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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2ng_K%C3%A0u-j%C3%AEn" title="Sòng Kàu-jîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sòng Kàu-jîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сун Цзяажэнь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сун Цзяажэнь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_%C5%A4iao-%C5%BEen" title="Sung Ťiao-žen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sung Ťiao-žen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%95%99%E4%BB%81" title="宋教仁 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="宋教仁" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%91%B9%EC%9E%90%EC%98%A4%EB%9F%B0" title="쑹자오런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쑹자오런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BE-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сун Цзяо-жень – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сун Цзяо-жень" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سونج جياورين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سونج جياورين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%95%99%E4%BB%81" title="宋教仁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宋教仁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сун Цзяожэнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сун Цзяожэнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Song Jiaoren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%91ng_Gi%C3%A1o_Nh%C3%A2n" title="Tống Giáo Nhân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tống Giáo Nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%95%99%E4%BB%81" title="宋教仁 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="宋教仁" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%95%99%E4%BB%81" title="宋教仁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宋教仁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%95%99%E4%BB%81" title="宋教仁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">宋敎仁</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sung_Chiao-jen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sung_Chiao-jen.jpg/220px-Sung_Chiao-jen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sung_Chiao-jen.jpg/330px-Sung_Chiao-jen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sung_Chiao-jen.jpg/440px-Sung_Chiao-jen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Acting President of <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 August 1912 – 22 March 1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Vice President of <a href="/wiki/Huaxinghui" title="Huaxinghui">Huaxinghui</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 February 1904 – 30 July 1905</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Position abolished</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1882-04-05</span>)</span>5 April 1882<br /><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_County,_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoyuan County, Hunan">Taoyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 March 1913<span style="display:none">(1913-03-22)</span> (aged 30)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (1912–1913)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaxinghui" title="Huaxinghui">Huaxinghui</a> (1904–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> (1905–1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Song Jiaoren</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">宋敎仁</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sòng Jiàorén</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Sung4 Chiao4-jen2</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Dunchu</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">鈍初</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">钝初</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dùnchū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tun4-ch'u1</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Song Jiaoren</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">宋敎仁</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sòng Jiàorén</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile"><b>Sung Chiao-jen</b></span></i>, <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[sʊ̂ŋ tɕjâʊɻə̌n]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Given name at birth</a>: Liàn 鍊; <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a>: <b>Dùnchū</b> 鈍初; 5 April 1882 – 22 March 1913) was a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Chinese republican</a> revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT). Song Jiaoren led the KMT to electoral victories in China's <a href="/wiki/1912_Republic_of_China_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 Republic of China National Assembly election">first democratic election</a>. He based his appeal on the upper class gentry, landowners, and merchants. Historians have concluded that <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">provisional president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, was responsible for his assassination on 22 March 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiaoren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Song Jiaoren was born and educated in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. When he was six years old, Song Jiaoren began his education at a private school. When Song was seventeen years old, he graduated and began enrollment at <a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_County,_Hunan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoyuan County, Hunan">Taoyuan</a> Zhangjiang College. The influence of his teachers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Shouyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Shouyi (page does not exist)">Huang Shouyi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qu_Fangmei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qu Fangmei (page does not exist)">Qu Fangmei</a>, caused Song to make no effort to pursue the civil service examinations, and he was interested mainly in his time's world events and the counterculture. Song received excellent grades in college. </p><p>In August 1902, Song Jiaoren went to <a href="/wiki/Wuchang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang District">Wuchang</a> to attend the Bishop Boone Memorial School (now the <a href="/wiki/Central_China_Normal_University" title="Central China Normal University">Central China Normal University</a>), and in Wuchang, he met the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang Xing</a>, and the two quickly became lifelong friends. Huang was soon forced to leave Wuchang due to his revolutionary activities, and returned to his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>. After Huang left, Song continued his organization of revolutionary groups in Hunan, especially in Changsha and <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a>. </p><p>Later in 1902, Song was recruited to teach at the Wuchang Normal School, a prestigious private secondary school. Song arrived in Wuchang and began teaching in 1903. In Wuhan, Song became involved with various local revolutionary groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Huaxinghui" title="Huaxinghui">Huaxinghui</a>, a group of which he became vice president. However, the Wuchang Garden Hill Party especially appealed to him. Song often discussed politics and revolution with his students, many of whom were opposed to the idea of revolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_involvement_in_Kuomintang">Early involvement in Kuomintang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiaoren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early involvement in Kuomintang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of his revolutionary activities, Song in 1904 was forced to flee China for Japan, where he studied western political thought and made contacts among the expatriate Chinese student population and Japanese <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianists</a>. During this period, Song was a close friend of the Japanese nationalist thinker <a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita Ikki</a>. </p><p>In 1905, together with <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, Song helped to found and was a leading activist in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a></i>, which was an organization dedicated to the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. Song returned to China in 1910 after the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> and traveled to Hong Kong the next year to organize the <a href="/wiki/Second_Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Second Guangzhou Uprising">Second Guangzhou Uprising</a>. After the 1912 declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, Song helped to transform the <i>Tongmenghui</i> into the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, also known as the KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party. </p><p>Song spoke out against the increasing authoritarianism of China's provisional president, Yuan Shikai, and expressed concerns towards Yuan's indications that he would like to restore a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical system</a> to China with himself as emperor. On 1 January 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. Song was appointed to reform China's legal system, and he drafted a provisional constitution, the Republic of China Interim Government Organization Act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Chinese_election_campaign">First Chinese election campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiaoren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Chinese election campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Song Jiaoren was only 30 when he was tasked by Sun Yat-sen to organize the Kuomintang for the <a href="/wiki/1912_Republic_of_China_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 Republic of China National Assembly election">1912 Chinese democratic election</a> campaign, the first in China. Song proved to be a naturally-skilled political organizer, but he had an arrogant self-confidence, which alienated many potential supporters. Only 10 percent of the adult males were allowed to vote, about 40 million in all, who were the gentry, landowners and middle-class merchants. They formed the political base of the new party.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the election, the Kuomintang won 269 of 596 seats in the House of Representatives and 123 of 274 seats in the Senate. Of the remaining seats, the majority were split between three rival parties, but over 300 small parties competed in the election. After the election, Song was widely regarded as a prime candidate for the position of prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Song's main political goals was to ensure that the powers and the independence of China's elected assemblies were properly protected from the influence of the office of the president. Song's goals in curtailing the office of the president conflicted with the interests of China's provisional president, Yuan Shikai. By mid-1912, clearly Yuan dominated over the provisional cabinet that he had named and was showing signs of a desire to hold overweening executive power. During Song's travels through China in 1912, he had openly and vehemently expressed the desire to limit the powers of the president in terms that often appeared openly critical of Yuan's ambitions. When the results of the 1913 elections indicated a clear victory for the Kuomintang, Song appeared to be in a position to exercise a dominant role in selecting the prime minister and cabinet, and the party could have proceeded to push for the election of a future president in a proper parliamentary setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiaoren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 March 1913, while traveling with a group of colleagues to the Parliament in Beijing, Song Jiaoren was shot twice at close range at the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_North_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai North Railway Station">Shanghai Railway Station</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a lone gunman, Wu Shiying, who had been contracted by <a href="/wiki/Ying_Guixin" title="Ying Guixin">Ying Guixin</a>, a Shanghai underworld figure closely associated with the Yuan Shikai regime. Song died two days later in hospital. The trail of evidence led to the secretary of the cabinet and the provisional premier of Yuan Shikai's government, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bingjun" title="Zhao Bingjun">Zhao Bingjun</a>. Although Yuan was considered by contemporary Chinese media sources the man most likely behind the assassination, the main conspirators investigated by authorities were themselves assassinated or disappeared mysteriously. Because of the lack of evidence, Yuan was never officially implicated.<sup id="cite_ref-Spence1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spence1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an investigation revealed telegraphs implicating Ying Guixin in Song's assassination, Ying attempted to flee north, where Yuan could protect him, but was killed by two swordsmen while riding in a first-class train carriage. Zhao Bingjun was poisoned in 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiaoren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political climate in China degenerated soon after Song Jiaoren's assassination, eventually leading to the failed <a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Revolution (China)">Second Revolution</a>. Yuan Shikai ejected the Kuomintang from China's elected assemblies in 1913, dissolved parliament in 1914, declared himself emperor in 1915, and died in 1916. After the failure of China's first democratic system to achieve a stable government, the country descended into more than a decade of warlordism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiaoren&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiaoren&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Fenby (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/chinese-democracy-silencing-song">"The Silencing of Song"</a>. <i>History Today</i> 63#3 pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Fenby (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/chinese-democracy-silencing-song">"The Silencing of Song"</a>. <i>History Today</i> 63#3 p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spence1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spence1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spence1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spence1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>, W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 275–280. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPan1982" class="citation book cs1">Pan Ling (1982). <i>In Search of Old Shanghai</i>. Joint Publishing. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Old+Shanghai&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Joint+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Lynn+Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+Jiaoren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangHuang_Yixuan1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tang Weikang; et al. (1991). <i>Dr Sun Yat-sen in Shanghai</i> (in Chinese and English). Shanghai People's Art Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr+Sun+Yat-sen+in+Shanghai&rft.pub=Shanghai+People%27s+Art+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Weikang&rft.au=Huang+Yixuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+Jiaoren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing2011" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Frank (2011). "Father: Legal Pioneer Qin Liankui". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ny8ghGWOYUC"><i>Ancestors: The Story of China Told Through the Lives of an Extraordinary Family</i></a>. London: Rider. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ny8ghGWOYUC&pg=PA403">403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1407029986" title="Special:BookSources/978-1407029986"><bdi>978-1407029986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Father%3A+Legal+Pioneer+Qin+Liankui&rft.btitle=Ancestors%3A+The+Story+of+China+Told+Through+the+Lives+of+an+Extraordinary+Family&rft.place=London&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Rider&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1407029986&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Ny8ghGWOYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong+Jiaoren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>, W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 277–283. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Jiaoren&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568587-shot-killed-song-jiaoren-was-not-heard-around-world-it-might-have-changed">"The Death of a Revolutionary: The Song of Song"</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 22 December 2012)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> </b><br />1912–1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Next:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></b><br /><small><i><b>as Premier of the KMT</b></i></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kuomintang" title="Template:Kuomintang"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kuomintang" title="Template talk:Kuomintang"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kuomintang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kuomintang"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kuomintang343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Kuomintang</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang_cultural_policy" title="History of the Kuomintang cultural policy">History of the Kuomintang cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">Blue Sky with a White Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Pan%E2%80%93Blue_visits_to_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China">2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song Jiaoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Haodong" title="Lu Haodong">Lu Haodong</a> (Flag, emblem creator)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism_(Kuomintang)" title="Democratic centralism (Kuomintang)">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Chairman of the Kuomintang"><span style="color:white;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song Jiaoren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Renjie" title="Zhang Renjie">Zhang Renjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Po-hsiung" title="Wu Po-hsiung">Wu Po-hsiung</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Pin-kung" title="Chiang Pin-kung">Chiang Pin-kung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang_Min-hui" title="Huang Min-hui">Huang Min-hui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung Hsiu-chu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Junq-tzer" title="Lin Junq-tzer">Lin Junq-tzer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Rong-te" title="Lin Rong-te">Lin Rong-te</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Party congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="1st National Congress of the Kuomintang">1st (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="2nd National Congress of the Kuomintang">2nd (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="3rd National Congress of the Kuomintang">3rd (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="4th National Congress of the Kuomintang">4th (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="5th National Congress of the Kuomintang">5th (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Extraordinary National Congress of the Kuomintang">Extraordinary (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="6th National Congress of the Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">6th (Wang, 1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="6th National Congress of the Kuomintang">6th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="7th National Congress of the Kuomintang">7th (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="8th National Congress of the Kuomintang">8th (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="9th National Congress of the Kuomintang">9th (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="10th National Congress of the Kuomintang">10th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="11th National Congress of the Kuomintang">11th (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="12th National Congress of the Kuomintang">12th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="13th National Congress of the Kuomintang">13th (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="14th National Congress of the Kuomintang">14th (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="15th National Congress of the Kuomintang">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="16th National Congress of the Kuomintang">16th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="17th National Congress of the Kuomintang">17th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="18th National Congress of the Kuomintang">18th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="19th National Congress of the Kuomintang">19th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang" title="20th National Congress of the Kuomintang">20th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_National_Congress_of_the_Kuomintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st National Congress of the Kuomintang (page does not exist)">21st (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2001 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2007 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2007 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2015 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2015 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2016 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2016 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election" title="2020 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election">2020 (b)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kuomintang_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Kuomintang chairmanship election">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">Significant venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huguang_Guild_Hall" title="Huguang Guild Hall">Huguang Guild Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace_(Nanjing)" title="Presidential Palace (Nanjing)">Presidential Palace (Nanjing)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#000099;color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_the_Kuomintang" title="List of assets owned by the Kuomintang">List of assets owned by the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kuomintang_presidential_primary" title="2019 Kuomintang presidential primary">2019 Kuomintang presidential primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#000099;color:white;;background:#000099;color:white;"><div>Notes: Acting leaders <i>italicised</i> ; By-elections denoted with (b)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Kuomintang149" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#000099;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:KMT_leaders" title="Template:KMT leaders"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:KMT_leaders" title="Template talk:KMT leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:KMT_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:KMT leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Kuomintang149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Chairman of the Kuomintang"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leaders of the Kuomintang</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song Jiaoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Renjie" title="Zhang Renjie">Zhang Renjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Po-hsiung" title="Wu Po-hsiung">Wu Po-hsiung</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Pin-kung" title="Chiang Pin-kung">Chiang Pin-kung</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Po-hsiung" title="Wu Po-hsiung">Wu Po-hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huang_Min-hui" title="Huang Min-hui">Huang Min-hui</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung Hsiu-chu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Junq-tzer" title="Lin Junq-tzer">Lin Junq-tzer</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lin_Rong-te" title="Lin Rong-te">Lin Rong-te</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Johnny Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Eric Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Kuomintang"><img alt="Emblem of the Kuomintang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q532587#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1942" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q532587#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q532587#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000084239166">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8703657">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/71278/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfmtddCdm77dM7GK93qQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/173487483">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81042649">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00316622">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36731787">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2014820173&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p165161574">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p121398293">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=002196984&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000580694&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007434912605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04086176?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1439606">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/143132520">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" 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