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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Intellectual origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_the_emergence_of_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_the_emergence_of_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Dating the emergence of nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_the_emergence_of_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.8 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.9 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.10 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.11 Jewish Nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Breakup of Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sociology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sociology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primordialist_evolutionary_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primordialist_evolutionary_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Primordialist evolutionary interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primordialist_evolutionary_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxist_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Marxist interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Anti-colonial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_and_liberal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_and_liberal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Civic and liberal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_and_liberal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Creole </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Ethnic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gendered_and_muscular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gendered_and_muscular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Gendered and muscular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gendered_and_muscular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integral,_pan_and_irredentism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integral,_pan_and_irredentism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Integral, pan and irredentism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integral,_pan_and_irredentism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Left-wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left-wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Left-wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left-wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National-anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National-anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 National-anarchism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nativist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nativist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Nativist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nativist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Racial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 Religious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.13 Territorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.14 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nationalism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" > 146 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme" title="Nasionalisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasionalisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismus" title="Nationalismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nationalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%94%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%9D%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ብሔርተኝነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብሔርተኝነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%BEeling" title="Eþeling – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eþeling" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nacionalismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="জাতীয়তাবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাতীয়তাবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismu" title="Nacionalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nacionalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nacionalismo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="Миллатчилъи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Миллатчилъи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyy%C9%99t%C3%A7ilik" title="Milliyyətçilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milliyyətçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ناسیونالیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناسیونالیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="জাতীয়তাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতীয়তাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEn-cho%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Bîn-cho̍k-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bîn-cho̍k-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Милләтселек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Милләтселек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацыяналізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыяналізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацыяналізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыяналізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="नेशनलिज्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेशनलिज्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Национализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མི་རིགས་རིང་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་རིགས་རིང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizam" title="Nacionalizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nacionalizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadelouriezh" title="Broadelouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Broadelouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Национализм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Национализм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalisme" title="Nacionalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nacionalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismus" title="Nacionalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nacionalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenedlaetholdeb" title="Cenedlaetholdeb – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenedlaetholdeb" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme" title="Nationalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nationalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisma" title="Nationalisma – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nationalisma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismus" title="Nationalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvuslus" title="Rahvuslus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvuslus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Εθνικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nacionalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naciismo" title="Naciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismu" title="Nacionalismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nacionalismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazionalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ملی‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملی‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastryawaad" title="Rastryawaad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rastryawaad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisma" title="Nationalisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nationalisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme" title="Nationalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nationalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalisme" title="Nasjonalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nasjonalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnachas" title="Náisiúnachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Náisiúnachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacionalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="રાષ્ટ્રવાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રાષ્ટ્રવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EC%85%94%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="내셔널리즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="내셔널리즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishin_%C6%99asa" title="Kishin ƙasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kishin ƙasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ազգայնականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգայնականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="राष्ट्रवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizam" title="Nacionalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nacionalismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalismo" title="Nasionalismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nasionalismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme" title="Nasionalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasionalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0ernishyggja" title="Þjóðernishyggja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðernishyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazionalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="לאומיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאומיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme" title="Nasionalisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nasionalisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90ja%C9%96%C9%9B_y%C9%94%C9%94_%C9%9Bh%CA%8Ay%C9%9B_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9y%C9%9B_t%C9%94m" title="Ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ɛhʊyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ɛhʊyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Миллетчилик – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Миллетчилик" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნაციონალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაციონალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Ұлтшылдық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлтшылдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenedlegieth" title="Kenedlegieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kenedlegieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utaifa" title="Utaifa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utaifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonalis" title="Nasyonalis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nasyonalis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonalism" title="Nasyonalism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nasyonalism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neteweperwer%C3%AE" title="Neteweperwerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Neteweperwerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Улутчулдук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улутчулдук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalism" title="Nazionalism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nazionalism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalizmo" title="Nasionalizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nasionalizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ຊາດນິຍົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊາດນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismus" title="Nationalismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nationalismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81lisms" title="Nacionālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizmas" title="Nacionalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nacionalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme" title="Nationalisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nationalisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme" title="Nasionalisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nasionalisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziunalism" title="Naziunalism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Naziunalism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizmus" title="Nacionalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nacionalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Национализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Национализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanindrahindram-pirenena" title="Fanindrahindram-pirenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanindrahindram-pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="ദേശീയത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദേശീയത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazzjonali%C5%BCmu" title="Nazzjonaliżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nazzjonaliżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="राष्ट्रवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნაციონალიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნაციონალიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="قوميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قوميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ناسیونالیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ناسیونالیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme" title="Nasionalisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nasionalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Nacionalismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Национализмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Национализмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Үндсэрхэг үзэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үндсэрхэг үзэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အမျိုးသားရေးဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမျိုးသားရေးဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme" title="Nationalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="राष्ट्रवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="राष्ट्रवाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ナショナリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナショナリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazziunalismo" title="Nazziunalismo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nazziunalismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Национализм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Национализм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalisme" title="Nasjonalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasjonalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalisme" title="Nasjonalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nasjonalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalisme" title="Nacionalisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nacionalisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millatchilik" title="Millatchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Millatchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قوم پرستی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قوم پرستی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="ولسپالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ولسپالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashinalizim" title="Nashinalizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nashinalizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassionalism" title="Nassionalism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nassionalism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natschonalismus" title="Natschonalismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Natschonalismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacjonalizm" title="Nacjonalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nacjonalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nacionalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C8%9Bionalism" title="Naționalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Naționalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziunalissem" title="Naziunalissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Naziunalissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Націоналізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Націоналізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Национализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Национализм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Национализм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizmi" title="Nacionalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nacionalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazziunalismu" title="Nazziunalismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nazziunalismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාතිකවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාතිකවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nationalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="قومپرستي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قومپرستي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizmus" title="Nacionalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nacionalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizem" title="Nacionalizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nacionalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ناسیۆنالیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناسیۆنالیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Национализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalizam" title="Nacionalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismi" title="Nationalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nationalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkamakabansa" title="Pagkamakabansa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkamakabansa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தேசியவாதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேசியவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Милләтчелек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Милләтчелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ชาตินิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาตินิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyet%C3%A7ilik" title="Milliyetçilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Milliyetçilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86man_Ho_D%C9%94_(Nationalism)" title="Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism) – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɔman Ho Dɔ (Nationalism)" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Национализм – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Национализм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Націоналізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Націоналізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قوم پرستی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قوم پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D9%84%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83" title="مىللەتچىلىك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىللەتچىلىك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasiona%C5%82ismo" title="Nasionałismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nasionałismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_d%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c" title="Chủ nghĩa dân tộc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa dân tộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsionalism" title="Natsionalism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Natsionalism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A5cionalisse" title="Nåcionalisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nåcionalisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="民族主義" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonalism%C3%B3" title="Nasyonalismó – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political ideology that promotes the interests of a nation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ideology. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nationalist (disambiguation)">Nationalist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> 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title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> should be congruent with the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-2">[2]</a> As a movement, it presupposes the existence<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,<a href="#cite_note-Smith1-4">[4]</a> especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a>) over its perceived <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>. It holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (<a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Finlayson-5">[5]</a> and that the nation is the only rightful source of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> power.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It further aims to build and maintain a single <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>, based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographic_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic location">geographic location</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>), <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions">traditions</a> and belief in a shared singular <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Triandafyllidou-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-8">[8]</a> and to promote national unity or <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1-4">[4]</a> There are various definitions of a "nation", which leads to different <a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">types of nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-9">[9]</a> The two main divergent forms are <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a>. Beginning in the late 18th century, particularly with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the spread of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self_determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Self determination">self determination</a>, the idea that "the people" should rule is developed by political theorists.<a href="#cite_note-oxford_dict-10">[10]</a> Three main theories have been used to explain the emergence of nationalism: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Primordialism" title="Primordialism">Primordialism</a> developed alongside nationalism during the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic era</a> and held that there have always been nations. This view has since been rejected by most scholars,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> who view nations as <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">socially constructed</a> and historically contingent.<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-9">[9]</a> Perennialism, a softer version of primordialism which accepts that nations are modern phenomena but with long historical roots, is subject to academic debate.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory_(nationalism)" title="Modernization theory (nationalism)">Modernization theory</a>, currently the most commonly accepted theory of nationalism,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> adopts a <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(ethnic_politics)" title="Constructivism (ethnic politics)">constructivist</a> approach and proposes that nationalism emerged due to processes of <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization</a>, such as industrialization, urbanization, and mass education, which made national consciousness possible.<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deanna_Smith-15">[15]</a> Proponents of this theory describe nations as "<a href="/wiki/Imagined_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagined communities">imagined communities</a>" and nationalism as an "<a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">invented tradition</a>" in which shared sentiment provides a form of collective identity and binds individuals together in political solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a> explains nationalism as a product of symbols, myths, and traditions, and is associated with the work of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Anthony D. Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oxford_dict-10">[10]</a></li></ol> The moral value of nationalism, the relationship between nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, and the compatibility of nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a> are all subjects of philosophical debate.<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-12">[12]</a> Nationalism can be combined with diverse political goals and ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">left-wing nationalism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-varieties-21">[21]</a> In practice, nationalism is seen as positive or negative depending on its ideology and outcomes. Nationalism has been a feature of movements for freedom and justice,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> has been associated with cultural revivals,<a href="#cite_note-Smith-culture-23">[23]</a> and encourages pride in national achievements.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It has also been used to legitimize racial, ethnic, and religious divisions, suppress or attack minorities, undermine human rights and democratic traditions,<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-12">[12]</a> and start wars, being frequently cited as a cause of both World Wars.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/220px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/330px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/440px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of De jure belli ac pacis</figcaption></figure> The terminological use of "nations", "sovereignty" and associated concepts were significantly refined with the writing by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> of <a href="/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis" title="De jure belli ac pacis">De jure belli ac pacis</a> in the early 17th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] Living in the times of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the Netherlands and the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> between Catholic and Protestant European nations, Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations in the context of oppositions stemming from religious differences. The word nation was also applied before 1800 in Europe in reference to the inhabitants of a country as well as to collective identities that could include shared history, law, language, political rights, religion and traditions, in a sense more akin to the modern conception.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Nationalism as derived from the noun designating 'nations' is a newer word; in the English language, dating to around 1798.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The term gained wider prominence in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The term increasingly became negative in its connotations after 1914. <a href="/wiki/Glenda_Sluga" title="Glenda Sluga">Glenda Sluga</a> notes that "The twentieth century, a time of profound disillusionment with nationalism, was also the great age of <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Academics define nationalism as a political principle that holds that the nation and state should be congruent.<a href="#cite_note-:10-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> According to Lisa Weeden, nationalist ideology presumes that "the people" and the state are congruent.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist historiography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_origins">Intellectual origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intellectual origins">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Anthony D. Smith</a> describes how intellectuals played a primary role in generating <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural perceptions of nationalism</a> and providing the ideology of political nationalism:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Wherever one turns in Europe, their seminal position in generating and analysing the concepts, myths, symbols and ideology of nationalism is apparent. This applies to the first appearance of the core doctrine and to the antecedent concepts of national character, genius of the nation and national will.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></blockquote> Smith posits the challenges posed to traditional religion and society in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a> propelled many intellectuals to "discover alternative principles and concepts, and a new mythology and symbolism, to legitimate and ground human thought and action".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He discusses the simultaneous concept of 'historicism' to describe an emerging belief in the birth, growth, and decay of specific peoples and cultures, which became "increasingly attractive as a framework for inquiry into the past and present and [...] an explanatory principle in elucidating the meaning of events, past and present".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The Prussian scholar <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> (1744–1803) originated the term[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in 1772 in his "Treatise on the Origin of Language" stressing the role of a common language.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He attached exceptional importance to the concepts of nationality and of patriotism  – "he that has lost his patriotic spirit has lost himself and the whole world about himself", whilst teaching that "in a certain sense every human perfection is national".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erica_Benner" title="Erica Benner">Erica Benner</a> identifies Herder as the first philosopher to explicitly suggest "that identities based on language should be regarded as the primary source of legitimate political authority or locus of political resistance".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Herder also encouraged the creation of a common cultural and language policy amongst the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">separate German states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenner201343-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating_the_emergence_of_nationalism">Dating the emergence of nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dating the emergence of nationalism">edit</a>]</div> Scholars frequently place the beginning of nationalism in the late 18th century or early 19th century with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">American Declaration of Independence</a> or with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:9-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> though there is ongoing debate about its existence in varying forms during the <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and even antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-:13-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Garvin" title="Tom Garvin">Tom Garvin</a> wrote that "something strangely like modern nationalism is documented for many peoples in medieval times and in classical times as well," citing the ancient <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greeks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British Celts</a> as examples.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Jewish Revolt</a> against <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman rule</a> (66–73 CE) is often cited by scholars as a prominent example of ancient Jewish nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-:13-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hastings" title="Adrian Hastings">Adrian Hastings</a> argued that Jews are the "true proto-nation", that through the model of ancient Israel found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, provided the world with the original concept of nationhood which later influenced Christian nations.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Anthony D. Smith</a> wrote that the Jews of the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> provide "a closer approximation to the ideal type of the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> [...] than perhaps anywhere else in the ancient world", adding that this observation "must make us wary of pronouncing too readily against the possibility of the nation, and even a form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">religious nationalism</a>, before the onset of modernity".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-44">[44]</a> The consensus is that nationalism as a concept was firmly established by the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer_2003_p._5-50">[50]</a> In histories of nationalism, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789) is seen as an important starting point, not only for its impact on <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a> but even more for its impact on Germans and Italians and on European intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The template of nationalism, as a method for mobilizing public opinion around a new state based on popular sovereignty, went back further than 1789: philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, whose ideas influenced the French Revolution, had themselves been influenced or encouraged by the example of earlier constitutionalist liberation movements, notably the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a> (1755–1768) and <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> (1775–1783).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Onward_to_Victory%22,_World_War_I_Allied_propaganda_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%22Onward_to_Victory%22%2C_World_War_I_Allied_propaganda_postcard.jpg/260px-%22Onward_to_Victory%22%2C_World_War_I_Allied_propaganda_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%22Onward_to_Victory%22%2C_World_War_I_Allied_propaganda_postcard.jpg/390px-%22Onward_to_Victory%22%2C_World_War_I_Allied_propaganda_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%22Onward_to_Victory%22%2C_World_War_I_Allied_propaganda_postcard.jpg/520px-%22Onward_to_Victory%22%2C_World_War_I_Allied_propaganda_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>A postcard from 1916 showing <a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">national personifications</a> of some of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a>, each holding a national flag</figcaption></figure> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, there was an emergence of an integrated, nation-encompassing economy and a national <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>, where British people began to mobilize on a state-wide scale, rather than just in the smaller units of their province, town or family.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-18th century and was actively promoted by the British government and by the writers and intellectuals of the time.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">National symbols</a>, anthems, <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">myths</a>, flags and narratives were assiduously constructed by nationalists and widely adopted. The <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> was adopted in 1801 as the national one.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a> composed the patriotic song "<a href="/wiki/Rule,_Britannia!" title="Rule, Britannia!">Rule, Britannia!</a>" in 1740,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and the cartoonist <a href="/wiki/John_Arbuthnot" title="John Arbuthnot">John Arbuthnot</a> invented the character of <a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a> as the personification of the English national spirit in 1712.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The political convulsions of the late 18th century associated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a> revolutions massively augmented the widespread appeal of patriotic nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1998-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power further established nationalism when he invaded much of Europe. Napoleon used this opportunity to spread revolutionary ideas, resulting in much of the 19th-century European Nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001171-60">[60]</a> Some scholars argue that variants of nationalism emerged prior to the 18th century. American philosopher and historian <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kohn" title="Hans Kohn">Hans Kohn</a> wrote in 1944 that nationalism emerged in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Britons:_Forging_the_Nation_1707%E2%80%931837" title="Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837">Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Colley" title="Linda Colley">Linda Colley</a> explores how the role of nationalism emerged in about 1700 and developed in Britain reaching full form in the 1830s. Writing shortly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the popular British author <a href="/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> traced the origin of European nationalism to the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, when it filled the moral void left by the decline of Christian faith:<blockquote>[A]s the idea of Christianity as a world brotherhood of men sank into discredit because of its fatal entanglement with priestcraft and the Papacy on the one hand and with the authority of princes on the other, and the age of faith passed into our present age of doubt and disbelief, men shifted the reference of their lives from the kingdom of God and the brotherhood of mankind to these apparently more living realities, France and England, Holy Russia, Spain, Prussia.... **** In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the general population of Europe was religious and only vaguely patriotic; by the nineteenth it had become wholly patriotic.<a href="#cite_note-Wells-62">[62]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JV_Snellman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/JV_Snellman.jpg/220px-JV_Snellman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/JV_Snellman.jpg/330px-JV_Snellman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/JV_Snellman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Johan Vilhelm Snellman</a> (1806–1881), who also possessed the professions of <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>, was one of the most influential <a href="/wiki/Fennoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennoman">Fennomans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish nationalists</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></figcaption></figure> The political development of nationalism and the push for <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a> culminated with the ethnic/national revolutions of Europe. During the 19th century nationalism became one of the most significant political and social forces in history; it is typically listed among the top causes of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Napoleon's conquests of the German and Italian states around 1800–1806 played a major role in stimulating nationalism and the demands for national unity.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> English historian J. P. T. Bury argues: <blockquote>Between 1830 and 1870 nationalism had thus made great strides. It inspired great literature, quickened scholarship, and nurtured heroes. It had shown its power both to unify and to divide. It had led to great achievements of political construction and consolidation in Germany and Italy; but it was more clear than ever a threat to the Ottoman and Habsburg empires, which were essentially multi-national. European culture had been enriched by the new vernacular contributions of little-known or forgotten peoples, but at the same time such unity as it had was imperiled by fragmentation. Moreover, the antagonisms fostered by nationalism had made not only for wars, insurrections, and local hatreds—they had accentuated or created new spiritual divisions in a nominally Christian Europe.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/220px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/330px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/440px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11506" data-file-height="8400" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville">Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville</a> from 1887 depicting French students being taught about the lost provinces of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, taken by Germany in 1871</figcaption></figure> Nationalism in France gained early expressions in France's revolutionary government. In 1793, that government declared a mass conscription (levée en masse) with a call to service: <blockquote>Henceforth, until the enemies have been driven from the territory of the Republic, all the French are in permanent requisition for army service. The young men shall go to battle; the married men shall forge arms in the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen to lint; the old men shall repair to the public places, to stimulate the courage of the warriors and preach the unity of the Republic and the hatred of kings.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></blockquote> This nationalism gained pace after the French Revolution came to a close. Defeat in war, with a loss in territory, was a powerful force in nationalism. In France, revenge and return of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> was a powerful motivating force for a quarter century after their defeat by Germany in 1871. After 1895, French nationalists focused on Dreyfus and internal subversion, and the Alsace issue petered out.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The French reaction was a famous case of <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism ("revenge")</a> which demands the return of lost territory that "belongs" to the national homeland. Revanchism draws its strength from patriotic and retributionist thought and it is often motivated by economic or geo-political factors. Extreme revanchist ideologues often represent a hawkish stance, suggesting that their desired objectives can be achieved through the positive outcome of another war. It is linked with irredentism, the conception that a part of the cultural and ethnic nation remains "unredeemed" outside the borders of its appropriate nation state. Revanchist politics often rely on the identification of a nation with a nation state, often mobilizing deep-rooted sentiments of ethnic nationalism, claiming territories outside the state where members of the ethnic group live, while using heavy-handed nationalism to mobilize support for these aims. Revanchist justifications are often presented as based on ancient or even autochthonous occupation of a territory since "time immemorial", an assertion that is usually inextricably involved in revanchism and irredentism, justifying them in the eyes of their proponents.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> in France 1894–1906 made the battle against treason and disloyalty a central theme for conservative Catholic French nationalists. Dreyfus, a Jew, was an outsider, that is in the views of intense nationalists, not a true Frenchman, not one to be trusted, not one to be given the benefit of the doubt. True loyalty to the nation, from the conservative viewpoint, was threatened by liberal and republican principles of liberty and equality that were leading the country to disaster.<a href="#cite_note-google_2016_pg173-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG/170px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG/255px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG/340px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_Russia" title="Millennium of Russia">Millennium of Russia</a> monument which was built in 1862 in celebration of one thousand years of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian history</a></figcaption></figure> Before 1815, the sense of Russian nationalism was weak—what sense there was focused on loyalty and obedience to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all the Russias">tsar</a>. The Russian motto "<a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy,_Autocracy,_and_Nationality" title="Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality">Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality</a>" was coined by Count <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Sergey Uvarov</a> and it was adopted by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> as the official ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Three components of Uvarov's triad were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a> – Orthodox Christianity and protection of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Autocracy</a> – unconditional loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a> in return for <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalist</a> protection for all <a href="/wiki/Social_estates_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Social estates in the Russian Empire">social estates</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a> (Narodnost, has been also translated as national spirit)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> – recognition of the state-founding role on Russian nationality.</li></ul> By the 1860s, as a result of educational indoctrination, and due to conservative resistance to ideas and ideologies which were transmitted from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavic movement</a> had emerged and it produced both a sense of Russian nationalism and a nationalistic mission to support and protect pan-Slavism. This <a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophile</a> movement became popular in 19th-century Russia. Pan-Slavism was fueled by, and it was also the fuel for Russia's numerous <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">wars against the Ottoman Empire</a> which were waged in order to achieve the alleged goal of liberating Orthodox nationalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman rule</a>. Slavophiles opposed the Western European influences which had been transmitted to Russia and they were also determined to protect <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russian culture</a> and traditions. <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Aleksey Khomyakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kireyevsky" title="Ivan Kireyevsky">Ivan Kireyevsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Aksakov" title="Konstantin Aksakov">Konstantin Aksakov</a> are credited with co-founding the movement.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Wars_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Wars of Independence">Latin American Wars of Independence</a></div> An upsurge in nationalism in Latin America in the 1810s and 1820s sparked revolutions that cost Spain nearly all of its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">colonies</a> which were located there.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Spain was at war with Britain from 1798 to 1808, and the British Royal Navy cut off its contacts with its colonies, so nationalism flourished and trade with Spain was suspended. The colonies set up temporary governments or juntas which were effectively independent from Spain. These juntas were established as a result of Napoleon's resistance failure in Spain. They served to determine new leadership and, in colonies like Caracas, abolished the slave trade as well as the Indian tribute.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The division exploded between Spaniards who were born in Spain (called "peninsulares") versus those of Spanish descent born in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (called "criollos" in Spanish or "<a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">creoles</a>" in English). The two groups wrestled for power, with the criollos leading the call for independence. Spain tried to use its armies to fight back but had no help from European powers. Indeed, Britain and the United States worked against Spain, enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Spain lost all of its American colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, in a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">complex series of revolts</a> from 1808 to 1826.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barricade_bei_der_Universit%C3%A4t_am_26ten_Mai_1848_in_Wien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Barricade_bei_der_Universit%C3%A4t_am_26ten_Mai_1848_in_Wien.jpg/220px-Barricade_bei_der_Universit%C3%A4t_am_26ten_Mai_1848_in_Wien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Barricade_bei_der_Universit%C3%A4t_am_26ten_Mai_1848_in_Wien.jpg/330px-Barricade_bei_der_Universit%C3%A4t_am_26ten_Mai_1848_in_Wien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Barricade_bei_der_Universit%C3%A4t_am_26ten_Mai_1848_in_Wien.jpg/440px-Barricade_bei_der_Universit%C3%A4t_am_26ten_Mai_1848_in_Wien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3860" /></a><figcaption>Revolutionaries in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> with <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">German tricolor flags</a>, May 1848</figcaption></figure> In the German states west of Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> abolished many of the old or medieval relics, such as dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> He imposed rational legal systems and demonstrated how dramatic changes were possible. His organization of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> in 1806 promoted a feeling of nationalism. Nationalists sought to encompass masculinity in their quest for strength and unity.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> It was Prussian chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> who achieved German unification through a series of highly successful short wars against Denmark, Austria and France which thrilled the pan-German nationalists in the smaller German states. They fought in his wars and eagerly joined the new German Empire, which Bismarck ran as a force for balance and peace in Europe after 1871.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the 19th century, German nationalism was promoted by Hegelian-oriented academic historians who saw Prussia as the true carrier of the German spirit, and the power of the state as the ultimate goal of nationalism. The three main historians were <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Droysen" title="Johann Gustav Droysen">Johann Gustav Droysen</a> (1808–1884), <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Sybel" title="Heinrich von Sybel">Heinrich von Sybel</a> (1817–1895) and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a> (1834–1896). Droysen moved from liberalism to an intense nationalism that celebrated Prussian Protestantism, efficiency, progress, and reform, in striking contrast to Austrian Catholicism, impotency and backwardness. He idealized the Hohenzollern kings of Prussia. His large-scale History of Prussian Politics (14 vol 1855–1886) was foundational for nationalistic students and scholars. Von Sybel founded and edited the leading academic history journal, <a href="/wiki/Historische_Zeitschrift" title="Historische Zeitschrift">Historische Zeitschrift</a> and as the director of the Prussian state archives published massive compilations that were devoured by scholars of nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The most influential of the German nationalist historians, was Treitschke who had an enormous influence on elite students at Heidelberg and Berlin universities.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Treitschke vehemently attacked parliamentarianism, socialism, pacifism, the English, the French, the Jews, and the internationalists. The core of his message was the need for a strong, unified state—a unified Germany under Prussian supervision. "It is the highest duty of the State to increase its power," he stated. Although he was a descendant of a Czech family, he considered himself not Slavic but German: "I am 1000 times more the patriot than a professor."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055,_Eger,_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> being welcomed by a crowd in <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, where the pro-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a> gained 88% of ethnic-German votes in May 1938<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> German nationalism, expressed through the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, may also be understood as trans-national in nature. This aspect was primarily advocated by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, who later became the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. This party was devoted to what they identified as an <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>, residing in various European countries, but sometime mixed with alien elements such as Jews.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Meanwhile, the Nazis rejected many of the well-established citizens within those same countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> (Gypsies) and of course Jews, whom they did not identify as Aryan. A key Nazi doctrine was "Living Space" (for Aryans only) or "<a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>," which was a vast undertaking to transplant Aryans throughout <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic nations">Baltic nations</a>, and all of Western <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Lebensraum was thus a vast project for advancing the Aryan race far outside of any particular nation or national borders. The Nazi's goals were racist focused on advancing the Aryan race as they perceived it, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> modification of the human race, and the eradication of human beings that they deemed inferior. But their goals were trans-national and intended to spread across as much of the world as they could achieve. Although Nazism glorified German history, it also embraced the supposed virtues and achievements of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a> in other countries,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> including India.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Nazis' Aryanism longed for now-extinct species of superior bulls once used as livestock by Aryans and other features of Aryan history that never resided within the borders of Germany as a nation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg/220px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg/330px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg/440px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_museo_civico_-_ingresso_di_Garibaldi_a_Napoli_-_Wenzel_bis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>People cheering as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in 1860</figcaption></figure> Italian nationalism emerged in the 19th century and was the driving force for <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> or the Risorgimento (meaning the "Resurgence" or "Revival"). It was the political and intellectual movement that consolidated the different states of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> into the single state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1861. The memory of the Risorgimento is central to Italian nationalism but it was based in the liberal <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a> and ultimately proved a bit weak.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The new government treated the newly annexed South as a kind of underdeveloped province due to its "backward" and poverty-stricken society, its poor grasp of standard Italian (as <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> were prevalent in the common use) and its local traditions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The liberals had always been strong opponents of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> and the very well organized <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. The liberal government under the Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> sought to enlarge his political base by emulating <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> and firing up <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> with an aggressive foreign policy. It partially crashed and his cause was set back. Of his nationalistic foreign policy, historian <a href="/wiki/R._J._B._Bosworth" title="R. J. B. Bosworth">R. J. B. Bosworth</a> says: <blockquote>[Crispi] pursued policies whose openly aggressive character would not be equaled until the days of the Fascist regime. Crispi increased military expenditure, talked cheerfully of a European conflagration, and alarmed his German or British friends with these suggestions of preventative attacks on his enemies. His policies were ruinous, both for Italy's trade with France, and, more humiliatingly, for colonial ambitions in East Africa. Crispi's lust for territory there was thwarted when on 1 March 1896, the armies of Ethiopian Emperor Menelik routed Italian forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Adowa</a> [...] in what has been defined as an unparalleled disaster for a modern army. Crispi, whose private life and personal finances [...] were objects of perennial scandal, went into dishonorable retirement.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></blockquote> Italy joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies in the First World War</a> after getting promises of territory, but its war effort was not honored after the war and this fact discredited liberalism paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and a political doctrine of his own creation, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>. Mussolini's 20-year dictatorship involved a highly aggressive nationalism that led to a series of wars with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>, an alliance with Hitler's Germany, and humiliation and hardship in the Second World War. After 1945, the Catholics returned to government and tensions eased somewhat, but the former two Sicilies remained poor and partially underdeveloped (by industrial country standards). In the 1950s and early 1960s, Italy had an <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">economic boom</a> that pushed its economy to the fifth place in the world. The working class in those decades voted mostly for the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist Party</a>, and it looked to Moscow rather than Rome for inspiration and was kept out of the national government even as it controlled some industrial cities across the North. In the 21st century, the Communists have become marginal but political tensions remained high as shown by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Bossi" title="Umberto Bossi">Umberto Bossi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Padanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Padanism">Padanism</a> in the 1980s<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> (whose party <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> has come to partially embrace a moderate version of Italian nationalism over the years) and other separatist movements spread across the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, rooted in the political position of the <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Count-Duke of Olivares</a> and the absolutism of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a>, the assimilation of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian Crown</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Decrees of Nova planta</a> was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state. As in other contemporary European states, political union was the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group, in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, who became <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">national minorities</a> to be assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan-speaking territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>) and other national minorities, as <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a>, have been a historical constant.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Recopilació_d'accions_genocides_con-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-galeusca2-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The nationalization process accelerated in the 19th century, in parallel to the origin of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a>, the social, political and ideological movement that tried to shape a Spanish national identity based on the Castilian model, in conflict with the other historical nations of the State. Politicians of the time were aware that despite the aggressive policies pursued up to that time, the uniform and monocultural "Spanish nation" did not exist, as indicated in 1835 by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Antonio Alcalá Galiano">Antonio Alcalà Galiano</a>, when in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortes_del_Estatuto_Real&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortes del Estatuto Real (page does not exist)">Cortes del Estatuto Real</a> he defended the effort:<blockquote>"To make the Spanish nation a nation that neither is nor has been until now."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></blockquote>Building the nation (as in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, it was the state that created the nation, and not the opposite process) is an ideal that the Spanish elites constantly reiterated, and, one hundred years later than Alcalá Galiano, for example, we can also find it in the mouth of the fascist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pemart%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Pemartín (page does not exist)">José Pemartín</a>, who admired the German and Italian modeling policies:<a href="#cite_note-:0222-105">[105]</a><blockquote>"There is an intimate and decisive dualism, both in Italian fascism and in German National Socialism. On the one hand, the Hegelian doctrine of the absolutism of the state is felt. The State originates in the Nation, educates and shapes the mentality of the individual; is, in Mussolini's words, the soul of the soul."</blockquote>And will be found again two hundred years later, from the socialist <a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a>:<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><blockquote>"The modern history of Spain is an unfortunate history that meant that we did not consolidate a modern State. Independentists think that the nation makes the State. I think the opposite. The State makes the nation. A strong State, which imposes its language, culture, education."</blockquote>The creation of the tradition of the political community of Spaniards as common destiny over other communities has been argued to trace back to the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiquer_i_Permanyer199414–15-107">[107]</a> From 1812 on, revisiting the previous history of Spain, Spanish liberalism tended to take for granted the national conscience and the Spanish nation.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> A by-product of 19th-century Spanish nationalist thinking is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, which holds the power of propelling the weaponized notion of Spain being a nation <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">shaped against Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The strong interface of nationalism with colonialism is another feature of 19th-century nation building in Spain, with the defence of slavery and colonialism in Cuba being often able to reconcile tensions between mainland elites of Catalonia and Madrid throughout the period.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> During the first half of 20th century (notably during the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">dictatorship of Franco</a>), a new brand of Spanish nationalism with a marked <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">military flavour</a> and an authoritarian stance (as well as promoting policies favouring the Spanish language against <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">the other languages</a> in the country) as a means of modernizing the country was developed by Spanish conservatives, fusing <a href="/wiki/Regenerationism" title="Regenerationism">regenerationist</a> principles with traditional Spanish nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuroQuiroga200517–18-111">[111]</a> The authoritarian national ideal resumed during the Francoist dictatorship, in the form of <a href="/wiki/National-Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="National-Catholicism">National-Catholicism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuroQuiroga200517–18-111">[111]</a> which was in turn complemented by the myth of <a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENúñez2001720-112">[112]</a> A distinct manifestation of Spanish nationalism in modern Spanish politics is the interchange of attacks with competing regional nationalisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuroQuiroga20059-113">[113]</a> Initially present after the end of Francoism in a rather diffuse and reactive form, the Spanish nationalist discourse has been often self-branded as "<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">constitutional patriotism</a>" since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENúñez2001719-114">[114]</a> Often ignored as in the case of other State nationalisms,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> its alleged "non-existence" has been a commonplace espoused by prominent figures in the public sphere as well as the mass-media in the country.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missolonghi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Missolonghi.jpg/220px-Missolonghi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Missolonghi.jpg/330px-Missolonghi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Missolonghi.jpg/440px-Missolonghi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Beginning in 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> began as a rebellion by Greek revolutionaries against the ruling Ottoman Empire.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> During the early 19th century, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a>, former movements of <a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek nationalism</a> and failed Greek revolts against the Ottoman Empire (such as the Orlofika revolt in southern Greece in 1770, and the Epirus-Macedonian revolt of Northern Greece in 1575), Greek nationalism led to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek war of independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-117">[117]</a> The Greek drive for independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 1820s and 1830s inspired supporters across <a href="/wiki/Christian_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Europe">Christian Europe</a>, especially in Britain, which was the result of western <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">idealization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> and romanticism. France, Russia and Britain critically intervened to ensure the success of this nationalist endeavor.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">History of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbs">History of Serbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif/220px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif/330px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif/440px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-TRY2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></figcaption></figure> For centuries the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> were ruled by the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The success of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> against <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman rule</a> in 1817 marked the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a>. It achieved <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independence in 1867 and finally gained <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Congress">international recognition</a> in 1878. Serbia had sought to liberate and unite with Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west and <a href="/wiki/Old_Serbia" title="Old Serbia">Old Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a>) to the south. Nationalist circles in both <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and Croatia (part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>) began to advocate for a greater <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> union in the 1860s, claiming <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> as their common land based on shared language and tradition.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Young_Bosnia" title="Young Bosnia">Serb revolutionaries</a> in Bosnia assassinated Archduke Ferdinand. <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, with German backing, tried to crush Serbia in 1914, thus igniting the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in which Austria-Hungary dissolved into nation states.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 1918, the region of <a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> came under control of the Serbian army, later the Great National Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs voted to join Serbia; the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> joined the union with <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> on 1 December 1918, and the country was named <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats,_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes</a>. It was renamed <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in 1929, and a <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav identity</a> was promoted, which ultimately failed. After the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Communists">Yugoslav Communists</a> established a new <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">socialist republic of Yugoslavia</a>. That state <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">broke up again</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish nationalism</a></div> The cause of Polish nationalism was repeatedly frustrated before 1918. In the 1790s, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> invaded, annexed, and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned Poland</a>. Napoleon set up the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, a new Polish state that ignited a spirit of nationalism. Russia took it over in 1815 as <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> with the tsar proclaimed as "King of Poland". Large-scale nationalist revolts erupted <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">in 1830</a> and <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">1863–64</a> but were harshly crushed by Russia, which tried to make the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">religion</a> more like Russia's. The collapse of the Russian Empire in the First World War enabled the major powers to re-establish an independent Poland, which survived until 1939. Meanwhile, Poles in areas controlled by Germany moved into heavy industry but their religion came under attack by Bismarck in the <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a> of the 1870s. The Poles joined German Catholics in a well-organized new <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, and defeated Bismarck politically. He responded by stopping the harassment and cooperating with the Centre Party.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In the late 19th and early 20th century, many Polish nationalist leaders endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Piast_Concept" title="Piast Concept">Piast Concept</a>. It held there was a Polish utopia during the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast Dynasty</a> a thousand years before, and modern Polish nationalists should restore its central values of Poland for the Poles. Jan Poplawski had developed the "Piast Concept" in the 1890s, and it formed the centerpiece of Polish nationalist ideology, especially as presented by the <a href="/wiki/National-Democratic_Party_(Poland)" title="National-Democratic Party (Poland)">National Democracy Party</a>, known as the "Endecja," which was led by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a>. In contrast with the Jagiellon concept, there was no concept for a multi-ethnic Poland.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivar_Arturo_Michelena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bolivar_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/170px-Bolivar_Arturo_Michelena.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bolivar_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/255px-Bolivar_Arturo_Michelena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bolivar_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/340px-Bolivar_Arturo_Michelena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> (1783–1830), a leader of independence in Latin America</figcaption></figure> The Piast concept stood in opposition to the "Jagiellon Concept," which allowed for multi-ethnicism and Polish rule over numerous minority groups such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>. The Jagiellon Concept was the official policy of the government in the 1920s and 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> at Tehran in 1943 rejected the Jagiellon Concept because it involved Polish rule over <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>. He instead endorsed the Piast Concept, which justified a massive shift of Poland's frontiers to the west.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> After 1945 the Soviet-back puppet communist regime wholeheartedly adopted the Piast Concept, making it the centerpiece of their claim to be the "true inheritors of Polish nationalism". After all the killings, including Nazi German occupation, terror in Poland and population transfers during and after the war, the nation was officially declared as 99% ethnically Polish.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In current Polish politics, Polish nationalism is most openly represented by parties linked in the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Liberty and Independence Confederation</a> coalition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of 2020 the Confederation, composed of several smaller parties, had 11 deputies (under 7%) in the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_awakening_of_Bulgaria" title="National awakening of Bulgaria">National awakening of Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Awakening" title="Bulgarian National Awakening">Bulgarian National Awakening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">Bulgarian National Revival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> modern nationalism emerged <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">under Ottoman rule</a> in the late 18th and early 19th century, under the influence of western ideas such as liberalism and nationalism, which trickled into the country after the French Revolution. The Bulgarian national revival started with the work of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paisius_of_Hilendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paisius of Hilendar">Saint Paisius of Hilendar</a>, who opposed <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> domination of Bulgaria's culture and religion. His work <a href="/wiki/Istoriya_Slavyanobolgarskaya" title="Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya">Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya</a> ("History of the Slav-Bulgarians"), which appeared in 1762, was the first work of Bulgarian historiography. It is considered Paisius' greatest work and one of the greatest pieces of Bulgarian literature. In it, Paisius interpreted Bulgarian medieval history with the goal of reviving the spirit of his nation. His successor was Saint <a href="/wiki/Sophronius_of_Vratsa" title="Sophronius of Vratsa">Sophronius of Vratsa</a>, who started the struggle for an independent Bulgarian church. An autonomous <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a> was established in 1870/1872 for the Bulgarian diocese wherein at least two-thirds of Orthodox Christians were willing to join it. In 1869 the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Revolutionary Organization">Internal Revolutionary Organization</a> was initiated. The <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a> indirectly resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bulgaria" title="Liberation of Bulgaria">re-establishment of Bulgaria in 1878</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_Nationalism">Jewish Nationalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jewish Nationalism">edit</a>]</div> Jewish nationalism arose in the latter half of the 19th century, largely as a response to the rise of nation-states. Traditionally Jews lived under uncertain and oppressive conditions. In western Europe, Jews not subject to such restrictions since <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">emancipation</a> of early 19th century often assimilated into the dominant culture. Both assimilation and the traditional second-class status of Jews were considered as threats to the Jewish identity by Jewish nationalists. The method of combatting these threats were different among different national movements among Jews. <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, ultimately the most successful of Jewish nationalist movements, advocated in the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Labour_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Zionism">Labour Zionism</a> hoped that the new Jewish state would be based on <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> principles. They imagined a <a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">new Jew</a> that, in contrast to the Jews of the diaspora, was strong, worked the land, and spoke <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Revival of Hebrew">Hebrew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a> instead had various religious reasonings for returning to Israel. Although according to historian David Engel, Zionism was more about fear that Jews would end up dispersed and unprotected, rather than fulfilling old prophecies of historical texts.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The efforts of the Zionist movement culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment of the State of Israel">establishment of the State of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Jewish Territorialism</a> split from the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist Movement">Zionist Movement</a> in 1903, arguing for a Jewish state <a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">no matter where</a>. As more Jews <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">moved to Palestine</a>, the main territorialist organization lost support, eventually disbanding in the 1925.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Smaller territorialist movements lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment of the State of Israel">establishment of the State of Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a> instead advocated for Jewish national autonomy within the territory they already lived in. Most manifestations of this movement were left-wing in nature, and actively <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a>. While successful among Eastern European Jews in the early 20th century, it lost most of its support due to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, although some support lasted through the 20th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></div> The awakening of nationalism across Asia helped shape the history of the continent. The key episode was the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">decisive defeat of Russia</a> by Japan in 1905, demonstrating the military advancement of non-Europeans in a modern war. The defeat quickly led to manifestations of a new interest in nationalism in China, as well as Turkey and Persia.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In China <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> (1866–1925) launched his new party the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (National People's Party) in defiance of the decrepit Empire, which was run by outsiders. The Kuomintang recruits pledged: <blockquote>[F]rom this moment I will destroy the old and build the new, and fight for the self-determination of the people, and will apply all my strength to the support of the Chinese Republic and the realization of democracy through the Three Principles, ... for the progress of good government, the happiness and perpetual peace of the people, and for the strengthening of the foundations of the state in the name of peace throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></blockquote> The Kuomintang largely ran China until the Communists took over in 1949. But the latter had also been strongly influenced by Sun's nationalism as well as by the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> in 1919. It was a nationwide protest movement about the domestic backwardness of China and has often been depicted as the intellectual foundation for Chinese Communism.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a> stimulated by the May Fourth Movement waxed strong throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Historian <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ebrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Ebrey">Patricia Ebrey</a> says: <blockquote>Nationalism, patriotism, progress, science, democracy, and freedom were the goals; <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warlordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlordism">warlordism</a>, autocracy, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>, and blind adherence to tradition were the enemies. Intellectuals struggled with how to be strong and modern and yet Chinese, how to preserve China as a political entity in the world of competing nations.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece_2">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek nationalism</a></div> Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> movements Greek advocating for <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a> (unity of ethnically Greek states with the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Hellenic Republic</a> to create a unified Greek state), used today in the case of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, the Greek movement that advocated for the reconquering of Greek ancestral lands from the Ottoman Empire (such as <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> among others) that were popular in the late 19th and early to 20th centuries, led to many Greek states and regions that were ethnically Greek to eventually unite with Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish war of 1919</a>. The <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August regime</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> or fascistic nationalist authoritarian dictatorship inspired by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini's</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and led by Greek general <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a> from 1936 to his death in 1941. It advocated for the Third Hellenic Civilization, a culturally superior Greek civilization that would be the successor of the First and Second Greek civilizations, that were <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine empire</a> respectively. It promoted <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">dances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">medievalism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-124-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, an anti-colonial political leader from <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, pictured at a nationalist rally in colonial <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>) in 1960</figcaption></figure> In the 1880s the European powers divided up almost all of Africa (only <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> were independent). They ruled until after World War II when forces of nationalism grew much stronger. In the 1950s and the 1960s, colonial holdings became independent states. The process was usually peaceful but there were several long bitter bloody civil wars, as in Algeria,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Kenya<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and elsewhere. Across Africa, nationalism drew upon the organizational skills that natives had learned in the British and French, and other armies during the world wars. It led to organizations that were not controlled by or endorsed by either the colonial powers or the traditional local power structures that had been collaborating with the colonial powers. Nationalistic organizations began to challenge both the traditional and the new colonial structures and finally displaced them. Leaders of nationalist movements took control when the European authorities exited; many ruled for decades or until they died off. These structures included political, educational, religious, and other social organizations. In recent decades, many African countries have undergone the triumph and defeat of nationalistic fervor, changing in the process the loci of the centralizing state power and patrimonial state.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, a British colony, was exceptional in that it became virtually independent by 1931. From 1948, it was controlled by white <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> nationalists, who focused on racial segregation and white minority rule, known as <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. It lasted until 1994, when <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">multiracial elections were held</a>. The international anti-apartheid movement supported black nationalists until success was achieved,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was elected president.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>, a movement toward liberating and empowering the Arab peoples of the Middle East, emerged during the late 19th century, inspired by other independence movements of the 18th and 19th centuries. As the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> declined and the Middle East was carved up by the Great Powers of Europe, Arabs sought to establish their own independent nations ruled by Arabs, rather than foreigners. <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> was established in 1920; Transjordan (later <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>) gradually gained independence between 1921 and 1946; <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> was established in 1932; and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> achieved gradually gained independence between 1922 and 1952. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> was established in 1945 to promote Arab interests and cooperation between the new Arab states. The <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> movement, emerged among European Jews in the 19th century. In 1882, Jews, from Europe, began to emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Palestine">Ottoman Palestine</a> with the goal of establishing a new Jewish homeland. The majority and local population in Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian">Palestinian</a> Arabs were demanding independence from the British Mandate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Breakup of Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Nationalism">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nationalism" title="Talk:Nationalism">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Nationalism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There was a rise in extreme nationalism after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> had triggered the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in the 1990s. That left many people with no identity. The people under communist rule had to integrate, but they now found themselves free to choose. That made long-dormant conflicts rise and create sources of serious conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a> When communism fell in Yugoslavia, serious conflict arose, which led to a rise in extreme nationalism. In his 1992 article Jihad vs. McWorld, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Barber" title="Benjamin Barber">Benjamin Barber</a> proposed that the fall of communism would cause large numbers of people to search for unity and that small-scale wars would become common, as groups will attempt to redraw boundaries, identities, cultures and ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a> The fall of communism also allowed for an "us vs. them" mentality to return.<a href="#cite_note-:2-142">[142]</a> Governments would become vehicles for social interests, and the country would attempt to form national policies based on the majority culture, religion or ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a> Some newly sprouted democracies had large differences in policies on matters, which ranged from immigration and human rights to trade and commerce. The academic Steven Berg felt that the root of nationalist conflicts was the demand for autonomy and a separate existence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a> That nationalism can give rise to strong emotions, which may lead to a group fighting to survive, especially as after the fall of communism, political boundaries did not match ethnic boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a> Serious conflicts often arose and escalated very easily, as individuals and groups acted upon their beliefs and caused death and destruction.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a> When that happens, states unable to contain the conflict run the risk of slowing their progress at democratization. Yugoslavia was established after the First World War and joined three acknowledged ethnic groups: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. The national census numbers from 1971 to 1981 measured an increase from 1.3% to 5.4% in the population that ethnically identified itself as <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a> That meant that the country, almost as a whole, was divided by distinctive religious, ethnic and national loyalties after nearly 50 years. Nationalist separatism of Croatia and Slovenia from the rest of Yugoslavia has basis in historical imperialist conquests of the region (<a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) and existence within separate spheres of religious, cultural and industrial influence – Catholicism, Protenstantism, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> cultural orientation in the northwest, versus Orthodoxy, Islam and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> in the southeast. Croatia and Slovenia were subsequently more economically and industrially advanced and remained as such throughout existence of both forms of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-:2-142">[142]</a> In the 1970s, the leadership of the separate territories in Yugoslavia protected only territorial interests, at the expense of other territories. In Croatia, there was almost a split within the territory between Serbs and Croats so that any political decision would kindle unrest, and tensions could cross adjacent territories: Bosnia and Herzegovina.<a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a> Bosnia had no group with a majority; Muslim, Serb, Croat, and Yugoslavs stopped leadership from advancing here as well. Political organizations were not able to deal successfully with such diverse nationalisms. Within the territories, leaderships would not compromise. To do so would create a winner in one ethnic group and a loser in another and raise the possibility of a serious conflict. That strengthened the political stance promoting ethnic identities and caused intense and divided political leadership within Yugoslavia. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_border_changes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/220px-Cold_War_border_changes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/330px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/440px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_since_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes since World War I">Changes in national boundaries</a> in post-Soviet and post-Yugoslav states after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a> were followed by a resurgence of nationalism.</figcaption></figure> In the 1980s, Yugoslavia began to break into fragments.<a href="#cite_note-:1-141">[141]</a> Economic conditions within Yugoslavia were deteriorating. Conflict in the disputed territories was stimulated by the rise in mass nationalism and ethnic hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a> The per capita income of people in the northwestern territory, encompassing Croatia and Slovenia, was several times higher than that of the southern territory. That, combined with escalating violence from ethnic Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo, intensified economic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a> The violence greatly contributed to the rise of extreme nationalism of Serbs in Serbia and the rest of Yugoslavia. The ongoing conflict in Kosovo was propagandized by a communist Serb, <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, to increase Serb nationalism further. As mentioned, that nationalism gave rise to powerful emotions which grew the force of Serbian nationalism by highly nationalist demonstrations in Vojvodina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. Serbian nationalism was so high that Slobodan Milošević ousted leaders in Vojvodina and Montenegro, repressed Albanians within Kosovo and eventually controlled four of the eight regions/territories.<a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a> Slovenia, one of the four regions not under communist control, favoured a democratic state. In Slovenia, fear was mounting because Milošević would use the militia to suppress the country, as had occurred in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a> Half of Yugoslavia wanted to be democratic, the other wanted a new nationalist authoritarian regime. In fall of 1989, tensions came to a head, and Slovenia asserted its political and economic independence from Yugoslavia and seceded. In January 1990, there was a total break with Serbia at the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, an institution that had been conceived by Milošević to strengthen unity and later became the backdrop for the fall of communism in Yugoslavia. In August 1990, a warning to the region was issued when ethnically divided groups attempted to alter the government structure. The republic borders established by the Communist regime in the postwar period were extremely vulnerable to challenges from ethnic communities. Ethnic communities arose because they did not share the identity with everyone within the new post-communist borders,<a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a> which threatened the new governments. The same disputes were erupting that were in place prior to Milošević and were compounded by actions from his regime. Also, within the territory, the Croats and the Serbs were in direct competition for control of government. Elections were held and increased potential conflicts between Serbian and Croat nationalism. Serbia wanted to be separate and to decide its own future based on its own ethnic composition, but that would then give Kosovo encouragement to become independent from Serbia. Albanians in Kosovo were already practically independent from Kosovo, but Serbia did not want to let Kosovo become independent. Albanian nationalists wanted their own territory, but that would require a redrawing of the map and threaten neighboring territories. When communism fell in Yugoslavia, serious conflict arose, which led to the rise in extreme nationalism. Nationalism again gave rise to powerful emotions, which evoked, in some extreme cases, a willingness to die for what one believed, a fight for the survival of the group.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[140]</a> The end of communism began a long period of conflict and war for the region. For six years, 200,000–500,000 people died in the Bosnian War.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> All three major ethnicities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian Muslims, Croats, Serbs) suffered at the hands of each other.<a href="#cite_note-:2-142">[142]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] The war garnered assistance from groups, Muslim, Orthodox, and Western Christian, and from state actors, which supplied all sides; Saudi Arabia and Iran supported Bosnia; Russia supported Serbia; Central European and the West, including the US, supported Croatia; and the Pope supported Slovenia and Croatia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></div> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalism</a> in the late 20th century led to a rise in nationalism and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> in Europe and North America. That trend was further fueled by increased terrorism in the West (the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in the United States being a prime example), increasing unrest and civil wars in the Middle East, and <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">waves of Muslim refugees, especially from the Syrian Civil War</a>, flooding into Europe (as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit">[update]</a> the refugee crisis appears to have peaked).<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Nationalist groups like Germany's <a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">Pegida</a>, France's <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> gained prominence in their respective nations advocating <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">restrictions on immigration</a> to protect the local populations.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP:_Survey-148">[148]</a> Since 2010, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalists</a> have led a renewed <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">declared Catalan independence</a>. The movement has been opposed by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In the 2010s, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek economic crisis</a> and waves of immigration have led to a significant rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek nationalism</a> across Greece, especially among the youth.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In Russia, exploitation of nationalist sentiments allowed <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to consolidate power.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> This nationalist sentiment was used in Russia's annexation of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> in 2014 and other actions in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-WP:_Survey-148">[148]</a> Nationalist movements gradually began to rise in Central Europe as well, particularly Poland, under the influence of the ruling party, <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a>).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In Hungary, the anti-immigration rhetoric and stance against foreign influence is a powerful national glue promoted the ruling <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> party (led by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Nationalist parties have also joined governing coalitions in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In India, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> has grown in popularity with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, a right-wing party which has been ruling India at the national level since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The rise in religious nationalism comes with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a> in India, with the election and re-election of populist leader Narendra Modi as Prime Minister, who promised economic prosperity for all and an end to corruption. Militant <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist nationalism</a> is also on the rise in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmarnationalism-162">[162]</a> In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalist influences</a> in the government developed over the course of the early 21st century, largely from the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far right</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">ultra-conservative</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a> organization.<a href="#cite_note-apjjf-169">[169]</a> The new movement has advocated re-establishing Japan as a military power and pushed revisionist historical narratives denying events such as the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apjjf-169">[169]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom</a> was held on 18 September 2014. The proposal was defeated, with 55.3% voting against independence. In a <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a>, the British populace unexpectedly voted to withdraw the United Kingdom from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>). As the promise of continued European Union membership was a core feature of the anti-independence campaign during the Scottish referendum, there have been <a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">calls for a second referendum on Scottish independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House,_19_March_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg/220px-Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg/330px-Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg/440px-Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian Former President <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, sometimes called the "Tropical Trump", with United States President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential campaign</a> saw the unprecedented rise of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, a businessman with no political experience who ran on a populist/nationalist platform and struggled to gain endorsements from mainstream political figures, even within his own party. Trump's slogans "Make America Great Again" and "America First" exemplified his campaign's repudiation of globalism and its staunchly nationalistic outlook. His unexpected victory in the election was seen as part of the same trend that had brought about the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> vote.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> On 22 October 2018, two weeks before the mid-term elections President Trump openly proclaimed that he was a nationalist to a cheering crowd at a rally in Texas in support of re-electing Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> who was once an adversary.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> On 29 October 2018 Trump equated nationalism to patriotism, saying "I'm proud of this country and I call that ''nationalism.''<a href="#cite_note-gearanWaPo13nov18-173">[173]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> became president of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> running a distinctly nationalist campaign. Contrary to the policies of his recent predecessors, he distanced the country from the Philippines' former ruler, the United States, and sought closer ties with China (as well as Russia).<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In 2017, Turkish nationalism propelled President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> to gain unprecedented power in a <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">national referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Reactions from world leaders were mixed, with Western European leaders generally expressing concern<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> while the leaders of many of the more authoritarian regimes as well as President Trump offered their congratulations.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_science">Political science</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political science">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientists</a> have theorized about the foundations of the modern nation-state and the concept of sovereignty. The concept of nationalism in political science draws from these theoretical foundations. Philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> conceptualized the state as the result of a "<a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>" between rulers and individuals.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> provides the most commonly used definition of the state, "that human community which successfully lays claim to the monopoly of legitimate physical violence within a certain territory".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a>, nations are "<a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a>", or socially constructed institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:8-180">[180]</a> Many scholars have noted the relationship between <a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">state-building</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, and nationalism. John Etherington argues nationalism is inherently exclusionary and thus potentially violent,<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herbst" title="Jeffrey Herbst">Jeffrey Herbst</a> posits that external threats can foster nationalist sentiment: "External threats have such a powerful effect on nationalism because people realize in a profound manner that they are under threat because of who they are as a nation; they are forced to recognize that it is only as a nation that they can successfully defeat the threat".<a href="#cite_note-herbst-war-and-state-182">[182]</a> With increased external threats, the state's extractive capacities increase. He links the lack of external threats to countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, post-independence, to weak state nationalism and <a href="/wiki/State_capacity" title="State capacity">state capacity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-herbst-war-and-state-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Posen" title="Barry Posen">Barry Posen</a> argues that nationalism increases the intensity of war, and that states deliberately promote nationalism with the aim of improving their military capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Most new nation-states since 1815 have emerged through decolonization.<a href="#cite_note-:9-41">[41]</a> Adria Lawrence has argued that nationalism in the colonial world was spurred by failures of colonial powers to extend equal political rights to the subjects in the colonies, thus prompting them to pursue independence.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Michael Hechter has argued similarly that "peripheral nationalisms" formed when empires prevented peripheral regions from having autonomy and local rule.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology">Sociology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sociology">edit</a>]</div> The sociological or modernist interpretation of nationalism and nation-building argues that nationalism arises and flourishes in modern societies that have an industrial economy capable of self-sustainability, a central supreme authority capable of maintaining authority and unity, and a centralized language understood by a community of people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001508–509-186">[186]</a> Modernist theorists note that this is only possible in modern societies, while traditional societies typically lack the prerequisites for nationalism. They lack a modern self-sustainable economy, have divided authorities, and use multiple languages resulting in many groups being unable to communicate with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001508–509-186">[186]</a> Prominent theorists who developed the modernist interpretation of nations and nationalism include: <a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Carlton J. H. Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Maine">Henry Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Joseph_Toynbee" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Joseph Toynbee">Arnold Joseph Toynbee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001508–509-186">[186]</a> In his analysis of the historical changes and development of human societies, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Maine">Henry Maine</a> noted that the key distinction between traditional societies defined as "status" societies based on family association and functionally diffuse roles for individuals and modern societies defined as "contract" societies where social relations are determined by rational contracts pursued by individuals to advance their interests. Maine saw the development of societies as moving away from traditional status societies to modern contract societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001510-187">[187]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_und_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft">Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft</a> (1887), <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a> defined a Gemeinschaft ("community") as being based on emotional attachments as attributed with traditional societies while defining a Gesellschaft ("society") as an impersonal society that is modern. Although he recognized the advantages of modern societies, he also criticized them for their cold and impersonal nature that caused <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> while praising the intimacy of traditional communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001510-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> expanded upon Tönnies' recognition of alienation and defined the differences between traditional and modern societies as being between societies based upon "mechanical solidarity" versus societies based on "organic solidarity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001510-187">[187]</a> Durkheim identified mechanical solidarity as involving custom, habit, and repression that was necessary to maintain shared views. Durkheim identified organic solidarity-based societies as modern societies where there exists a division of labour based on social differentiation that causes alienation. Durkheim claimed that social integration in traditional society required authoritarian culture involving acceptance of a social order. Durkheim claimed that modern society bases integration on the mutual benefits of the division of labour, but noted that the impersonal character of modern urban life caused alienation and feelings of <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001510-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> claimed the change that developed modern society and nations is the result of the rise of a charismatic leader to power in a society who creates a new tradition or a rational-legal system that establishes the supreme authority of the state. Weber's conception of charismatic authority has been noted as the basis of many nationalist governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001510-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primordialist_evolutionary_interpretation">Primordialist evolutionary interpretation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Primordialist evolutionary interpretation">edit</a>]</div> The primordialist perspective is based upon evolutionary theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001272–273-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> This approach has been popular with the general public but is typically rejected by experts. Laland and Brown report that "the vast majority of professional academics in the social sciences not only ... ignore evolutionary methods but in many cases [are] extremely hostile to the arguments" that draw vast generalizations from rather limited evidence.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The evolutionary theory of nationalism perceives nationalism to be the result of the evolution of human beings into identifying with groups, such as ethnic groups, or other groups that form the foundation of a nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001272–273-188">[188]</a> Roger Masters in The Nature of Politics describes the primordial explanation of the origin of ethnic and national groups as recognizing group attachments that are thought to be unique, emotional, intense, and durable because they are based upon <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> and promoted along lines of common ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001273-191">[191]</a> The primordialist evolutionary views of nationalism often reference the evolutionary theories of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">Social Darwinist</a> views of the late nineteenth century. Thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Walter Bagehot</a> reinterpreted Darwin's theory of natural selection "often in ways inconsistent with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution" by making unsupported claims of biological difference among groups, ethnicities, races, and nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001495–496-192">[192]</a> Modern evolutionary sciences have distanced themselves from such views, but notions of long-term evolutionary change remain foundational to the work of evolutionary psychologists like <a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001268-193">[193]</a> Approached through the primordialist perspective, the example of seeing the mobilization of a foreign military force on the nation's borders may provoke members of a national group to unify and mobilize themselves in response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001271-194">[194]</a> There are proximate environments where individuals identify nonimmediate real or imagined situations in combination with immediate situations that make individuals confront a common situation of both subjective and objective components that affect their decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001272-195">[195]</a> As such proximate environments cause people to make decisions based on existing situations and anticipated situations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001272-195">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse,_Berlin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/250px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/375px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg/500px-Ereignisblatt_aus_den_revolution%C3%A4ren_M%C3%A4rztagen_18.-19._M%C3%A4rz_1848_mit_einer_Barrikadenszene_aus_der_Breiten_Strasse%2C_Berlin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Nationalist and liberal pressure led to the European <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>.</figcaption></figure> Critics argue that primordial models relying on evolutionary psychology are based not on historical evidence but on assumptions of unobserved changes over thousands of years and assume stable genetic composition of the population living in a specific area and are incapable of handling the contingencies that characterize every known historical process. Robert Hislope argues: <blockquote>[T]he articulation of cultural evolutionary theory represents theoretical progress over sociobiology, but its explanatory payoff remains limited due to the role of contingency in human affairs and the significance of non-evolutionary, proximate causal factors. While evolutionary theory undoubtedly elucidates the development of all organic life, it would seem to operate best at macro-levels of analysis, "distal" points of explanation, and from the perspective of the long-term. Hence, it is bound to display shortcomings at micro-level events that are highly contingent in nature.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></blockquote> In 1920, English historian <a href="/wiki/G._P._Gooch" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. Gooch">G. P. Gooch</a> argued that "[while patriotism is as old as human association and has gradually widened its sphere from the clan and the tribe to the city and the state, nationalism as an operative principle and an articulate creed only made its appearance among the more complicated intellectual processes of the modern world."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist_interpretations">Marxist interpretations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Marxist interpretations">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> declared that "the working men have no country".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> supported the concept of self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_(1983)-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_National_Question" title="Marxism and the National Question">Marxism and the National Question</a> (1913) declares that "a nation is not a <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">racial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a>, but a historically constituted community of people;" "a nation is not a casual or ephemeral <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conglomeration" class="extiw" title="wikt:conglomeration">conglomeration</a>, but a stable community of people"; "a nation is formed only as a result of lengthy and systematic <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">intercourse</a>, as a result of people living together generation after generation"; and, in its entirety: "a nation is a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types of nationalism</a></div> Historians, sociologists and anthropologists have debated different types of nationalism since at least the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Generally, the most common way of classifying nationalism has been to describe movements as having either "civic" or "ethnic" nationalist characteristics. This distinction was popularized in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kohn" title="Hans Kohn">Hans Kohn</a> who described "civic" nationalism as "Western" and more democratic while depicting "ethnic" nationalism as "Eastern" and undemocratic.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Since the 1980s, scholars of nationalism have pointed out numerous flaws in this rigid division and proposed more specific classifications and numerous varieties.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-colonial">Anti-colonial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anti-colonial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_demonstrates_against_Great_Britain_in_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Crowd_demonstrates_against_Great_Britain_in_Cairo.jpg/250px-Crowd_demonstrates_against_Great_Britain_in_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Crowd_demonstrates_against_Great_Britain_in_Cairo.jpg/375px-Crowd_demonstrates_against_Great_Britain_in_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Crowd_demonstrates_against_Great_Britain_in_Cairo.jpg/500px-Crowd_demonstrates_against_Great_Britain_in_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Crowd demonstrates against Britain in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> on 23 October 1951 as tension continued to mount in the dispute between Egypt and Britain over control of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Anti-colonial nationalism is an intellectual framework that preceded, accompanied and followed the process of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> in the mid-1900s. <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a> defined a nation as a socially constructed community that is co-created by individuals who imagine themselves as part of this group.<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-16">[16]</a> He points to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> as the site that originally conceived of nationalism as a concept, which is defined by its imagination of an ahistorical identity that negates colonialism by definition. This concept of nationalism was exemplified by the transformation of settler colonies into nations, while anti-colonial nationalism is exemplified by movements against colonial powers in the 1900s. Nationalist mobilization in French colonial Africa and British colonial India developed "when colonial regimes refused to cede rights to their increasingly well-educated colonial subjects", who formed indigenous elites and strategically adopted and adapted nationalist tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tudor-206">[206]</a> New national identities may cross pre-existing ethnic or linguistic divisions.<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-12">[12]</a> Anti-colonial independence movements in Africa and Asia in the 1900s were led by individuals who had a set of shared identities and imagined a homeland without external rule. Anderson argues that the racism often experienced as a result of colonial rule and attributed to nationalism is rather due to theories of class.<a href="#cite_note-:8-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gellner%27s_theory_of_nationalism" title="Gellner's theory of nationalism">Gellner's</a> theory of nationalism argues that nationalism works for combining one culture or ethnicity in one state, which leads to that state's success. For Gellner, nationalism is ethnic, and state political parties should reflect the ethnic majority in the state. This definition of nationalism also contributes to anti-colonial nationalism, if one conceives of anti-colonial movements to be movements consisting of one specific ethnic group against an outside ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Edward Said also saw nationalism as ethnic, at least in part, and argued that nationalist narratives often go hand in hand with racism, as communities define themselves in relation to the other.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Anti-colonial nationalism is not static and is defined by different forms of nationalism depending on location. In the anti-colonial movement that took place in the Indian subcontinent, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and his allies in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> argued for a <a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">composite nationalism</a>, not believing that an independent Indian nation should be defined by its religious identity.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-BennemaBhakiaraj2011-210">[210]</a> Despite large-scale <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">opposition</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> supporters, the insistence of the Muslims under the separatist <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> being <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioned</a> into two states in 1947 along religious lines into the Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> and the Hindu-majority <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chitkara1988-211">[211]</a> Because of colonialism's creation of state and country lines across ethnic, religious, linguistic and other historical boundaries, anti-colonial nationalism is largely related to land first. After independence, especially in countries with particularly diverse populations with historic enmity, there have been a series of smaller independence movements that are also defined by anti-colonialism. Philosopher and scholar Achille Mbembe argues that post-colonialism is a contradictory term, because colonialism is ever present.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Those that participate in this intellectual practice envision a post-colonialism despite its being the defining frame for the world. This is the case with anti-colonialism as well. Anti-colonial nationalism as an intellectual framework persisted into the late 20th century with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">resistance movements</a> in Soviet satellite states and continues with <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">independence movements</a> in the Arab world in the 21st century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_and_liberal">Civic and liberal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Civic and liberal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></div> Civic nationalism defines the nation as an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures.<a href="#cite_note-blackwell-213">[213]</a> According to the principles of civic nationalism, the nation is not based on common ethnic ancestry, but is a political entity whose core identity is not ethnicity. This civic concept of nationalism is exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> in his lecture in 1882 "<a href="/wiki/What_is_a_Nation%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is a Nation?">What is a Nation?</a>", where he defined the nation as a "daily referendum" (frequently translated "daily <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a>") dependent on the will of its people to continue living together.<a href="#cite_note-blackwell-213">[213]</a> Civic nationalism is normally associated with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">liberal nationalism</a>, although the two are distinct, and did not always coincide. On the one hand, until the late 19th and early 20th century adherents to anti-Enlightenment movements such as French <a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">Legitimism</a> or Spanish <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> often rejected the liberal, national unitary state, yet identified themselves not with an ethnic nation but with a non-national dynasty and regional feudal privileges. Xenophobic movements in long-established Western European states indeed often took a 'civic national' form, rejecting a given group's ability to assimilate with the nation due to its belonging to a cross-border community (Irish Catholics in Britain, Ashkenazic Jews in France). On the other hand, while subnational separatist movements were commonly associated with ethnic nationalism, this was not always so, and such nationalists as the <a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_Federalist_League" title="Breton Federalist League">Breton Federalist League</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Republican Party">Catalan Republican Party</a> could combine a rejection of the unitary civic-national state with a belief in liberal universalism. Liberal nationalism is commonly considered to be compatible with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal values">liberal values</a> of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKymlicka1995200-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> are often thought to be early liberal nationalists. Liberal nationalists often defend the value of national identity by saying that individuals need a national identity to lead meaningful, autonomous lives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKymlicka199534-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> and that liberal democratic polities need national identity to function properly.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and liberalism, but as a form of nationalism it is usually contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>. Civic nationalism is correlated with long-established states whose dynastic rulers had gradually acquired multiple distinct territories, with little change to boundaries, but which contained historical populations of multiple linguistic and/or confessional backgrounds. Since individuals living within different parts of the state territory might have little obvious common ground, civic nationalism developed as a way for rulers to both explain a contemporary reason for such heterogeneity and to provide a common purpose (<a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>'s classic description in <a href="/wiki/What_is_a_Nation%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is a Nation?">What is a Nation?</a> (1882) as a voluntary partnership for a common endeavor). Renan argued that factors such as ethnicity, language, religion, economics, geography, ruling dynasty and historic military deeds were important but not sufficient. Needed was a spiritual soul that allowed as a "daily referendum" among the people.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Civic-national ideals influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> in multiethnic countries such as the United States and France, as well as in constitutional monarchies such as Great Britain, Belgium and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-google_2016_pg173-75">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_UPA_March_in_Kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2012_UPA_March_in_Kiev.jpg/220px-2012_UPA_March_in_Kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2012_UPA_March_in_Kiev.jpg/330px-2012_UPA_March_in_Kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2012_UPA_March_in_Kiev.jpg/440px-2012_UPA_March_in_Kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ukrainian nationalists carry portraits of <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a> and flags of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creole">Creole</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Creole">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Creole nationalism</a></div> Creole nationalism is the ideology that emerged in independence movements among the creoles (descendants of the colonizers), especially in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> It was facilitated when French Emperor Napoleon seized control of Spain and Portugal, breaking the chain of control from the Spanish and Portuguese kings to the local governors. Allegiance to the Napoleonic states was rejected, and increasingly the creoles demanded independence. They achieved it after civil wars 1808–1826.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic">Ethnic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ethnic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div> Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethno-nationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the "nation" is defined in terms of <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The central theme of ethnic nationalists is that "nations are defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a <a href="/wiki/Common_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Common language">common language</a>, a common faith, and a <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_by_ethnic_group" title="Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group">common ethnic ancestry</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-227">[227]</a> It also includes ideas of a <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> shared between members of the group, and with their ancestors. It is different from a purely cultural definition of "the nation," which allows people to become members of a nation by <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>; and from a purely linguistic definition, according to which "the nation" consists of all speakers of a specific language. Whereas nationalism in and of itself does not imply a belief in the superiority of one ethnicity or country over others, some nationalists support <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentric</a> supremacy or protectionism. The humiliation of being a second-class citizen led regional minorities in multiethnic states, such as Great Britain, Spain, France, Germany, Russia and the Ottoman Empire, to define nationalism in terms of loyalty to their minority culture, especially language and religion. Forced assimilation was anathema.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> For the politically dominant cultural group, assimilation was necessary to minimize disloyalty and treason and therefore became a major component of nationalism. A second factor for the politically dominant group was competition with neighboring states—nationalism involved a rivalry, especially in terms of military prowess and economic strength.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a></div> Economic nationalism, or economic patriotism, is an ideology that favors <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">state interventionism</a> in the economy, with policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_formation" title="Capital formation">capital formation</a>, even if this requires the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gendered_and_muscular">Gendered and muscular</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Gendered and muscular">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Nationalism and gender</a></div> Feminist critique interprets nationalism as a mechanism through which sexual control and repression are justified and legitimized, often by a dominant masculine power. The <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gendering</a> of nationalism through socially constructed notions of <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a> not only shapes what masculine and feminine participation in the building of that nation will look like, but also how the nation will be imagined by nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-:4-232">[232]</a> A nation having its own identity is viewed as necessary, and often inevitable, and these identities are gendered.<a href="#cite_note-:5-233">[233]</a> The physical land itself is often gendered as female (i.e. "Motherland"), with a body in constant danger of violation by foreign males, while national pride and protectiveness of "her" borders is gendered as masculine.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Patriotic_Army_Recruiting_Poster_WW2_Then_Now_Forever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_Patriotic_Army_Recruiting_Poster_WW2_Then_Now_Forever.jpg/170px-US_Patriotic_Army_Recruiting_Poster_WW2_Then_Now_Forever.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_Patriotic_Army_Recruiting_Poster_WW2_Then_Now_Forever.jpg/255px-US_Patriotic_Army_Recruiting_Poster_WW2_Then_Now_Forever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_Patriotic_Army_Recruiting_Poster_WW2_Then_Now_Forever.jpg/340px-US_Patriotic_Army_Recruiting_Poster_WW2_Then_Now_Forever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>World War II United States Patriotic Army Recruiting Poster</figcaption></figure> History, political ideologies, and religions place most nations along a continuum of muscular nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-:5-233">[233]</a> Muscular nationalism conceptualizes a nation's identity as being derived from muscular or masculine attributes that are unique to a particular country.<a href="#cite_note-:5-233">[233]</a> If definitions of nationalism and gender are understood as socially and culturally constructed, the two may be constructed in conjunction by invoking an <a href="/wiki/Ingroups_and_outgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingroups and outgroups">"us" versus "them" dichotomy</a> for the purpose of the exclusion of the so-called "other," who is used to reinforce the unifying ties of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-:4-232">[232]</a> The empowerment of one gender, nation or sexuality tends to occur at the expense and disempowerment of another; in this way, nationalism can be used as an instrument to perpetuate <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormative</a> structures of power.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> The gendered manner in which dominant nationalism has been imagined in most states in the world has had important implications on not only individual's lived experience, but on international relations.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> has historically been heavily intertwined with muscular nationalism, from research linking <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">hegemonic masculinity</a> and empire-building,<a href="#cite_note-:4-232">[232]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectional</a> oppression being justified by colonialist images of the "other", a practice integral in the formation of Western identity.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> This "othering" may come in the form of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a>, whereby the East is <a href="/wiki/Feminization_(sociology)" title="Feminization (sociology)">feminized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexualized" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualized">sexualized</a> by the West. The imagined feminine East, or "other," exists in contrast to the masculine West. The status of conquered nations can become a causality dilemma: the nation was "conquered because they were effeminate and seen as effeminate because they were conquered."<a href="#cite_note-:4-232">[232]</a> In defeat they are considered militaristically unskilled, not aggressive, and thus not muscular. In order for a nation to be considered "proper", it must possess the male-gendered characteristics of virility, as opposed to the stereotypically female characteristics of subservience and dependency.<a href="#cite_note-:5-233">[233]</a> Muscular nationalism is often inseparable from the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a>, which shares <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> commonalities across many nations; they are defined by the masculine notions of aggression, willingness to engage in war, decisiveness, and muscular strength, as opposed to the feminine notions of peacefulness, weakness, non-violence, and compassion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-232">[232]</a> This masculinized image of a warrior has been theorized to be "the culmination of a series of gendered historical and social processes" played out in a national and international context.<a href="#cite_note-:4-232">[232]</a> Ideas of cultural dualism—of a martial man and chaste woman—which are implicit in muscular nationalism, underline the <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">raced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gendered</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormative</a> nature of dominant national identity.<a href="#cite_note-:5-233">[233]</a> Nations and gender systems are mutually supportive <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">constructions</a>: the nation fulfils the masculine ideals of comradeship and brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-:6-238">[238]</a> Masculinity has been cited as a notable factor in producing political militancy.<a href="#cite_note-:6-238">[238]</a> A common feature of national crisis is a drastic shift in the socially acceptable ways of being a man,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> which then helps to shape the gendered perception of the nation as a whole. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integral,_pan_and_irredentism">Integral, pan and irredentism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Integral, pan and irredentism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></div> There are different types of nationalism including Risorgimento nationalism and Integral nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Whereas risorgimento nationalism applies to a nation seeking to establish a liberal state (for example the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> in Italy and similar movements in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> during the 19th century or the <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic</a> <a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a>), integral nationalism results after a nation has achieved independence and has established a state. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, according to Alter and Brown, were examples of integral nationalism. Some of the qualities that characterize integral nationalism are <a href="/wiki/Anti-individualism" title="Anti-individualism">anti-individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a>, radical extremism, and aggressive-expansionist militarism. The term Integral Nationalism often overlaps with fascism, although many natural points of disagreement exist. Integral nationalism arises in countries where a strong military ethos has become entrenched through the independence struggle, when, once independence is achieved, it is believed that a strong military is required to ensure the security and viability of the new state. Also, the success of such a liberation struggle results in feelings of national superiority that may lead to extreme nationalism. Pan-nationalism is unique in that it covers a large area span. Pan-nationalism focuses more on "clusters" of ethnic groups. <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> is one example of Pan-nationalism. The goal is to unite all <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic people</a> into one country. They did succeed by uniting several <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">south Slavic</a> people into <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-wing">Left-wing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Left-wing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/250px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/375px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg/500px-Antiimperialismo_caracas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>A political mural in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> featuring an anti-American and anti-imperialist message</figcaption></figure> Left-wing nationalism, occasionally known as socialist nationalism, not to be confused with the German fascist "<a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> is a political movement that combines <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> with nationalism. Many nationalist movements are dedicated to <a href="/wiki/National_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation">national liberation</a>, in the view that their nations are being persecuted by other nations and thus need to exercise <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> by liberating themselves from the accused persecutors. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Revisionism">Anti-revisionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> is closely tied with this ideology, and practical examples include Stalin's early work <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_National_Question" title="Marxism and the National Question">Marxism and the National Question</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a> edict, which declares that nationalism can be used in an internationalist context, fighting for national liberation without racial or religious divisions. Other examples of left-wing nationalism include <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement" title="26th of July Movement">26th of July Movement</a> that launched the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a>, Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc" title="Galician Nationalist Bloc">Galician Nationalist Bloc</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> in Bangladesh, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> in South Africa and numerous movements in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: National-anarchism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></div> Among the first advocates of national-anarchism were Hans Cany, Peter Töpfer and former <a href="/wiki/British_National_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Front">National Front</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Troy Southgate</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Faction" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revolutionary Faction">National Revolutionary Faction</a>, a since disbanded British-based organization which cultivated links to certain <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> circles in the United Kingdom and in <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>, not to be confused with the national-anarchism of the Black Ram Group.<a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">[248]</a> In the United Kingdom, national-anarchists worked with Albion Awake, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Green">Alternative Green</a> (published by former <a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchist" title="Green Anarchist">Green Anarchist</a> editor <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hunt_(editor)" title="Richard Hunt (editor)">Richard Hunt</a>) and Jonathan Boulter to develop the Anarchist Heretics Fair.<a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-247">[247]</a> Those national-anarchists cite their influences primarily from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-246">[246]</a> A position developed in Europe during the 1990s, national-anarchist groups have seen arisen worldwide, most prominently in Australia (New Right Australia/New Zealand), Germany (International National Anarchism) and the United States (BANA).<a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">[248]</a> National-anarchism has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_2003-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodrick-Clarke_2003-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sykes_2005-251">[251]</a> nationalist ideology which advocates <a href="/wiki/White_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="White separatism">racial separatism</a> and white <a href="/wiki/Racial_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial purity">racial purity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">[248]</a> National-anarchists claim to <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">syncretize</a> <a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">neotribal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical anarchism</a>, mainly in their support for a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless society</a> whilst rejecting <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> social philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">[248]</a> The main ideological innovation of national-anarchism is its <a href="/wiki/Anti-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-state">anti-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">palingenetic ultranationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin_2003-249">[249]</a> National-anarchists advocate <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous">homogeneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a> in place of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. National-anarchists claim that those of different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial</a> groups would be free to develop <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separately</a> in their own <a href="/wiki/Tribal_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal commune">tribal communes</a> while striving to be politically <a href="/wiki/Meritocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritocratic">meritocratic</a>, economically non-<a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a>, ecologically <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> and socially and culturally <a href="/wiki/Traditional_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional values">traditional</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">[248]</a> Although the term national-anarchism dates back as far as the 1920s, the contemporary national-anarchist movement has been put forward since the late 1990s by British political activist <a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Troy Southgate</a>, who positions it as being "<a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">beyond left and right</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Macklin_2005-246">[246]</a> The few scholars who have studied national-anarchism conclude that it represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension on the political spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin_2003-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodrick-Clarke_2003-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sykes_2005-251">[251]</a> National-anarchism is considered by anarchists as being a rebranding of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a> due to the inherent contradiction of anarchist philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascism</a>, abolition of unjustified <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, dismantling of <a href="/wiki/National_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="National borders">national borders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">universal</a> <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a> between different nationalities as being incompatible with the idea of a synthesis between anarchism and fascism.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">[248]</a> National-anarchism has elicited scepticism and outright hostility from both <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> and far-right critics.<a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">[248]</a> Critics, including scholars, accuse national-anarchists of being nothing more than <a href="/wiki/White_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalists">white nationalists</a> who promote a <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialist">racialist</a> form of ethnic and racial separatism while wanting the <a href="/wiki/Militant_chic" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant chic">militant chic</a> of calling themselves anarchists without the historical and philosophical baggage that accompanies such a claim, including the <a href="/wiki/Anti-racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-racist">anti-racist</a> <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> anarchist philosophy and the contributions of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sunshine_2008-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">[248]</a> Some scholars are sceptical that implementing national-anarchism would result in an expansion of freedom and describe it as an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-statism</a> that would result in authoritarianism and oppression, only on a smaller scale.<a href="#cite_note-Lyons_2011-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nativist">Nativist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Nativist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism (politics)</a></div> Nativist nationalism is a type of nationalism similar to creole or territorial types of nationalism, but which defines belonging to a nation solely by being born on its territory. In countries where strong nativist nationalism exists, people who were not born in the country are seen as lesser nationals than those who were born there and are called <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> even if they became naturalized. It is cultural as people will never see a foreign-born person as one of them and is legal as such people are banned for life from holding certain jobs, especially government jobs. In scholarly studies, nativism is a standard technical term, although those who hold this political view do not typically accept the label. "[N]ativists . . . do not consider themselves nativists. For them it is a negative term and they rather consider themselves as '<a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriots</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial">Racial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Racial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></div> Racial nationalism is an ideology that advocates a racial definition of national identity. Racial nationalism seeks to preserve a given race through policies such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">banning race mixing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> of other races. Its ideas tend to be in direct conflict with those of <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taub-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-silverstein-255">[255]</a> Specific examples are <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Religious">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></div> Religious nationalism is the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma, or affiliation where a shared religion can be seen to contribute to a sense of national unity, a common bond among the citizens of the nation. <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">American</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani-Islamic nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Two-Nation_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Nation Theory">Two-Nation Theory</a>) are some examples. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial">Territorial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Territorial">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasil_ame-o_ou_deixe-o.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Brasil_ame-o_ou_deixe-o.png/220px-Brasil_ame-o_ou_deixe-o.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Brasil_ame-o_ou_deixe-o.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="95" /></a><figcaption>Nationalist slogan "Brazil, love it or leave it", used during the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military government">Brazilian military dictatorship</a></figcaption></figure> Some nationalists exclude certain groups. Some nationalists, defining the national community in ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historic, or religious terms (or a combination of these), may then seek to deem certain minorities as not truly being a part of the 'national community' as they define it. Sometimes a mythic homeland is more important for the national identity than the actual territory occupied by the nation.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Territorial nationalists assume that all inhabitants of a particular nation owe allegiance to their country of birth or adoption.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> A sacred quality is sought in the nation and in the popular memories it evokes. Citizenship is idealized by territorial nationalists. A criterion of a territorial nationalism is the establishment of a mass, public culture based on common values, codes and traditions of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeoussi200162-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_sport" title="Nationalism and sport">Nationalism and sport</a></div> Sport spectacles like football's World Cup command worldwide audiences as nations battle for supremacy and the fans invest intense support for their national team. Increasingly people have tied their loyalties and even their cultural identity to national teams.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The globalization of audiences through television and other media has generated revenues from advertisers and subscribers in the billions of dollars, as the FIFA Scandals of 2015 revealed.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Jeff Kingston looks at football, the Commonwealth Games, baseball, cricket, and the Olympics and finds that, "The capacity of sports to ignite and amplify nationalist passions and prejudices is as extraordinary as is their power to console, unify, uplift and generate goodwill."<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> The phenomenon is evident across most of the world.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> strongly emphasized sports among its soldiers and agents across the world, and often the locals joined in enthusiastically.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> It established a high prestige competition in 1930, named the British Empire Games from 1930 to 1950, the British Empire and Commonwealth Games from 1954 to 1966, British Commonwealth Games from 1970 to 1974 and since then the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> The French Empire was not far behind the British in the use of sports to strengthen colonial solidarity with France. Colonial officials promoted and subsidized gymnastics, table games, and dance and helped football spread to French colonies.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism (politics)</a></div> Critics of nationalism have argued that it is often unclear what constitutes a nation, or whether a nation is a legitimate unit of political rule. Nationalists hold that the boundaries of a nation and a state should coincide with one another, thus nationalism tends to oppose <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a><a href="#cite_note-Heywood-268">[268]</a> It can also lead to conflict when more than one national group finds itself claiming rights to a particular territory or seeking to take control of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Triandafyllidou-7">[7]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a> describes nations as artificial constructs, "their boundaries drawn in the blood of past wars". He argues that "there is no country on earth which is not home to more than one different but usually coexisting culture. Cultural heritage is not the same thing as national identity".<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Nationalism is considered by its critics to be inherently divisive, as adherents may draw upon and highlight perceived differences between people, emphasizing an individual's identification with their own nation. They also consider the idea to be potentially oppressive, because it can submerge individual identity within a national whole and give elites or political leaders potential opportunities to manipulate or control <a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">the masses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Much of the early opposition to nationalism was related to its geopolitical ideal of a separate state for every nation. The classic nationalist movements of the 19th century rejected the very existence of the multi-ethnic empires in Europe, contrary to an ideological critique of nationalism which developed into several forms of <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a> and anti-nationalism. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> of the 20th century also produced an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> critique of the nation-state. (see <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a>)<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> At the end of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>) produced political analyses that were critical of the nationalist movements then active in Central and Eastern Europe, although a variety of other contemporary socialists and communists, from <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> (a communist) to <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> (a socialist), were more sympathetic to national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In his classic essay on the topic, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> distinguishes nationalism from patriotism (which he defines as devotion to a particular place). More abstractly, nationalism is "power-hunger tempered by self-deception".<a href="#cite_note-NonN-273">[273]</a> For Orwell, the nationalist is more likely than not dominated by irrational negative impulses: <blockquote>A nationalist is one who thinks solely, or mainly, in terms of competitive prestige. He may be a positive or a negative nationalist—that is, he may use his mental energy either in boosting or in denigrating—but at any rate his thoughts always turn on victories, defeats, triumphs and humiliations. He sees history, especially contemporary history, as the endless rise and decline of great power units and every event that happens seems to him a demonstration that his own side is on the upgrade and some hated rival is on the downgrade. But finally, it is important not to confuse nationalism with mere worship of success. The nationalist does not go on the principle of simply ganging up with the strongest side. On the contrary, having picked his side, he persuades himself that it is the strongest and is able to stick to his belief even when the facts are overwhelmingly against him.<a href="#cite_note-NonN-273">[273]</a></blockquote> In the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> political tradition, there was mostly a negative attitude toward nationalism as a dangerous force and a cause of conflict and war between nation-states. The historian <a href="/wiki/Lord_Acton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Acton">Lord Acton</a> put the case for "nationalism as insanity" in 1862. He argued that nationalism suppresses minorities, places country above moral principles and creates a dangerous individual attachment to the state. He opposed democracy and tried to defend the pope from Italian nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Since the late 20th century, liberals have been increasingly divided, with some philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Miller_(philosopher)" title="David Miller (philosopher)">David Miller</a> emphasizing that a liberal society needs to be based in a stable nation state.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> critique of nationalism also concentrates on the violence of some nationalist movements, the associated <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, and on conflicts between nations inspired by <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>. National symbols and patriotic assertiveness are in some countries discredited by their historical link with past wars, especially in Germany. British pacifist <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> criticized nationalism for diminishing the individual's capacity to judge his or her fatherland's foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> stated that "Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind".<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a> stated that "Nationalism is merely the glorification of <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanists</a> have also expressed their opposition to nationalism, to the extent that some transhumanists believe national identities should be dissolved entirely. The influential transhumanist <a href="/wiki/FM-2030" title="FM-2030">FM-2030</a> refused to identify with any nationality, referring to himself as 'universal'.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Furthermore, in The Transhumanist Handbook, Kate Levchuk stated that a transhumanist "doesn't believe in nationality".<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gellner%27s_theory_of_nationalism" title="Gellner's theory of nationalism">Gellner's theory of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_separatist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical separatist movements">List of historical separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_nationalist_parties_in_Europe" title="List of active nationalist parties in Europe">List of active nationalist parties in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Lists of active separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_memory" title="National memory">National memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_archaeology" title="Nationalism and archaeology">Nationalism and archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a>, an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of nationalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_history" title="Nationalization of history">Nationalization of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism" title="Notes on Nationalism">Notes on Nationalism</a>, an essay by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> on types of nationalism in the late <a href="/wiki/World_War_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="World War Two">World War Two</a> world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:10-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHechter2000" class="citation book cs1">Hechter, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3jnCwAAQBAJ">Containing Nationalism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198297420" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198297420"><bdi>978-0198297420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Containing+Nationalism&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0198297420&rft.aulast=Hechter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3jnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellner1983" class="citation book cs1">Gellner, Ernest (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPHpUSUAsF0C">Nations and Nationalism</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801475009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801475009"><bdi>978-0801475009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0801475009&rft.aulast=Gellner&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPHpUSUAsF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker1996" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, Rogers (1996). Nationalism reframed: Nationhood and the national question in the New Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57649-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57649-9"><bdi>978-0-521-57649-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+reframed%3A+Nationhood+and+the+national+question+in+the+New+Europe&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57649-9&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1_4-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony</a>. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>, 2010. pp. 9, 25–30; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40353321">Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community</a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006234455/https://www.academia.edu/40353321">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Formation%3A+Towards+a+Theory+of+Abstract+Community&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40353321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finlayson-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Finlayson_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlayson2014" class="citation book cs1">Finlayson, Alan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PsjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">"5. Nationalism"</a>. In Geoghegan, Vincent; Wilford, Rick (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PsjAwAAQBAJ">Political Ideologies: An Introduction</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PsjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">100–102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317804338" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317804338"><bdi>978-1317804338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Nationalism&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=100-102&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317804338&rft.aulast=Finlayson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4PsjAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Yack, Bernard. Nationalism and the Moral Psychology of Community. University of Chicago Press, 2012. p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-Triandafyllidou-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Triandafyllidou_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Triandafyllidou_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriandafyllidou1998" class="citation journal cs1">Triandafyllidou, Anna (1998). "National Identity and the Other". 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108973298">10.1017/9781108973298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108973298" title="Special:BookSources/9781108973298"><bdi>9781108973298</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259646325">259646325</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707110553/https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/varieties-of-nationalism/479019877D9D7F0504AD64F6D9AF102B">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023. <q>a broad scholarly consensus that the nation is a recent and imagined identity dominates political science</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+Nationalism%3A+Communities%2C+Narratives%2C+Identities&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259646325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108973298&rft.isbn=9781108973298&rft.aulast=Mylonas&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft.au=Tudor%2C+Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Felements%2Fvarieties-of-nationalism%2F479019877D9D7F0504AD64F6D9AF102B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford_dict-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_dict_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_dict_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeney2009" class="citation book cs1">Adeney, Katharine (2009). 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727191" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727191"><bdi>9780191727191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191727191&rft.aulast=Adeney&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2018" class="citation journal cs1">Coakley, John (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/primordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology(28e99592-2d86-421f-9fd3-2c4517aa7278).html">"'Primordialism' in nationalism studies: theory or ideology?: 'Primordialism' in nationalism studies"</a>. Nations and Nationalism. 24 (2): 327–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12349">10.1111/nana.12349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-5078">1354-5078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149288553">149288553</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217061210/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/primordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=%27Primordialism%27+in+nationalism+studies%3A+theory+or+ideology%3F%3A+%27Primordialism%27+in+nationalism+studies&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=327-347&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149288553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-5078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12349&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fprimordialism-in-nationalism-studies-theory-or-ideology%2828e99592-2d86-421f-9fd3-2c4517aa7278%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mylonas-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_12-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMylonasTudor2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mylonas, Harris; Tudor, Maya (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-101841">"Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know"</a>. Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 109–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-101841">10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Nationalism%3A+What+We+Know+and+What+We+Still+Need+to+Know&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-132&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-101841&rft.aulast=Mylonas&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft.au=Tudor%2C+Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-041719-101841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2022" class="citation cs2">Garner, Renaud-Philippe (18 May 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-2039">"Nationalism"</a>, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.2039">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.2039</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-022863-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Politics&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.2039&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022863-7&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Renaud-Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fpolitics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228637-e-2039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsSchertzerKaufmann2011" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, Eric Taylor; Schertzer, Robert; Kaufmann, Eric (April 2011). 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Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 49 (2): 154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14662043.2011.564469">10.1080/14662043.2011.564469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154796642">154796642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+%26+Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Ethno-national+conflict+and+its+management&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14662043.2011.564469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154796642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Eric+Taylor&rft.au=Schertzer%2C+Robert&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deanna_Smith-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Deanna_Smith_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Deanna (2007). Nationalism (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745651286" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745651286"><bdi>978-0745651286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0745651286&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Deanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1983" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. London: Verso Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+Communities%3A+Reflections+on+the+origins+and+spread+of+nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawmRanger1983" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawm, E.; Ranger, T. (1983). The Invention of Tradition. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/709436">"Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation"</a>. International Security. 43 (2): 117–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00329">10.1162/isec_a_00329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-4804">1531-4804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57561272">57561272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+Collaboration%2C+and+Resistance%3A+France+under+Nazi+Occupation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-150&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57561272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1531-4804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec_a_00329&rft.aulast=Kocher&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Adam&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Adria+K.&rft.au=Monteiro%2C+Nuno+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F709436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonikowskiFeinsteinBock2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bonikowski, Bart; Feinstein, Yuval; Bock, Sean (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/717103">"The Partisan Sorting of "America": How Nationalist Cleavages Shaped the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election"</a>. American Journal of Sociology. 127 (2): 492–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F717103">10.1086/717103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246017190">246017190</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119152427/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/717103">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Partisan+Sorting+of+%22America%22%3A+How+Nationalist+Cleavages+Shaped+the+2016+U.S.+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=492-561&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246017190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F717103&rft.aulast=Bonikowski&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+Yuval&rft.au=Bock%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F717103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-varieties-21"><a href="#cite_ref-varieties_21-0">^</a> Bonikowski, Bart and <a href="/wiki/Paul_DiMaggio" title="Paul DiMaggio">DiMaggio, Paul</a> (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bonikowski/files/bonikowski_and_dimaggio_-_varieties_of_american_popular_nationalism.pdf">"Varieties of American Popular Nationalism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307231645/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bonikowski/files/bonikowski_and_dimaggio_-_varieties_of_american_popular_nationalism.pdf">Archived</a> 7 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Review" title="American Sociological Review">American Sociological Review</a>, 81(5): 949–980. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimmer2019" class="citation news cs1">Wimmer, Andreas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2019-02-12/why-nationalism-works">"Why Nationalism Works"</a>. Foreign Affairs. No. March/April 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406053542/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2019-02-12/why-nationalism-works">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Why+Nationalism+Works&rft.issue=March%2FApril+2019&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Wimmer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fworld%2F2019-02-12%2Fwhy-nationalism-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-culture-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith-culture_23-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony</a>. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>, 2010. pp. 6–7, 30–31, 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNairnJames2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Nairn, Tom</a>; James, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1642325">Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism</a>. London and New York: Pluto Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818025820/https://www.academia.edu/1642325">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Matrix%3A+Nationalism%2C+Globalism+and+State-Terrorism&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nairn&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=James%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1642325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Bingham2012" class="citation web cs1">James Bingham (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/19/how-significant-is-nationalism-as-a-cause-of-war/">"How Significant is Nationalism as a Cause of War?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119124848/https://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/19/how-significant-is-nationalism-as-a-cause-of-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024. <q>Direct causality can be drawn between nationalism and war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Significant+is+Nationalism+as+a+Cause+of+War%3F&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.au=James+Bingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2012%2F06%2F19%2Fhow-significant-is-nationalism-as-a-cause-of-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGat2012" class="citation book cs1">Gat, Azar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HK8TulTJpGAC">Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107007857" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107007857"><bdi>978-1107007857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations%3A+The+Long+History+and+Deep+Roots+of+Political+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1107007857&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.aufirst=Azar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHK8TulTJpGAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bertier_de_Sauvigny1970" class="citation journal cs1">de Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume (April 1970). "Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism: The Birth of Three Words". The Review of Politics. 30 (2): 147–166. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1406513">1406513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Liberalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Socialism%3A+The+Birth+of+Three+Words&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-166&rft.date=1970-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1406513%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+Bertier+de+Sauvigny&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nationalism">"Nationalism"</a>. merriam-webster.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107175319/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nationalism">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Nationalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fnationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> See Norman Rich, The age of nationalism and reform, 1850–1890 (1970). </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Glenda Sluga, Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) ch 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorski2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gorski, Philip S. (2000). "The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism". American Journal of Sociology. 105 (5): 1432–1433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F210435">10.1086/210435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3003771">3003771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144002511">144002511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Mosaic+Moment%3A+An+Early+Modernist+Critique+of+Modernist+Theories+of+Nationalism&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1432-1433&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144002511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3003771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F210435&rft.aulast=Gorski&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedeen2008" class="citation book cs1">Wedeen, Lisa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vENa-ZYneFYC">Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226877921" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226877921"><bdi>978-0226877921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peripheral+Visions%3A+Publics%2C+Power%2C+and+Performance+in+Yemen&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0226877921&rft.aulast=Wedeen&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvENa-ZYneFYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Smith, A.D. (1991). National Identity. Penguin. p.94. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Smith, A.D. (1991). National Identity. Penguin. p.96. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Smith, A.D. (1991). National Identity. Penguin. p.87. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Dandeker1998" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Dandeker, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlBEwplB1r4C&pg=PA52">Nationalism and Violence</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412829359" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412829359"><bdi>978-1412829359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Violence&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1412829359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlBEwplB1r4C%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVotruba" class="citation web cs1">Votruba, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/sstopics/slovaklawsonlanguage/Herder_on_Language.pdf">"Herder on Language"</a> (PDF). Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124020036/http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/sstopics/slovaklawsonlanguage/Herder_on_Language.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slovak+Studies+Program&rft.atitle=Herder+on+Language&rft.aulast=Votruba&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitt.edu%2F~votruba%2Fsstopics%2Fslovaklawsonlanguage%2FHerder_on_Language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.C.W._Blanning2003" class="citation book cs1">T.C.W. Blanning (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qCIzooCRlwC&q=nationalism+pejorative&pg=PA260">The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 259–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199265619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199265619"><bdi>978-0199265619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Power+and+the+Power+of+Culture%3A+Old+Regime+Europe+1660%E2%80%931789&rft.pages=259-260&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0199265619&rft.au=T.C.W.+Blanning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qCIzooCRlwC%26q%3Dnationalism%2Bpejorative%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner2013" class="citation book cs1">Benner, Erica (2013). "Nationalism: Intellectual Origins". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876820-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-876820-3"><bdi>978-0-19-876820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism%3A+Intellectual+Origins&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Nationalism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-876820-3&rft.aulast=Benner&rft.aufirst=Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenner201343-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenner201343_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenner2013">Benner 2013</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder2007" class="citation book cs1">Roeder, Philip G. (2007). Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134673" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134673"><bdi>978-0691134673</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7t07k">j.ctt7t07k</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Nation-States+Come+From%3A+Institutional+Change+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7t07k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0691134673&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2011" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Lloyd (2011). Nationalism in Europe and America: Politics, Cultures, and Identities since 1775. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807872000" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807872000"><bdi>978-0807872000</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9780807869055_kramer">10.5149/9780807869055_kramer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Europe+and+America%3A+Politics%2C+Cultures%2C+and+Identities+since+1775&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5149%2F9780807869055_kramer%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0807872000&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1939" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn, Hans (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400037618/type/journal_article">"The Nature of Nationalism"</a>. American Political Science Review. 33 (6): 1001–1021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1948728">10.2307/1948728</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1948728">1948728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144176353">144176353</a>. <q>Nationalism as we understand it is not older than the second half of the eighteenth century. Its first great manifestation was the French Revolution</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Nationalism&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1001-1021&rft.date=1939&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144176353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1948728%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1948728&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400037618%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodblatt2006" class="citation cs2">Goodblatt, David, ed. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/elements-of-ancient-jewish-nationalism/theoretical-considerations-nationalism-and-ethnicity-in-antiquity/CB4441D91310FB3557F79891F6AE8564">"Theoretical Considerations: Nationalism and Ethnicity in Antiquity"</a>, Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3, 11–13, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511499067.002">10.1017/cbo9780511499067.002</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86202-8"><bdi>978-0-521-86202-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 14 June 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elements+of+Ancient+Jewish+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Considerations%3A+Nationalism+and+Ethnicity+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=3%2C+11-13&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511499067.002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86202-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Felements-of-ancient-jewish-nationalism%2Ftheoretical-considerations-nationalism-and-ethnicity-in-antiquity%2FCB4441D91310FB3557F79891F6AE8564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Tom Garvin, “Ethnic Markers, Modern Nationalisms, and the Nightmare of History,” in Kruger, ed., ¨ Ethnicity and Nationalism, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1997" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian (1997). The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59391-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59391-3"><bdi>0-521-59391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Nationhood%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Religion+and+Nationalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-59391-3&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Anthony D. (1993). National Identity. Ethnonationalism in comparative perspective (Reprint ed.). Reno Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. pp. 48–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-204-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-204-1"><bdi>978-0-87417-204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identity&rft.place=Reno+Las+Vegas&rft.series=Ethnonationalism+in+comparative+perspective&rft.pages=48-50&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87417-204-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorio_F._Zaide1965" class="citation book cs1">Gregorio F. Zaide (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq512SmGMIsC&pg=PA274">World History</a>. . p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9712314728" title="Special:BookSources/978-9712314728"><bdi>978-9712314728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=.&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-9712314728&rft.au=Gregorio+F.+Zaide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKq512SmGMIsC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1993" class="citation journal cs1">Calhoun, Craig (1993). "Nationalism and Ethnicity". Annual Review of Sociology. 19: 211–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.19.1.211">10.1146/annurev.soc.19.1.211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnicity&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=211-239&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.19.1.211&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmer_2003_p._5-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_2003_p._5_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2003" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, O. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWIdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940</a>. Studies in European History. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403943880" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403943880"><bdi>978-1403943880</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Europe%2C+1890%E2%80%931940&rft.series=Studies+in+European+History&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1403943880&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWIdBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Raymond Pearson, ed., The Long-man companion to European nationalism 1789–1920 (2014) p. xi, with details on each country large and small. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uncpress.org/book/9780807872000/nationalism-in-europe-and-america/">"Nationalism in Europe and America | Lloyd S. Kramer | University of North Carolina Press"</a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013941/https://www.uncpress.org/book/9780807872000/nationalism-in-europe-and-america/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107031180" title="Special:BookSources/9781107031180"><bdi>9781107031180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sources+of+Social+Power%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107031180&rft.au=Michael+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-DmpXJ60UzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Newman1997" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Newman (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UiTYQ_9ZhakC">The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830</a>. 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(1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofenglishnat00newm">The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312682477" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312682477"><bdi>978-0312682477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+English+Nationalism%3A+A+Cultural+History%2C+1740%E2%80%931830&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0312682477&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Gerald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofenglishnat00newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1998-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1998_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony D.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4O0w3ZH57KkC">Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415063418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415063418"><bdi>978-0415063418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Modernism%3A+A+Critical+Survey+of+Recent+Theories+of+Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0415063418&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4O0w3ZH57KkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Iain McLean, Alistair McMillan, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, "French Revolution... It produced the modern doctrine of nationalism, and spread it directly throughout Western Europe ...", Oxford, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199205165" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199205165">978-0199205165</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001171-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMotyl2001171_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMotyl2001">Motyl 2001</a>, pp. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1967" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, Hans (1967) [1944]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qnwbviylg6wC">The Idea Of Nationalism: A Study In Its Origins And Background</a>. 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Retrieved 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreigner.fi&rft.atitle=Snellman%2C+the+man+who+inspired+Finns+to+be+Finns&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreigner.fi%2Fopinion%2Fmahmudul-islam%2Fthe-man-who-inspired-finns-to-be-finns%2F20200402183442005129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/prime-minister-vanhanen-at-the-celebration-of-j-v-snellman">"Prime Minister Vanhanen at the Celebration of J.V. Snellman"</a>. Valtioneuvosto. 12 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081838/https://valtioneuvosto.fi/-/prime-minister-vanhanen-at-the-celebration-of-j-v-snellman">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. 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Snellman"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081838/https://finlandtoday.fi/five-facts-that-you-didnt-know-about-j-v-snellman/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Facts+That+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+J.V.+Snellman&rft.aulast=%C3%96hberg&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinlandtoday.fi%2Ffive-facts-that-you-didnt-know-about-j-v-snellman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Andrew Nestingen: Crime and Fantasy in Scandinavia: Fiction, Film and Social Change. University of Washington Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8763507936" title="Special:BookSources/978-8763507936">978-8763507936</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Horne2012" class="citation book cs1">John Horne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjZHLXRKjtEC&pg=PA21">A Companion to World War I</a>. 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The Journal of Modern History. 22 (1): 21–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237315">10.1086/237315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1875877">1875877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3270766">3270766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Napoleon+and+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-37&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3270766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1875877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F237315&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> J. P. T. Bury, "Nationalities and Nationalism," in J. P. T. Bury, ed. "The New Cambridge Modern History Vol. 10 (1830–70)" (1960) pp. 213–245 [245] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110153">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoranWaldron2003" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Daniel; Waldron, Arthur, eds. (2003). The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution. 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Cossetània. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788490341339" title="Special:BookSources/9788490341339"><bdi>9788490341339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=En+cristiano%21+Policia+i+Gu%C3%A0rdia+Civil+contra+la+llengua+catalana&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Cosset%C3%A0nia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788490341339&rft.aulast=Bea+Segu%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=Ignaci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-galeusca2-102"><a href="#cite_ref-galeusca2_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719071429/http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788">"Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català"</a> [The link to the Galeusca Manifest in article 3 denounces the asymmetry between Spanish and the other languages of the Estat Espanyol, including Catalan.] (in Catalan). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escriptors.cat/pagina.php?id_text=1788">the original</a> on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enlla%C3%A7+al+Manifest+Galeusca+on+en+l%27article+3+es+denuncia+l%27asimetria+entre+el+castell%C3%A0+i+les+altres+lleng%C3%BCes+de+l%27Estat+Espanyol%2C+inclosa+el+catal%C3%A0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escriptors.cat%2Fpagina.php%3Fid_text%3D1788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadatz2020" class="citation web cs1">Radatz, Hans-Ingo (8 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344608600">"Spain in the 19th century: Spanish Nation Building and Catalonia's attempt at becoming an Iberian Prussia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain+in+the+19th+century%3A+Spanish+Nation+Building+and+Catalonia%27s+attempt+at+becoming+an+Iberian+Prussia&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Radatz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F344608600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontana1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fontana, Josep (1998). 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Barcelona: Edicions 62. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788429744408" title="Special:BookSources/9788429744408"><bdi>9788429744408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fi+de+l%27antic+r%C3%A8gim+i+la+industrialitzaci%C3%B3.+Vol.+V+Hist%C3%B2ria+de+Catalunya&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Edicions+62&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788429744408&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0222-105"><a href="#cite_ref-:0222_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlaudó_Avila2021" class="citation book cs1">Llaudó Avila, Eduard (2021). Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània [Political racism and supremacism in contemporary Spain] (7th ed.). 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Retrieved 10 May 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+of+the+Conference+of+Josep+Borrell+at+the+Geneva+Press+Club%2C+27th+February%2C+2019&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.aulast=Joe&rft.aufirst=Brew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fjoethebrew%2Fstatus%2F1100466583208632320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiquer_i_Permanyer199414–15-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiquer_i_Permanyer199414–15_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiquer_i_Permanyer1994">Riquer i Permanyer 1994</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiquer_i_Permanyer1994" class="citation journal cs1">Riquer i Permanyer, Borja de (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.usal.es/index.php/0213-2087/article/view/5796/5824">"Aproximación al nacionalismo español contemporáneo"</a>. Stvdia Historica. Historia Contemporánea. 12. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a>: 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-2087">0213-2087</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620161041/https://revistas.usal.es/index.php/0213-2087/article/view/5796/5824">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2022. 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"'La España Ultramarina': Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nineteenth-Century Spain". <a href="/wiki/European_History_Quarterly" title="European History Quarterly">European History Quarterly</a>. 34 (2): 199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691404042507">10.1177/0265691404042507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145675694">145675694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27La+Espa%C3%B1a+Ultramarina%27%3A+Colonialism+and+Nation-Building+in+Nineteenth-Century+Spain&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691404042507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145675694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Nowara&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuroQuiroga200517–18-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuroQuiroga200517–18_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuroQuiroga200517–18_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuroQuiroga2005">Muro & Quiroga 2005</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENúñez2001720-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENúñez2001720_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNúñez2001">Núñez 2001</a>, p. 720. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuroQuiroga20059-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuroQuiroga20059_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuroQuiroga2005">Muro & Quiroga 2005</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENúñez2001719-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENúñez2001719_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNúñez2001">Núñez 2001</a>, p. 719. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuroQuiroga2005" class="citation journal cs1">Muro, Diego; Quiroga, Alejandro (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571834/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F1468796805049922.pdf">"Spanish nationalism. Ethnic or civic?"</a> (PDF). Ethnicities. 5 (1). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 9–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468796805049922">10.1177/1468796805049922</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-7968">1468-7968</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144193279">144193279</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221216121041/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571834/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F1468796805049922.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnicities&rft.atitle=Spanish+nationalism.+Ethnic+or+civic%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144193279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-7968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1468796805049922&rft.aulast=Muro&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft.au=Quiroga%2C+Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00571834%2Ffile%2FPEER_stage2_10.1177%25252F1468796805049922.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNúñez2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xos%C3%A9_Manoel_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Seixas" title="Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas">Núñez, Xosé-Manoel</a> (2001). "What is Spanish nationalism today? From legitimacy crisis to unfulfilled renovation (1975–2000)". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 24 (5): 719–752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870120063954">10.1080/01419870120063954</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143787176">143787176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=What+is+Spanish+nationalism+today%3F+From+legitimacy+crisis+to+unfulfilled+renovation+%281975%E2%80%932000%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=719-752&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870120063954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143787176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=Xos%C3%A9-Manoel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-117"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev,_Aleksandr_Aleksandrovich1952" class="citation book cs1">Vasiliev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, Vasiliev (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000vasi/page/582">History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453</a>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000vasi/page/582">582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299809263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299809263"><bdi>978-0299809263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+324%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0299809263&rft.aulast=Vasiliev%2C+Aleksandr+Aleksandrovich&rft.aufirst=Vasiliev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti0000vasi%2Fpage%2F582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlister_E._McGrath2012" class="citation book cs1">Alister E. 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Time. 12 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501101051/http://time.com/4964592/myanmar-rohingya-muslims-francis-wade/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Myanmar%27s+Enemy+Within+and+the+Making+of+Anti-Muslim+Rage&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4964592%2Fmyanmar-rohingya-muslims-francis-wade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshio_Sugimoto2020" class="citation book cs1">Yoshio Sugimoto, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cssDEAAAQBAJ&dq=far-right+Nippon+Kaigi&pg=PA242">An Introduction to Japanese Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108724746" title="Special:BookSources/9781108724746"><bdi>9781108724746</bdi></a>. <q>... Nippon Kaigi Parts of the Japanese establishment have ties with a large far-right voluntary organization, Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), whose ranks include grassroots members across the nation as well as national and local ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Japanese+Society&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781108724746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcssDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfar-right%2BNippon%2BKaigi%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_W._Apple2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael W. Apple, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7KLAgAAQBAJ&dq=far-right+Nippon+Kaigi&pg=PA69">Global Crises, Social Justice, and Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135172787" title="Special:BookSources/9781135172787"><bdi>9781135172787</bdi></a>. <q>In 1997 nationalist intellectuals, politicians, and religious leaders formed the largest far-right advocacy group, Japan Conference (Nippon kaigi), formed as a result of the merger between the two ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Crises%2C+Social+Justice%2C+and+Education&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781135172787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7KLAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfar-right%2BNippon%2BKaigi%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Passenger2020" class="citation book cs1">The Passenger, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=miQlEAAAQBAJ&dq=far-right+Nippon+Kaigi&pg=PT73">The Passenger: Japan</a>. Europa Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609456429" title="Special:BookSources/9781609456429"><bdi>9781609456429</bdi></a>. <q>Every year far-right nationalist groups – including Nippon Kaigi – private citizens and government officials visit the Yasukuni Shrine. Many wear uniforms or clothing linked to the Imperial Army and display the Japanese imperial flag.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passenger%3A+Japan&rft.pub=Europa+Editions&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781609456429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmiQlEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfar-right%2BNippon%2BKaigi%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/japan-emperor-greets-celebration-hosted-conservatives-66873043">"Japan emperor greets at celebration hosted by conservatives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. 8 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120080034/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/japan-emperor-greets-celebration-hosted-conservatives-66873043">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2019. <q>Abe's key ultra-conservative supporter, Nippon Kaigi, or Japan Conference, was among the organizers Saturday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Japan+emperor+greets+at+celebration+hosted+by+conservatives&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fjapan-emperor-greets-celebration-hosted-conservatives-66873043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/15/ultra-nationalist-school-moritomo-gakuen-linked-to-japanese-pm-shinzo-abe-accused-of-hate-speech">"Ultra-nationalist school linked to Japanese PM accused of hate speech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 8 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027132700/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/15/ultra-nationalist-school-moritomo-gakuen-linked-to-japanese-pm-shinzo-abe-accused-of-hate-speech">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2017. <q>Abe and Kagoike, who has indicated he will resign as principal, both belong to an ultra-conservative lobby group whose members include more than a dozen cabinet ministers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ultra-nationalist+school+linked+to+Japanese+PM+accused+of+hate+speech&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fmar%2F15%2Fultra-nationalist-school-moritomo-gakuen-linked-to-japanese-pm-shinzo-abe-accused-of-hate-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/tokyos-new-governor-defies-more-than-glass-ceiling/a-19443490">"Tokyo's new governor defies more than glass ceiling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 8 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120153349/https://www.dw.com/en/tokyos-new-governor-defies-more-than-glass-ceiling/a-19443490">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2016. <q>In 2008, she made an unsuccessful run at the LDP's chairmanship. Following her defeat, she worked to build an internal party network and became involved in a revisionist group of lawmakers that serves as the mouthpiece of the ultraconservative Nippon Kaigi ("Japan Conference") movement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Tokyo%27s+new+governor+defies+more+than+glass+ceiling&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ftokyos-new-governor-defies-more-than-glass-ceiling%2Fa-19443490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apjjf-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apjjf_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apjjf_169-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2016/21/Mizohata.html">Nippon Kaigi: Empire, Contradiction, and Japan’s Future</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912072355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8490524.stm">Archived</a> 12 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Asia-Pacific Journal. Author – Sachie Mizohata. Published 1 November 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks,_Libby2021" class="citation news cs1">Brooks, Libby (9 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/may/09/scottish-indyref2-battle-distraction-covid-michael-gove">"Sturgeon says second independence vote 'a matter of when, not if'"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616183439/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/may/09/scottish-indyref2-battle-distraction-covid-michael-gove">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sturgeon+says+second+independence+vote+%27a+matter+of+when%2C+not+if%27&rft.date=2021-05-09&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Libby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2Fmay%2F09%2Fscottish-indyref2-battle-distraction-covid-michael-gove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett,_Anthony2017" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Anthony (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRWXDgAAQBAJ&q=trump+brexit">The Lure of Greatness: England's Brexit and America's Trump</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1783524549" title="Special:BookSources/978-1783524549"><bdi>978-1783524549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lure+of+Greatness%3A+England%27s+Brexit+and+America%27s+Trump&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1783524549&rft.au=Barnett%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRWXDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtrump%2Bbrexit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/22/trump-nationalist-926745">"Trump: 'I'm a nationalist'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. 22 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204143604/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/22/trump-nationalist-926745">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. 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Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jsaa/article/download/1010/1022">the original</a> on 31 July 2017. 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New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730225347/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/world/europe/turkey-referendum-erdogan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017. 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American Journal of Sociology. 41 (6): 723–737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F217296">10.1086/217296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144187204">144187204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Types+of+Nationalism&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=723-737&rft.date=1936-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144187204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F217296&rft.aulast=Wirth&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2005" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, Hans (2005) [1944]. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study of Its Origins and Background (reprint). New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412804769" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412804769"><bdi>978-1412804769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Nationalism%3A+A+Study+of+Its+Origins+and+Background&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1412804769&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerWollman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Philip; Wollman, Howard (1 October 1998). "Good and bad nationalisms: A critique of dualism". Journal of Political Ideologies. 3 (3): 255–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569319808420780">10.1080/13569319808420780</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145053698">145053698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Good+and+bad+nationalisms%3A+A+critique+of+dualism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-274&rft.date=1998-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145053698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569319808420780&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Wollman%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYack1996" class="citation journal cs1">Yack, Bernard (1 March 1996). "The myth of the civic nation". Critical Review. 10 (2): 193–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08913819608443417">10.1080/08913819608443417</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-3811">0891-3811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Review&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+the+civic+nation&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-211&rft.date=1996-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08913819608443417&rft.issn=0891-3811&rft.aulast=Yack&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2013" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Adria (2013). Imperial rule and the politics of nationalism : anti-colonial protest in the French empire. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107640757" title="Special:BookSources/9781107640757"><bdi>9781107640757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+rule+and+the+politics+of+nationalism+%3A+anti-colonial+protest+in+the+French+empire&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107640757&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Adria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudor-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Tudor_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudor2013" class="citation book cs1">Tudor, Maya Jessica (2013). The promise of power : the origins of democracy in India and autocracy in Pakistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139519076" title="Special:BookSources/9781139519076"><bdi>9781139519076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+promise+of+power+%3A+the+origins+of+democracy+in+India+and+autocracy+in+Pakistan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781139519076&rft.aulast=Tudor&rft.aufirst=Maya+Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellner1997" class="citation book cs1">Gellner, Ernest (1997). Nationalism. Washington Square, N.Y.: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814731139" title="Special:BookSources/0814731139"><bdi>0814731139</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37353976">37353976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism&rft.place=Washington+Square%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37353976&rft.isbn=0814731139&rft.aulast=Gellner&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1978" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward W. (1978). Orientalism (First ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394428145" title="Special:BookSources/0394428145"><bdi>0394428145</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4004102">4004102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4004102&rft.isbn=0394428145&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Moyra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moodle.collyers.ac.uk/file.php/465/Politics_Review_articles/nationalism_expansionistanddesrtuctive.pdf">"Politics Review"</a> (PDF). Politics Review. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Politics+Review&rft.pub=Politics+Review&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Moyra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoodle.collyers.ac.uk%2Ffile.php%2F465%2FPolitics_Review_articles%2Fnationalism_expansionistanddesrtuctive.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-BennemaBhakiaraj2011-210"><a href="#cite_ref-BennemaBhakiaraj2011_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennemaBhakiaraj2011" class="citation book cs1">Bennema, Cornelis; Bhakiaraj, Paul Joshua (2011). Indian and Christian: Changing Identities in Modern India. SAIACS Press & Oxford House Research. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8187712268" title="Special:BookSources/978-8187712268"><bdi>978-8187712268</bdi></a>. <q>Both these approaches are shown to be within the framework of 'composite nationalism', where Indian Christians maintained their communal distinctiveness while aspiring for national integration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+and+Christian%3A+Changing+Identities+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=SAIACS+Press+%26+Oxford+House+Research&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8187712268&rft.aulast=Bennema&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Bhakiaraj%2C+Paul+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitkara1988-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Chitkara1988_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitkara1998" class="citation book cs1">Chitkara, M. G. (1998). Converts Do Not Make a Nation. APH Publishing. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170249825" title="Special:BookSources/9788170249825"><bdi>9788170249825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Converts+Do+Not+Make+a+Nation&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788170249825&rft.aulast=Chitkara&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbembe2001" class="citation book cs1">Mbembe, Achille (2001). On the postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520917538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520917538"><bdi>978-0520917538</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49570017">49570017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+postcolony&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49570017&rft.isbn=978-0520917538&rft.aulast=Mbembe&rft.aufirst=Achille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackwell-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blackwell_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blackwell_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2001" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Kate (2001). The Blackwell companion to political sociology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631210504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631210504"><bdi>978-0631210504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+political+sociology&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0631210504&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Tamir, Yael. 1993. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691078939" title="Special:BookSources/0691078939">0691078939</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKymlicka1995200-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKymlicka1995200_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKymlicka1995">Kymlicka 1995</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1995">Miller 1995</a>, pp. 188–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Renan, Ernest. 1882. <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Qu%27est-ce_qu%27une_nation_%3F">"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428090814/https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Qu%27est-ce_qu%27une_nation_">Archived</a> 28 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Mill, John Stuart. 1861. Considerations on Representative Government. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKymlicka199534-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKymlicka199534_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKymlicka1995">Kymlicka 1995</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> For criticism, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatten1999" class="citation journal cs1">Patten, Alan (1999). "The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism". <a href="/wiki/Nations_and_Nationalism_(journal)" title="Nations and Nationalism (journal)">Nations and Nationalism</a>. 5 (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.1999.00001.x">10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00001.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=The+Autonomy+Argument+for+Liberal+Nationalism&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.1999.00001.x&rft.aulast=Patten&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1995">Miller 1995</a>, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> For criticism, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbizadeh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Abizadeh, Arash (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Does-Liberal-Democracy-Presuppose-a-Cultural-Nation/c22zv/558da7580cf298ff2bcbdc82">"Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments"</a>. American Political Science Review. 96 (3): 495–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs000305540200028x">10.1017/s000305540200028x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145715867">145715867</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807114607/http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Does-Liberal-Democracy-Presuppose-a-Cultural-Nation/c22zv/558da7580cf298ff2bcbdc82">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2016. 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Review of International Studies. 33 (1): 75–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0260210507007310">10.1017/s0260210507007310</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097951">20097951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2332633">2332633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Wartime+Sexual+Violence%3A+Women%27s+Human+Rights+and+Questions+of+Masculinity&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-90&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2332633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20097951%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0260210507007310&rft.aulast=Alison&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ruiGAgAAQBAJ&q=Peter+Alter++Risorgimento&pg=PA66">Contemporary Nationalism</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134695416" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134695416"><bdi>978-1134695416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Nationalism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1134695416&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DruiGAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DPeter%2BAlter%2B%2BRisorgimento%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Integral nationalism is one of five types of nationalism defined by <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Hayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Hayes">Carlton Hayes</a> in his 1928 book The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia (Cornell University Press, 1984). </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzmantel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarzmantel, J. J (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019203758/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1987.tb01886.x/abstract">"Class and Nation: Problems of Socialist Nationalism"</a>. Political Studies. 35 (2): 239–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.1987.tb01886.x">10.1111/j.1467-9248.1987.tb01886.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144474775">144474775</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119472227/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">the original</a> on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Class+and+Nation%3A+Problems+of+Socialist+Nationalism&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-255&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.1987.tb01886.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144474775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schwarzmantel&rft.aufirst=J.+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F119472227%2Fabstract%3FCRETRY%3D1%26SRETRY%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Robert Zuzowski, "The Left and Nationalism in Eastern Europe" East European Quarterly, 41#4 (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-173464008/the-left-and-nationalism-in-eastern-europe">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133019/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-173464008/the-left-and-nationalism-in-eastern-europe">Archived</a> 23 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Alexander J. Motyl, ed., Encyclopedia of Nationalism (2 vol. 2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-Macklin_2005-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macklin_2005_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macklin_2005_246-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macklin_2005_246-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macklin_2005_246-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macklin_2005_246-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macklin_2005_246-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacklin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Macklin, Graham D. (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slackbastard.anarchobase.com/?p=2439#more-2439">"Co-opting the counter culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction"</a>. Patterns of Prejudice. 39 (3): 301–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00313220500198292">10.1080/00313220500198292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144248307">144248307</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205084154/https://slackbastard.anarchobase.com/?p=2439#more-2439">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Co-opting+the+counter+culture%3A+Troy+Southgate+and+the+National+Revolutionary+Faction&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-326&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00313220500198292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144248307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Macklin&rft.aufirst=Graham+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslackbastard.anarchobase.com%2F%3Fp%3D2439%23more-2439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunshine_2008-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_247-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_247-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_247-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_247-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunshine_2008_247-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunshine,_Spencer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sunshine, Spencer (Winter 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html">"Rebranding Fascism: National-Anarchists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Public_Eye_(magazine)" title="The Public Eye (magazine)">The Public Eye</a>. 23 (4): 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726220604/http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Eye&rft.atitle=Rebranding+Fascism%3A+National-Anarchists&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Sunshine%2C+Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publiceye.org%2Fmagazine%2Fv23n4%2Frebranding_fascism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanchez_2009-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_248-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_248-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_248-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_248-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_248-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_248-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_2009_248-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez,_Casey2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Casey_Sanchez" title="Casey Sanchez">Sanchez, Casey</a> (Summer 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/california-racists-claim-they%E2%80%99re-anarchists">"'National Anarchism': California racists claim they're Anarchists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Report">Intelligence Report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224042238/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/california-racists-claim-they%E2%80%99re-anarchists">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Report&rft.atitle=%27National+Anarchism%27%3A+California+racists+claim+they%27re+Anarchists&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2009%2Fcalifornia-racists-claim-they%25E2%2580%2599re-anarchists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin_2003-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_2003_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_2003_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_2003_249-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin,_Roger2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (March 2003). 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Patterns of Prejudice. 37 (1): 27–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322022000054321">10.1080/0031322022000054321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143709925">143709925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=From+slime+mould+to+rhizome%3A+an+introduction+to+the+groupuscular+right&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-63&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322022000054321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143709925%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodrick-Clarke_2003-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrick-Clarke_2003_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrick-Clarke_2003_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke,_Nicholas2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Black_Sun_(Goodrick-Clarke_book)" title="Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)">Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity</a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814731550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814731550"><bdi>978-0814731550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sun%3A+Aryan+Cults%2C+Esoteric+Nazism+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0814731550&rft.au=Goodrick-Clarke%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sykes_2005-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sykes_2005_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sykes_2005_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes,_Alan2005" class="citation book cs1">Sykes, Alan (2005). The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP (British History in Perspective). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333599235" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333599235"><bdi>978-0333599235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Britain%3A+Social+Imperialism+to+the+BNP+%28British+History+in+Perspective%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0333599235&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyons_2011-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyons_2011_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons,_Matthew_N.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lyons, Matthew N. (Summer 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newpol.org/rising-above-herd-keith-prestons-authoritarian-anti-statism/">"Rising Above the Herd: Keith Preston's Authoritarian Anti-Statism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Politics_(magazine)" title="New Politics (magazine)">New Politics</a>. 7 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727044221/https://newpol.org/rising-above-herd-keith-prestons-authoritarian-anti-statism/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Politics&rft.atitle=Rising+Above+the+Herd%3A+Keith+Preston%27s+Authoritarian+Anti-Statism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Matthew+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewpol.org%2Frising-above-herd-keith-prestons-authoritarian-anti-statism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDindar2009" class="citation book cs1">Dindar, Oezguer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7daSfJQ-fEwC&pg=PA4">American Nativism and Its Representation in the Film "L. A. Crash"</a>. Munich, Germany: GRIN Verlag. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3640704453" title="Special:BookSources/978-3640704453"><bdi>978-3640704453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Nativism+and+Its+Representation+in+the+Film+%22L.+A.+Crash%22&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3640704453&rft.aulast=Dindar&rft.aufirst=Oezguer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7daSfJQ-fEwC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taub-254"><a href="#cite_ref-taub_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaub2016" class="citation news cs1">Taub, Amanda (21 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/world/americas/white-nationalism-explained.html">"White Nationalism, Explained"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614003947/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/world/americas/white-nationalism-explained.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=White+Nationalism%2C+Explained&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F22%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fwhite-nationalism-explained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-silverstein-255"><a href="#cite_ref-silverstein_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstein2015" class="citation news cs1">Silverstein, Jason (11 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/billboard-white-genocide-group-ala-article-1.2074126">"Billboard from 'white genocide' segregation group goes up along highway near Birmingham, Ala"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322082831/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/billboard-white-genocide-group-ala-article-1.2074126">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Billboard+from+%27white+genocide%27+segregation+group+goes+up+along+highway+near+Birmingham%2C+Ala&rft.date=2015-01-11&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fbillboard-white-genocide-group-ala-article-1.2074126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Smith, Anthony D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations London: Basil Blackwell. pp. 6–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631152059" title="Special:BookSources/0631152059">0631152059</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BmPsVvbbdQC&pg=PA22">Middle East and North Africa: Challenge to Western Security</a> by Peter Duignan and L.H. Gann, <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817973926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817973926">978-0817973926</a> p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeoussi200162-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeoussi200162_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeoussi2001">Leoussi 2001</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Grant Jarvie and Wray Vamplew, Sport, nationalism and cultural identity (1993). </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Andrew Jennings, The Dirty Game: Uncovering the Scandal at FIFA (2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Jeff Kingston, Nationalism in Asia: A History Since 1945 (2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> H. Fernández L’Hoeste et al. Sports and Nationalism in Latin/o America (2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Alan Bairner, Sport, nationalism, and globalization: European and North American perspectives (2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Gwang Ok, Transformation of Modern Korean Sport: Imperialism, Nationalism, Globalization (2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> P. McDevitt, May the Best Man Win: Sport, Masculinity, and Nationalism in Great Britain and the Empire, 1880–1935 (2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Perkin" title="Harold Perkin">Harold Perkin</a>, "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth." International Journal of the History of Sport 6#2 (1989): 145–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Driss Abbassi, "Le sport dans l'empire français: un instrument de domination?." Outre-mers 96.364 (2009): 5–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2009_num_96_364_4411">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607082154/http://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2009_num_96_364_4411">Archived</a> 7 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heywood-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Heywood_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood1999" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (1999). Political Theory: An Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333760918" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333760918"><bdi>978-0333760918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Theory%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97-98&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0333760918&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayling2001" class="citation book cs1">Grayling, A.C. (2001). The Meaning of Things: Applying Philosophy to Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297607588" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297607588"><bdi>978-0297607588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Things%3A+Applying+Philosophy+to+Life.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0297607588&rft.aulast=Grayling&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2000" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2000). Key Concepts in Politics. London: Macmillan Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333770955" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333770955"><bdi>978-0333770955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0333770955&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a>, 2018 ed., s.v. "Muslims" </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff1959" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Cliff, Tony</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1959/rosalux/6-natquest.htm">"Rosa Luxemburg and the national question"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715195139/https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1959/rosalux/6-natquest.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosa+Luxemburg+and+the+national+question&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcliff%2Fworks%2F1959%2Frosalux%2F6-natquest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NonN-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NonN_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NonN_273-1">b</a> George Orwell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat">Notes on Nationalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001174700/http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat">Archived</a> 1 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orwell.ru">orwell.ru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701102025/http://orwell.ru/">Archived</a> 1 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lang, Timothy (2002). "Lord Acton and 'the Insanity of Nationality'". Journal of the History of Ideas. 63 (1): 129–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3654261">10.2307/3654261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654261">3654261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Lord+Acton+and+%27the+Insanity+of+Nationality%27&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-149&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3654261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3654261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Motyl 1:298 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Russell Speaks His Mind, 1960. Fletcher and son Ltd., Norwich, United Kingdom </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1915" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/international-journal-of-ethics/1915/01/the-ethics-of-war">"The ethics of war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Ethics">International Journal of Ethics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124225022/http://fair-use.org/international-journal-of-ethics/1915/01/the-ethics-of-war">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ethics+of+war&rft.pub=International+Journal+of+Ethics&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffair-use.org%2Finternational-journal-of-ethics%2F1915%2F01%2Fthe-ethics-of-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViereck1929" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Sylvester_Viereck" title="George Sylvester Viereck">Viereck, George Sylvester</a> (26 October 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/wp-content/uploads/satevepost/what_life_means_to_einstein.pdf">"What Life Means to Einstein"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a>. p. 117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205062533/http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/wp-content/uploads/satevepost/what_life_means_to_einstein.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=What+Life+Means+to+Einstein&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1929-10-26&rft.aulast=Viereck&rft.aufirst=George+Sylvester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saturdayeveningpost.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsatevepost%2Fwhat_life_means_to_einstein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRQgExLkYEk&t=18s">Nationalism is Glorified Tribalism Krishnamurti</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014064011/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRQgExLkYEk&t=18s">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nationalism+is+Glorified+Tribalism+Krishnamurti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRRQgExLkYEk%26t%3D18s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsfandiary1973" class="citation book cs1">Esfandiary, F. M. (1973). Up-wingers. New York: John Day Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-381-98243-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-381-98243-2"><bdi>0-381-98243-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600299">600299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up-wingers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Day+Co&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600299&rft.isbn=0-381-98243-2&rft.aulast=Esfandiary&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton_Lee2019" class="citation book cs1">Newton Lee, ed. (2019). The transhumanism handbook. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-16920-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-16920-6"><bdi>978-3-030-16920-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107699751">1107699751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+transhumanism+handbook&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107699751&rft.isbn=978-3-030-16920-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Nationalism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nationalism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nationalism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" title="Benedict Anderson">Anderson, Benedict</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mmoZFtCpuoC">Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism</a>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860910596" title="Special:BookSources/978-0860910596"><bdi>978-0860910596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+Communities%3A+Reflections+on+the+Origin+and+Spread+of+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0860910596&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mmoZFtCpuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillig1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Billig" title="Michael Billig">Billig, Michael</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VV18cdwqVf4C">Banal Nationalism</a>. London: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803975255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803975255"><bdi>978-0803975255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banal+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0803975255&rft.aulast=Billig&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVV18cdwqVf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelantyKumar2006" class="citation book cs1">Delanty, Gerard; <a href="/wiki/Krishan_Kumar_(sociologist)" title="Krishan Kumar (sociologist)">Kumar, Krishan</a>, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y3zK_jyagQC">The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism</a>. London: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412901017" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412901017"><bdi>978-1412901017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sage+Handbook+of+Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1412901017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Y3zK_jyagQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hayes, Carlton J. The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism (1928) the first major scholarly survey.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm, Eric J.</a> (1992). Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521439619" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521439619"><bdi>978-0521439619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism+Since+1780%3A+Programme%2C+Myth%2C+Reality&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0521439619&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawmRanger1983" class="citation book cs1">Hobsbawm, E.; Ranger, T. (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Ranger%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationformationt00jame">Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community</a>. London: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761950721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761950721"><bdi>978-0761950721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Formation%3A+Towards+a+Theory+of+Abstract+Community&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0761950721&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationformationt00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1642214">Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In</a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_2006_">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalism%2C+Nationalism%2C+Tribalism%3A+Bringing+Theory+Back+In&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1642214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kohn, Hans. <a href="/wiki/The_Idea_of_Nationalism:_A_Study_in_Its_Origins_and_Background" title="The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background">The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background</a> (1944; 2nd ed. 2005 with introduction by Craig Calhoun). 735 pp; an often-cited classic</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKymlicka1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka, Will</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5Kaqqy-W78C">Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198279495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198279495"><bdi>978-0198279495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Citizenship%3A+A+Liberal+Theory+of+Minority+Rights&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0198279495&rft.aulast=Kymlicka&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5Kaqqy-W78C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeoussi2001" class="citation book cs1">Leoussi, Athena S., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vuJusOJkMC&pg=PA62">Encyclopedia of Nationalism</a>. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765800022" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765800022"><bdi>978-0765800022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nationalism&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0765800022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_vuJusOJkMC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Miller_(political_theorist)" title="David Miller (political theorist)">Miller, David</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=naLMTURfICAC">On Nationality</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198280477" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198280477"><bdi>978-0198280477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Nationality&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0198280477&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnaLMTURfICAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotyl2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl" title="Alexander J. Motyl">Motyl, Alexander</a>, ed. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. San Diego: Academic Press 2 vol. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0122272301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0122272301"><bdi>978-0122272301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nationalism&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press+2+vol.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0122272301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMylonasTudor2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mylonas" title="Harris Mylonas">Mylonas, Harris</a>; Tudor, Maya (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/varieties-of-nationalism/479019877D9D7F0504AD64F6D9AF102B">Varieties of Nationalism: Communities, Narratives, Identities</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108973298">10.1017/9781108973298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108973298" title="Special:BookSources/9781108973298"><bdi>9781108973298</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259646325">259646325</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707110553/https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/varieties-of-nationalism/479019877D9D7F0504AD64F6D9AF102B">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Nationalism%3A+Communities%2C+Narratives%2C+Identities&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259646325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108973298&rft.isbn=9781108973298&rft.aulast=Mylonas&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft.au=Tudor%2C+Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Felements%2Fvarieties-of-nationalism%2F479019877D9D7F0504AD64F6D9AF102B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mylonas" title="Harris Mylonas">Mylonas, Harris</a>; Tudor, Maya (2021). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841">Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703235800/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841">Archived</a> 3 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 109–132.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leo_Snyder" title="Louis Leo Snyder">Snyder, Louis L.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna00snyd">Encyclopedia of Nationalism</a>. New York: Paragon House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557781673" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557781673"><bdi>978-1557781673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nationalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1557781673&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Louis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofna00snyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Baycroft, Timothy. Nationalism in Europe 1789–1945 (1998), textbook; 104 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreuilly1994" class="citation book cs1">Breuilly, John (1994). Nationalism and the State (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226074146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226074146"><bdi>978-0226074146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+the+State&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0226074146&rft.aulast=Breuilly&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Breuilly, John, ed. The Oxford handbook of the history of nationalism (Oxford UP, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Brubaker" title="Rogers Brubaker">Brubaker, Rogers</a> (1996). Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521572248" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521572248"><bdi>978-0521572248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+Reframed%3A+Nationhood+and+the+National+Question+in+the+New+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0521572248&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2004" class="citation book cs1">Day, Graham (2004). Theorizing Nationalism. Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333962657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333962657"><bdi>978-0333962657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Nationalism&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0333962657&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism (2nd ed. 2009).</li> <li>Gerrits, Nationalism in Europe since 1945 (2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfeld1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liah_Greenfeld" title="Liah Greenfeld">Greenfeld, Liah</a> (1992). Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674603189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674603189"><bdi>978-0674603189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%3A+Five+Roads+to+Modernity&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0674603189&rft.aulast=Greenfeld&rft.aufirst=Liah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Guibernau, Montserrat 2007 (The Identity of Nations) Polity Press, Cambridge UK</li> <li>Guibernau, Montserrat 2013 (Belonging: solidarity and division in modern societies) Polity Press, Cambridge</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJusdanis2001" class="citation book cs1">Jusdanis, Gregory (2001). The Necessary Nation. Princeton UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691070292" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691070292"><bdi>978-0691070292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Necessary+Nation&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0691070292&rft.aulast=Jusdanis&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kingston, Jeff. Nationalism in Asia: A History Since 1945 (2016).</li> <li>Kohn, Hans. Nationalism: Its Meaning and History (1955) 192 pp, with primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1458669/nationalism-its-meaning-and-history">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123133233/https://www.questia.com/library/1458669/nationalism-its-meaning-and-history">Archived</a> 23 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kramer, Lloyd. Nationalism in Europe and America: Politics, Cultures, and Identities since 1775 (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Nationalism-Europe-America-Politics-Identities/dp/0807872008/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194555/https://www.amazon.com/Nationalism-Europe-America-Politics-Identities/dp/0807872008">Archived</a> 26 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznicki2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kuznicki, Jason (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Nationalism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 347–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n213">10.4135/9781412965811.n213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234738/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=347-349&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n213&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Kuznicki&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalesevic2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sinisa_Malesevic" title="Sinisa Malesevic">Malesevic, Sinisa</a> (2006). Identity As Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403987860" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403987860"><bdi>978-1403987860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+As+Ideology%3A+Understanding+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1403987860&rft.aulast=Malesevic&rft.aufirst=Sinisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalesevic2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sinisa_Malesevic" title="Sinisa Malesevic">Malesevic, Sinisa</a> (2013). Nation-States and Nationalisms:Organization, Ideology and Solidarity. Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745653396" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745653396"><bdi>978-0745653396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-States+and+Nationalisms%3AOrganization%2C+Ideology+and+Solidarity&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0745653396&rft.aulast=Malesevic&rft.aufirst=Sinisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalesevic2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sinisa_Malesevic" title="Sinisa Malesevic">Malesevic, Sinisa</a> (2019). Grounded Nationalisms. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grounded+Nationalisms&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Malesevic&rft.aufirst=Sinisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiscevic2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miscevic, Nenad (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/">"Nationalism"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922061455/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.aulast=Miscevic&rft.aufirst=Nenad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnationalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/harvard_asia_pacific_review/docs/hapr11.1?viewMode=magazine">"Nations and Nationalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Asia_Pacific_Review" title="Harvard Asia Pacific Review">Harvard Asia Pacific Review</a>. 11 (1). Spring 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-1113">1522-1113</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221050400/http://issuu.com/harvard_asia_pacific_review/docs/hapr11.1?viewMode=magazine">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Asia+Pacific+Review&rft.atitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1522-1113&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fharvard_asia_pacific_review%2Fdocs%2Fhapr11.1%3FviewMode%3Dmagazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzkirimli2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Umut_%C3%96zkirimli" class="mw-redirect" title="Umut Özkirimli">Özkirimli, Umut</a> (2010). Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230577329" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230577329"><bdi>978-0230577329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Nationalism%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0230577329&rft.aulast=%C3%96zkirimli&rft.aufirst=Umut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony D.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pks7AAAAIAAJ">The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521232678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521232678"><bdi>978-0521232678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Revival+in+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0521232678&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPks7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony D.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationsnationali0000smit">Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era</a>. Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745610191" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745610191"><bdi>978-0745610191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism+in+a+Global+Era&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0745610191&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationsnationali0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony D.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXhxE1lgmhEC">The Nation in History: Historiographical Debates about Ethnicity and Nationalism</a>. Hanover: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-158465-0409" title="Special:BookSources/978-158465-0409"><bdi>978-158465-0409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation+in+History%3A+Historiographical+Debates+about+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism&rft.place=Hanover&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-158465-0409&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXhxE1lgmhEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony D.</a> (2010) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUEszleiXNMC">Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History</a> (2. ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745651279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745651279"><bdi>978-0745651279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%3A+Theory%2C+Ideology%2C+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0745651279&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUEszleiXNMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony D.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAaTAgAAQBAJ">Ethno-symbolism and Nationalism: A Cultural Approach</a>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135999483" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135999483"><bdi>978-1135999483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethno-symbolism+and+Nationalism%3A+A+Cultural+Approach&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1135999483&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAaTAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Smith" title="Anthony D. Smith">Smith, Anthony D.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgtEwZUGtggC">The Nation Made Real: Art and National Identity in Western Europe, 1600–1850</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199662975" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199662975"><bdi>978-0199662975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation+Made+Real%3A+Art+and+National+Identity+in+Western+Europe%2C+1600%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199662975&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgtEwZUGtggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpira1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spira" title="Thomas Spira">Spira, Thomas</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316213557/http://www.ai-press.com/NET.html">Nationalism and Ethnicity Terminologies: An Encyclopedic Dictionary and Research Guide</a>. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875692050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875692050"><bdi>978-0875692050</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ai-press.com/NET.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnicity+Terminologies%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+and+Research+Guide&rft.place=Gulf+Breeze%2C+FL&rft.pub=Academic+International+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0875692050&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ai-press.com%2FNET.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteWhite2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_L._White" title="Philip L. White">White, Philip L.</a>; White, Michael Lee (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalityinworldhistory.net/index.html">"Nationality: The History of a Social Phenomenon"</a>. Nationality in World History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307060027/http://nationalityinworldhistory.net/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationality+in+World+History&rft.atitle=Nationality%3A+The+History+of+a+Social+Phenomenon&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rft.au=White%2C+Michael+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalityinworldhistory.net%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Nationalism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nationalism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Nationalism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nationalism" class="extiw" title="q:Nationalism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nationalism" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nationalism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nationalism" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Nationalism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nationalism" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Nationalism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/index.htm">"Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021203943/https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/index.htm">Archived</a> 21 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, comprehensive collection of new articles by modern scholars</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/nationalism">Nationalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115182310/https://www.britannica.com/topic/nationalism">Archived</a> 15 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – entry at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028175309/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook17.asp">"Nationalism"</a>. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/modsbook17.asp">the original</a> on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Modern+History+Sourcebook&rft.atitle=Nationalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2FHalsall%2Fmod%2Fmodsbook17.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002100619/http://www.nationalismproject.org/">"The Nationalism Project"</a>. Association for Research on Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Americas. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalismproject.org/">the original</a> on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Research+on+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism+in+the+Americas&rft.atitle=The+Nationalism+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalismproject.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polyarchy.org/references/nationalism.html">Nationalism : selected references</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204121638/http://polyarchy.org/references/nationalism.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism" title="Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism" title="Template talk:Nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic ultranationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_nationalism_(21st_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="New nationalism (21st century)">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">List of fascist movements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_question" title="National question">National question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">National revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_border" title="Natural border">Natural border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-building" title="State-building">State-building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6235#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6235#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchings2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwanek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJames2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Bingham2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_D._Popkin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Horne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJusdanis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Marx,_F._Engels\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Varley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_N._LalandGillian_R._Brown2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley,_Patrick2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKocherLawrenceMonteiro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoronaiouLagosSakellariouKymionis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuznicki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKymlicka1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeoussi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLlaudó_Avila2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLluís2021\"] = 1,\n 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