taiwan)" title="The Reporter (Taiwan)">The Reporter (Taiwan)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716164652/https://www.twreporter.org/a/about-ilovchinaorg-english">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Reporter+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=They+Used+To+Be+Anti-Communist%2C+But+Now+They+Play+To+Beijing%27s+Tune+-+%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E%E8%80%85+The+Reporter&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E9%9B%AA%E8%8E%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twreporter.org%2Fa%2Fabout-ilovchinaorg-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYimou_LeeJames_Pomfret2019" class="citation news cs1">Yimou Lee; James Pomfret (26 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-taiwan-china-campaign-insight-idAFKCN1TR01D">"Pro-China groups step up offensive to win over Taiwan"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628094322/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-taiwan-china-campaign-insight-idAFKCN1TR01D">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pro-China+groups+step+up+offensive+to+win+over+Taiwan&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.au=Yimou+Lee&rft.au=James+Pomfret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-taiwan-china-campaign-insight-idAFKCN1TR01D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-China-Taiwan_Rapprochement-68"><a href="#cite_ref-China-Taiwan_Rapprochement_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMin-Hua_Chiang2015" class="citation book cs1">Min-Hua Chiang (30 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pavhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">China-Taiwan Rapprochement: The Political Economy of Cross-Straits Relations</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317427940" title="Special:BookSources/9781317427940"><bdi>9781317427940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China-Taiwan+Rapprochement%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Cross-Straits+Relations&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.isbn=9781317427940&rft.au=Min-Hua+Chiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpavhCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNA-20200422-1-69"><a href="#cite_ref-CNA-20200422-1_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202004215008.aspx">"林榮基在台北遭潑漆：開個書店就要恐嚇真的很荒謬"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_News_Agency_(Taiwan)" title="Central News Agency (Taiwan)">Central News Agency (Taiwan)</a>. 21 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427053109/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202004215008.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+News+Agency+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=%E6%9E%97%E6%A6%AE%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E9%81%AD%E6%BD%91%E6%BC%86%EF%BC%9A%E9%96%8B%E5%80%8B%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%E5%B0%B1%E8%A6%81%E6%81%90%E5%9A%87+%E7%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%88%E8%8D%92%E8%AC%AC&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cna.com.tw%2Fnews%2Ffirstnews%2F202004215008.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roc-70"><a href="#cite_ref-roc_70-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/aboutroc/national_flower.htm">Government Information Office, Republic of China - National Flower</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805163640/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/aboutroc/national_flower.htm">Archived</a> 2011-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> *<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200507/22/eng20050722_197774.html">People's Daily Online -- Plum blossom, peony proposed to be national flowers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529202913/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200507/22/eng20050722_197774.html">Archived</a> 29 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flower-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Flower_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.gov.tw/Page/98">"國花"</a> (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Office of the President, Republic of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171339/https://www.president.gov.tw/Page/98">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018. <q>我國的國花是梅花。梅有三蕾五瓣，代表三民主義及五權憲法，且梅花凌冬耐寒，其所表現的堅貞剛潔，足為國人效法。梅開五瓣，象徵五族共和，具有敦五倫、重五常、敷五教的意義；而梅花「枝橫」、「影斜」、「曳疏」、「傲霜」同時亦代表易經中「元」、「貞」、「利」、「亨」四種高尚德行。我國在民國53年7月21日，經行政院正式核定將梅花訂為國花。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E8%8A%B1&rft.pub=Office+of+the+President%2C+Republic+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.gov.tw%2FPage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDevitt" class="citation web cs1">McDevitt, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/in-milk-tea-we-trust-how-a-thai-chinese-meme-war-led-to-a-new-online-pan-asia-alliance/">"'In Milk Tea We Trust': How a Thai-Chinese Meme War Led to a New (Online) Pan-Asia Alliance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418213214/https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/in-milk-tea-we-trust-how-a-thai-chinese-meme-war-led-to-a-new-online-pan-asia-alliance/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=%27In+Milk+Tea+We+Trust%27%3A+How+a+Thai-Chinese+Meme+War+Led+to+a+New+%28Online%29+Pan-Asia+Alliance&rft.aulast=McDevitt&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fin-milk-tea-we-trust-how-a-thai-chinese-meme-war-led-to-a-new-online-pan-asia-alliance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau2020" class="citation web cs1">Lau, Jessie (15 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/international/places/2020/05/taiwanese-independence-taiwan-china-beijing-identity-hong-kong">"Why the Taiwanese are thinking more about their identity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521210800/https://www.newstatesman.com/international/places/2020/05/taiwanese-independence-taiwan-china-beijing-identity-hong-kong">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Why+the+Taiwanese+are+thinking+more+about+their+identity&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Finternational%2Fplaces%2F2020%2F05%2Ftaiwanese-independence-taiwan-china-beijing-identity-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoshida157-158-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Yoshida157-158_75-0">^</a> Yoshida, pp. 157–158 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail/U0001-3107201912052800">"中國民粹民族主義與威權韌性; Populist Nationalism and Authoritarian Resilience in China"</a>. Airiti Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409074051/https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail/U0001-3107201912052800">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airiti+Library&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%88%87%E5%A8%81%E6%AC%8A%E9%9F%8C%E6%80%A7%3B+Populist+Nationalism+and+Authoritarian+Resilience+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airitilibrary.com%2FArticle%2FDetail%2FU0001-3107201912052800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF姜新立2004" class="citation book cs1">姜新立 (2004). 大轉變: 後共産主義與後社會主義研究. 唐山出版社. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%BD%89%E8%AE%8A%3A+%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=%E5%94%90%E5%B1%B1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2004&rft.au=%E5%A7%9C%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Xu2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Xu (2001). "Chinese Populist Nationalism: Its Intellectual Politics and Moral Dilemma". Representations. 76 (1). University of California Press: 120–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Frep.2001.76.1.120">10.1525/rep.2001.76.1.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rep.2001.76.1.120">10.1525/rep.2001.76.1.120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representations&rft.atitle=Chinese+Populist+Nationalism%3A+Its+Intellectual+Politics+and+Moral+Dilemma&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=120-140&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Frep.2001.76.1.120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Frep.2001.76.1.120%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ben+Xu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemens_BüttnerLi_FanZhang_KeTze-Ki_Hon2011" class="citation book cs1">Clemens Büttner; Li Fan; Zhang Ke; Tze-Ki Hon; Sun Qing; Zhang Qing; Mirjam Tröster; Huang Xingtao; Zhiyi Yang; Zou Zhenhuan (24 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQXtDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22statism%22+%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&pg=PA270">Discourses of Weakness in Modern China: Historical Diagnoses of the »Sick Man of East Asia«</a>. Campus Verlag. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-50902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-50902-0"><bdi>978-3-593-50902-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815013215/https://books.google.com/books?id=iQXtDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22statism%22+%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&pg=PA270#v=onepage&q=%22statism%22%20%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+of+Weakness+in+Modern+China%3A+Historical+Diagnoses+of+the+%C2%BBSick+Man+of+East+Asia%C2%AB&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft.isbn=978-3-593-50902-0&rft.au=Clemens+B%C3%BCttner&rft.au=Li+Fan&rft.au=Zhang+Ke&rft.au=Tze-Ki+Hon&rft.au=Sun+Qing&rft.au=Zhang+Qing&rft.au=Mirjam+Tr%C3%B6ster&rft.au=Huang+Xingtao&rft.au=Zhiyi+Yang&rft.au=Zou+Zhenhuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiQXtDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522statism%2522%2B%2522%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9%2522%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Serina_Chan2011" class="citation book cs1">N. Serina Chan (11 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fuN5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22state+nationalism%22+%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&pg=PA73">The Thought of Mou Zongsan</a>. Brill. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21212-1"><bdi>978-90-04-21212-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815013215/https://books.google.com/books?id=fuN5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22state+nationalism%22+%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q=%22state%20nationalism%22%20%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thought+of+Mou+Zongsan&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21212-1&rft.au=N.+Serina+Chan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfuN5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522state%2Bnationalism%2522%2B%2522%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9%2522%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_Li_Fan_Hong-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_Li_Fan_Hong_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_Li_Fan_Hong_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiHong2017" class="citation book cs1">Li, Liu; Hong, Fan (14 July 2017). The National Games and National Identity in China: A History (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315210780">10.4324/9781315210780</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-21078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-21078-0"><bdi>978-1-315-21078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Games+and+National+Identity+in+China%3A+A+History&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315210780&rft.isbn=978-1-315-21078-0&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Liu&rft.au=Hong%2C+Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Unger" title="Jonathan Unger">Unger, Jonathan</a> (16 September 2016). Chinese Nationalism (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315480411">10.4324/9781315480411</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-48041-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-48041-1"><bdi>978-1-315-48041-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Nationalism&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315480411&rft.isbn=978-1-315-48041-1&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Wang2-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang2_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang2_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang2_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang2_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang2_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang2_83-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2024" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197757505.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197757505.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197757512" title="Special:BookSources/9780197757512"><bdi>9780197757512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+State+Persuasion%3A+China%27s+Strategic+Use+of+Media+in+Interstate+Disputes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197757505.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780197757512&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Frances+Yaping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYingjie_GuoFan_Hong2004" class="citation book cs1">Yingjie Guo; Fan Hong (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xS866sLu9pwC&dq=%22Chinese+state+nationalism%22&pg=PT39">Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35227-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-35227-2"><bdi>978-1-134-35227-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815013214/https://books.google.com/books?id=xS866sLu9pwC&dq=%22Chinese+state+nationalism%22&pg=PT39#v=onepage&q=%22Chinese%20state%20nationalism%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Nationalism+in+Contemporary+China&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-03&rft.isbn=978-1-134-35227-2&rft.au=Yingjie+Guo&rft.au=Fan+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxS866sLu9pwC%26dq%3D%2522Chinese%2Bstate%2Bnationalism%2522%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nazi-85"><a href="#cite_ref-nazi_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2020" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Che (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/">"The Nazi Inspiring China's Communists"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201204916/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+Inspiring+China%27s+Communists&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Che&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2020%2F12%2Fnazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt%2F617237%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaogang_He2015" class="citation book cs1">Baogang He (8 July 2015). Governing Taiwan and Tibet: Democratic Approaches. Edinburgh University Press. p. 81. <q>... Chinese state nationalism, whether the Mainland Chinese or orthodox KMT version, is not genuine; only the sentiments of the Taiwanese people can provide the foundations of an authentic nationalism. Contemporary Taiwanese nationalism ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+Taiwan+and+Tibet%3A+Democratic+Approaches&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft.au=Baogang+He&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_CetràCoree_Brown_Swan2022" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Cetrà; Coree Brown Swan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJGZEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hong+Kong+nationalism%22&pg=PT31">State and Majority Nationalism in Plurinational States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-81250-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-81250-3"><bdi>978-1-000-81250-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815013207/https://books.google.com/books?id=eJGZEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hong+Kong+nationalism%22&pg=PT31#v=onepage&q=%22Hong%20Kong%20nationalism%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <q>On 1 July 2019, a group of protesters stormed the legislative council, graffitied it with political slogans and calls for reform, and placed a British Hong Kong colonial flag on the central podium-the ultimate statement of Hong Kong nationalism, or at least opposition to Chinese state nationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Majority+Nationalism+in+Plurinational+States&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-81250-3&rft.au=Daniel+Cetr%C3%A0&rft.au=Coree+Brown+Swan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJGZEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Hong%2BKong%2Bnationalism%2522%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTina_BurrettJeff_Kingston2023" class="citation book cs1">Tina Burrett; Jeff Kingston (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aI-rEAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+Han+chauvinism&pg=PA200">Routledge Handbook of Trauma in East Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85939-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85939-3"><bdi>978-1-000-85939-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525135839/https://books.google.com/books?id=aI-rEAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+Han+chauvinism&pg=PA200">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <q>Under Xi Jinping, the CCP portrays itself as the custodian of a conservative, Han-centric vision of 'China's outstanding traditional culture' (Vickers 2021a).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Trauma+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-85939-3&rft.au=Tina+Burrett&rft.au=Jeff+Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaI-rEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dconservative%2BHan%2Bchauvinism%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2016/11/19/the-upper-han">"The upper Han"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 19 November 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514160241/https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21710264-worlds-rising-superpower-has-particular-vision-ethnicity-and-nationhood-has">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+upper+Han&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2016%2F11%2F19%2Fthe-upper-han&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1995" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Edward (1995). National identity and democratic prospects in socialist China. New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 33, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-434-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-434-9"><bdi>1-56324-434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+identity+and+democratic+prospects+in+socialist+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=33%2C+77&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56324-434-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuromiya2022" class="citation book cs1">Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2022). Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China, 1894–1945. Taylor & Francis. <q>Blue-Shirt society, an ultranationalist secret society</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%2C+Japan%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Supremacy+Over+China%2C+1894%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Kuromiya&rft.aufirst=Hiroaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Rodriguez, Robyn L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1319222757">Journey to the East: The German Military Mission in China, 1927-1938</a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773097163">773097163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Journey+to+the+East%3A+The+German+Military+Mission+in+China%2C+1927-1938&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773097163&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Robyn+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu1319222757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Diplomat-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Diplomat_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Diplomat_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/the-great-translation-movement-shines-a-spotlight-on-chinas-propaganda/">"The Great Translation Movement Shines a Spotlight on China's Propaganda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. 5 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414221557/https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/the-great-translation-movement-shines-a-spotlight-on-chinas-propaganda/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+Great+Translation+Movement+Shines+a+Spotlight+on+China%27s+Propaganda&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2022%2F04%2Fthe-great-translation-movement-shines-a-spotlight-on-chinas-propaganda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_N._WasserstromMaura_Elizabeth_Cunningham2018" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom; Maura Elizabeth Cunningham (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22CCP%22+%22extreme+nationalist%22&pg=PT185">China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know?</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065910-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065910-3"><bdi>978-0-19-065910-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525135838/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22CCP%22+%22extreme+nationalist%22&pg=PT185">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2024. 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USC US-China Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627064555/https://china.usc.edu/chinese-nationalism-and-its-foreign-policy-implications">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+US-China+Institute&rft.atitle=Chinese+Nationalism+and+its+Foreign+Policy+Implications+%7C+US-China+Institute&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchina.usc.edu%2Fchinese-nationalism-and-its-foreign-policy-implications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FriendThayer2018-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FriendThayer2018_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._FriendBradley_A._Thayer2018" class="citation book cs1">John M. 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Retrieved 18 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+protests+over+Japanese+activists%27+visit+to+disputed+island&rft.date=2012-08-19&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Faug%2F19%2Fchina-protest-japan-senkaku-diaoyo-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/chinese-hold-proolympic-protests-in-europe-us-20080420-27ci.html">"Chinese hold pro-Olympic protests in Europe, US"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. 20 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119135234/https://www.smh.com.au/world/chinese-hold-proolympic-protests-in-europe-us-20080420-27ci.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Chinese+hold+pro-Olympic+protests+in+Europe%2C+US&rft.date=2008-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fchinese-hold-proolympic-protests-in-europe-us-20080420-27ci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDAVID_PIERSON2008" class="citation web cs1">DAVID PIERSON (26 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-26-me-chinese26-story.html">"Protest reflects a shift in Chinese Americans' views"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608205739/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-26-me-chinese26-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Protest+reflects+a+shift+in+Chinese+Americans%27+views&rft.date=2008-04-26&rft.au=DAVID+PIERSON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-apr-26-me-chinese26-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenIkedaWoo2019" class="citation book cs1">Ren, Tianwei; Ikeda, Keiko; Woo, Chang Wan (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fSdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Media, Sport, Nationalism: East Asia: Soft Power Projection via the Modern Olympic Games</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logos_Verlag_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logos Verlag Berlin (page does not exist)">Logos Verlag Berlin</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_Verlag_Berlin" class="extiw" title="de:Logos Verlag Berlin">de</a>]. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-4651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-4651-9"><bdi>978-3-8325-4651-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411200734/https://books.google.com/books?id=2fSdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media%2C+Sport%2C+Nationalism%3A+East+Asia%3A+Soft+Power+Projection+via+the+Modern+Olympic+Games&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag+Berlin%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.isbn=978-3-8325-4651-9&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=Tianwei&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+Keiko&rft.au=Woo%2C+Chang+Wan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2fSdDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2008" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Andrew (2 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/02/world/asia/02china.html">"Anti-French Boycott Falters in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430165925/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/02/world/asia/02china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anti-French+Boycott+Falters+in+China&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F02china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYing2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Ying, Zhi (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33221410">The Hanfu Movement and Intangible Cultural Heritage: considering The Past to Know the Future</a> (MSc). University of Macau/Self-published. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014528/https://www.academia.edu/33221410/THE_HANFU_MOVEMENT_AND_INTANGIBLE_CULTURAL_HERITAGE_CONSIDERING_THE_PAST_TO_KNOW_THE_FUTURE">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Hanfu+Movement+and+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage%3A+considering+The+Past+to+Know+the+Future&rft.inst=University+of+Macau%2FSelf-published&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ying&rft.aufirst=Zhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33221410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Li2018" class="citation web cs1">Jane Li (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/2138267/chinas-young-consumers-are-snubbing-foreign-brands-amid">"How China's consumer patriotism is hitting US and international brands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219204827/https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/2138267/chinas-young-consumers-are-snubbing-foreign-brands-amid">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019. 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Retrieved 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Lenovo+branded+%27unpatriotic%27+by+Chinese+consumers+in+nationalistic+backlash&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft.au=Sue+Ng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F3013572%2Flenovo-branded-unpatriotic-chinese-consumers-nationalistic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/22/credit-suisse-on-chinese-consumers-turning-nationalistic-and-ways-to-trade-the-sector.html">"Chinese consumers are increasingly preferring to buy domestic: Credit Suisse"</a>. CNBC. 22 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219204835/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/22/credit-suisse-on-chinese-consumers-turning-nationalistic-and-ways-to-trade-the-sector.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Chinese+consumers+are+increasingly+preferring+to+buy+domestic%3A+Credit+Suisse&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F03%2F22%2Fcredit-suisse-on-chinese-consumers-turning-nationalistic-and-ways-to-trade-the-sector.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoffman" class="citation web cs1">Doffman, Zak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/12/12/apple-iphone-sales-plummet-35-after-huawei-surge-chinas-blacklist-backlash-continues/">"Apple iPhone Sales Down 35% In China As Huawei Soars"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219204838/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/12/12/apple-iphone-sales-plummet-35-after-huawei-surge-chinas-blacklist-backlash-continues/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Apple+iPhone+Sales+Down+35%25+In+China+As+Huawei+Soars&rft.aulast=Doffman&rft.aufirst=Zak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fzakdoffman%2F2019%2F12%2F12%2Fapple-iphone-sales-plummet-35-after-huawei-surge-chinas-blacklist-backlash-continues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-57703178">"中共建党百年：习近平演讲中"头破血流"一词为何引发中外热议"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (in Chinese). 3 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406101125/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-57703178">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024. <q>习近平说："中国人民从来没有欺负、压迫、奴役过其他国家人民，过去没有，现在没有，将来也不会有。同时，中国人民也绝不允许任何外来势力欺负、压迫、奴役我们，谁妄想这样干，必将在14亿多中国人民用血肉筑成的钢铁长城面前碰得头破血流！"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%BB%BA%E5%85%9A%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%B2%E4%B8%AD%22%E5%A4%B4%E7%A0%B4%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%81%22%E4%B8%80%E8%AF%8D%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E5%BC%95%E5%8F%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%96%E7%83%AD%E8%AE%AE&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fworld-57703178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvan_Osnos2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Evan Osnos (1 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/after-a-hundred-years-what-has-chinas-communist-party-learned">"After a Hundred Years, What Has China's Communist Party Learned?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406030036/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/after-a-hundred-years-what-has-chinas-communist-party-learned">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024. <q>Three days later, in Tiananmen Square, before a crowd of seventy thousand, Xi delivered a blunt warning to the outside world. "The Chinese people will never allow foreign forces to bully, oppress, or enslave us," he said. "Whoever nurses delusions of doing that will crack their heads and spill blood on the Great Wall of steel built from the flesh and blood of 1.4 billion Chinese people."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=After+a+Hundred+Years%2C+What+Has+China%27s+Communist+Party+Learned%3F&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft.au=Evan+Osnos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fdaily-comment%2Fafter-a-hundred-years-what-has-chinas-communist-party-learned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis_Mackey_FrayerAdela_Suliman2021" class="citation web cs1">Janis Mackey Frayer; Adela Suliman (7 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/milk-tea-alliance-brews-democracy-online-among-young-activists-across-n1262253">"'Milk Tea Alliance' brews democracy among young activists across Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417015231/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/milk-tea-alliance-brews-democracy-online-among-young-activists-across-n1262253">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Milk+Tea+Alliance%27+brews+democracy+among+young+activists+across+Asia&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft.au=Janis+Mackey+Frayer&rft.au=Adela+Suliman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmilk-tea-alliance-brews-democracy-online-among-young-activists-across-n1262253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/31/international/asia/22-million-chinese-seek-to-block-japans-bid-to-join-un.html">"22 Million Chinese Seek to Block Japan's Bid to Join U.N. Council"</a>. The New York Times. 31 March 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705195131/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/31/international/asia/22-million-chinese-seek-to-block-japans-bid-to-join-un.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=22+Million+Chinese+Seek+to+Block+Japan%27s+Bid+to+Join+U.N.+Council&rft.date=2005-03-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F31%2Finternational%2Fasia%2F22-million-chinese-seek-to-block-japans-bid-to-join-un.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Hauben2012" class="citation web cs1">Jay Hauben (11 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsghana.com.gh/china-and-syria-netizens-expose-media-fabrications-and-distortions/">"China and Syria: Netizens Expose Media Fabrications and Distortions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_Ghana" title="News Ghana">News Ghana</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119153221/https://newsghana.com.gh/china-and-syria-netizens-expose-media-fabrications-and-distortions/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Ghana&rft.atitle=China+and+Syria%3A+Netizens+Expose+Media+Fabrications+and+Distortions&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.au=Jay+Hauben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsghana.com.gh%2Fchina-and-syria-netizens-expose-media-fabrications-and-distortions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Wei-Min_Lee2009" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Wei-Min Lee (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4931&context=mulr">"TIBET AND THE MEDIA: PERSPECTIVES FROM BEIJING"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marquette_Law_Review" title="Marquette Law Review">Marquette Law Review</a>. p. 221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206144303/https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4931&context=mulr">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marquette+Law+Review&rft.atitle=TIBET+AND+THE+MEDIA%3A+PERSPECTIVES+FROM+BEIJING&rft.pages=221&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Andrew+Wei-Min+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.marquette.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4931%26context%3Dmulr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Mao-122"><a href="#cite_ref-:Mao_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMao2024" class="citation book cs1">Mao, Lin (2024). 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Too Bad She's a Deepfake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815013207/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/20/world/asia/china-russia-deepfake.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=This+%27Russian+Woman%27+Loves+China.+Too+Bad+She%27s+a+Deepfake.&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Siyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F05%2F20%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-russia-deepfake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510092423/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21577070-vision-chinas-new-president-should-serve-his-people-not-nationalist-state-xi-jinping">"Xi Jinping and the Chinese dream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 4 May 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2013/05/04/xi-jinping-and-the-chinese-dream">the original</a> on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+and+the+Chinese+dream&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2013%2F05%2F04%2Fxi-jinping-and-the-chinese-dream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHizi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hizi, Gil (2 January 2019). "Speaking the China Dream: self-realization and nationalism in China's public-speaking shows". <a href="/wiki/Continuum_(journal)" title="Continuum (journal)">Continuum</a>. 33 (1). Camperdown, Australia: 37–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2018.1536967">10.1080/10304312.2018.1536967</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1030-4312">1030-4312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150007367">150007367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continuum&rft.atitle=Speaking+the+China+Dream%3A+self-realization+and+nationalism+in+China%27s+public-speaking+shows&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-50&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150007367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1030-4312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10304312.2018.1536967&rft.aulast=Hizi&rft.aufirst=Gil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Peter Ferdinand, "Westward ho – the China dream and ‘one belt, one road’: Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping." <a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a> 92.4 (2016): 941–957, quoting p. 955. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2346.12660">10.1111/1468-2346.12660</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Chinese nationalism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chinese+nationalism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Chinese+nationalism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Befu, Harumi. Cultural Nationalism in East Asia: Representation and Identity (1993). Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.</li> <li>Cabestan, Jean-Pierre. "The many facets of Chinese nationalism." China perspectives (2005) 2005.59 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2793">online</a>.</li> <li>Chang, Maria Hsia. Return of the Dragon: China's Wounded Nationalism, (Westview Press, 2001), 256 pp, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3856-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3856-5">0-8133-3856-5</a></li> <li>Chow, Kai-Wing. "Narrating Nation, Race and National Culture: Imagining the Hanzu Identity in Modern China," in Chow Kai-Wing, Kevin M. Doak, and Poshek Fu, eds., Constructing nationhood in modern East Asia (2001). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 47–84.</li> <li>Gries, Peter Hays. China's New Nationalism: Pride, Politics, and Diplomacy, University of California Press (January 2004), hardcover, 224 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23297-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23297-6">0-520-23297-6</a></li> <li>Duara, Prasenjit, "De-constructing the Chinese Nation," in Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs (July 1993, No. 30, pp. 1–26).</li> <li>Duara, Prasenjit. Rescuing History from the Nation Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1995.</li> <li>Fitzgerald, John. Awakening China – Politics, Culture and Class in the Nationalist Revolution (1996). Stanford University Press.</li> <li>He, Baogang. Nationalism, national identity and democratization in China (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Hoston, Germaine A. The State, Identity, and the National Question in China and Japan (1994). Princeton UP.</li> <li>Huang, Grace C. Chiang Kai-shek's Politics of Shame: Leadership, Legacy, and National Identity in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2021.</li> <li>Hughes, Christopher. Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era (2006).</li> <li>Judge, Joan. "Talent, Virtue and Nation: Chinese Nationalism and Female Subjectivities in the Early Twentieth Century," American Historical Review 106#3 (2001) pp. 765–803. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2692323">online</a></li> <li>Karl, Rebecca E. Staging the World - Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (Duke UP, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Staging-World-Nationalism-Twentieth-Asia-Pacific/dp/0822328674/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Leibold, James. Reconfiguring Chinese nationalism: How the Qing frontier and its indigenes became Chinese (Palgrave MacMillan, 2007). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Lust, John. "The Su-pao Case: An Episode in the Early Chinese Nationalist Movement," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 27#2 (1964) pp. 408–429. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/611921">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotyl2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl" title="Alexander J. Motyl">Motyl, Alexander J.</a> (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-227230-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-227230-7"><bdi>0-12-227230-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nationalism%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-12-227230-7&rft.aulast=Motyl&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nyíri, Pál, and Joana Breidenbach, eds. China Inside Out: Contemporary Chinese Nationalism and Transnationalism (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/118489035/china-inside-out-contemporary-chinese-nationalism">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619032142/https://www.questia.com/library/118489035/china-inside-out-contemporary-chinese-nationalism">Archived</a> 19 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Pye, Lucian W. "How China's nationalism was Shanghaied." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 29 (1993): 107–133.</li> <li>Tan, Alexander C. and Boyu Chen."China's Competing and Co-opting Nationalisms: Implications to Sino-Japanese Relations." Pacific Focus (2013) 28#3 pp. 365–383). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259554837_China's_Competing_and_Co-opting_Nationalisms_Implications_to_Sino-Japanese_Relations">abstract</a></li> <li>Tønnesson, Stein. "Will nationalism drive conflict in Asia?." Nations and Nationalism 22#2 (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:931804/FULLTEXT01.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Unger, Jonathan, ed. Chinese nationalism (M, E. Sharpe, 1996). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Wang, Gungwu. The revival of Chinese nationalism (IIAS, International Institute for Asian Studies, 1996).</li> <li>Wei, C.X. George and Xiaoyuan Liu, eds. Chinese Nationalism in Perspective: Historical and Recent Cases (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/117355442/chinese-nationalism-in-perspective-historical-and">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924014402/https://www.questia.com/library/117355442/chinese-nationalism-in-perspective-historical-and">Archived</a> 24 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zhang, Huijie, Fan Hong, and Fuhua Huang. "Cultural Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Modernization of Physical Education and Sport in China, 1840–1949." International Journal of the History of Sport 35.1 (2018): 43–60.</li> <li>Zhao Suisheng. A Nation-State by Construction. Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism (Stanford UP, 2004) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Harvard Asia Pacific Review, 2010. "Nations and Nationalism." Available at Issuu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/harvard_asia_pacific_review/docs/hapr11.1?viewMode=magazine&mode=embed">Harvard Asia Pacific Review 11.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1522-1113">1522-1113</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=258">Chinese Nationalism and Its Future Prospects</a>, Interview with Yingjie Guo (27 June 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_nationalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_nationalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-nationalist_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template talk:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-nationalist_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalist concepts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghan-Pakistani unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Union of Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada-USA unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_reunification" title="Central American reunification">Central-americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian%E2%80%93Finnish_federation" title="Estonian–Finnish federation">Estonian-Finnish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent_Plan" title="Fertile Crescent Plan">Fertile Crescent unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaucho_traditionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaucho traditionalism (page does not exist)">Gaucho traditionalism</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicionalismo_ga%C3%BAcho" class="extiw" title="pt:Tradicionalismo gaúcho">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Yugoslav_confederation" title="Greek–Yugoslav confederation">Greek-Yugoslavian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Romania" title="Union of Hungary and Romania">Hungarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indian-Pakistani Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Israeli-Palestinian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinoamericanism (page does not exist)">Latinoamericanism</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3n_latinoamericana" class="extiw" title="es:Integración latinoamericana">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenoturkism" title="Hellenoturkism">Hellenoturkism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanoamericanism (page does not exist)">Hispanoamericanism</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamericanismo" class="extiw" title="es:Hispanoamericanismo">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_East_European_States" title="League of East European States">League of East European States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Netherlands-Indonesian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Romanian-moldovan unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel-Benin_Union" title="Sahel-Benin Union">Sahel-Benin Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Andinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Andinism (page does not exist)">Pan-Andinism</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panandinismo" class="extiw" title="es:Panandinismo">es</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Ecuador,_Peru_and_Bolivia" title="United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia">Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian-Bolivian_unionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvian-Bolivian unionism (page does not exist)">Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_peruano-boliviano" class="extiw" title="es:Unionismo peruano-boliviano">es</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Hashemite unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan-Syrian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan-Syrian Union">Libyan-Syrian Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Hussein%27s_federation_plan" title="King Hussein's federation plan">Jordania-Palestine unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraq-Kuwait unionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caribbean" title="Pan-Caribbean">Pan-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caucasianism" title="Pan-Caucasianism">Pan-Caucasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Pan-Finnicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-Europeanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">European unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian federalism">Pan-Iberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Pan-Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Pan-Latinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Pan-Mongolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Pan-Oceanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_confederation" title="Polish–Czechoslovak confederation">Polish-Czechoslovak unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Pan-Serbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Tatarism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Tatarism (page does not exist)">Pan-Tatarism</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Пантатаризм">ru</a>; <a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="tt:Пантатаризм">tt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">Soviet reunificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Switzerland#Proposals_for_expansion" title="Territorial evolution of Switzerland">Switzerland expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian Turanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abya_Yala" title="Abya Yala">Abya Yala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">African federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Anglo-American unificationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Confederation" title="Antillean Confederation">Antillean Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_movement" title="Cascadia movement">Cascadia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossackia" title="Cossackia">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danubian_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danubian Confederation (page does not exist)">Danubian Confederation</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauf%C3%B6deration" class="extiw" title="de:Donauföderation">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union" title="Federalisation of the European Union">Federalisation of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Greater Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Caribbean Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Union" title="Franco-British Union">Franco-British Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification of Albania and Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Greater Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Greater Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Greater Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationalism" title="Eritrean nationalism">Eritrean national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationalism" title="Ethiopian nationalism">Ethiopian national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia irredenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Greater Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Iraq">Greater Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Greater Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Greater Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Greater Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Greater Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Norway">Greater Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Palestine">Greater Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugaliza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portugaliza (page does not exist)">Greater Portugal</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliza" class="extiw" title="pt:Portugaliza">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Greater Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Greater Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Greater Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil Nadu">Greater Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Great Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian irredentism">Greater Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Greater Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Greater Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Poland" title="United States of Poland">United States of Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Union" title="North American Union">North American Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_world" title="Portuguese-speaking world">Lusosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maphilindo" title="Maphilindo">Maphilindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_Grande" title="Patria Grande">Patria Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_confederation" title="Polynesian confederation">Polynesian confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_world" title="Russian world">Russian world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">Sahel Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_Confederation" title="Senegambia Confederation">Senegambia Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamazgha" title="Tamazgha">Tamazgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">Triune Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Azerbaijan" title="Whole Azerbaijan">Whole Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambesia" title="Zambesia">Zambesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Pan-ethnic</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Habesha peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Cross-strait_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Taiwan&#124;link=Taiwan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">Cross-strait relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic,_Trade_and_Cultural_Office_(Taiwan)" title="Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan)">Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_in_Hong_Kong" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong">Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_(Taiwan)" title="Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan)">Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Office_in_Macau" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau">Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_South-North_route" title="Opening of the South-North route">Opening of the South-North route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Taiwan_strait_shipping" title="Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping">Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang%E2%80%93Koo_summit" title="Wang–Koo summit">Wang–Koo summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Taiwanese_cross-strait_relations_referendum" title="2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum">2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17_Statement" title="May 17 Statement">May 17 Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_high-level_talks" title="Cross-strait high-level talks">Cross-strait high-level talks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="First Chen–Chiang summit">First Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Second Chen–Chiang summit">Second Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Fourth Chen–Chiang summit">Fourth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Fifth Chen–Chiang summit">Fifth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Sixth Chen–Chiang summit">Sixth Chen–Chiang summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Chen%E2%80%93Chiang_summit" title="Seventh Chen–Chiang summit">Seventh Chen–Chiang summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuan_Tuan_and_Yuan_Yuan" title="Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan">Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_CEO_Summit" title="Cross-Strait CEO Summit">Cross-Strait CEO Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinjiang%E2%80%93Kinmen_Pipeline" title="Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline">Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wang%E2%80%93Zhang_meetings" title="2014 Wang–Zhang meetings">2014 Wang–Zhang meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Xi%E2%80%93Chu_meeting" title="2015 Xi–Chu meeting">2015 Xi–Chu meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Forum" title="Straits Forum">Straits Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai-Taipei_City_Forum" title="Shanghai-Taipei City Forum">Shanghai-Taipei City Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Second Ma–Xi meeting">Second Ma–Xi meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dong-Yin" title="Battle of Dong-Yin">Battle of Dong-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dongshan" title="Battle of Dongshan">Battle of Dongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_East_Chongwu" title="Battle of East Chongwu">Battle of East Chongwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands" title="Senkaku Islands">Senkaku Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute" title="Senkaku Islands dispute">Dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAAC_Flight_296" title="CAAC Flight 296">CAAC Flight 296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_334" title="China Airlines Flight 334">China Airlines Flight 334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Guangzhou_Baiyun_airport_collisions" title="1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions">1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiandao_Lake_incident" title="Qiandao Lake incident">Qiandao Lake incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_611" title="China Airlines Flight 611">China Airlines Flight 611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_Student_Movement" title="Sunflower Student Movement">Sunflower Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braga_incident" title="Braga incident">Braga incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_Box_Curriculum_Movement" title="Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement">Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Liqiang" title="Wang Liqiang">Wang Liqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_pineapples" title="Freedom pineapples">Freedom pineapples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Solomon_Islands_unrest" title="2021 Solomon Islands unrest">2021 Solomon Islands unrest</a></li> <li>Chinese military exercises around Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan" title="2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_military_exercises_around_Taiwan" title="2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Sword-2024" title="Joint Sword-2024">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kinmen_Chinese_motorboat_capsizing_incident" title="2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident">2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Act" title="Cross-Strait Act">Cross-Strait Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_National_Unification_Promotion_Law" title="Proposed National Unification Promotion Law">Proposed National Unification Promotion Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Infiltration_Act" title="Anti-Infiltration Act">Anti-Infiltration Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Taiwan_Compatriots" title="All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots">All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumni_Association_of_Huangpu_Military_Academy" title="Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy">Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Tourism_Exchange_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_Peaceful_National_Reunification" title="China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification">China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Straits_Common_Market_Foundation" title="Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation">Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Economic,_Trade_and_Culture_Forum" title="Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum">Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Peace_Forum" title="Cross-Strait Peace Forum">Cross-Strait Peace Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_for_China%27s_Reunification_under_the_Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People">Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lienchiang_Cross-Strait_Matters_Forum" title="Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum">Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Affairs_Council" title="Mainland Affairs Council">Mainland Affairs Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unification_Council" title="National Unification Council">National Unification Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Exchange_Foundation" title="Straits Exchange Foundation">Straits Exchange Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Competitiveness_Forum" title="Taiwan Competitiveness Forum">Taiwan Competitiveness Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait_Tourism_Association" title="Taiwan Strait Tourism Association">Taiwan Strait Tourism Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Circle" title="China Circle">China Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Chinese irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Economic_Zone" title="Cross-Strait Economic Zone">Cross-Strait Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noes_and_One_Without" title="Four Noes and One Without">Four Noes and One Without</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">One-China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_propaganda" title="Cross-strait propaganda">Cross-strait propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Assurances" title="Six Assurances">Six Assurances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan,_China" title="Taiwan, China">Taiwan, China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Noes" title="Three Noes">Three Noes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_consensus" title="Taiwan consensus">Taiwan consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Undetermined_Status_of_Taiwan" title="Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan">Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Taiwan" title="United front in Taiwan">United front in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Roof_of_One_China" title="Under the Roof of One China">Under the Roof of One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujian%E2%80%93Taiwan_relationship" title="Fujian–Taiwan relationship">Fujian–Taiwan relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Hong Kong–Taiwan relations">Hong Kong–Taiwan relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Taiwan_Economic_and_Cultural_Co-operation_and_Promotion_Council" title="Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council">Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Economic_and_Cultural_Co-operation_Council" title="Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council">Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-ROC camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-ROC camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Travel_Document" title="Chinese Travel Document">Chinese Travel Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Entry_Permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Entry Permit">Taiwan Entry Permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Travel_Permit_for_Taiwan_Resident" title="Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident">Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_language_database" title="Cross-strait language database">Cross-strait language database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECFA_Debate" title="ECFA Debate">ECFA Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Aurora_(12)" title="HMS Aurora (12)">HMS Aurora (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Bank" title="China and the World Bank">China and the World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations and information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Timeline of diplomatic relations with China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity" title="Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity">Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diplomatic_relations_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China">Timeline of diplomatic relations with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrategy_in_Taiwan" title="Geostrategy in Taiwan">Geostrategy in Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist_Hero" title="Anti-Communist Hero">Anti-Communist Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_Tea_Alliance" title="Milk Tea Alliance">Milk Tea Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishang" title="Taishang">Taishang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G3_Beijing%E2%80%93Taipei_Expressway" title="G3 Beijing–Taipei 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