CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Aung San Suu Kyi Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="PRWKbjlWKKZYOCJm/JiC/6S4w/a+AnJpm2Oep3849p4TjOaGSBrCZVI5B0ZDZrc42Oc25g+27XbYS1qpBvabsg==" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?after=50%2C34663656" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Aung San Suu Kyi Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"112 million","monthly_visitor_count":112794806,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":112,"user_count":277187474,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732460574000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732460574000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-296162c7af6fd81dcdd76f1a94f1fad04fb5f647401337d136fe8b68742170b1.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-8d53a22151f33ab413d88fa1c02f979c3f8706d470fc1bced09852c72a9f3454.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f8fe82512740391f81c9e8cc48220144024b425b359b08194e316f4de070b9e8.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Aung San Suu Kyi</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">226 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Aung San Suu Kyi</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64918874" data-work_id="64918874" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64918874/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64918874" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="894fe215f2129f455fb9fa754e420a80" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76730820,"asset_id":64918874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76730820/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="186278465" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JessicaSalazar160">Jessica Salazar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="186278465" type="text/json">{"id":186278465,"first_name":"Jessica","last_name":"Salazar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JessicaSalazar160","display_name":"Jessica Salazar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JessicaSalazar160?f_ri=198088","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64918874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64918874"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64918874, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64918874", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64918874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64918874; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64918874"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_64918874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64918874"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64918874; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64918874]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64918874").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64918874").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64918874"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing">Publishing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1139" type="text/json">{"id":1139,"name":"Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1236" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art">Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1236" type="text/json">{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="90962" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_research">Academic research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="90962" type="text/json">{"id":90962,"name":"Academic research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_research?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64918874]'), work: {"id":64918874,"title":"Aung San Suu Kyi","created_at":"2021-12-17T19:48:44.391-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64918874/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_64918874","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76730820,"asset_id":64918874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":186278465,"first_name":"Jessica","last_name":"Salazar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JessicaSalazar160","display_name":"Jessica Salazar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JessicaSalazar160?f_ri=198088","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1139,"name":"Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":90962,"name":"Academic research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_research?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":132495,"name":"Commissioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commissioning?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33704720" data-work_id="33704720" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33704720/_Uncertain_future_Prospects_of_political_stability_in_Nepal_and_Myanmar_">"Uncertain future: Prospects of political stability in Nepal & Myanmar"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33704720" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them under-represented in government.Both countries can be considered among least developed and poor countries in the world. It gives a great opportunity to regional powers, India and China to influence on domestic and foreign policy of these countries. After few weeks, population of Myanmar will go to polls. Since, the “iconic leader” of the National League of Democracy Party, Aung San’s party favourite in elections, it boosts the hopes for positive changes and reforms.  On other hand, after 7 years work Nepal has finally adopted new constitution, which has been met with protests from major ethnic groups such as The Matheses and The Taire within countries, They accepted it as discrimination against them, taking into account the harsh reaction from the long-term partner and neighbour of the country India, it leaves the country on the verge of the new political crisis. On 11th of October 2015, Parliament has elected new Prime Minister, it can be considered as a major step from the side of government to open up dialogue with ethnic groups and to address the problem.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33704720" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b8f3e90d80ad015ad431124e0d8037d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53704260,"asset_id":33704720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53704260/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3584593" href="https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov">Elmir Badalov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3584593" type="text/json">{"id":3584593,"first_name":"Elmir","last_name":"Badalov","domain_name":"coleurop","page_name":"ElmirBadalov","display_name":"Elmir Badalov","profile_url":"https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3584593/1246147/17332646/s65_elmir.badalov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33704720"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33704720, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33704720", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33704720; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33704720"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33704720"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33704720; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33704720]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33704720").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33704720").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33704720"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16946" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal">Nepal</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16946" type="text/json">{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33704720]'), work: {"id":33704720,"title":"\"Uncertain future: Prospects of political stability in Nepal \u0026 Myanmar\"","created_at":"2017-06-29T10:45:05.910-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33704720/_Uncertain_future_Prospects_of_political_stability_in_Nepal_and_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_33704720","summary":"Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them under-represented in government.Both countries can be considered among least developed and poor countries in the world. It gives a great opportunity to regional powers, India and China to influence on domestic and foreign policy of these countries. After few weeks, population of Myanmar will go to polls. Since, the “iconic leader” of the National League of Democracy Party, Aung San’s party favourite in elections, it boosts the hopes for positive changes and reforms. On other hand, after 7 years work Nepal has finally adopted new constitution, which has been met with protests from major ethnic groups such as The Matheses and The Taire within countries, They accepted it as discrimination against them, taking into account the harsh reaction from the long-term partner and neighbour of the country India, it leaves the country on the verge of the new political crisis. On 11th of October 2015, Parliament has elected new Prime Minister, it can be considered as a major step from the side of government to open up dialogue with ethnic groups and to address the problem.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53704260,"asset_id":33704720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3584593,"first_name":"Elmir","last_name":"Badalov","domain_name":"coleurop","page_name":"ElmirBadalov","display_name":"Elmir Badalov","profile_url":"https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3584593/1246147/17332646/s65_elmir.badalov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=198088"},{"id":143894,"name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kathmandu?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35324214" data-work_id="35324214" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35324214/THE_PREACHERS_DILEMMA">THE PREACHER'S DILEMMA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Suppose you are preacher who wants to speak a word to a polarized situation. Words take on meaning within a context and unfortunately yours is a situation divided between " right " and " left " (here meant very generally to signify the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35324214" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Suppose you are preacher who wants to speak a word to a polarized situation. Words take on meaning within a context and unfortunately yours is a situation divided between " right " and " left " (here meant very generally to signify the two poles of a divided society) with the result that your word will inevitably be subsumed into the narrative of one context or the other. This is unfortunate because the meaning of what you want to say is distorted when taken up into an alien context: if you speak you are bound to be misunderstood, whatever you say. Call this the preacher's dilemma. As a matter of fact, a third option is silence, but this too may be misunderstood, so it's probably more accurate to speak of a trilemma. However, this phrase is not so snappy and does not convey the tragic note that " dilemma " does, so I have decided to sacrifice pedantic accuracy in this instance. Perhaps I am caught up in the very dilemma about which I am writing. The preacher's dilemma was in my mind last week as I followed the papal visit to Myanmar and Bangladesh. Pope Francis had to decide whether or not to say the word Rohingya. He had previously shown solidarity with the Rohingya nine months ago in February calling them by their name, making clear that the Rohingya are " good people, " peaceful, and that they are unjustly persecuted. However, that word is taboo in Myanmar. The Muslims in Rakhine state are recognised neither by Myanmar nor Bangladesh, and so to refer to the stateless group is to wade into an ongoing political struggle, something that the Pope would wish to avoid. Moreover, local Catholic bishops advised him against antagonising the majority Buddhist society for fear of backlash, and the Pope would obviously regret that outcome, not only because of the harm done, but because he would aspire to work collegially, heeding local advice. On the other hand, not to use the word would upset Rohingya activists, and probably the Rohingya as a whole. In view of the attention of the world media the Pope possessed a megaphone like few others, so his words were at this moment were at a premium. Surely he should seize the opportunity for justice. What to do? If the Pope failed to speak truth to power (with the thundering volume of a Guardian editorial) that would appear an understandable betrayal. The author of the Politics once wrote that most men will what is noble but do what is expedient, and perhaps this was how western, liberal journalists framed the situation. No wonder, then, that Catholic commentators did not anticipate the visit with relish. It was planned when the de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi carried the hopes of a peaceful resolution, before the military crackdown had expelled 600,000 Rohingya. But now the situation had become notorious and the UN had spoken in terms of ethnic cleansing. So, the pope's dilemma was compared with that of Pius XII who was criticised for not speaking out strongly against the Nazis (albeit to protect the innocent). Still, Francis had tweeted that he had looked forward to the visit: there was no going back. What happened was that the Pope met the leaders of Myanmar, first the military (in a rescheduled visit on Monday) and later the Nobel Laureate. On the Tuesday he spoke up publically for the rights of all, and the need for decisive action, but to the dismay of activists, refrained from mentioning Rohingya or ethnic cleansing. Then he travelled to Bangladesh and on the Friday in Dhaka at an inter-faith gathering met twelve Rohingya including a twelve year old girl whose entire family had been murdered by the military. Unscripted, and in the midst of tears, Francis finally pronounced the word: the presence of God today is also</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35324214" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1dda5c2eaf27f4b8eadecf4ba0c1a04d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55185471,"asset_id":35324214,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55185471/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42815274" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisFriel">Chris S Friel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42815274" type="text/json">{"id":42815274,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Friel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisFriel","display_name":"Chris S Friel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisFriel?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42815274/15239507/20517119/s65_chris.friel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35324214 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35324214"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35324214, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35324214", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35324214 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35324214; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35324214"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35324214 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35324214"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35324214; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35324214]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35324214").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35324214").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35324214"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="994" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism">Journalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="994" type="text/json">{"id":994,"name":"Journalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2018" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plato">Plato</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2018" type="text/json">{"id":2018,"name":"Plato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plato?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2019" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2019" type="text/json">{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3872" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies">War Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3872" type="text/json">{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35324214]'), work: {"id":35324214,"title":"THE PREACHER'S DILEMMA","created_at":"2017-12-03T09:02:15.367-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35324214/THE_PREACHERS_DILEMMA?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_35324214","summary":"Suppose you are preacher who wants to speak a word to a polarized situation. Words take on meaning within a context and unfortunately yours is a situation divided between \" right \" and \" left \" (here meant very generally to signify the two poles of a divided society) with the result that your word will inevitably be subsumed into the narrative of one context or the other. This is unfortunate because the meaning of what you want to say is distorted when taken up into an alien context: if you speak you are bound to be misunderstood, whatever you say. Call this the preacher's dilemma. As a matter of fact, a third option is silence, but this too may be misunderstood, so it's probably more accurate to speak of a trilemma. However, this phrase is not so snappy and does not convey the tragic note that \" dilemma \" does, so I have decided to sacrifice pedantic accuracy in this instance. Perhaps I am caught up in the very dilemma about which I am writing. The preacher's dilemma was in my mind last week as I followed the papal visit to Myanmar and Bangladesh. Pope Francis had to decide whether or not to say the word Rohingya. He had previously shown solidarity with the Rohingya nine months ago in February calling them by their name, making clear that the Rohingya are \" good people, \" peaceful, and that they are unjustly persecuted. However, that word is taboo in Myanmar. The Muslims in Rakhine state are recognised neither by Myanmar nor Bangladesh, and so to refer to the stateless group is to wade into an ongoing political struggle, something that the Pope would wish to avoid. Moreover, local Catholic bishops advised him against antagonising the majority Buddhist society for fear of backlash, and the Pope would obviously regret that outcome, not only because of the harm done, but because he would aspire to work collegially, heeding local advice. On the other hand, not to use the word would upset Rohingya activists, and probably the Rohingya as a whole. In view of the attention of the world media the Pope possessed a megaphone like few others, so his words were at this moment were at a premium. Surely he should seize the opportunity for justice. What to do? If the Pope failed to speak truth to power (with the thundering volume of a Guardian editorial) that would appear an understandable betrayal. The author of the Politics once wrote that most men will what is noble but do what is expedient, and perhaps this was how western, liberal journalists framed the situation. No wonder, then, that Catholic commentators did not anticipate the visit with relish. It was planned when the de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi carried the hopes of a peaceful resolution, before the military crackdown had expelled 600,000 Rohingya. But now the situation had become notorious and the UN had spoken in terms of ethnic cleansing. So, the pope's dilemma was compared with that of Pius XII who was criticised for not speaking out strongly against the Nazis (albeit to protect the innocent). Still, Francis had tweeted that he had looked forward to the visit: there was no going back. What happened was that the Pope met the leaders of Myanmar, first the military (in a rescheduled visit on Monday) and later the Nobel Laureate. On the Tuesday he spoke up publically for the rights of all, and the need for decisive action, but to the dismay of activists, refrained from mentioning Rohingya or ethnic cleansing. Then he travelled to Bangladesh and on the Friday in Dhaka at an inter-faith gathering met twelve Rohingya including a twelve year old girl whose entire family had been murdered by the military. Unscripted, and in the midst of tears, Francis finally pronounced the word: the presence of God today is also","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55185471,"asset_id":35324214,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42815274,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Friel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisFriel","display_name":"Chris S Friel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisFriel?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42815274/15239507/20517119/s65_chris.friel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":994,"name":"Journalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journalism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2018,"name":"Plato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plato?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":16206,"name":"Dialectic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dialectic?f_ri=198088"},{"id":23492,"name":"Robin George Collingwood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robin_George_Collingwood?f_ri=198088"},{"id":27572,"name":"Bernard Lonergan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bernard_Lonergan?f_ri=198088"},{"id":37633,"name":"Aristotle's Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotles_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":43891,"name":"Civilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civilization?f_ri=198088"},{"id":63874,"name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pope_Pius_XII?f_ri=198088"},{"id":101355,"name":"Ethnic Cleansing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Cleansing?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":239531,"name":"Eristics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eristics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":369586,"name":"The Guardian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Guardian?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":738024,"name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pope_Francis?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1196803,"name":"Communications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communications?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2835244,"name":"The Algea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Algea?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2835245,"name":"The Meno","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Meno?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2835246,"name":"Papal Visit to Myanmar and Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papal_Visit_to_Myanmar_and_Bangladesh?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2835247,"name":"The Divine Pity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Divine_Pity?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40889939" data-work_id="40889939" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40889939/Divide_and_Rule_How_British_Colonialism_Created_Myanmar_s_Muslim_Problem_">Divide and Rule: How British Colonialism Created Myanmar’s ‘Muslim Problem’</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Myanmar society is complex and innately plural. While the country has struggled with a range of political and socio-economic challenges related to the transition, the violence between religious groups has taken centerstage since 2012,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40889939" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Myanmar society is complex and innately plural. While the country has struggled with a range of political and socio-economic challenges related to the transition, the violence between religious groups has taken centerstage since 2012, particularly with the rise of the 969 movement and the Organization for the Protection of Race and Religion, MaBaTha. The anti-Muslim sentiment growing in Myanmar has been a well-known item in the repertoire of politics since the 1930s. What is striking about the latest wave of anti-Muslim scapegoating is the actors have justified and invented a new discourse surrounding Muslims, specifically in connotation to the Rohingya. Muslims are being reproached as the obstacle to the transcendence of Myanmar’s identity. Moreover, the colonial legacy of South Asian immigration mobilized communal divisions dating to the 1940s and 1950s, and the worst poverty in Myanmar, combined to create fertile ground for polarization. Origins of the 969 movement can be traced back to the early 1990s “in response to the 8888 Uprising and the pro-democracy agitation in the years thereafter” (Coclanis, 2013). The military generals, in hoping to “split apart and co-opt part of the community of Buddhist monks involved in anti-government activism, began promoting what was touted as a Buddhist renewal movement” (Coclanis, 2013). This paper will make evident that the Rohingya’s plight is much to do with historical grievances and resistance to imperialism misconstrued with anti-Muslim sentiment to rally the Bamar ethnic majority through the renewal of Buddhist domination. This will be achieved with reference to British Colonialism’s divide and rule tactics, the rise of MaBaTha, and the ongoing frame alignment processes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40889939" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="facbb3c90f9188dc329c0d12310676c8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61176089,"asset_id":40889939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61176089/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53732223" href="https://mcgill.academia.edu/MikailMalik">Mikail Malik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53732223" type="text/json">{"id":53732223,"first_name":"Mikail","last_name":"Malik","domain_name":"mcgill","page_name":"MikailMalik","display_name":"Mikail Malik","profile_url":"https://mcgill.academia.edu/MikailMalik?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53732223/17776737/30767076/s65_mikail.malik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40889939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40889939"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40889939, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40889939", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40889939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40889939; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40889939"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40889939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40889939"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40889939; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40889939]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40889939").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40889939").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40889939"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_">British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15150" type="text/json">{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="276503" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Colonialism">British Colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="276503" type="text/json">{"id":276503,"name":"British Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Colonialism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="314506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_">political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="314506" type="text/json">{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40889939]'), work: {"id":40889939,"title":"Divide and Rule: How British Colonialism Created Myanmar’s ‘Muslim Problem’","created_at":"2019-11-10T02:04:55.756-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40889939/Divide_and_Rule_How_British_Colonialism_Created_Myanmar_s_Muslim_Problem_?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_40889939","summary":"Myanmar society is complex and innately plural. While the country has struggled with a range of political and socio-economic challenges related to the transition, the violence between religious groups has taken centerstage since 2012, particularly with the rise of the 969 movement and the Organization for the Protection of Race and Religion, MaBaTha. The anti-Muslim sentiment growing in Myanmar has been a well-known item in the repertoire of politics since the 1930s. What is striking about the latest wave of anti-Muslim scapegoating is the actors have justified and invented a new discourse surrounding Muslims, specifically in connotation to the Rohingya. Muslims are being reproached as the obstacle to the transcendence of Myanmar’s identity. Moreover, the colonial legacy of South Asian immigration mobilized communal divisions dating to the 1940s and 1950s, and the worst poverty in Myanmar, combined to create fertile ground for polarization. Origins of the 969 movement can be traced back to the early 1990s “in response to the 8888 Uprising and the pro-democracy agitation in the years thereafter” (Coclanis, 2013). The military generals, in hoping to “split apart and co-opt part of the community of Buddhist monks involved in anti-government activism, began promoting what was touted as a Buddhist renewal movement” (Coclanis, 2013). This paper will make evident that the Rohingya’s plight is much to do with historical grievances and resistance to imperialism misconstrued with anti-Muslim sentiment to rally the Bamar ethnic majority through the renewal of Buddhist domination. This will be achieved with reference to British Colonialism’s divide and rule tactics, the rise of MaBaTha, and the ongoing frame alignment processes. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61176089,"asset_id":40889939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53732223,"first_name":"Mikail","last_name":"Malik","domain_name":"mcgill","page_name":"MikailMalik","display_name":"Mikail Malik","profile_url":"https://mcgill.academia.edu/MikailMalik?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53732223/17776737/30767076/s65_mikail.malik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":276503,"name":"British Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Colonialism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":912269,"name":"Myanmar Military","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Military?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1204688,"name":"969 Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/969_Movement?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2809484,"name":"Ultra-Buddhist Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultra-Buddhist_Nationalism?f_ri=198088"},{"id":3443420,"name":"MaBaTha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MaBaTha?f_ri=198088"},{"id":3443421,"name":"8888 Uprising","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/8888_Uprising?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44690535 coauthored" data-work_id="44690535" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44690535/_Myanmar_and_the_Rohingya_crisis_">"Myanmar and the Rohingya crisis"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Rohingya crisis is nowadays rising attention in the worldwide civil societies and institutions; their vicissitudes originated in Myanmar, a Buddhist-dominant country in South-Eastern Asia where a minus Muslim group - the Rohingya -... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44690535" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Rohingya crisis is nowadays rising attention in the worldwide civil societies and institutions; their vicissitudes originated in Myanmar, a Buddhist-dominant country in South-Eastern Asia where a minus Muslim group - the Rohingya - has been, since decades, victim of tortures and repression; UNHCR and the Amnesty International consider them the most persecuted ethnic group in the world. They have been allocated in Rakhine in the eastern side of the Country and they are living in adverse living condition. In addition, this population is not officially recognized by the government as citizens and the majority of population pursuing Buddhist religion treats them with prejudice, xenophobism and violence.<br />In the following pages we are going to discuss the issue as a whole, starting from the socio-historical root causes of the matter and the subsequent migrations in other states moving on, then, to the relationships between the latter and the Rohingya refugees; we will eventually define the world’s attitudes towards the issue, considering the institutional participation in the resolution process of the matter and finally point out some conclusion pillars regarding the future potential prospects of the issue.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44690535" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a5b60ccb618975c459a507b3f91f27b1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65166112,"asset_id":44690535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65166112/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="68440327" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LGalletti">Leonardo Galletti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="68440327" type="text/json">{"id":68440327,"first_name":"Leonardo","last_name":"Galletti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LGalletti","display_name":"Leonardo Galletti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LGalletti?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/68440327/24879079/23711612/s65_leonardo.galletti.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44690535">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44690535"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JaquelineCastro26">Jaqueline Castro</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%92%D1%94%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0">Наталія Вєхорєва</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44690535'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44690535').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44690535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44690535"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44690535, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44690535", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44690535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44690535; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44690535"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44690535 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44690535"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44690535; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44690535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44690535").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44690535").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44690535"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25051" type="text/json">{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43838" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India">India</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43838" type="text/json">{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44690535]'), work: {"id":44690535,"title":"\"Myanmar and the Rohingya crisis\"","created_at":"2020-12-12T10:57:37.236-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44690535/_Myanmar_and_the_Rohingya_crisis_?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_44690535","summary":"The Rohingya crisis is nowadays rising attention in the worldwide civil societies and institutions; their vicissitudes originated in Myanmar, a Buddhist-dominant country in South-Eastern Asia where a minus Muslim group - the Rohingya - has been, since decades, victim of tortures and repression; UNHCR and the Amnesty International consider them the most persecuted ethnic group in the world. They have been allocated in Rakhine in the eastern side of the Country and they are living in adverse living condition. In addition, this population is not officially recognized by the government as citizens and the majority of population pursuing Buddhist religion treats them with prejudice, xenophobism and violence.\nIn the following pages we are going to discuss the issue as a whole, starting from the socio-historical root causes of the matter and the subsequent migrations in other states moving on, then, to the relationships between the latter and the Rohingya refugees; we will eventually define the world’s attitudes towards the issue, considering the institutional participation in the resolution process of the matter and finally point out some conclusion pillars regarding the future potential prospects of the issue.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65166112,"asset_id":44690535,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":68440327,"first_name":"Leonardo","last_name":"Galletti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LGalletti","display_name":"Leonardo Galletti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LGalletti?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/68440327/24879079/23711612/s65_leonardo.galletti.jpg"},{"id":106408249,"first_name":"Jaqueline","last_name":"Castro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JaquelineCastro26","display_name":"Jaqueline Castro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JaquelineCastro26?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/106408249/28417767/26582817/s65_jaqueline.castro.jpg"},{"id":71566527,"first_name":"Наталія","last_name":"Вєхорєва","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"НаталіяВєхорєва","display_name":"Наталія Вєхорєва","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%92%D1%94%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71566527/18357255/39456176/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1951278,"name":"Rohingya Issue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Issue?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2994637,"name":"Rohingya Refugee Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Refugee_Crisis?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2385030" data-work_id="2385030" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2385030/Aung_Sans_lan_zin_the_Blue_Print_and_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Burma1">Aung San's lan-zin, the Blue Print and the Japanese occupation of Burma1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2385030" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cec673c08b4c2320bfe7cba077b8250c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30419154,"asset_id":2385030,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30419154/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="898154" href="https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman">Gustaaf Houtman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="898154" type="text/json">{"id":898154,"first_name":"Gustaaf","last_name":"Houtman","domain_name":"therai","page_name":"GustaafHoutman","display_name":"Gustaaf Houtman","profile_url":"https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/898154/2321082/2707871/s65_gustaaf.houtman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2385030 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2385030"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2385030, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2385030", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2385030 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2385030; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2385030"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2385030 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2385030"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2385030; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2385030]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2385030").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2385030").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2385030"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12739" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War">Second World War</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12739" type="text/json">{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2385030]'), work: {"id":2385030,"title":"Aung San's lan-zin, the Blue Print and the Japanese occupation of Burma1","created_at":"2013-01-10T07:21:41.273-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2385030/Aung_Sans_lan_zin_the_Blue_Print_and_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Burma1?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_2385030","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30419154,"asset_id":2385030,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":898154,"first_name":"Gustaaf","last_name":"Houtman","domain_name":"therai","page_name":"GustaafHoutman","display_name":"Gustaaf Houtman","profile_url":"https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/898154/2321082/2707871/s65_gustaaf.houtman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35413495 coauthored" data-work_id="35413495" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35413495/Myanmar_Hluttaws_The_Youngest_Parliament_of_Southeast_Asia">Myanmar Hluttaws - The Youngest Parliament of Southeast Asia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Since 2011, Myanmar has undergone a profound reformation process emerging from an authoritarian regime towards a democratic order. The reformation process did not only lead to an overarching spirit of optimism, but also to the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35413495" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Since 2011, Myanmar has undergone a profound reformation process emerging from an authoritarian regime towards a democratic order. The reformation process did not only lead to an overarching spirit of optimism, but also to the establishment of new parliamentary structures. However, the first legislative period between 2011 and 2016 was mainly stamped by the gradual development of a democratic and legitimate institutional fabric.<br />The Parliament of Myanmar – the so-called Myanmar Hluttaws – was able to further strengthen its institutional legitimation and to gain high esteem after the landslide victory of the National League of Democracy (NLD) and the party’s absolute majority in both the Upper (Pyithu Hluttaw) and Lower House (Amyotha Hluttaw) in the mainly free and democratic 2015 elections – especially with its most famous member Aung San Suu Kyi, the head of the NLD and critically discussed opposition leader.<br />Therefore, the Myanmar Hluttaws represent essential change in one of the most aspiring countries in South-East Asia and could play a leading role for the ongoing reformation process of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. This essay will provide a short history of the Hluttaws, followed by an overview of the parliament’s structure and concluded with pin-pointing the most pressing current issues it has to deal with.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35413495" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd5e12c839b6ec8bcda900308cc26ff7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55274360,"asset_id":35413495,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55274360/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38901387" href="https://institutfutur.academia.edu/LutzKohne">Lutz Kohne</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38901387" type="text/json">{"id":38901387,"first_name":"Lutz","last_name":"Kohne","domain_name":"institutfutur","page_name":"LutzKohne","display_name":"Lutz Kohne","profile_url":"https://institutfutur.academia.edu/LutzKohne?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38901387/10869527/154196607/s65_lutz.kohne.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35413495">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35413495"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AchimMunz">Achim Munz</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35413495'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35413495').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35413495 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35413495"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35413495, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35413495", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35413495 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35413495; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35413495"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35413495 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35413495"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35413495; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35413495]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35413495").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35413495").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35413495"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy">Democracy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17123" type="text/json">{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35413495]'), work: {"id":35413495,"title":"Myanmar Hluttaws - The Youngest Parliament of Southeast Asia","created_at":"2017-12-12T14:27:32.073-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35413495/Myanmar_Hluttaws_The_Youngest_Parliament_of_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_35413495","summary":"Since 2011, Myanmar has undergone a profound reformation process emerging from an authoritarian regime towards a democratic order. The reformation process did not only lead to an overarching spirit of optimism, but also to the establishment of new parliamentary structures. However, the first legislative period between 2011 and 2016 was mainly stamped by the gradual development of a democratic and legitimate institutional fabric.\nThe Parliament of Myanmar – the so-called Myanmar Hluttaws – was able to further strengthen its institutional legitimation and to gain high esteem after the landslide victory of the National League of Democracy (NLD) and the party’s absolute majority in both the Upper (Pyithu Hluttaw) and Lower House (Amyotha Hluttaw) in the mainly free and democratic 2015 elections – especially with its most famous member Aung San Suu Kyi, the head of the NLD and critically discussed opposition leader.\nTherefore, the Myanmar Hluttaws represent essential change in one of the most aspiring countries in South-East Asia and could play a leading role for the ongoing reformation process of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. This essay will provide a short history of the Hluttaws, followed by an overview of the parliament’s structure and concluded with pin-pointing the most pressing current issues it has to deal with.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55274360,"asset_id":35413495,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38901387,"first_name":"Lutz","last_name":"Kohne","domain_name":"institutfutur","page_name":"LutzKohne","display_name":"Lutz Kohne","profile_url":"https://institutfutur.academia.edu/LutzKohne?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38901387/10869527/154196607/s65_lutz.kohne.jpg"},{"id":325757612,"first_name":"Achim","last_name":"Munz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AchimMunz","display_name":"Achim Munz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AchimMunz?f_ri=198088","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":964756,"name":"Westminster System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Westminster_System?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2383847,"name":"NLD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NLD?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2841807,"name":"Hluttaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hluttaw?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2841808,"name":"Pyithu Hluttaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyithu_Hluttaw?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2841809,"name":"Amyotha Hluttaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotha_Hluttaw?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41080282" data-work_id="41080282" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41080282/The_Moral_Democracy_The_Political_Thought_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_in_Open_Access_now_">The Moral Democracy. The Political Thought of Aung San Suu Kyi (in Open Access now)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The book is now available in Open Access: <a href="https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html" rel="nofollow">https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html</a> Aung San Suu Kyi spoke passionately about non-violence, she wrote involved articles about compatibility of democracy... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41080282" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The book is now available in Open Access: <a href="https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html" rel="nofollow">https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html</a> <br /> <br />Aung San Suu Kyi spoke passionately about non-violence, she wrote involved articles about compatibility of democracy with Buddhism and she won the hearts and minds of so many with her call for the freedom from fear (…) It seemed – for more than two decades – that Suu Kyi was a perfect, non-Western propagator of democracy, human rights, rule of law (…) Yet a deeper analysis reveals that Suu Kyi intellectually, indeed, has been a democrat all along, but a Burmese democrat (…) Suu Kyi understands democracy in a Buddhist way and she reasons about politics using Buddhist ideas, idioms and concepts (…) This Buddhist dominance of her political thought had several consequences, the most important one being that her approach to politics has first and foremost been a moral one (…) her vision of democracy (and of politics in general) is a moral vision. It is something I propose to call “the moral democracy.” <br /> <br />The same reason that made her famous and admired worldwide, now contributed to her fall from grace. For too many outside Burma/Myanmar it is impossible to understand how Suu Kyi – yesterday’s global personification of good and morality – can now silently endorse crimes against humanity conducted in her country and accept forced relocation of 700 thousand people. A cynic would quote Bertrand Russell’s words (“we have two kinds of morality side by side: one which we preach but do not practice and another which we practice but seldom preach”) and add a commentary that it applies especially to politicians. One, however, may offer a more favourable explanation: that Suu Kyi represents a tragic clash of ideas, including moral ideas, with political reality. Whatever the case, it was morality that made her famous, it was the same moralistic attitude that contributed to her removal from international Olympus and it is this moral understanding of politics that is the hallmark of her political thought, which is here to stay for longer, as political ideas last longer than changing political circumstances and fashions. <br />From the Preface <br /> <br />The book is now available in Open Access: <a href="https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html" rel="nofollow">https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41080282" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cadedae8a8bb65ab09b0d0edaefc8f7a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61346099,"asset_id":41080282,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61346099/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41080282 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41080282"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41080282, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41080282", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41080282 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41080282; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41080282"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41080282 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41080282"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41080282; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41080282]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41080282").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41080282").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41080282"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics">Southeast Asian Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25845" type="text/json">{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41080282]'), work: {"id":41080282,"title":"The Moral Democracy. The Political Thought of Aung San Suu Kyi (in Open Access now)","created_at":"2019-11-26T13:46:13.446-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41080282/The_Moral_Democracy_The_Political_Thought_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_in_Open_Access_now_?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_41080282","summary":"The book is now available in Open Access: https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html\r\n\r\nAung San Suu Kyi spoke passionately about non-violence, she wrote involved articles about compatibility of democracy with Buddhism and she won the hearts and minds of so many with her call for the freedom from fear (…) It seemed – for more than two decades – that Suu Kyi was a perfect, non-Western propagator of democracy, human rights, rule of law (…) Yet a deeper analysis reveals that Suu Kyi intellectually, indeed, has been a democrat all along, but a Burmese democrat (…) Suu Kyi understands democracy in a Buddhist way and she reasons about politics using Buddhist ideas, idioms and concepts (…) This Buddhist dominance of her political thought had several consequences, the most important one being that her approach to politics has first and foremost been a moral one (…) her vision of democracy (and of politics in general) is a moral vision. It is something I propose to call “the moral democracy.”\r\n\r\nThe same reason that made her famous and admired worldwide, now contributed to her fall from grace. For too many outside Burma/Myanmar it is impossible to understand how Suu Kyi – yesterday’s global personification of good and morality – can now silently endorse crimes against humanity conducted in her country and accept forced relocation of 700 thousand people. A cynic would quote Bertrand Russell’s words (“we have two kinds of morality side by side: one which we preach but do not practice and another which we practice but seldom preach”) and add a commentary that it applies especially to politicians. One, however, may offer a more favourable explanation: that Suu Kyi represents a tragic clash of ideas, including moral ideas, with political reality. Whatever the case, it was morality that made her famous, it was the same moralistic attitude that contributed to her removal from international Olympus and it is this moral understanding of politics that is the hallmark of her political thought, which is here to stay for longer, as political ideas last longer than changing political circumstances and fashions.\r\nFrom the Preface\r\n\r\nThe book is now available in Open Access: https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61346099,"asset_id":41080282,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1531418" data-work_id="1531418" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1531418/An%C3%A1lisis_de_pa%C3%ADs_en_conflicto_Myanmar_Birmania">Análisis de país en conflicto: Myanmar/Birmania</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El presente análisis intenta contrarrestar el general desconocimiento occidental sobre los conflictos del sudesteasiático. El efecto mediático de dichas crisis, es limitado, y en general se aborda desde aspectos superficiales, siendo raro... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1531418" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El presente análisis intenta contrarrestar el general desconocimiento occidental sobre los conflictos del sudesteasiático. El efecto mediático de dichas crisis, es limitado, y en general se aborda desde aspectos superficiales, siendo raro el caso en que se profundiza en las causas de raíz, eminentemente históricas o provenientes de intereses comerciales ocultos. El caso de Birmania es especialmente singular por las cuantiosas veces que su ciudadanía ha intentado instaurar un régimen democrático. La situación de los DDHH deja mucho que desear, y como veremos, los actores e interesesen la economía de este país son de muy diversa índole.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1531418" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70f7dd4058318a04b268198cc94d8257" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":12652132,"asset_id":1531418,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/12652132/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1106207" href="https://ortegaygasset.academia.edu/PabloUrech">Pablo Urech</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1106207" type="text/json">{"id":1106207,"first_name":"Pablo","last_name":"Urech","domain_name":"ortegaygasset","page_name":"PabloUrech","display_name":"Pablo Urech","profile_url":"https://ortegaygasset.academia.edu/PabloUrech?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1106207/849092/17705308/s65_pablo.urech.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1531418 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1531418"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1531418, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1531418", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1531418 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1531418; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1531418"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1531418 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1531418"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1531418; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1531418]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1531418").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1531418").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1531418"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="472636" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmania">Birmania</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="472636" type="text/json">{"id":472636,"name":"Birmania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmania?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1531418]'), work: {"id":1531418,"title":"Análisis de país en conflicto: Myanmar/Birmania","created_at":"2012-05-01T04:59:45.747-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1531418/An%C3%A1lisis_de_pa%C3%ADs_en_conflicto_Myanmar_Birmania?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_1531418","summary":"El presente análisis intenta contrarrestar el general desconocimiento occidental sobre los conflictos del sudesteasiático. El efecto mediático de dichas crisis, es limitado, y en general se aborda desde aspectos superficiales, siendo raro el caso en que se profundiza en las causas de raíz, eminentemente históricas o provenientes de intereses comerciales ocultos. El caso de Birmania es especialmente singular por las cuantiosas veces que su ciudadanía ha intentado instaurar un régimen democrático. La situación de los DDHH deja mucho que desear, y como veremos, los actores e interesesen la economía de este país son de muy diversa índole.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":12652132,"asset_id":1531418,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1106207,"first_name":"Pablo","last_name":"Urech","domain_name":"ortegaygasset","page_name":"PabloUrech","display_name":"Pablo Urech","profile_url":"https://ortegaygasset.academia.edu/PabloUrech?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1106207/849092/17705308/s65_pablo.urech.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":472636,"name":"Birmania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmania?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71787090" data-work_id="71787090" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71787090/Distributed_Algorithms_for_Improving_Wireless_Sensor_Network_Lifetime_With_Adjustable_Sensing_Range">Distributed Algorithms for Improving Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime With Adjustable Sensing Range</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wireless sensor networks are made up of a large number of sensors deployed randomly in an ad-hoc manner in the area/target to be monitored. Due to their weight and size limitations, the energy conservation is the most critical issue.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71787090" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wireless sensor networks are made up of a large number of sensors deployed randomly in an ad-hoc manner in the area/target to be monitored. Due to their weight and size limitations, the energy conservation is the most critical issue. Energy saving in a ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71787090" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="75a7dca0b33fc3d1c5f7584eb2303c2c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80987351,"asset_id":71787090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80987351/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="201384724" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AungAung263">Aung Aung</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="201384724" type="text/json">{"id":201384724,"first_name":"Aung","last_name":"Aung","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AungAung263","display_name":"Aung Aung","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AungAung263?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/201384724/62720301/51015897/s65_aung.aung.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71787090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71787090"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71787090, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71787090", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_71787090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71787090; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_71787090"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_71787090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71787090"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71787090; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71787090]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71787090").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71787090").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71787090"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science_Education">Computer Science Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1128" type="text/json">{"id":1128,"name":"Computer Science Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science_Education?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Engineering">Computer Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1380" type="text/json">{"id":1380,"name":"Computer Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Engineering?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2345" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless_Communications">Wireless Communications</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2345" type="text/json">{"id":2345,"name":"Wireless Communications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless_Communications?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71787090]'), work: {"id":71787090,"title":"Distributed Algorithms for Improving Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime With Adjustable Sensing Range","created_at":"2022-02-17T22:11:12.783-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71787090/Distributed_Algorithms_for_Improving_Wireless_Sensor_Network_Lifetime_With_Adjustable_Sensing_Range?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_71787090","summary":"Wireless sensor networks are made up of a large number of sensors deployed randomly in an ad-hoc manner in the area/target to be monitored. Due to their weight and size limitations, the energy conservation is the most critical issue. Energy saving in a ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80987351,"asset_id":71787090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":201384724,"first_name":"Aung","last_name":"Aung","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AungAung263","display_name":"Aung Aung","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AungAung263?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/201384724/62720301/51015897/s65_aung.aung.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1128,"name":"Computer Science Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science_Education?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1380,"name":"Computer Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Engineering?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2345,"name":"Wireless Communications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless_Communications?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":4252,"name":"Computer Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Networks?f_ri=198088"},{"id":6962,"name":"Energy Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Conservation?f_ri=198088"},{"id":16542,"name":"Cryptography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryptography?f_ri=198088"},{"id":127348,"name":"Energy Saving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Saving?f_ri=198088"},{"id":158569,"name":"Sensor Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensor_Network?f_ri=198088"},{"id":181287,"name":"Low Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Power?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1211847,"name":"Wireless Sensor Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless_Sensor_Network?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1561368,"name":"Network Lifetime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Network_Lifetime?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1605361,"name":"Sensor nodes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensor_nodes?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2537671,"name":"Distributed Algorithm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Algorithm?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8280382" data-work_id="8280382" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8280382/REPRESSIONE_E_ATTIVISMO_IN_BIRMANIA_pdf">REPRESSIONE E ATTIVISMO IN BIRMANIA pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8280382" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27dd8e10eb609e8d5e7da95471dd3f8f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34694625,"asset_id":8280382,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34694625/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3156051" href="https://ehess.academia.edu/BarbaraLisci">Barbara Lisci</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3156051" type="text/json">{"id":3156051,"first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Lisci","domain_name":"ehess","page_name":"BarbaraLisci","display_name":"Barbara Lisci","profile_url":"https://ehess.academia.edu/BarbaraLisci?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3156051/1037351/26480139/s65_barbara.lisci.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8280382 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8280382"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8280382, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8280382", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8280382 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8280382; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8280382"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8280382 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8280382"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8280382; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8280382]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8280382").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8280382").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8280382"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5686" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism">Political Violence and Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5686" type="text/json">{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11887" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Prisoners">Political Prisoners</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11887" type="text/json">{"id":11887,"name":"Political Prisoners","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Prisoners?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy">Democracy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17123" type="text/json">{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8280382]'), work: {"id":8280382,"title":"REPRESSIONE E ATTIVISMO IN BIRMANIA pdf","created_at":"2014-09-10T19:15:41.859-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8280382/REPRESSIONE_E_ATTIVISMO_IN_BIRMANIA_pdf?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_8280382","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34694625,"asset_id":8280382,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3156051,"first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Lisci","domain_name":"ehess","page_name":"BarbaraLisci","display_name":"Barbara Lisci","profile_url":"https://ehess.academia.edu/BarbaraLisci?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3156051/1037351/26480139/s65_barbara.lisci.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":11887,"name":"Political Prisoners","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Prisoners?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":152829,"name":"Prisoners Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prisoners_Rights?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1548149,"name":"National ligue for Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_ligue_for_Democracy?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9549146" data-work_id="9549146" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9549146/Burmas_Struggle_for_Democracy_A_Critical_Appraisal">Burma's Struggle for Democracy: A Critical Appraisal </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9549146" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="146ff9d013abdc960d40ab473da965f1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35768699,"asset_id":9549146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35768699/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="228147" href="https://hms-harvard.academia.edu/maungzarni">maung zarni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="228147" type="text/json">{"id":228147,"first_name":"maung","last_name":"zarni","domain_name":"hms-harvard","page_name":"maungzarni","display_name":"maung zarni","profile_url":"https://hms-harvard.academia.edu/maungzarni?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/228147/3732128/4372320/s65_maung.zarni.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9549146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9549146"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9549146, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9549146", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9549146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9549146; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9549146"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9549146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9549146"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9549146; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9549146]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9549146").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9549146").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9549146"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1483" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis">Foreign Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1483" type="text/json">{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36402" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activism">Activism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36402" type="text/json">{"id":36402,"name":"Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9549146]'), work: {"id":9549146,"title":"Burma's Struggle for Democracy: A Critical Appraisal ","created_at":"2014-11-28T23:43:58.840-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9549146/Burmas_Struggle_for_Democracy_A_Critical_Appraisal?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_9549146","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35768699,"asset_id":9549146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":228147,"first_name":"maung","last_name":"zarni","domain_name":"hms-harvard","page_name":"maungzarni","display_name":"maung zarni","profile_url":"https://hms-harvard.academia.edu/maungzarni?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/228147/3732128/4372320/s65_maung.zarni.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":36402,"name":"Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38642475" data-work_id="38642475" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38642475/Buddhist_Nationalism_and_Islam_in_Modern_Myanmar">Buddhist Nationalism and Islam in Modern Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Perception of Burmese Buddhism by the Western world since 1988 has been largely associated with pacifism and democracy through the leader of the opposition and the Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. However, the current Rohingya... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38642475" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Perception of Burmese Buddhism by the Western world since 1988 has been largely<br />associated with pacifism and democracy through the leader of the opposition and the Nobel<br />Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. However, the current Rohingya refugee crisis is<br />changing that positive perception. The aim of the following presentation is to analyze the<br />contemporary conflict between Muslims and Buddhist nationalists in Burma. To get a deeper<br />understanding of the problem, it is essential to connect it with Burma’s pre-colonial and<br />colonial past as well as the country’s ethnic diversity. Radicalization of the attitudes of<br />Theravada Buddhists and the rise of xenophobic sentiments in Burma are connected with<br />Burmese national identity, which is largely based on ethnicity and tends to exclude the rest,<br />including Muslims. However, due to historical, cultural and cosmological differences, Islam<br />especially is a target. The aim of the paper is to explain why Myanmar’s Islamophobia has<br />its roots in Buddhist nationalism and why opposition to Islam is a part of it.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38642475" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c75356988984b5a3b5c33157cc1758db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58720526,"asset_id":38642475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58720526/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33457340" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/RomanHusarski">Roman Husarski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33457340" type="text/json">{"id":33457340,"first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Husarski","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"RomanHusarski","display_name":"Roman Husarski","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/RomanHusarski?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33457340/27314148/25690951/s65_roman.husarski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38642475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38642475"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38642475, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38642475", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38642475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38642475; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38642475"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38642475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38642475"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38642475; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38642475]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38642475").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38642475").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38642475"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25051" type="text/json">{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="552165" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims">Rohingya Muslims</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="552165" type="text/json">{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1180735" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism_and_Violence">Buddhism and Violence</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1180735" type="text/json">{"id":1180735,"name":"Buddhism and Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism_and_Violence?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38642475]'), work: {"id":38642475,"title":"Buddhist Nationalism and Islam in Modern Myanmar","created_at":"2019-03-27T01:57:58.234-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38642475/Buddhist_Nationalism_and_Islam_in_Modern_Myanmar?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_38642475","summary":"Perception of Burmese Buddhism by the Western world since 1988 has been largely\nassociated with pacifism and democracy through the leader of the opposition and the Nobel\nPeace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. However, the current Rohingya refugee crisis is\nchanging that positive perception. The aim of the following presentation is to analyze the\ncontemporary conflict between Muslims and Buddhist nationalists in Burma. To get a deeper\nunderstanding of the problem, it is essential to connect it with Burma’s pre-colonial and\ncolonial past as well as the country’s ethnic diversity. Radicalization of the attitudes of\nTheravada Buddhists and the rise of xenophobic sentiments in Burma are connected with\nBurmese national identity, which is largely based on ethnicity and tends to exclude the rest,\nincluding Muslims. However, due to historical, cultural and cosmological differences, Islam\nespecially is a target. The aim of the paper is to explain why Myanmar’s Islamophobia has\nits roots in Buddhist nationalism and why opposition to Islam is a part of it.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58720526,"asset_id":38642475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33457340,"first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Husarski","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"RomanHusarski","display_name":"Roman Husarski","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/RomanHusarski?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33457340/27314148/25690951/s65_roman.husarski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1180735,"name":"Buddhism and Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism_and_Violence?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1455001,"name":"Minorities and the Government Policies In Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minorities_and_the_Government_Policies_In_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2876771,"name":"Political Science of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science_of_Religion?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1836315" data-work_id="1836315" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1836315/Burmese_Traditions_of_Buddhist_Practice">Burmese Traditions of Buddhist Practice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1836315" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d186ad517b80e59108aadd959c8dd1ad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31223598,"asset_id":1836315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31223598/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="898154" href="https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman">Gustaaf Houtman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="898154" type="text/json">{"id":898154,"first_name":"Gustaaf","last_name":"Houtman","domain_name":"therai","page_name":"GustaafHoutman","display_name":"Gustaaf Houtman","profile_url":"https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/898154/2321082/2707871/s65_gustaaf.houtman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1836315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1836315"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1836315, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1836315", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1836315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1836315; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1836315"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1836315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1836315"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1836315; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1836315]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1836315").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1836315").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1836315"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1836315]'), work: {"id":1836315,"title":"Burmese Traditions of Buddhist Practice","created_at":"2012-08-05T16:33:35.213-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1836315/Burmese_Traditions_of_Buddhist_Practice?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_1836315","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31223598,"asset_id":1836315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":898154,"first_name":"Gustaaf","last_name":"Houtman","domain_name":"therai","page_name":"GustaafHoutman","display_name":"Gustaaf Houtman","profile_url":"https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/898154/2321082/2707871/s65_gustaaf.houtman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":331593,"name":"Samatha Bhavana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Samatha_Bhavana?f_ri=198088"},{"id":578593,"name":"Vipassana Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vipassana_Meditation?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65144308" data-work_id="65144308" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65144308/MYANMAR_POLITICAL_ART">MYANMAR POLITICAL ART</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This publication aims at giving an overview of the history and development of political art in Myanmar with a focus on the most important artists and their art works. It features three generations of artists and also includes the period... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_65144308" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This publication aims at giving an overview of the history and development of political art in Myanmar with a focus on the most important artists and their art works. It features three generations of artists and also includes the period of political reforms and the recent events in 2021.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65144308" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="21b277afca322565384e69d59c36b554" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76865612,"asset_id":65144308,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76865612/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46806025" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg">Jorn Middelborg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46806025" type="text/json">{"id":46806025,"first_name":"Jorn","last_name":"Middelborg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JMiddelborg","display_name":"Jorn Middelborg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46806025/12473464/58808448/s65_jorn.middelborg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65144308 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65144308"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65144308, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65144308", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_65144308 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65144308; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_65144308"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_65144308 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="65144308"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65144308; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65144308]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65144308").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65144308").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="65144308"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art">Contemporary Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3051" type="text/json">{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Art">Political Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18707" type="text/json">{"id":18707,"name":"Political Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Art?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics">Southeast Asian Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25845" type="text/json">{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=65144308]'), work: {"id":65144308,"title":"MYANMAR POLITICAL ART","created_at":"2021-12-19T18:34:47.274-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/65144308/MYANMAR_POLITICAL_ART?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_65144308","summary":"This publication aims at giving an overview of the history and development of political art in Myanmar with a focus on the most important artists and their art works. It features three generations of artists and also includes the period of political reforms and the recent events in 2021. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76865612,"asset_id":65144308,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46806025,"first_name":"Jorn","last_name":"Middelborg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JMiddelborg","display_name":"Jorn Middelborg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46806025/12473464/58808448/s65_jorn.middelborg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":18707,"name":"Political Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Art?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":42601,"name":"Contemporary Asian art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Asian_art?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":517293,"name":"Burmese Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Art?f_ri=198088"},{"id":722440,"name":"Coup D`etats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coup_Detats-1?f_ri=198088"},{"id":889991,"name":"Protest Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest_Art?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2499450,"name":"Myanmar art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_art?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2567296,"name":"aung myint","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/aung_myint?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2567298,"name":"aye ko","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/aye_ko?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2568960,"name":"htein lin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/htein_lin?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2568989,"name":"san minn","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/san_minn?f_ri=198088"},{"id":4067675,"name":"moe satt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/moe_satt?f_ri=198088"},{"id":4067676,"name":"yawnghwe ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/yawnghwe?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45064283" data-work_id="45064283" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45064283/Far_from_being_a_setback_Myanmar_coup_leaves_India_on_a_firmer_geopolitical_footing_with_the_Tatmadaw">Far from being a 'setback', Myanmar coup leaves India on a firmer geopolitical footing with the Tatmadaw</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The developments on February 1 — when the Tatmadaw detained Suu Kyi, president Win Myint along with other senior political leaders and slapped a ‘state of emergency’ for one year in a power grab — flips Myanmar’s politics formally back to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45064283" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The developments on February 1 — when the Tatmadaw detained Suu Kyi, president Win Myint along with other senior political leaders and slapped a ‘state of emergency’ for one year in a power grab — flips Myanmar’s politics formally back to the template India is accustomed with for decades, and this time New Delhi may even hold a marginal leverage over China.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45064283" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="195942948dfcf4e8745f558c38109546" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65620013,"asset_id":45064283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65620013/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60330046" href="https://jdvu.academia.edu/SreemoyTalukdar">Sreemoy Talukdar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60330046" type="text/json">{"id":60330046,"first_name":"Sreemoy","last_name":"Talukdar","domain_name":"jdvu","page_name":"SreemoyTalukdar","display_name":"Sreemoy Talukdar","profile_url":"https://jdvu.academia.edu/SreemoyTalukdar?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60330046/15793665/60143399/s65_sreemoy.talukdar.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45064283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45064283"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45064283, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45064283", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45064283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45064283; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45064283"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45064283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45064283"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45064283; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45064283]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45064283").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45064283").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45064283"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy">Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6707" type="text/json">{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16944" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_India">Northeast India</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16944" type="text/json">{"id":16944,"name":"Northeast India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_India?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45064283]'), work: {"id":45064283,"title":"Far from being a 'setback', Myanmar coup leaves India on a firmer geopolitical footing with the Tatmadaw","created_at":"2021-02-06T01:08:50.586-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45064283/Far_from_being_a_setback_Myanmar_coup_leaves_India_on_a_firmer_geopolitical_footing_with_the_Tatmadaw?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_45064283","summary":"The developments on February 1 — when the Tatmadaw detained Suu Kyi, president Win Myint along with other senior political leaders and slapped a ‘state of emergency’ for one year in a power grab — flips Myanmar’s politics formally back to the template India is accustomed with for decades, and this time New Delhi may even hold a marginal leverage over China.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65620013,"asset_id":45064283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60330046,"first_name":"Sreemoy","last_name":"Talukdar","domain_name":"jdvu","page_name":"SreemoyTalukdar","display_name":"Sreemoy Talukdar","profile_url":"https://jdvu.academia.edu/SreemoyTalukdar?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60330046/15793665/60143399/s65_sreemoy.talukdar.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":16944,"name":"Northeast India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_India?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":38972,"name":"ASEAN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":60924,"name":"Indian foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_foreign_policy?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":390793,"name":"Insurgency Movements In Northeast India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Movements_In_Northeast_India?f_ri=198088"},{"id":458790,"name":"International Security and Strategic affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security_and_Strategic_affairs?f_ri=198088"},{"id":458793,"name":"India-Myanmar relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India-Myanmar_relationship?f_ri=198088"},{"id":722440,"name":"Coup D`etats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coup_Detats-1?f_ri=198088"},{"id":967870,"name":"Indo Pacific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indo_Pacific?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2785807,"name":"Indo-Pacific Strategic Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indo-Pacific_Strategic_Affairs?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1836314" data-work_id="1836314" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1836314/Mental_Culture_in_Burmese_Crisis_Politics_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_and_the_National_League_for_Democracy">Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1836314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="11222a93b28bba5bab473b25d87d2ba5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":25630053,"asset_id":1836314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/25630053/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="898154" href="https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman">Gustaaf Houtman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="898154" type="text/json">{"id":898154,"first_name":"Gustaaf","last_name":"Houtman","domain_name":"therai","page_name":"GustaafHoutman","display_name":"Gustaaf Houtman","profile_url":"https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/898154/2321082/2707871/s65_gustaaf.houtman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1836314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1836314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1836314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1836314", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1836314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1836314; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1836314"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1836314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1836314"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1836314; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1836314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1836314").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1836314").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1836314"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25051" type="text/json">{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1836314]'), work: {"id":1836314,"title":"Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy","created_at":"2012-08-05T16:32:49.312-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1836314/Mental_Culture_in_Burmese_Crisis_Politics_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_and_the_National_League_for_Democracy?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_1836314","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":25630053,"asset_id":1836314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":898154,"first_name":"Gustaaf","last_name":"Houtman","domain_name":"therai","page_name":"GustaafHoutman","display_name":"Gustaaf Houtman","profile_url":"https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/898154/2321082/2707871/s65_gustaaf.houtman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":57275,"name":"Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meditation?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":331593,"name":"Samatha Bhavana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Samatha_Bhavana?f_ri=198088"},{"id":558232,"name":"Full book available for download","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Full_book_available_for_download?f_ri=198088"},{"id":578593,"name":"Vipassana Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vipassana_Meditation?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34206953" data-work_id="34206953" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34206953/BURMESE_POLITICAL_PHILOSOPHY_FROM_LIBERATION_PERSPECTIVE">BURMESE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY FROM LIBERATION PERSPECTIVE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Burma was long considered a pariah state while under the rule of an oppressive military junta from 1962 to 2011. It is in the context of Burma’s paradoxes and many unanswered questions, that the author has chosen the topic, Burmese... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34206953" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Burma was long considered a pariah state while under the rule of an oppressive military junta from 1962 to 2011. It is in the context of Burma’s paradoxes and many unanswered questions, that the author has chosen the topic, Burmese Political Philosophy from Liberation Perspective. This is an attempt to respond to the above-mentioned challenges and invitations. Aung San Suu Kyi plays a key role in leading the country towards liberation, unity, peace and development through democratic government.  <br />Some frequently asked questions are: “What led to the rise of the world’s longest surviving military dictatorship? Why it took so long for the military government to grant democracy? What are the factors responsible for this – and what are the origins of the internal political conflict that has plagued the country for so long?”  <br />Scope: <br />The scope of this dissertation is limited to contemporary Burmese Political philosophy and political philosophy of Aung San Suu Kyi.  <br />Objectives: <br />1. Understanding the country of Burma and contemporary Burmese political philosophy. 2. Understanding forces behind Burmese predicament during the military government. 3. Understanding political philosophies, works and contributions of Aung San Suu Kyi to the world in general, and Burma in particular. 4. Recommending ways to democratise Burma.  <br />Methodology: <br />Descriptions, interpretations and analysis of concepts and terms. <br />Chapter one deals with the introduction about Burma, definition, concept of “MEBE” and contemporary Burmese situation in an attempt to understand the forces behind Burma predicament.  <br />Chapter two deals with the students who overthrew the military government. The chapter approaches the growth, struggles and achievements of student movements.  <br />Chapter three deals with Aung San Suu Kyi. In this Chapter her life will be systematically approached. The chapter briefly introduces some of her most valued philosophical concepts: Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and more specifically by Buddhist concepts. <br />Chapter four deals with the definitions and types of democracies, factors leading to transition of military dictatorship power to civilian government and proposes “Five Ways to Democratise Burma.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34206953" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8cea8ba7fa46b75fbf8fc33545b9a8ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54123636,"asset_id":34206953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54123636/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54271118" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PVJosephBuanSing">P V Joseph Buan Sing</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54271118" type="text/json">{"id":54271118,"first_name":"P V Joseph","last_name":"Buan Sing","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PVJosephBuanSing","display_name":"P V Joseph Buan Sing","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PVJosephBuanSing?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54271118/14316018/15256383/s65_p_v_joseph.buan_sing.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34206953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34206953"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34206953, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34206953", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34206953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34206953; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34206953"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34206953 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34206953"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34206953; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34206953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34206953").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34206953").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34206953"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37322" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history">Burmese/Myanmar history</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37322" type="text/json">{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_History">Burmese History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42487" type="text/json">{"id":42487,"name":"Burmese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34206953]'), work: {"id":34206953,"title":"BURMESE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY FROM LIBERATION PERSPECTIVE","created_at":"2017-08-12T00:12:41.391-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34206953/BURMESE_POLITICAL_PHILOSOPHY_FROM_LIBERATION_PERSPECTIVE?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_34206953","summary":"Burma was long considered a pariah state while under the rule of an oppressive military junta from 1962 to 2011. It is in the context of Burma’s paradoxes and many unanswered questions, that the author has chosen the topic, Burmese Political Philosophy from Liberation Perspective. This is an attempt to respond to the above-mentioned challenges and invitations. Aung San Suu Kyi plays a key role in leading the country towards liberation, unity, peace and development through democratic government. \nSome frequently asked questions are: “What led to the rise of the world’s longest surviving military dictatorship? Why it took so long for the military government to grant democracy? What are the factors responsible for this – and what are the origins of the internal political conflict that has plagued the country for so long?” \nScope: \nThe scope of this dissertation is limited to contemporary Burmese Political philosophy and political philosophy of Aung San Suu Kyi. \nObjectives: \n1. Understanding the country of Burma and contemporary Burmese political philosophy. 2. Understanding forces behind Burmese predicament during the military government. 3. Understanding political philosophies, works and contributions of Aung San Suu Kyi to the world in general, and Burma in particular. 4. Recommending ways to democratise Burma. \nMethodology: \nDescriptions, interpretations and analysis of concepts and terms. \nChapter one deals with the introduction about Burma, definition, concept of “MEBE” and contemporary Burmese situation in an attempt to understand the forces behind Burma predicament. \nChapter two deals with the students who overthrew the military government. The chapter approaches the growth, struggles and achievements of student movements. \nChapter three deals with Aung San Suu Kyi. In this Chapter her life will be systematically approached. The chapter briefly introduces some of her most valued philosophical concepts: Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and more specifically by Buddhist concepts. \nChapter four deals with the definitions and types of democracies, factors leading to transition of military dictatorship power to civilian government and proposes “Five Ways to Democratise Burma.” ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54123636,"asset_id":34206953,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54271118,"first_name":"P V Joseph","last_name":"Buan Sing","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PVJosephBuanSing","display_name":"P V Joseph Buan Sing","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PVJosephBuanSing?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54271118/14316018/15256383/s65_p_v_joseph.buan_sing.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":42487,"name":"Burmese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":976507,"name":"Burmese Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Politics?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35081251" data-work_id="35081251" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35081251/Imagining_the_Buddhist_Ecumene_in_Myanmar_docx">Imagining the Buddhist Ecumene in Myanmar.docx</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper argues that the model of an “Ecumene” will aid external interpretation of the Myanmar political process, including the beliefs of its leaders and constituents, the Bamar. Myanmar as Ecumene better articulates Bama... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35081251" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper argues that the model of an “Ecumene” will aid external interpretation of the Myanmar political process, including the beliefs of its leaders and constituents, the Bamar.  Myanmar as Ecumene better articulates Bama constructions of society, including governance, in that it resituates the political process as a Buddhist enterprise, shifting “Buddhist nationalism” to an imagined “Nation of Buddhists.”  It also provides the rational for othering of religious minorities, such as the Muslim Rohingya or the Christian Chin.  Utilizing ethnographic, historical, and textual source material, I show how the Bamar of Myanmar understand their relationship with the State, with one another, and with minority groups primarily through Buddhist modes of kingship and belonging. The right to rule is negotiated through the concept of “moral authority.”  This dhamma sphere exists as a space to contest power legitimation, but requires the use of Buddhist textual and historical concepts provided in the dhammarāja or Cakkavattin model of Buddhist kingship, The Ten Virtues, the Jātakas, and the historical figures of Aśoka and Anawrahta.  In order to do this, this paper develops a rubric for interpreting what a dhammarāja does.  This has not been done before and will allow the reader the ability to evaluate whether or not any given government in Myanmar is operating according to a dhammarāja tradition.  Based on the rubric provided and source materials, this paper concludes that Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, presumed leader of Myanmar, imagines herself a Buddhist dhammarāja and the leader of a Buddhist Ecumene.  The Bamar are concerned about the decline of dhamma and the retraction of a Buddhist land, and this concern provides a basis of support and concern for the current regime.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35081251" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ea5daf9a4521f7a4da8132acce000803" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54942034,"asset_id":35081251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54942034/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9869556" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielMurphree">Daniel Murphree</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9869556" type="text/json">{"id":9869556,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Murphree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielMurphree","display_name":"Daniel Murphree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielMurphree?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9869556/8649572/9660341/s65_daniel.murphree.jpg_oh_5da78c1cbd23423b0a8e1714447c0618_oe_55d4f805___gda___1436721300_0a043afa6bfe51996801eb8923047da7"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35081251 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35081251"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35081251, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35081251", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35081251 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35081251; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35081251"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35081251 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35081251"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35081251; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35081251]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35081251").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35081251").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35081251"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1696" type="text/json">{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography">Ethnography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2170" type="text/json">{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35081251]'), work: {"id":35081251,"title":"Imagining the Buddhist Ecumene in Myanmar.docx","created_at":"2017-11-07T14:14:59.849-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35081251/Imagining_the_Buddhist_Ecumene_in_Myanmar_docx?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_35081251","summary":"This paper argues that the model of an “Ecumene” will aid external interpretation of the Myanmar political process, including the beliefs of its leaders and constituents, the Bamar. Myanmar as Ecumene better articulates Bama constructions of society, including governance, in that it resituates the political process as a Buddhist enterprise, shifting “Buddhist nationalism” to an imagined “Nation of Buddhists.” It also provides the rational for othering of religious minorities, such as the Muslim Rohingya or the Christian Chin. Utilizing ethnographic, historical, and textual source material, I show how the Bamar of Myanmar understand their relationship with the State, with one another, and with minority groups primarily through Buddhist modes of kingship and belonging. The right to rule is negotiated through the concept of “moral authority.” This dhamma sphere exists as a space to contest power legitimation, but requires the use of Buddhist textual and historical concepts provided in the dhammarāja or Cakkavattin model of Buddhist kingship, The Ten Virtues, the Jātakas, and the historical figures of Aśoka and Anawrahta. In order to do this, this paper develops a rubric for interpreting what a dhammarāja does. This has not been done before and will allow the reader the ability to evaluate whether or not any given government in Myanmar is operating according to a dhammarāja tradition. Based on the rubric provided and source materials, this paper concludes that Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, presumed leader of Myanmar, imagines herself a Buddhist dhammarāja and the leader of a Buddhist Ecumene. The Bamar are concerned about the decline of dhamma and the retraction of a Buddhist land, and this concern provides a basis of support and concern for the current regime.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54942034,"asset_id":35081251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9869556,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Murphree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielMurphree","display_name":"Daniel Murphree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielMurphree?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9869556/8649572/9660341/s65_daniel.murphree.jpg_oh_5da78c1cbd23423b0a8e1714447c0618_oe_55d4f805___gda___1436721300_0a043afa6bfe51996801eb8923047da7"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=198088"},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34400538" data-work_id="34400538" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34400538/Challenges_of_a_transitional_democracy_in_a_post_election_Myanmar_Cooperation_or_Conflict">Challenges of a transitional democracy in a post-election Myanmar: Cooperation or Conflict?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After winning overwhelmingly in Myanmar’s November 2015 elections, the National League for Democracy (NLD) finally assumes power in April 2016. They will also be forming the bulk of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (or the Assembly of the Union)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34400538" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After winning overwhelmingly in Myanmar’s November 2015 elections, the National League for Democracy (NLD) finally assumes power in April 2016. They will also be forming the bulk of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (or the Assembly of the Union) and helming many of the ministries and cabinet seats. This effectively gives the NLD a clear mandate to form the next government. However, under the Constitution, the military continues to dominate 25% of the seats. Despite reports of electoral fraud and the occasional irregularities, the country saw, and what most pundits have declared, as largely a fair election. At the helm of the NLD success has been Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, a political prisoner since 1988 until her release from house arrest in 2010. Nevertheless, Aung San Suu Kyi has since made known that she would be ‘above the President’. However, will the aura of her power dimmed in the coming months if much needed reforms is not seen as forthcoming as before? This paper aims to analyse some of the challenges that this country will encounter in the coming months. What will the role of the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) be? Are we seeing a tacit approval by the military of the power and influence of Aung San Suu Kyi? Major powers and the international community are watching closely to the developments of this nascent democratic government in transition. How will this democratically elected government be able to demonstrate to the world that democracy is thriving? Will there be cooperation or will there be conflict?<br /><br /><br />Keywords: National League for Democracy; Aung San Suu Kyi; transitional democracy; military power</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34400538" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0de3668a4a0e07ad0c3da6adfb0ebdc3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54282336,"asset_id":34400538,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54282336/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3410927" href="https://londoninternational.academia.edu/DrFelixTan">Dr. Felix Tan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3410927" type="text/json">{"id":3410927,"first_name":"Dr. Felix","last_name":"Tan","domain_name":"londoninternational","page_name":"DrFelixTan","display_name":"Dr. Felix Tan","profile_url":"https://londoninternational.academia.edu/DrFelixTan?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3410927/1156347/17661174/s65_dr._felix.tan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34400538 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34400538"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34400538, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34400538", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34400538 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34400538; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34400538"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34400538 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34400538"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34400538; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34400538]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34400538").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34400538").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34400538"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="394945" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar">Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="394945" type="text/json">{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2642131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_democracy">Transitional democracy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2642131" type="text/json">{"id":2642131,"name":"Transitional democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34400538]'), work: {"id":34400538,"title":"Challenges of a transitional democracy in a post-election Myanmar: Cooperation or Conflict?","created_at":"2017-08-29T09:47:52.454-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34400538/Challenges_of_a_transitional_democracy_in_a_post_election_Myanmar_Cooperation_or_Conflict?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_34400538","summary":"After winning overwhelmingly in Myanmar’s November 2015 elections, the National League for Democracy (NLD) finally assumes power in April 2016. They will also be forming the bulk of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (or the Assembly of the Union) and helming many of the ministries and cabinet seats. This effectively gives the NLD a clear mandate to form the next government. However, under the Constitution, the military continues to dominate 25% of the seats. Despite reports of electoral fraud and the occasional irregularities, the country saw, and what most pundits have declared, as largely a fair election. At the helm of the NLD success has been Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, a political prisoner since 1988 until her release from house arrest in 2010. Nevertheless, Aung San Suu Kyi has since made known that she would be ‘above the President’. However, will the aura of her power dimmed in the coming months if much needed reforms is not seen as forthcoming as before? This paper aims to analyse some of the challenges that this country will encounter in the coming months. What will the role of the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) be? Are we seeing a tacit approval by the military of the power and influence of Aung San Suu Kyi? Major powers and the international community are watching closely to the developments of this nascent democratic government in transition. How will this democratically elected government be able to demonstrate to the world that democracy is thriving? Will there be cooperation or will there be conflict?\n\n\nKeywords: National League for Democracy; Aung San Suu Kyi; transitional democracy; military power","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54282336,"asset_id":34400538,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3410927,"first_name":"Dr. Felix","last_name":"Tan","domain_name":"londoninternational","page_name":"DrFelixTan","display_name":"Dr. Felix Tan","profile_url":"https://londoninternational.academia.edu/DrFelixTan?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3410927/1156347/17661174/s65_dr._felix.tan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2642131,"name":"Transitional democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41293399" data-work_id="41293399" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41293399/Myanmars_Crisis_Is_Much_More_Than_the_Rohingya">Myanmar's Crisis Is Much More Than the Rohingya</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Because of the current discussions of Myanamar's genocide of the Rohingya may I repeat an earlier paper.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41293399" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="71fa06f9e9b47460fbab699a754929b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61509629,"asset_id":41293399,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61509629/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6270578" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GaryBusch">Gary K Busch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6270578" type="text/json">{"id":6270578,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Busch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GaryBusch","display_name":"Gary K Busch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GaryBusch?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6270578/2658234/3094654/s65_gary.busch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41293399 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41293399"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41293399, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41293399", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41293399 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41293399; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41293399"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41293399 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41293399"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41293399; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41293399]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41293399").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41293399").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41293399"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="552165" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims">Rohingya Muslims</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="552165" type="text/json">{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41293399]'), work: {"id":41293399,"title":"Myanmar's Crisis Is Much More Than the Rohingya","created_at":"2019-12-13T23:11:26.076-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41293399/Myanmars_Crisis_Is_Much_More_Than_the_Rohingya?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_41293399","summary":"Because of the current discussions of Myanamar's genocide of the Rohingya may I repeat an earlier paper.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61509629,"asset_id":41293399,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6270578,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Busch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GaryBusch","display_name":"Gary K Busch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GaryBusch?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6270578/2658234/3094654/s65_gary.busch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44734321" data-work_id="44734321" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44734321/The_Novel_of_Myanmar">The Novel of Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44734321" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5f770c20dc5402694c99d02fcc4d4c3f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65219115,"asset_id":44734321,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65219115/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="318345" href="https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/PavanMalreddy">Pavan Malreddy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="318345" type="text/json">{"id":318345,"first_name":"Pavan","last_name":"Malreddy","domain_name":"uni-frankfurt","page_name":"PavanMalreddy","display_name":"Pavan Malreddy","profile_url":"https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/PavanMalreddy?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/318345/13891139/107889823/s65_pavan.malreddy.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44734321 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44734321"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44734321, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44734321", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44734321 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44734321; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44734321"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44734321 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44734321"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44734321; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44734321]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44734321").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44734321").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44734321"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36172" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amitav_Ghosh">Amitav Ghosh</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36172" type="text/json">{"id":36172,"name":"Amitav Ghosh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amitav_Ghosh?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="121209" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar">Burma Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="121209" type="text/json">{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44734321]'), work: {"id":44734321,"title":"The Novel of Myanmar","created_at":"2020-12-18T14:11:02.890-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44734321/The_Novel_of_Myanmar?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_44734321","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65219115,"asset_id":44734321,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":318345,"first_name":"Pavan","last_name":"Malreddy","domain_name":"uni-frankfurt","page_name":"PavanMalreddy","display_name":"Pavan Malreddy","profile_url":"https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/PavanMalreddy?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/318345/13891139/107889823/s65_pavan.malreddy.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":36172,"name":"Amitav Ghosh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amitav_Ghosh?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68542428" data-work_id="68542428" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68542428/Coup_D_%C3%A9tat_or_Coup_de_grace_Whither_Myanmar">Coup D’état or Coup de grace Whither Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Pandemic Covid-19 was not more ferocious for the people of Myanmar than the developments that unfolded after the coup d’état staged by the military junta on 1 February 2021. It dislodged a sitting democratic government led by the 1991... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68542428" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Pandemic Covid-19 was not more ferocious for the people of Myanmar than the developments that unfolded after the coup d’état staged by the military junta on 1 February 2021. It dislodged a sitting democratic government led by the 1991 Nobel peace laureate Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi and did not allow her a second innings despite her party's landslide victory in the November 2020 elections in the country. Justifying  the  coup  through  a  frivolous  allegation  of  election  fraud,  it  belied  its  role  as  a  democracy promoter. Thus, the country plunged into uncertainty. It gave rise to a condition like ‘state of nature’ where  the  murder  of  people,  repression  of  dissent,  torture,  and  detention  of  the  protesters  became commonplace.  That  provoked  international  condemnation  of  the  arbitrary  act  of  the  military  officially called  ‘Tatmadaw’,  followed  by  sanctions.  Against  this  backdrop,  this  paper  analyses  the  present conditions  of  democracy,  human  security,  federalism,  and  military  rule  in  that  Southeast  Asian  state; while exploring the prospects of  a new Myanmar. Thus it looks into the challenges and discusses their possible  solution.  This  paper,  therefore,  makes  a  critical,  descriptive  contribution  to  our  understanding of this country that is making a difficult transition froman authoritarian regime to democratisation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68542428" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f03a29d64e18de6433510658288a0e14" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78981233,"asset_id":68542428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78981233/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1128865" href="https://fmuniversity-in.academia.edu/ProfessorAnilKumarMohapatra">Professor Anil Kumar Mohapatra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1128865" type="text/json">{"id":1128865,"first_name":"Professor Anil Kumar","last_name":"Mohapatra","domain_name":"fmuniversity-in","page_name":"ProfessorAnilKumarMohapatra","display_name":"Professor Anil Kumar Mohapatra","profile_url":"https://fmuniversity-in.academia.edu/ProfessorAnilKumarMohapatra?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1128865/65342113/53676583/s65_professor_anil_kumar.mohapatra.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68542428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68542428"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68542428, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68542428", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68542428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68542428; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68542428"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68542428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68542428"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68542428; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68542428]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68542428").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68542428").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68542428"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies">Refugee Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2835" type="text/json">{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10678" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security">Human Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10678" type="text/json">{"id":10678,"name":"Human Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68542428]'), work: {"id":68542428,"title":"Coup D’état or Coup de grace Whither Myanmar","created_at":"2022-01-17T09:14:44.350-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68542428/Coup_D_%C3%A9tat_or_Coup_de_grace_Whither_Myanmar?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_68542428","summary":"The Pandemic Covid-19 was not more ferocious for the people of Myanmar than the developments that unfolded after the coup d’état staged by the military junta on 1 February 2021. It dislodged a sitting democratic government led by the 1991 Nobel peace laureate Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi and did not allow her a second innings despite her party's landslide victory in the November 2020 elections in the country. Justifying the coup through a frivolous allegation of election fraud, it belied its role as a democracy promoter. Thus, the country plunged into uncertainty. It gave rise to a condition like ‘state of nature’ where the murder of people, repression of dissent, torture, and detention of the protesters became commonplace. That provoked international condemnation of the arbitrary act of the military officially called ‘Tatmadaw’, followed by sanctions. Against this backdrop, this paper analyses the present conditions of democracy, human security, federalism, and military rule in that Southeast Asian state; while exploring the prospects of a new Myanmar. Thus it looks into the challenges and discusses their possible solution. This paper, therefore, makes a critical, descriptive contribution to our understanding of this country that is making a difficult transition froman authoritarian regime to democratisation. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78981233,"asset_id":68542428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1128865,"first_name":"Professor Anil Kumar","last_name":"Mohapatra","domain_name":"fmuniversity-in","page_name":"ProfessorAnilKumarMohapatra","display_name":"Professor Anil Kumar Mohapatra","profile_url":"https://fmuniversity-in.academia.edu/ProfessorAnilKumarMohapatra?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1128865/65342113/53676583/s65_professor_anil_kumar.mohapatra.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":10678,"name":"Human Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":362259,"name":"Coup d'état","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coup_d%C3%A9tat?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2383848,"name":"Tatmadaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tatmadaw?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43614196" data-work_id="43614196" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43614196/Myanmar_2019_The_lady_and_the_generals_redux">Myanmar 2019: The lady and the generals redux?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The year 2019 has been extremely eventful for Myanmar, at home and abroad. Nearly three years have passed since the Myanmar military’s ‘clearance operations’ in northern Rakhine state, which led to the exodus of hundreds of thousands of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43614196" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The year 2019 has been extremely eventful for Myanmar, at home and abroad. Nearly three years have passed since the Myanmar military’s ‘clearance operations’ in northern Rakhine state, which led to the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Rohingya refugees to neighbouring Bangladesh, where they are still temporarily settled in refugee camps south of Cox’s Bazar. Despite several aborted repatriation attempts, there is still no sign of a process that would not only see Rohingya refugees return to Rakhine state, but also of a system that would force the Myanmar authorities to regularise their status, let alone kick-start a reconciliation process. Politics in the country remains in flux, with State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi («the Lady», as she is commonly known in the country) and the military (the «Generals») at times agreeing and coordinating their actions, whilst at others competing with each other. Throughout the year, this has taken the form of a multi-cornered struggle over constitutional reform, with the political conflict set to intensify as the campaign for the 2020 parliamentary elections gets underway.<br />Overall, three issues defined the year: first was the outbreak of a new insurgency in Rakhine state led by the Arakan Army, which later spread across the country’s northern and eastern borderlands. Next was the start of pre-election manoeuvring, with different parties vying for popular support. Last but not least, was the hearing at the International Court of Justice in The Hague in December, where State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi represented Myanmar, accused of genocide and failure to prevent genocide against the Rohingya in August 2017.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43614196" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e234348d7bd8e9a2b97cac877254d431" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63916810,"asset_id":43614196,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63916810/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26142517" href="https://st-andrews.academia.edu/MatteoFumagalli">Matteo Fumagalli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26142517" type="text/json">{"id":26142517,"first_name":"Matteo","last_name":"Fumagalli","domain_name":"st-andrews","page_name":"MatteoFumagalli","display_name":"Matteo Fumagalli","profile_url":"https://st-andrews.academia.edu/MatteoFumagalli?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26142517/7466356/8389283/s65_matteo.fumagalli.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43614196 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43614196"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43614196, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43614196", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43614196 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43614196; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43614196"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43614196 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43614196"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43614196; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43614196]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43614196").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43614196").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43614196"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36135" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarian_regimes">Authoritarian regimes</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36135" type="text/json">{"id":36135,"name":"Authoritarian regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarian_regimes?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43614196]'), work: {"id":43614196,"title":"Myanmar 2019: The lady and the generals redux?","created_at":"2020-07-14T04:34:51.490-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43614196/Myanmar_2019_The_lady_and_the_generals_redux?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_43614196","summary":"The year 2019 has been extremely eventful for Myanmar, at home and abroad. Nearly three years have passed since the Myanmar military’s ‘clearance operations’ in northern Rakhine state, which led to the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Rohingya refugees to neighbouring Bangladesh, where they are still temporarily settled in refugee camps south of Cox’s Bazar. Despite several aborted repatriation attempts, there is still no sign of a process that would not only see Rohingya refugees return to Rakhine state, but also of a system that would force the Myanmar authorities to regularise their status, let alone kick-start a reconciliation process. Politics in the country remains in flux, with State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi («the Lady», as she is commonly known in the country) and the military (the «Generals») at times agreeing and coordinating their actions, whilst at others competing with each other. Throughout the year, this has taken the form of a multi-cornered struggle over constitutional reform, with the political conflict set to intensify as the campaign for the 2020 parliamentary elections gets underway.\nOverall, three issues defined the year: first was the outbreak of a new insurgency in Rakhine state led by the Arakan Army, which later spread across the country’s northern and eastern borderlands. Next was the start of pre-election manoeuvring, with different parties vying for popular support. Last but not least, was the hearing at the International Court of Justice in The Hague in December, where State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi represented Myanmar, accused of genocide and failure to prevent genocide against the Rohingya in August 2017.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63916810,"asset_id":43614196,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26142517,"first_name":"Matteo","last_name":"Fumagalli","domain_name":"st-andrews","page_name":"MatteoFumagalli","display_name":"Matteo Fumagalli","profile_url":"https://st-andrews.academia.edu/MatteoFumagalli?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26142517/7466356/8389283/s65_matteo.fumagalli.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":36135,"name":"Authoritarian regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarian_regimes?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2383848,"name":"Tatmadaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tatmadaw?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27094402" data-work_id="27094402" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27094402/Myanmar_2015_political_turning_point_economic_and_social_challenges">Myanmar 2015: political turning point, economic and social challenges</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27094402" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f39754c7e0a57c0ca0dff0b637366f31" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47347278,"asset_id":27094402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47347278/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="147321" href="https://unior.academia.edu/PietroPMasina">Pietro P. Masina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="147321" type="text/json">{"id":147321,"first_name":"Pietro P.","last_name":"Masina","domain_name":"unior","page_name":"PietroPMasina","display_name":"Pietro P. Masina","profile_url":"https://unior.academia.edu/PietroPMasina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/147321/494436/622293/s65_pietro_p..masina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27094402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27094402"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27094402, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27094402", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27094402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27094402; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27094402"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27094402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27094402"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27094402; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27094402]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27094402").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27094402").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27094402"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">33</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27094402]'), work: {"id":27094402,"title":"Myanmar 2015: political turning point, economic and social challenges","created_at":"2016-07-19T04:02:44.436-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27094402/Myanmar_2015_political_turning_point_economic_and_social_challenges?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_27094402","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47347278,"asset_id":27094402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":147321,"first_name":"Pietro P.","last_name":"Masina","domain_name":"unior","page_name":"PietroPMasina","display_name":"Pietro P. Masina","profile_url":"https://unior.academia.edu/PietroPMasina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/147321/494436/622293/s65_pietro_p..masina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=198088"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=198088"},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":3516,"name":"Contemporary History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_History?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5649,"name":"South-East Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South-East_Asia?f_ri=198088"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=198088"},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088"},{"id":8223,"name":"East Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":10371,"name":"South East Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_East_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":87560,"name":"Critical Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Development_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":88265,"name":"South east Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_east_Asia?f_ri=198088"},{"id":97643,"name":"South East Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_East_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":287533,"name":"International Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":976507,"name":"Burmese Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Politics?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35081249" data-work_id="35081249" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35081249/2007_Monk_Protest_Government_Power_and_the_Search_for_Legitimacy_docx">2007 Monk Protest, Government Power, and the Search for Legitimacy.docx</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper seeks to reexamine the historical events of the 2007 Saffron Revolution in Myanmar through a comparative analysis of the less documented 1990 protests. While both have political dissatisfaction as the primary motive for both... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35081249" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper seeks to reexamine the historical events of the 2007 Saffron Revolution in Myanmar through a comparative analysis of the less documented 1990 protests.  While both have political dissatisfaction as the primary motive for both protests, I argue that they reveal more about the quest for legitimacy in the Myanmar political sphere.  The narratives around the protests were quickly appropriated by the pro-democratic movement in Myanmar, but these narratives belie a more profound contest: the quest for moral authority.  These protests might never have occurred had the government not sought to supplant the moral authority of the Sangha or the Sangha's ability to confer moral legitimation of particular leaders.  The paper considers Donald Swearer's work on the Dhammaraja motif for governance in Southeast Asia and seeks to answer the question of moral legitimacy through the paradigm he has provided.  The paper predicts that the future tenure of Aung San Suu Kyi, or any government, will be determined on whether she, or they, is/are able to access the moral legitimacy of the Sangha and promote herself as a leader within the Dhammaraja tradition.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35081249" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f3d061fa97d9dda75eec1643e01cbe1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54942068,"asset_id":35081249,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54942068/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9869556" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielMurphree">Daniel Murphree</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9869556" type="text/json">{"id":9869556,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Murphree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielMurphree","display_name":"Daniel Murphree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielMurphree?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9869556/8649572/9660341/s65_daniel.murphree.jpg_oh_5da78c1cbd23423b0a8e1714447c0618_oe_55d4f805___gda___1436721300_0a043afa6bfe51996801eb8923047da7"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35081249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35081249"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35081249, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35081249", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35081249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35081249; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35081249"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35081249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35081249"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35081249; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35081249]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35081249").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35081249").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35081249"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35081249]'), work: {"id":35081249,"title":"2007 Monk Protest, Government Power, and the Search for Legitimacy.docx","created_at":"2017-11-07T14:14:59.845-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35081249/2007_Monk_Protest_Government_Power_and_the_Search_for_Legitimacy_docx?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_35081249","summary":"This paper seeks to reexamine the historical events of the 2007 Saffron Revolution in Myanmar through a comparative analysis of the less documented 1990 protests. While both have political dissatisfaction as the primary motive for both protests, I argue that they reveal more about the quest for legitimacy in the Myanmar political sphere. The narratives around the protests were quickly appropriated by the pro-democratic movement in Myanmar, but these narratives belie a more profound contest: the quest for moral authority. These protests might never have occurred had the government not sought to supplant the moral authority of the Sangha or the Sangha's ability to confer moral legitimation of particular leaders. The paper considers Donald Swearer's work on the Dhammaraja motif for governance in Southeast Asia and seeks to answer the question of moral legitimacy through the paradigm he has provided. The paper predicts that the future tenure of Aung San Suu Kyi, or any government, will be determined on whether she, or they, is/are able to access the moral legitimacy of the Sangha and promote herself as a leader within the Dhammaraja tradition.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54942068,"asset_id":35081249,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9869556,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Murphree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielMurphree","display_name":"Daniel Murphree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielMurphree?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9869556/8649572/9660341/s65_daniel.murphree.jpg_oh_5da78c1cbd23423b0a8e1714447c0618_oe_55d4f805___gda___1436721300_0a043afa6bfe51996801eb8923047da7"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=198088"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=198088"},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=198088"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":859247,"name":"Buddhist Monks and their Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Monks_and_their_Politics?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9890401" data-work_id="9890401" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9890401/The_Dhamma_and_Democracy_Buddhism_and_the_Legitimacy_of_Power_in_Burma">The Dhamma and Democracy: Buddhism and the Legitimacy of Power in Burma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This paper presents a perspective on democracy in Burma/Myanmar which is rooted in the religious traditions of the region rather than the typical Western "Enlightenment Democracy" view.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9890401" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="17231e448564ce5ab7035d2fa21f19ca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36048912,"asset_id":9890401,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36048912/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24002397" href="https://crimson.academia.edu/CoreyRusko">Corey Rusko</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24002397" type="text/json">{"id":24002397,"first_name":"Corey","last_name":"Rusko","domain_name":"crimson","page_name":"CoreyRusko","display_name":"Corey Rusko","profile_url":"https://crimson.academia.edu/CoreyRusko?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24002397/6520861/7373404/s65_corey.rusko.jpg_oh_d646e0f9219aec7e52389504fdd4dc0b_oe_55313f1f___gda___1430192169_50477beb9d9509db634d8da735542bad"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9890401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9890401"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9890401, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9890401", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9890401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9890401; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9890401"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9890401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9890401"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9890401; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9890401]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9890401").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9890401").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9890401"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy">Democracy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17123" type="text/json">{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9890401]'), work: {"id":9890401,"title":"The Dhamma and Democracy: Buddhism and the Legitimacy of Power in Burma","created_at":"2014-12-24T11:50:25.760-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9890401/The_Dhamma_and_Democracy_Buddhism_and_the_Legitimacy_of_Power_in_Burma?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_9890401","summary":"This paper presents a perspective on democracy in Burma/Myanmar which is rooted in the religious traditions of the region rather than the typical Western \"Enlightenment Democracy\" view. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36048912,"asset_id":9890401,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24002397,"first_name":"Corey","last_name":"Rusko","domain_name":"crimson","page_name":"CoreyRusko","display_name":"Corey Rusko","profile_url":"https://crimson.academia.edu/CoreyRusko?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24002397/6520861/7373404/s65_corey.rusko.jpg_oh_d646e0f9219aec7e52389504fdd4dc0b_oe_55313f1f___gda___1430192169_50477beb9d9509db634d8da735542bad"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70378442" data-work_id="70378442" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70378442/The_Role_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_in_Myanmar_s_Transition_2011_2021_">The Role of Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar’s Transition (2011–2021)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Aung San Suu Kyi had played the critical role in Myanmar’s political transformation. Although it was not she who initiated the 2010–2011 changes, she adjusted to the “disciplined democracy” and had been changing the system from within.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70378442" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aung San Suu Kyi had played the critical role in Myanmar’s political transformation. Although it was not she who initiated the 2010–2011 changes, she adjusted to the “disciplined democracy” and had been changing the system from within. This allowed Myanmar to move forward, secure the reforms enacted by Thein Sein’s administration, re-engage with the global world and achieve a splendid decade of 2011–2021 (which unfortunately ended with the 2021 coup d’état). In short, Suu Kyi’s choice allowed Myanmar to break the two decades (1990s and 2000s) deadlock which cost Myanmar dearly. Suu Kyi made many concessions and compromises on the way, but eventually she emerged victorious both in 2015 and 2020. Unfortunately, she was unable to secure her last electoral victory which led to Tatmadaw’s ultimate coup.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70378442" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70378442 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70378442"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70378442, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70378442", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_70378442 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70378442; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_70378442"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_70378442 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70378442"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70378442; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70378442]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_70378442").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_70378442").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="70378442"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=70378442]'), work: {"id":70378442,"title":"The Role of Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar’s Transition (2011–2021)","created_at":"2022-02-04T00:03:42.943-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/70378442/The_Role_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_in_Myanmar_s_Transition_2011_2021_?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_70378442","summary":"Aung San Suu Kyi had played the critical role in Myanmar’s political transformation. Although it was not she who initiated the 2010–2011 changes, she adjusted to the “disciplined democracy” and had been changing the system from within. This allowed Myanmar to move forward, secure the reforms enacted by Thein Sein’s administration, re-engage with the global world and achieve a splendid decade of 2011–2021 (which unfortunately ended with the 2021 coup d’état). In short, Suu Kyi’s choice allowed Myanmar to break the two decades (1990s and 2000s) deadlock which cost Myanmar dearly. Suu Kyi made many concessions and compromises on the way, but eventually she emerged victorious both in 2015 and 2020. Unfortunately, she was unable to secure her last electoral victory which led to Tatmadaw’s ultimate coup.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":25284,"name":"Leadership (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership_Political_Science_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":97934,"name":"Burmese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":151869,"name":"Political leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_leadership?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":213997,"name":"Burma/Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar-1?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":575573,"name":"Recent Development in Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recent_Development_in_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":976507,"name":"Burmese Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Politics?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42843821" data-work_id="42843821" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42843821/In_Search_of_a_Round_Table_Myanmars_Transformation_and_the_Polish_Experiences">In Search of a “Round Table”: Myanmar's Transformation and the Polish Experiences</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Myanmar is undergoing a transformation process similar in many ways to that of Poland. This is true in political, social and economic spheres. Myanmar chose, as Poland did, to follow a good pattern of political deals brokered by the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42843821" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Myanmar is undergoing a transformation process similar in many ways to that of Poland. This is true in political, social and economic spheres. Myanmar chose, as Poland did, to follow a good pattern of political deals brokered by the elites behind closed doors: the Round Table negotiations in the case of Poland and Suu Kyi-army deal in the case of Myanmar. Politically, these local equivalents of “cabinet diplomacy” offer political stability, enable reforms and fit into patterns of the Polish and the Burmese political cultures.<br />In both cases it has been a win-win model for the elites. The democratic opposition gained the nominal power and moral satisfaction. Society gained the feeling of change and of historic justice. The social energy was reinvigorated, while at the same time the basic interests of the previous regime were not affected; the previous regime’s authorities<br />were not prosecuted and were even acclaimed abroad. They have continued to control the economic sphere from behind-the-scenes and to influence the political sphere. The success of this scenario required both sides of the political spectrum – the military establishment and the democratic opposition – to restrain their demands, compromise and keep the deal. The prize is well-worth it: political stability. Both Poland and Myanmar were able to achieve this, at least so far.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42843821" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3460cf3eb6a96373499c3f94be5c8474" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63079448,"asset_id":42843821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63079448/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42843821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42843821"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42843821, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42843821", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42843821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42843821; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42843821"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42843821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42843821"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42843821; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42843821]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42843821").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42843821").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42843821"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9251" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_Justice">Transitional Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9251" type="text/json">{"id":9251,"name":"Transitional Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_Justice?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12531" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialist_Societies">Post-Socialist Societies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12531" type="text/json">{"id":12531,"name":"Post-Socialist Societies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialist_Societies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22665" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialism">Post-Socialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22665" type="text/json">{"id":22665,"name":"Post-Socialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitology_Political_Science_">Transitology (Political Science)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26372" type="text/json">{"id":26372,"name":"Transitology (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitology_Political_Science_?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42843821]'), work: {"id":42843821,"title":"In Search of a “Round Table”: Myanmar's Transformation and the Polish Experiences","created_at":"2020-04-24T13:37:22.191-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42843821/In_Search_of_a_Round_Table_Myanmars_Transformation_and_the_Polish_Experiences?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_42843821","summary":"Myanmar is undergoing a transformation process similar in many ways to that of Poland. This is true in political, social and economic spheres. Myanmar chose, as Poland did, to follow a good pattern of political deals brokered by the elites behind closed doors: the Round Table negotiations in the case of Poland and Suu Kyi-army deal in the case of Myanmar. Politically, these local equivalents of “cabinet diplomacy” offer political stability, enable reforms and fit into patterns of the Polish and the Burmese political cultures.\nIn both cases it has been a win-win model for the elites. The democratic opposition gained the nominal power and moral satisfaction. Society gained the feeling of change and of historic justice. The social energy was reinvigorated, while at the same time the basic interests of the previous regime were not affected; the previous regime’s authorities\nwere not prosecuted and were even acclaimed abroad. They have continued to control the economic sphere from behind-the-scenes and to influence the political sphere. The success of this scenario required both sides of the political spectrum – the military establishment and the democratic opposition – to restrain their demands, compromise and keep the deal. The prize is well-worth it: political stability. Both Poland and Myanmar were able to achieve this, at least so far.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63079448,"asset_id":42843821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9251,"name":"Transitional Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_Justice?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":12531,"name":"Post-Socialist Societies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialist_Societies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":22665,"name":"Post-Socialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":26372,"name":"Transitology (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitology_Political_Science_?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27363,"name":"Poland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poland?f_ri=198088"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":45426,"name":"Central and Eastern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_and_Eastern_Europe?f_ri=198088"},{"id":49020,"name":"Socialist and Post-Socialist Area Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socialist_and_Post-Socialist_Area_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":65099,"name":"Political Transformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Transformation?f_ri=198088"},{"id":92627,"name":"Post-socialist transformations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-socialist_transformations?f_ri=198088"},{"id":105076,"name":"Transitional justice and reconciliation processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_justice_and_reconciliation_processes?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":599131,"name":"Post-Socialist Transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Socialist_Transition?f_ri=198088"},{"id":693718,"name":"Burma Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1186656,"name":"Transition in Central and Eastern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transition_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17757998" data-work_id="17757998" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17757998/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_of_Burma_A_Political_Biography_the_English_summary_of_the_book_Pani_Birmy_Biografia_polityczna_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_">Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma. A Political Biography (the English summary of the book Pani Birmy. Biografia polityczna Aung San Suu Kyi)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book is the first biography of Aung San Suu Kyi in Polish. It is a political biography written by a political scientist and presents five thesis concerning the Burmese opposition leader. First, Suu Kyi is not a moral icon. She is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17757998" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book is the first biography of Aung San Suu Kyi in Polish. It is a political biography written by a political scientist and presents five thesis concerning the Burmese opposition leader. <br /> First, Suu Kyi is not a moral icon. She is nothing more and nothing less than a politician. That means that the question is not, whether she is good or bad; the questions is, whether she is an astute stateswoman.<br /> Second, Suu Kyi has always been a politician. She did not “become” one in 2011. On the contrary, even in August 1988 she behaved as a politician and not a moral icon. Lack of understanding of this fact has generated false analyses and conclusions; recently it is also responsible for the unreasonable voices of condemnation. <br /> Third, Suu Kyi is a classy politician. Her heritage and elegance make her the epigone of postcolonial Burmese elites and a person that intellectually and esthetically belongs to a different epoch. <br /> Forth, Suu Kyi is a tragic politician. She had to choose between her fatherland and her family. That makes her a person whose story is comparable to plots known from ancient plays; it is a contemporary’s equivalent of the difficulties and disasters that beset many Sophocles’ characters.  <br /> Fifth, Suu Kyi is a capable yet (still) unsuccessful politician. Although she has achieved much, she still has not won her struggle for power.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17757998" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d83d26c9a63029701d670f6046d9ac10" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39693420,"asset_id":17757998,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39693420/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17757998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17757998"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17757998, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17757998", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17757998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17757998; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17757998"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17757998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17757998"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17757998; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17757998]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17757998").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17757998").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17757998"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics">Southeast Asian Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25845" type="text/json">{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17757998]'), work: {"id":17757998,"title":"Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma. A Political Biography (the English summary of the book Pani Birmy. Biografia polityczna Aung San Suu Kyi)","created_at":"2015-11-04T12:44:23.520-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17757998/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_of_Burma_A_Political_Biography_the_English_summary_of_the_book_Pani_Birmy_Biografia_polityczna_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_17757998","summary":"This book is the first biography of Aung San Suu Kyi in Polish. It is a political biography written by a political scientist and presents five thesis concerning the Burmese opposition leader. \n\tFirst, Suu Kyi is not a moral icon. She is nothing more and nothing less than a politician. That means that the question is not, whether she is good or bad; the questions is, whether she is an astute stateswoman.\n\tSecond, Suu Kyi has always been a politician. She did not “become” one in 2011. On the contrary, even in August 1988 she behaved as a politician and not a moral icon. Lack of understanding of this fact has generated false analyses and conclusions; recently it is also responsible for the unreasonable voices of condemnation. \n\tThird, Suu Kyi is a classy politician. Her heritage and elegance make her the epigone of postcolonial Burmese elites and a person that intellectually and esthetically belongs to a different epoch. \n\tForth, Suu Kyi is a tragic politician. She had to choose between her fatherland and her family. That makes her a person whose story is comparable to plots known from ancient plays; it is a contemporary’s equivalent of the difficulties and disasters that beset many Sophocles’ characters. \n\tFifth, Suu Kyi is a capable yet (still) unsuccessful politician. Although she has achieved much, she still has not won her struggle for power.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39693420,"asset_id":17757998,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12930331" data-work_id="12930331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12930331/Is_religious_peacebuilding_more_suited_to_promoting_peace_in_some_circumstances_or_ways_than_others_With_reference_to_the_work_of_Marc_Gopin_and_Katrien_Hertog">Is religious peacebuilding more suited to promoting peace in some circumstances or ways than others? With reference to the work of Marc Gopin and Katrien Hertog. </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There is no doubt that religion has been a contributing factor to conflict throughout history, and events such as 9/11 have brought with them an increase in the awareness of religions involvement with conflict and war. What is needed,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12930331" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There is no doubt that religion has been a contributing factor to conflict throughout history, and events such as 9/11 have brought with them an increase in the awareness of religions involvement with conflict and war. What is needed, however, is a deeper, more critical analysis of the role of religion in peacebuilding. When communal identities involving religion are primary factors in a conflict faith based intervention can be highly effective, more so, perhaps, than traditional methods of diplomacy. As Marc Gopin states, religion may mobilize people for change and this can be of great value to peace-making. It is important to discuss where and when religious peacebuilding may be more effective and to understand it's true value; and that is the intention of this paper.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12930331" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eafe6653c198f37bbd2cb54b12ad6530" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37884905,"asset_id":12930331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37884905/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6736262" href="https://winchester.academia.edu/BethanyDavis">Bethany Davis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6736262" type="text/json">{"id":6736262,"first_name":"Bethany","last_name":"Davis","domain_name":"winchester","page_name":"BethanyDavis","display_name":"Bethany Davis","profile_url":"https://winchester.academia.edu/BethanyDavis?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6736262/7950599/8906186/s65_bethany.dawn.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12930331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12930331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12930331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12930331", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12930331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12930331; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12930331"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12930331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12930331"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12930331; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12930331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12930331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12930331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12930331"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="951" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities">Humanities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="951" type="text/json">{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12930331]'), work: {"id":12930331,"title":"Is religious peacebuilding more suited to promoting peace in some circumstances or ways than others? With reference to the work of Marc Gopin and Katrien Hertog. ","created_at":"2015-06-11T09:47:18.794-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12930331/Is_religious_peacebuilding_more_suited_to_promoting_peace_in_some_circumstances_or_ways_than_others_With_reference_to_the_work_of_Marc_Gopin_and_Katrien_Hertog?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_12930331","summary":"There is no doubt that religion has been a contributing factor to conflict throughout history, and events such as 9/11 have brought with them an increase in the awareness of religions involvement with conflict and war. What is needed, however, is a deeper, more critical analysis of the role of religion in peacebuilding. When communal identities involving religion are primary factors in a conflict faith based intervention can be highly effective, more so, perhaps, than traditional methods of diplomacy. As Marc Gopin states, religion may mobilize people for change and this can be of great value to peace-making. It is important to discuss where and when religious peacebuilding may be more effective and to understand it's true value; and that is the intention of this paper. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37884905,"asset_id":12930331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6736262,"first_name":"Bethany","last_name":"Davis","domain_name":"winchester","page_name":"BethanyDavis","display_name":"Bethany Davis","profile_url":"https://winchester.academia.edu/BethanyDavis?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6736262/7950599/8906186/s65_bethany.dawn.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=198088"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=198088"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5040,"name":"South African Politics and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_African_Politics_and_Society?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5815,"name":"Identity politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=198088"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":13078,"name":"Peacekeeping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peacekeeping?f_ri=198088"},{"id":13614,"name":"Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution?f_ri=198088"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=198088"},{"id":16211,"name":"Ethnic Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict?f_ri=198088"},{"id":24048,"name":"Peace Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":26548,"name":"Religious Persecution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Persecution?f_ri=198088"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=198088"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=198088"},{"id":45578,"name":"Peacebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peacebuilding?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198844,"name":"Security and Peace Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_and_Peace_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":232113,"name":"Religious Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Conflict?f_ri=198088"},{"id":513172,"name":"Burma/Myanmar, post-conflict political transitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar_post-conflict_political_transitions?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2292651" data-work_id="2292651" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2292651/Burmas_History">Burma's History</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2292651" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ed3dc8e72a5b084fc283c434974e9a6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30340129,"asset_id":2292651,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30340129/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2895798" href="https://ubd.academia.edu/NinaGhani">Nina Ghani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2895798" type="text/json">{"id":2895798,"first_name":"Nina","last_name":"Ghani","domain_name":"ubd","page_name":"NinaGhani","display_name":"Nina Ghani","profile_url":"https://ubd.academia.edu/NinaGhani?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895798/955516/1216214/s65_nina.ghani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2292651 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2292651"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2292651, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2292651", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2292651 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2292651; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2292651"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2292651 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2292651"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2292651; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2292651]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2292651").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2292651").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2292651"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13396" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development">Political Economy of Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13396" type="text/json">{"id":13396,"name":"Political Economy of Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="38972" type="text/json">{"id":38972,"name":"ASEAN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2292651]'), work: {"id":2292651,"title":"Burma's History","created_at":"2012-12-14T12:18:27.711-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2292651/Burmas_History?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_2292651","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30340129,"asset_id":2292651,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2895798,"first_name":"Nina","last_name":"Ghani","domain_name":"ubd","page_name":"NinaGhani","display_name":"Nina Ghani","profile_url":"https://ubd.academia.edu/NinaGhani?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2895798/955516/1216214/s65_nina.ghani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":13396,"name":"Political Economy of Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":38972,"name":"ASEAN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49486036" data-work_id="49486036" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49486036/A_Disciplined_Dissident_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_as_Opposition_Backbencher_2012_2016_2023_">A Disciplined Dissident - Aung San Suu Kyi as Opposition Backbencher, 2012-2016 (2023)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article investigates the legislative activity of Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar's iconic dissident, during her inaugural tenure as opposition MP in the country's first post-junta parliament (2012-2016). How did such a totemic figure... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49486036" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article investigates the legislative activity of Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar's iconic dissident, during her inaugural tenure as opposition MP in the country's first post-junta parliament (2012-2016). How did such a totemic figure behave in a legislature dominated by an army-backed party and military-appointed MPs? What legislative tools did she use? The study draws evidence from Burmese-language proceedings of Myanmar's Union legislature and field interviews. The findings point to a largely marginal, yet disciplined, involvement of Aung San Suu Kyi in legislative business. She neither acted as party whip nor openly criticised government record or took disruptive action in the context of Myanmar's 'disciplineflourishing democracy'. Yet, she joined policy debates through the occasional motion, used her position as a catalyst for engaging the government and the world, and successfully marshalled her party to win the next two general elections in 2015 and 2020. The findings have implications for understanding how the strategies of such near-mythical figure can explain subsequent electoral or political (mis)fortunes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49486036" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="096419513e5cbd0dc40d0e3149122200" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67826828,"asset_id":49486036,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67826828/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10032517" href="https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/RenaudEgreteau">Renaud Egreteau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10032517" type="text/json">{"id":10032517,"first_name":"Renaud","last_name":"Egreteau","domain_name":"cityu-hk","page_name":"RenaudEgreteau","display_name":"Renaud Egreteau","profile_url":"https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/RenaudEgreteau?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10032517/3100512/3649116/s65_renaud.egreteau.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49486036 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49486036"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49486036, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49486036", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49486036 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49486036; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49486036"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49486036 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49486036"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49486036; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49486036]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49486036").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49486036").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49486036"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="796" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics">Comparative Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="796" type="text/json">{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Behavior">Political Behavior</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1114" type="text/json">{"id":1114,"name":"Political Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Behavior?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49486036]'), work: {"id":49486036,"title":"A Disciplined Dissident - Aung San Suu Kyi as Opposition Backbencher, 2012-2016 (2023)","created_at":"2021-06-30T20:32:05.948-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49486036/A_Disciplined_Dissident_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_as_Opposition_Backbencher_2012_2016_2023_?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_49486036","summary":"This article investigates the legislative activity of Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar's iconic dissident, during her inaugural tenure as opposition MP in the country's first post-junta parliament (2012-2016). How did such a totemic figure behave in a legislature dominated by an army-backed party and military-appointed MPs? What legislative tools did she use? The study draws evidence from Burmese-language proceedings of Myanmar's Union legislature and field interviews. The findings point to a largely marginal, yet disciplined, involvement of Aung San Suu Kyi in legislative business. She neither acted as party whip nor openly criticised government record or took disruptive action in the context of Myanmar's 'disciplineflourishing democracy'. Yet, she joined policy debates through the occasional motion, used her position as a catalyst for engaging the government and the world, and successfully marshalled her party to win the next two general elections in 2015 and 2020. The findings have implications for understanding how the strategies of such near-mythical figure can explain subsequent electoral or political (mis)fortunes.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67826828,"asset_id":49486036,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10032517,"first_name":"Renaud","last_name":"Egreteau","domain_name":"cityu-hk","page_name":"RenaudEgreteau","display_name":"Renaud Egreteau","profile_url":"https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/RenaudEgreteau?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10032517/3100512/3649116/s65_renaud.egreteau.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1114,"name":"Political Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Behavior?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":7514,"name":"Legislative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislative_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":10993,"name":"Parliamentary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parliamentary_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":12630,"name":"Political Elites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Elites?f_ri=198088"},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":37662,"name":"Legislative Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislative_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":102730,"name":"Dissent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissent?f_ri=198088"},{"id":167091,"name":"Political Oppositions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Oppositions?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":984402,"name":"Parliamentary Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parliamentary_Work?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42750240" data-work_id="42750240" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42750240/Interview_for_The_Diplomat_on_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Interview for The Diplomat on Aung San Suu Kyi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Aung San Suu Kyi: A ‘Moral Democrat’ or a ‘Precolonial Queen’?<br />The Diplomat talks to Michał Lubina, author of a new book on Aung San Suu Kyi’s political thought</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42750240" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2c7f62798246565702c72fc13794a747" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62969972,"asset_id":42750240,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62969972/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42750240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42750240"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42750240, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42750240", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42750240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42750240; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42750240"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42750240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42750240"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42750240; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42750240]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42750240").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42750240").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42750240"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9251" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_Justice">Transitional Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9251" type="text/json">{"id":9251,"name":"Transitional Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_Justice?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37322" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history">Burmese/Myanmar history</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37322" type="text/json">{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42750240]'), work: {"id":42750240,"title":"Interview for The Diplomat on Aung San Suu Kyi","created_at":"2020-04-15T13:23:41.387-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42750240/Interview_for_The_Diplomat_on_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_42750240","summary":" Aung San Suu Kyi: A ‘Moral Democrat’ or a ‘Precolonial Queen’?\nThe Diplomat talks to Michał Lubina, author of a new book on Aung San Suu Kyi’s political thought\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62969972,"asset_id":42750240,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9251,"name":"Transitional Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transitional_Justice?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":255194,"name":"Democratic Transitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratic_Transitions?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":513172,"name":"Burma/Myanmar, post-conflict political transitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar_post-conflict_political_transitions?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":693718,"name":"Burma Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":822039,"name":"Myanmar's transition to democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmars_transition_to_democracy?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41567802" data-work_id="41567802" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41567802/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_at_the_International_Court_of_Justice">Aung San Suu Kyi at the International Court of Justice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Explains the politics and circumstances around the first-person appearance of Myanmar's State Counsellor, Aung San Suu Kyi, at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for the Rohingya genocide case brought by The Gambia.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41567802" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b3716ef466463b8d276aa16b8f0c57b1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61724092,"asset_id":41567802,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61724092/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="62309191" href="https://durham.academia.edu/AngshumanChoudhury">Angshuman Choudhury</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="62309191" type="text/json">{"id":62309191,"first_name":"Angshuman","last_name":"Choudhury","domain_name":"durham","page_name":"AngshumanChoudhury","display_name":"Angshuman Choudhury","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/AngshumanChoudhury?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62309191/16821277/20779925/s65_angshuman.choudhury.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41567802 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41567802"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41567802, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41567802", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41567802 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41567802; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41567802"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41567802 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41567802"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41567802; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41567802]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41567802").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41567802").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41567802"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5321" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law">International Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5321" type="text/json">{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice">International Court of Justice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15021" type="text/json">{"id":15021,"name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41567802]'), work: {"id":41567802,"title":"Aung San Suu Kyi at the International Court of Justice","created_at":"2020-01-08T21:38:41.411-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41567802/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_at_the_International_Court_of_Justice?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_41567802","summary":"Explains the politics and circumstances around the first-person appearance of Myanmar's State Counsellor, Aung San Suu Kyi, at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for the Rohingya genocide case brought by The Gambia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61724092,"asset_id":41567802,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":62309191,"first_name":"Angshuman","last_name":"Choudhury","domain_name":"durham","page_name":"AngshumanChoudhury","display_name":"Angshuman Choudhury","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/AngshumanChoudhury?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62309191/16821277/20779925/s65_angshuman.choudhury.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":15021,"name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":174014,"name":"The Gambia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Gambia?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2856154,"name":"Rohingya Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Crisis?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33151883" data-work_id="33151883" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33151883/Conclusion_Stranded_Refugees_and_the_Global_Conscience">Conclusion: Stranded Refugees and the Global Conscience</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As was the case in the 1940s and 1950s, people in power in today’s world are driven by racial differences, populist electioneering or economic necessity in rejecting or accepting refugees in their countries. However, an exceedingly... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33151883" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As was the case in the 1940s and 1950s, people in power in today’s world are driven by racial differences, populist electioneering or economic necessity in rejecting or accepting refugees in their countries. However, an exceedingly encouraging fact is that, the people in the street are largely guided by a noble sense of mass empathy, moral feeling and humane and humanitarian impulse. The slogan chanted in the US streets – “no hate, no fear, refugees are welcome here” – in early 2017 is derived from a calling of conscience shared by the majority of the people around the world. Here lies a great hope. Perhaps, one day the voices in the street will gather greater momentum and will put more formidable pressure on those in power in order to compel them to open borders for fellow human beings in urgent need of protection and humane gestures.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33151883" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cc8da64533ea294a5a9cb3c18565094e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53389211,"asset_id":33151883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53389211/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19869251" href="https://iium.academia.edu/MdHasan">Md. Mahmudul Hasan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19869251" type="text/json">{"id":19869251,"first_name":"Md. Mahmudul","last_name":"Hasan","domain_name":"iium","page_name":"MdHasan","display_name":"Md. Mahmudul Hasan","profile_url":"https://iium.academia.edu/MdHasan?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19869251/5528830/6298417/s65_md.hasan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33151883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33151883"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33151883, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33151883", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33151883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33151883; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33151883"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33151883 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33151883"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33151883; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33151883]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33151883").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33151883").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33151883"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">24</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies">Refugee Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2835" type="text/json">{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13671" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Resettlement">Refugee Resettlement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13671" type="text/json">{"id":13671,"name":"Refugee Resettlement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Resettlement?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Refugee_Law">International Refugee Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17808" type="text/json">{"id":17808,"name":"International Refugee Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Refugee_Law?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33005" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Camps">Refugee Camps</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33005" type="text/json">{"id":33005,"name":"Refugee Camps","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Camps?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33151883]'), work: {"id":33151883,"title":"Conclusion: Stranded Refugees and the Global Conscience","created_at":"2017-05-22T21:46:56.854-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33151883/Conclusion_Stranded_Refugees_and_the_Global_Conscience?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_33151883","summary":"As was the case in the 1940s and 1950s, people in power in today’s world are driven by racial differences, populist electioneering or economic necessity in rejecting or accepting refugees in their countries. However, an exceedingly encouraging fact is that, the people in the street are largely guided by a noble sense of mass empathy, moral feeling and humane and humanitarian impulse. The slogan chanted in the US streets – “no hate, no fear, refugees are welcome here” – in early 2017 is derived from a calling of conscience shared by the majority of the people around the world. Here lies a great hope. Perhaps, one day the voices in the street will gather greater momentum and will put more formidable pressure on those in power in order to compel them to open borders for fellow human beings in urgent need of protection and humane gestures. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53389211,"asset_id":33151883,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19869251,"first_name":"Md. Mahmudul","last_name":"Hasan","domain_name":"iium","page_name":"MdHasan","display_name":"Md. Mahmudul Hasan","profile_url":"https://iium.academia.edu/MdHasan?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19869251/5528830/6298417/s65_md.hasan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":13671,"name":"Refugee Resettlement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Resettlement?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":17808,"name":"International Refugee Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Refugee_Law?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":33005,"name":"Refugee Camps","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Camps?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":39869,"name":"Refugees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees?f_ri=198088"},{"id":72075,"name":"Refugee Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Education?f_ri=198088"},{"id":78873,"name":"Refugees rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_rights?f_ri=198088"},{"id":96552,"name":"Refugee","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee?f_ri=198088"},{"id":122125,"name":"Rights of migrant children \u0026 refugees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rights_of_migrant_children_and_refugees?f_ri=198088"},{"id":128032,"name":"Palestinian refugees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Palestinian_refugees?f_ri=198088"},{"id":134693,"name":"Refugees and Forced Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_and_Forced_Migration_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":152724,"name":"Refugee Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Law?f_ri=198088"},{"id":153084,"name":"International Law/Politics/Relations, Human Rights, Migration and Refugee issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law_Politics_Relations_Human_Rights_Migration_and_Refugee_issues?f_ri=198088"},{"id":177897,"name":"UNHCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UNHCR?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":228915,"name":"Unaccompanied Refugee Minors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unaccompanied_Refugee_Minors?f_ri=198088"},{"id":255100,"name":"Asylum and refugees studies, migration and integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asylum_and_refugees_studies_migration_and_integration?f_ri=198088"},{"id":255252,"name":"Refugees, migration and immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_migration_and_immigration?f_ri=198088"},{"id":412534,"name":"Asylum Seekers and Refugees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asylum_Seekers_and_Refugees?f_ri=198088"},{"id":610073,"name":"The status of the refugees and the internally displaced under international law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_status_of_the_refugees_and_the_internally_displaced_under_international_law?f_ri=198088"},{"id":750224,"name":"Refugees Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_Issues?f_ri=198088"},{"id":931982,"name":"Refugee memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_memory?f_ri=198088"},{"id":975642,"name":"Immigrant and Refugee Access to Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigrant_and_Refugee_Access_to_Care?f_ri=198088"},{"id":985148,"name":"Syrian Refugee Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Refugee_Crisis?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33687582" data-work_id="33687582" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33687582/Evaluating_discourses_of_dissent_Questions_of_Moralit%C3%A4t_and_Sittlichkeit">Evaluating discourses of dissent: Questions of Moralität and Sittlichkeit</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article contends that the language of dissident movements should be analyzed through the lenses of two modes of moral reasoning in order to evaluate the potential success of those movements. These two modes are characterized as the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33687582" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article contends that the language of dissident movements should be analyzed through the lenses of two modes of moral reasoning in order to evaluate the potential success of those movements. These two modes are characterized as the differences between Moralität and Sittlichkeit, Moralität as a type of moral reasoning based in universal principles, Sittlichkeit based in local manners and customs. Both types of reasoning can be observed in most dissident movements, and this article argues that dissident movements will not be successful without a certain balance of both types of moral reasoning infused in the processes of engaging citizens, mobilizing action, justifying strategy, and ensuring representation. This article explores several historical discourses, including anti-communist dissidents in Eastern Europe, Gandhi, and Aung San Suu Kyi. These cases demonstrate both the differences in these two modes of moral reasoning, and the various successful ways they can be used together as discourses of dissent. Conclusions are drawn for the sake of application to global dissident movements more generally.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33687582" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3354943f96692aab4327fcfb364d4242" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53691237,"asset_id":33687582,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53691237/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3611809" href="https://vcu.academia.edu/AspenBrinton">Aspen E Brinton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3611809" type="text/json">{"id":3611809,"first_name":"Aspen","last_name":"Brinton","domain_name":"vcu","page_name":"AspenBrinton","display_name":"Aspen E Brinton","profile_url":"https://vcu.academia.edu/AspenBrinton?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3611809/17187696/17326861/s65_aspen.brinton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33687582 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33687582"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33687582, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33687582", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33687582 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33687582; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33687582"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33687582 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33687582"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33687582; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33687582]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33687582").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33687582").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33687582"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Society">Civil Society</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43017" type="text/json">{"id":43017,"name":"Civil Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Society?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50654" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_European_Dissidence">Central European Dissidence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="50654" type="text/json">{"id":50654,"name":"Central European Dissidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_European_Dissidence?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="102678" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Theory">Moral Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="102678" type="text/json">{"id":102678,"name":"Moral Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Theory?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133242" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gandhian_Studies">Gandhian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="133242" type="text/json">{"id":133242,"name":"Gandhian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gandhian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33687582]'), work: {"id":33687582,"title":"Evaluating discourses of dissent: Questions of Moralität and Sittlichkeit","created_at":"2017-06-28T08:54:37.032-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33687582/Evaluating_discourses_of_dissent_Questions_of_Moralit%C3%A4t_and_Sittlichkeit?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_33687582","summary":"This article contends that the language of dissident movements should be analyzed through the lenses of two modes of moral reasoning in order to evaluate the potential success of those movements. These two modes are characterized as the differences between Moralität and Sittlichkeit, Moralität as a type of moral reasoning based in universal principles, Sittlichkeit based in local manners and customs. Both types of reasoning can be observed in most dissident movements, and this article argues that dissident movements will not be successful without a certain balance of both types of moral reasoning infused in the processes of engaging citizens, mobilizing action, justifying strategy, and ensuring representation. This article explores several historical discourses, including anti-communist dissidents in Eastern Europe, Gandhi, and Aung San Suu Kyi. These cases demonstrate both the differences in these two modes of moral reasoning, and the various successful ways they can be used together as discourses of dissent. Conclusions are drawn for the sake of application to global dissident movements more generally.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53691237,"asset_id":33687582,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3611809,"first_name":"Aspen","last_name":"Brinton","domain_name":"vcu","page_name":"AspenBrinton","display_name":"Aspen E Brinton","profile_url":"https://vcu.academia.edu/AspenBrinton?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3611809/17187696/17326861/s65_aspen.brinton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":43017,"name":"Civil Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Society?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":50654,"name":"Central European Dissidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_European_Dissidence?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":102678,"name":"Moral Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Theory?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":133242,"name":"Gandhian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gandhian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":328972,"name":"Dissidents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissidents?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36881824" data-work_id="36881824" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36881824/Fumagalli_Myanmar_pdf">Fumagalli_Myanmar.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">2017 was Myanmar’s annus horribilis. This essay revisits the 2017 Rohingya crisis and discusses its immediate triggers and background causes. It contends that the latest outbreak of violence should not be seen as a one-off occurrence, but... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36881824" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">2017 was Myanmar’s annus horribilis. This essay revisits the 2017 Rohingya crisis and discusses its immediate triggers and background causes. It contends that the latest outbreak of violence should not be seen as a one-off occurrence, but rather be understood as part of a long history of anti-Rohingya state and community-led violence, which has intensified in recent years, especially since 2012. What emerged, in fact, was a shift in organisation and tactics on the side of some radicalised segments of the<br />Rohingya community as well as the violent impact of the rampant rise in Buddhist nationalism. The crisis sparked an international outcry, but was met with callousness and denial inside the country, where anti-Rohingya sentiments are widespread and the military operations enjoy wide popular support. The Rohingyas are facing an uncertain<br />future and problematic prospects of return. Among the fallouts of the crisis was the abrupt fall from grace of Myanmar’s de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Showing a total lack of empathy over the human tragedy and, through her silence, condoning anti-Rohingya sentiments and violence, the state counsellor tarnished her international reputation. More than seven years after an unexpected political liberalisation Myanmar’s progress has at best stalled or, quite possibly, shown its true colours: a non-transition in disguise. The Tatmadaw remains firmly in control.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36881824" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6d8b26f2140ca235a40c0b414dca328c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56835671,"asset_id":36881824,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56835671/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26142517" href="https://st-andrews.academia.edu/MatteoFumagalli">Matteo Fumagalli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26142517" type="text/json">{"id":26142517,"first_name":"Matteo","last_name":"Fumagalli","domain_name":"st-andrews","page_name":"MatteoFumagalli","display_name":"Matteo Fumagalli","profile_url":"https://st-andrews.academia.edu/MatteoFumagalli?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26142517/7466356/8389283/s65_matteo.fumagalli.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36881824 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36881824"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36881824, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36881824", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36881824 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36881824; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36881824"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36881824 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36881824"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36881824; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36881824]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36881824").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36881824").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36881824"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5649" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South-East_Asia">South-East Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5649" type="text/json">{"id":5649,"name":"South-East Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South-East_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy">Democracy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17123" type="text/json">{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18895" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18895" type="text/json">{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36881824]'), work: {"id":36881824,"title":"Fumagalli_Myanmar.pdf","created_at":"2018-06-20T19:29:39.585-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36881824/Fumagalli_Myanmar_pdf?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_36881824","summary":"2017 was Myanmar’s annus horribilis. This essay revisits the 2017 Rohingya crisis and discusses its immediate triggers and background causes. It contends that the latest outbreak of violence should not be seen as a one-off occurrence, but rather be understood as part of a long history of anti-Rohingya state and community-led violence, which has intensified in recent years, especially since 2012. What emerged, in fact, was a shift in organisation and tactics on the side of some radicalised segments of the\nRohingya community as well as the violent impact of the rampant rise in Buddhist nationalism. The crisis sparked an international outcry, but was met with callousness and denial inside the country, where anti-Rohingya sentiments are widespread and the military operations enjoy wide popular support. The Rohingyas are facing an uncertain\nfuture and problematic prospects of return. Among the fallouts of the crisis was the abrupt fall from grace of Myanmar’s de facto leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Showing a total lack of empathy over the human tragedy and, through her silence, condoning anti-Rohingya sentiments and violence, the state counsellor tarnished her international reputation. More than seven years after an unexpected political liberalisation Myanmar’s progress has at best stalled or, quite possibly, shown its true colours: a non-transition in disguise. The Tatmadaw remains firmly in control.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56835671,"asset_id":36881824,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26142517,"first_name":"Matteo","last_name":"Fumagalli","domain_name":"st-andrews","page_name":"MatteoFumagalli","display_name":"Matteo Fumagalli","profile_url":"https://st-andrews.academia.edu/MatteoFumagalli?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26142517/7466356/8389283/s65_matteo.fumagalli.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":5649,"name":"South-East Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South-East_Asia?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":57986,"name":"Radicalisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radicalisation?f_ri=198088"},{"id":101355,"name":"Ethnic Cleansing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Cleansing?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":537573,"name":"Arakan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arakan?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1951278,"name":"Rohingya Issue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Issue?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2600066,"name":"Rakhine State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rakhine_State?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2772972,"name":"RAKHINE STATE MYANMAR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RAKHINE_STATE_MYANMAR?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2775220,"name":"MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN RAKHINE STATE CRISIS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MILITARY_INVOLVEMENT_IN_RAKHINE_STATE_CRISIS?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24125316" data-work_id="24125316" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24125316/Is_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_a_Racist">Is Aung San Suu Kyi a Racist?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24125316" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="08bd5d220174d02cfd1a14eef4030ebd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44484821,"asset_id":24125316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44484821/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46535038" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/KianTajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46535038" type="text/json">{"id":46535038,"first_name":"Kian","last_name":"Tajbakhsh","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"KianTajbakhsh","display_name":"Kian Tajbakhsh","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/KianTajbakhsh?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46535038/12310979/13706446/s65_kian.tajbakhsh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24125316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24125316"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24125316, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24125316", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24125316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24125316; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24125316"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24125316 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24125316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24125316; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24125316]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24125316").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24125316").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24125316"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24125316]'), work: {"id":24125316,"title":"Is Aung San Suu Kyi a Racist?","created_at":"2016-04-06T11:21:10.255-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24125316/Is_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_a_Racist?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_24125316","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44484821,"asset_id":24125316,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46535038,"first_name":"Kian","last_name":"Tajbakhsh","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"KianTajbakhsh","display_name":"Kian Tajbakhsh","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/KianTajbakhsh?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46535038/12310979/13706446/s65_kian.tajbakhsh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42631995" data-work_id="42631995" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42631995/From_Feminisation_to_Masculinisation_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_and_her_struggle_with_the_double_bind_in_Burma_Myanmar_and_beyond">From Feminisation to Masculinisation: Aung San Suu Kyi and her struggle with the double bind in Burma/Myanmar and beyond</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The feminist approach to international politics properly criticises the dominant view of politics, particularly international politics, as men’s sphere of activity. Apparently, this is the “masculine” sphere of life: only men have been... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42631995" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The feminist approach to international politics properly criticises the dominant view of politics, particularly international politics, as men’s sphere of activity. Apparently, this is the “masculine” sphere of life: only men have been imagined capable of the sort of public decisiveness international politics is presumed to require. Women are thus relegated to the “human interest” column, to the private sphere. <br />Those stereotypical assumptions for any female candidate to political leadership create a “double bind” syndrome.  Privately, if a female aspirant to political leadership is a wife and a mother, then her commitment to family will be questioned; if she is not married or without children, then she is exposed to speculation that this is a ruthless, calculated career move. Politically, it is the “femininity vs.competence” bind: if she acts too assertively, she runs the risk of being criticised as too aggressive (“Lady Macbeth style”); if she does not want to (or cannot) conform to a hard and “male” style of leadership she runs the risk of being considered too weak to assume the duties and burden of top executive offices. In short, “women who are considered feminine will be judged as incompetent and women who are competent, as unfeminine” <br />Aung San Suu Kyi, one of the most famous and (recently) controversial political figures in the world, offers an intriguing perspective on the struggle with the double bind in and outside this developing country that is undergoing systemic transformation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42631995" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c698943b7385fd53def4c456abac6203" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62837423,"asset_id":42631995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62837423/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42631995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42631995"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42631995, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42631995", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42631995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42631995; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42631995"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42631995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42631995"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42631995; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42631995]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42631995").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42631995").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42631995"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="928" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies">Media Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="928" type="text/json">{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1192" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory">Feminist Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1192" type="text/json">{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4124" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Philosophy">Feminist Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4124" type="text/json">{"id":4124,"name":"Feminist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Philosophy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19135" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_activism">Feminist activism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19135" type="text/json">{"id":19135,"name":"Feminist activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_activism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42631995]'), work: {"id":42631995,"title":"From Feminisation to Masculinisation: Aung San Suu Kyi and her struggle with the double bind in Burma/Myanmar and beyond","created_at":"2020-04-05T12:25:06.878-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42631995/From_Feminisation_to_Masculinisation_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_and_her_struggle_with_the_double_bind_in_Burma_Myanmar_and_beyond?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_42631995","summary":"The feminist approach to international politics properly criticises the dominant view of politics, particularly international politics, as men’s sphere of activity. Apparently, this is the “masculine” sphere of life: only men have been imagined capable of the sort of public decisiveness international politics is presumed to require. Women are thus relegated to the “human interest” column, to the private sphere. \r\nThose stereotypical assumptions for any female candidate to political leadership create a “double bind” syndrome. Privately, if a female aspirant to political leadership is a wife and a mother, then her commitment to family will be questioned; if she is not married or without children, then she is exposed to speculation that this is a ruthless, calculated career move. Politically, it is the “femininity vs.competence” bind: if she acts too assertively, she runs the risk of being criticised as too aggressive (“Lady Macbeth style”); if she does not want to (or cannot) conform to a hard and “male” style of leadership she runs the risk of being considered too weak to assume the duties and burden of top executive offices. In short, “women who are considered feminine will be judged as incompetent and women who are competent, as unfeminine” \r\nAung San Suu Kyi, one of the most famous and (recently) controversial political figures in the world, offers an intriguing perspective on the struggle with the double bind in and outside this developing country that is undergoing systemic transformation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62837423,"asset_id":42631995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":4124,"name":"Feminist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Philosophy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":19135,"name":"Feminist activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_activism?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29108,"name":"Feminist Literary Theory and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Literary_Theory_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":43488,"name":"Feminist studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":83106,"name":"Feminist Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Political_Theory?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":693718,"name":"Burma Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35260636" data-work_id="35260636" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35260636/The_Rohingya_Crisis_Suu_Kyi_s_False_Flag_and_Ethnic_Cleansing_in_Arakan">The Rohingya Crisis: Suu Kyi’s False Flag and Ethnic Cleansing in Arakan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Any discussion on the Rohingya crisis without using the term ‘genocide’ would amount to an affront to the human dignity of the Rohingya people – both the genocide casualties and survivors. Any remedy effort will remain elusive or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35260636" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Any discussion on the Rohingya crisis without using the term ‘genocide’ would amount to an affront to the human dignity of the Rohingya people – both the genocide casualties and survivors. Any remedy effort will remain elusive or inconclusive if the full extent of the crimes is not comprehended or recognized. It is very hard to see any immediate solution to the Rohingya crisis, as the Myanmar judicial system is completely biased against Rohingyas and the media inside Myanmar “are either lying or self-censoring.”  Despite violence and mass killings of genocidal proportion for decades, not a single person is known to have been punished by the Myanmar judicial system. Moreover, the intermittent cessation of genocidal mass killings and destruction of houses and properties does not mean the ending of other forms of oppression, systematic discrimination and humiliation of the Rohingyas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35260636" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ae65fdf56a85bfaedf94d1bc0760933" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55120886,"asset_id":35260636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55120886/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19869251" href="https://iium.academia.edu/MdHasan">Md. Mahmudul Hasan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19869251" type="text/json">{"id":19869251,"first_name":"Md. Mahmudul","last_name":"Hasan","domain_name":"iium","page_name":"MdHasan","display_name":"Md. Mahmudul Hasan","profile_url":"https://iium.academia.edu/MdHasan?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19869251/5528830/6298417/s65_md.hasan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35260636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35260636"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35260636, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35260636", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35260636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35260636; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35260636"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35260636 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35260636"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35260636; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35260636]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35260636").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35260636").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35260636"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies">Genocide Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3972" type="text/json">{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43430" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arakanese_History">Arakanese History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43430" type="text/json">{"id":43430,"name":"Arakanese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arakanese_History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51753" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide">Genocide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51753" type="text/json">{"id":51753,"name":"Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35260636]'), work: {"id":35260636,"title":"The Rohingya Crisis: Suu Kyi’s False Flag and Ethnic Cleansing in Arakan","created_at":"2017-11-27T00:27:09.770-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35260636/The_Rohingya_Crisis_Suu_Kyi_s_False_Flag_and_Ethnic_Cleansing_in_Arakan?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_35260636","summary":"Any discussion on the Rohingya crisis without using the term ‘genocide’ would amount to an affront to the human dignity of the Rohingya people – both the genocide casualties and survivors. Any remedy effort will remain elusive or inconclusive if the full extent of the crimes is not comprehended or recognized. It is very hard to see any immediate solution to the Rohingya crisis, as the Myanmar judicial system is completely biased against Rohingyas and the media inside Myanmar “are either lying or self-censoring.” Despite violence and mass killings of genocidal proportion for decades, not a single person is known to have been punished by the Myanmar judicial system. Moreover, the intermittent cessation of genocidal mass killings and destruction of houses and properties does not mean the ending of other forms of oppression, systematic discrimination and humiliation of the Rohingyas.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55120886,"asset_id":35260636,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19869251,"first_name":"Md. Mahmudul","last_name":"Hasan","domain_name":"iium","page_name":"MdHasan","display_name":"Md. Mahmudul Hasan","profile_url":"https://iium.academia.edu/MdHasan?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19869251/5528830/6298417/s65_md.hasan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":43430,"name":"Arakanese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arakanese_History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":51753,"name":"Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":101355,"name":"Ethnic Cleansing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Cleansing?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":537573,"name":"Arakan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arakan?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":759184,"name":"History of Arakan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Arakan?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1579626,"name":"Rakhine HIstoriography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rakhine_HIstoriography?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1951278,"name":"Rohingya Issue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Issue?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2826581,"name":"Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arakan_Rohingya_Salvation_Army?f_ri=198088"},{"id":2830092,"name":"Rohingya genocide ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_genocide?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34945220" data-work_id="34945220" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34945220/Republic_of_The_Union_of_Myanmars_Actions_on_Handling_The_Rohingya">Republic of The Union of Myanmar's Actions on Handling The Rohingya</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">National interest has a big impact to the implementation of some particular actions of a nation state. A nation state might jeopardize another very important aspect of the existence of humankind, such as the human rights. The government... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34945220" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">National interest has a big impact to the implementation of some particular actions of a nation state. A nation state might jeopardize another very important aspect of the existence of humankind, such as the human rights. The government of Myanmar has not been able to solve the case of one of the most prosecuted group of people, which is the Rohingya. Arguing on behalf of the lack of citizenship of the Rohingya until to the inability of the government which caused a more severe situation. Somehow, within this implementation of action, there are also a massive human right abuses and the actions of ethnic cleansing are detected. Whether the Rohingya is justified as a citizen or not, it is still wrong for the government of Myanmar to not pay attention to the human right abuses.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34945220" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="489193d0d183749d1399316b8e3cd5e4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54807535,"asset_id":34945220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54807535/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="62372727" href="https://unpar.academia.edu/HendryPangaribuan">Hendry Pangaribuan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="62372727" type="text/json">{"id":62372727,"first_name":"Hendry","last_name":"Pangaribuan","domain_name":"unpar","page_name":"HendryPangaribuan","display_name":"Hendry Pangaribuan","profile_url":"https://unpar.academia.edu/HendryPangaribuan?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62372727/16453145/19539373/s65_hendry.pangaribuan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34945220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34945220"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34945220, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34945220", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34945220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34945220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34945220"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34945220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34945220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34945220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34945220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34945220").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34945220").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34945220"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34945220]'), work: {"id":34945220,"title":"Republic of The Union of Myanmar's Actions on Handling The Rohingya","created_at":"2017-10-24T09:44:19.061-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34945220/Republic_of_The_Union_of_Myanmars_Actions_on_Handling_The_Rohingya?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_34945220","summary":"National interest has a big impact to the implementation of some particular actions of a nation state. A nation state might jeopardize another very important aspect of the existence of humankind, such as the human rights. The government of Myanmar has not been able to solve the case of one of the most prosecuted group of people, which is the Rohingya. Arguing on behalf of the lack of citizenship of the Rohingya until to the inability of the government which caused a more severe situation. Somehow, within this implementation of action, there are also a massive human right abuses and the actions of ethnic cleansing are detected. Whether the Rohingya is justified as a citizen or not, it is still wrong for the government of Myanmar to not pay attention to the human right abuses.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54807535,"asset_id":34945220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":62372727,"first_name":"Hendry","last_name":"Pangaribuan","domain_name":"unpar","page_name":"HendryPangaribuan","display_name":"Hendry Pangaribuan","profile_url":"https://unpar.academia.edu/HendryPangaribuan?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62372727/16453145/19539373/s65_hendry.pangaribuan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45059833" data-work_id="45059833" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45059833/20210202_Anthropology_Recent_Events_from_the_Media_Myanmar_Bangladesh_20210202_Anthropology_Recent_Events_from_the_Media_Myanmar_Bangladesh">20210202 Anthropology Recent Events from the Media Myanmar Bangladesh 20210202 Anthropology Recent Events from the Media Myanmar Bangladesh</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It must not be forgotten that Aung San Su Kyi‘s Honorary Citizenship was taken away by the Canadian Government. After many years of activity representing Human Rights in Myanmar and bringing about a Civilian Government, Ms. Kyi was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45059833" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It must not be forgotten that Aung San Su Kyi‘s Honorary Citizenship was taken away by the Canadian Government. After many years of activity representing Human Rights in Myanmar and bringing about a Civilian Government, Ms. Kyi was complicit with The Generals of Myanmar in the ongoing Genocide of the Rohingyas. Together, they were responsible for the expulsion of a million Rohingyas to Bangladesh.The Myanmar army looted, burned, raped, tortured and killed many Rohingyas in the process. Even the Buddhist Monks of Myanmar got involved; very unusual for the Monks to get involved in killing.<br /><br /> The Government of Bangladesh is one which was elected by a democratic process is and relatively stable; but, its’ Prime Minster has ties to the Army Chief who is involved with a Bengali Mafia Clan. The Government, through the Army, wants to monitor individuals who are planning activities which are considered subversive. The Prime Minister of Bangladesh is analogous to Donald Trump.  Trump had ties to Zionist and Evangelical Mafia. And he placed his cronies in various Government Positions so he would never be arrested and taken to court</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45059833" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="255d909de029a2963576096444a5a050" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65614618,"asset_id":45059833,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65614618/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="73294971" href="https://nocuffs.academia.edu/haiderali">haider ali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="73294971" type="text/json">{"id":73294971,"first_name":"haider","last_name":"ali","domain_name":"nocuffs","page_name":"haiderali","display_name":"haider ali","profile_url":"https://nocuffs.academia.edu/haiderali?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73294971/19814875/36574710/s65_haider.ali.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45059833 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45059833"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45059833, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45059833", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45059833 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45059833; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45059833"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45059833 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45059833"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45059833; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45059833]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45059833").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45059833").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45059833"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy">Democracy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17123" type="text/json">{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18895" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18895" type="text/json">{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20602" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies">China studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20602" type="text/json">{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45059833]'), work: {"id":45059833,"title":"20210202 Anthropology Recent Events from the Media Myanmar Bangladesh 20210202 Anthropology Recent Events from the Media Myanmar Bangladesh","created_at":"2021-02-05T07:14:25.352-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45059833/20210202_Anthropology_Recent_Events_from_the_Media_Myanmar_Bangladesh_20210202_Anthropology_Recent_Events_from_the_Media_Myanmar_Bangladesh?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_45059833","summary":"It must not be forgotten that Aung San Su Kyi‘s Honorary Citizenship was taken away by the Canadian Government. After many years of activity representing Human Rights in Myanmar and bringing about a Civilian Government, Ms. Kyi was complicit with The Generals of Myanmar in the ongoing Genocide of the Rohingyas. Together, they were responsible for the expulsion of a million Rohingyas to Bangladesh.The Myanmar army looted, burned, raped, tortured and killed many Rohingyas in the process. Even the Buddhist Monks of Myanmar got involved; very unusual for the Monks to get involved in killing.\n\n The Government of Bangladesh is one which was elected by a democratic process is and relatively stable; but, its’ Prime Minster has ties to the Army Chief who is involved with a Bengali Mafia Clan. The Government, through the Army, wants to monitor individuals who are planning activities which are considered subversive. The Prime Minister of Bangladesh is analogous to Donald Trump. Trump had ties to Zionist and Evangelical Mafia. And he placed his cronies in various Government Positions so he would never be arrested and taken to court","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65614618,"asset_id":45059833,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":73294971,"first_name":"haider","last_name":"ali","domain_name":"nocuffs","page_name":"haiderali","display_name":"haider ali","profile_url":"https://nocuffs.academia.edu/haiderali?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73294971/19814875/36574710/s65_haider.ali.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":20602,"name":"China studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":51753,"name":"Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1155653,"name":"Rohingyas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingyas?f_ri=198088"},{"id":3880489,"name":"The Generals of Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Generals_of_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43343760" data-work_id="43343760" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43343760/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_at_the_International_Court_of_Justice">Aung San Suu Kyi at the International Court of Justice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43343760" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="595240d432e26d126f51e7ab136212cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63630357,"asset_id":43343760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63630357/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1234281" href="https://swp-berlin.academia.edu/FelixHeiduk">Felix Heiduk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1234281" type="text/json">{"id":1234281,"first_name":"Felix","last_name":"Heiduk","domain_name":"swp-berlin","page_name":"FelixHeiduk","display_name":"Felix Heiduk","profile_url":"https://swp-berlin.academia.edu/FelixHeiduk?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1234281/448489/558873/s65_felix.heiduk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43343760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43343760"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43343760, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43343760", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43343760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43343760; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43343760"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43343760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43343760"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43343760; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43343760]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43343760").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43343760").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43343760"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15021" type="text/json">{"id":15021,"name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="198088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="198088" type="text/json">{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43343760]'), work: {"id":43343760,"title":"Aung San Suu Kyi at the International Court of Justice","created_at":"2020-06-15T01:22:06.115-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43343760/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_at_the_International_Court_of_Justice?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_43343760","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63630357,"asset_id":43343760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1234281,"first_name":"Felix","last_name":"Heiduk","domain_name":"swp-berlin","page_name":"FelixHeiduk","display_name":"Felix Heiduk","profile_url":"https://swp-berlin.academia.edu/FelixHeiduk?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1234281/448489/558873/s65_felix.heiduk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":15021,"name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Court_of_Justice?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":255194,"name":"Democratic Transitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratic_Transitions?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35821724" data-work_id="35821724" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35821724/THE_ROHINGYA_VICTIMS_OF_HISTORICAL_PREJUDICE_AND_CONFLICTING_DEFINITIONS">THE ROHINGYA VICTIMS OF HISTORICAL PREJUDICE AND CONFLICTING DEFINITIONS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The full history of the Arakan coastal region of Myanmar has yet to be examined by an equitable historian. The region has most recently been engulfed in a fierce conflict resulting in bloodshed and suffering involving the Muslim people... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35821724" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The full history of the Arakan coastal region of Myanmar has yet to be examined by an equitable historian. The region has most recently been engulfed in a fierce conflict resulting in bloodshed and suffering involving the Muslim people (the Rohingya) of that region and the government of Myanmar. This opinion piece deals with the history of the Muslim people of Myanmar, the Rohingya's, their current situation and the international response.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35821724" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f97a7444384548368310d5d36134c176" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55698922,"asset_id":35821724,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55698922/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="265584" href="https://avim.academia.edu/TeomanErtu%C4%9FrulTulun">Teoman Ertuğrul Tulun</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="265584" type="text/json">{"id":265584,"first_name":"Teoman Ertuğrul","last_name":"Tulun","domain_name":"avim","page_name":"TeomanErtuğrulTulun","display_name":"Teoman Ertuğrul Tulun","profile_url":"https://avim.academia.edu/TeomanErtu%C4%9FrulTulun?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/265584/55637/63023/s65_teoman_ertu_rul.tulun.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35821724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35821724"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35821724, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35821724", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35821724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35821724; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35821724"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35821724 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35821724"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35821724; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35821724]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35821724").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35821724").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35821724"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35821724]'), work: {"id":35821724,"title":"THE ROHINGYA VICTIMS OF HISTORICAL PREJUDICE AND CONFLICTING DEFINITIONS","created_at":"2018-02-02T03:12:29.866-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35821724/THE_ROHINGYA_VICTIMS_OF_HISTORICAL_PREJUDICE_AND_CONFLICTING_DEFINITIONS?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_35821724","summary":"The full history of the Arakan coastal region of Myanmar has yet to be examined by an equitable historian. The region has most recently been engulfed in a fierce conflict resulting in bloodshed and suffering involving the Muslim people (the Rohingya) of that region and the government of Myanmar. This opinion piece deals with the history of the Muslim people of Myanmar, the Rohingya's, their current situation and the international response.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55698922,"asset_id":35821724,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":265584,"first_name":"Teoman Ertuğrul","last_name":"Tulun","domain_name":"avim","page_name":"TeomanErtuğrulTulun","display_name":"Teoman Ertuğrul Tulun","profile_url":"https://avim.academia.edu/TeomanErtu%C4%9FrulTulun?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/265584/55637/63023/s65_teoman_ertu_rul.tulun.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":43430,"name":"Arakanese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arakanese_History?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":65175,"name":"Burma, Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":262679,"name":"Human rights in myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_rights_in_myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":319596,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi (born 19 June 1945)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_born_19_June_1945_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=198088"},{"id":706648,"name":"History of myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":759184,"name":"History of Arakan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Arakan?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1155653,"name":"Rohingyas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingyas?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1251495,"name":"Etnis Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etnis_Rohingya?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1951278,"name":"Rohingya Issue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Issue?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27166156" data-work_id="27166156" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27166156/Myanmars_Landmark_Election_Unresolved_Questions">Myanmar's Landmark Election: Unresolved Questions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Myanmar concluded historic elections in November 2015. These saw Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) trounce the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP). The country's controversial 2008... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27166156" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Myanmar concluded historic elections in November 2015. These saw Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) trounce the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP). The country's controversial 2008 constitution, however, reserves considerable power for the military, including guaranteeing the military control of three key ministries and creating a de facto power sharing dynamic between the victorious NLD and the military. We argue that this power sharing dynamic, as well as the precarious position of NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi, will lead to significant political and governance challenges.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27166156" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="656c5930c67432f7b85306fb7bf7efd3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47413879,"asset_id":27166156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47413879/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51233214" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/KaiOstwald">Kai Ostwald</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51233214" type="text/json">{"id":51233214,"first_name":"Kai","last_name":"Ostwald","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"KaiOstwald","display_name":"Kai Ostwald","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/KaiOstwald?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51233214/13567066/14734424/s65_kai.ostwald.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27166156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27166156"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27166156, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27166156", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27166156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27166156; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27166156"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27166156 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27166156"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27166156; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27166156]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27166156").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27166156").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27166156"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance">Governance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5167" type="text/json">{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20366" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elections">Elections</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20366" type="text/json">{"id":20366,"name":"Elections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elections?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27166156]'), work: {"id":27166156,"title":"Myanmar's Landmark Election: Unresolved Questions","created_at":"2016-07-21T15:29:34.362-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27166156/Myanmars_Landmark_Election_Unresolved_Questions?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_27166156","summary":"Myanmar concluded historic elections in November 2015. These saw Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) trounce the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP). The country's controversial 2008 constitution, however, reserves considerable power for the military, including guaranteeing the military control of three key ministries and creating a de facto power sharing dynamic between the victorious NLD and the military. We argue that this power sharing dynamic, as well as the precarious position of NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi, will lead to significant political and governance challenges.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47413879,"asset_id":27166156,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51233214,"first_name":"Kai","last_name":"Ostwald","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"KaiOstwald","display_name":"Kai Ostwald","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/KaiOstwald?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51233214/13567066/14734424/s65_kai.ostwald.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":20366,"name":"Elections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elections?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":544508,"name":"Power Sharing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Sharing?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61174862" data-work_id="61174862" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61174862/A_Political_Biography_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_A_Hybrid_Politician_in_Open_Access_now_">A Political Biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. A Hybrid Politician (in Open Access now)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book is the first political biography of Aung San Suu Kyi covering both her years in opposition and all her years in power from 2016 onwards. It offers a new interpretation of Aung San Suu Kyi by presenting a balanced and thorough... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61174862" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book is the first political biography of Aung San Suu Kyi covering both her years in opposition and all her years in power from 2016 onwards. It offers a new interpretation of Aung San Suu Kyi by presenting a balanced and thorough account of Suu Kyi’s policies.<br />In the last 30 years there has not been a person in global politics who has risen so high and fallen so low – and so quickly – as Aung San Suu Kyi. Using postcolonial theory and introducing the new concept of `a hybrid politician', this book explains apparent inconsistencies of Suu Kyi’s agenda. It demonstrates that Suu Kyi considers herself a democrat and yet, rules autocratically. Immersed in her country’s tradition of policymaking, she has at the same time been influenced by foreign concepts, both Western and Asian. Drawing on first-hand research, including talks with Suu Kyi, conversations with her supporters and rivals, observations of Suu Kyi’s behaviour during intergovernmental talks as well as an extensive number of sources and fieldwork in Myanmar, the author argues that Suu Kyi’s case shows both the strengths and limits of hybridity. This brings Suu Kyi priceless political assets such as visibility, recognition and support while proving that such a model of leadership has its restrictions. <br />A timely biography of the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of Myanmar politics, Southeast Asian politics, Asian politics, Political Science more generally, Postcolonial Studies, Cultural Studies and Leadership Studies.<br />The book is now in Open Access: <br /><a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.4324/9781003031956/political-biography-aung-san-suu-kyi-micha%C5%82-lubina" rel="nofollow">https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.4324/9781003031956/political-biography-aung-san-suu-kyi-micha%C5%82-lubina</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61174862" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1acff8821e01c396a19587ebfdf2f5b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74302291,"asset_id":61174862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74302291/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61174862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61174862"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61174862, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61174862", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_61174862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61174862; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_61174862"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_61174862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61174862"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61174862; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61174862]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61174862").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61174862").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61174862"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2860" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies">Postcolonial Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2860" type="text/json">{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11354" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_And_Postcolonial_Studies">Globalization And Postcolonial Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11354" type="text/json">{"id":11354,"name":"Globalization And Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_And_Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12332" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Politics">Women and Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12332" type="text/json">{"id":12332,"name":"Women and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61174862]'), work: {"id":61174862,"title":"A Political Biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. A Hybrid Politician (in Open Access now)","created_at":"2021-11-07T02:37:57.191-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61174862/A_Political_Biography_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_A_Hybrid_Politician_in_Open_Access_now_?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_61174862","summary":"This book is the first political biography of Aung San Suu Kyi covering both her years in opposition and all her years in power from 2016 onwards. It offers a new interpretation of Aung San Suu Kyi by presenting a balanced and thorough account of Suu Kyi’s policies.\nIn the last 30 years there has not been a person in global politics who has risen so high and fallen so low – and so quickly – as Aung San Suu Kyi. Using postcolonial theory and introducing the new concept of `a hybrid politician', this book explains apparent inconsistencies of Suu Kyi’s agenda. It demonstrates that Suu Kyi considers herself a democrat and yet, rules autocratically. Immersed in her country’s tradition of policymaking, she has at the same time been influenced by foreign concepts, both Western and Asian. Drawing on first-hand research, including talks with Suu Kyi, conversations with her supporters and rivals, observations of Suu Kyi’s behaviour during intergovernmental talks as well as an extensive number of sources and fieldwork in Myanmar, the author argues that Suu Kyi’s case shows both the strengths and limits of hybridity. This brings Suu Kyi priceless political assets such as visibility, recognition and support while proving that such a model of leadership has its restrictions. \nA timely biography of the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, this book will be of interest to students and researchers of Myanmar politics, Southeast Asian politics, Asian politics, Political Science more generally, Postcolonial Studies, Cultural Studies and Leadership Studies.\nThe book is now in Open Access: \nhttps://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.4324/9781003031956/political-biography-aung-san-suu-kyi-micha%C5%82-lubina\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74302291,"asset_id":61174862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":11354,"name":"Globalization And Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_And_Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":12332,"name":"Women and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Politics?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":13995,"name":"Postcolonial Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Theory?f_ri=198088"},{"id":25486,"name":"Postcolonial theory (Cultural Theory)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_theory_Cultural_Theory_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=198088"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=198088"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":60157,"name":"Leadership Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":62640,"name":"Postcolonial Theory/Subaltern Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Theory_Subaltern_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":106711,"name":"Women in Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_in_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":190603,"name":"Postcolonial Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Politics?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=198088"},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":964785,"name":"Postcolonial and Anticolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_and_Anticolonial_Studies?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1125509,"name":"Postcolonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonialism?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44727173" data-work_id="44727173" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44727173/Subalter_nation_narrating_Burma">Subalter-nation: narrating Burma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44727173" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f49c4b1f4ec43eebd278e23022b2bb95" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65210260,"asset_id":44727173,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65210260/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="318345" href="https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/PavanMalreddy">Pavan Malreddy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="318345" type="text/json">{"id":318345,"first_name":"Pavan","last_name":"Malreddy","domain_name":"uni-frankfurt","page_name":"PavanMalreddy","display_name":"Pavan Malreddy","profile_url":"https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/PavanMalreddy?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/318345/13891139/107889823/s65_pavan.malreddy.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44727173 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44727173"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44727173, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44727173", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44727173 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44727173; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44727173"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44727173 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44727173"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44727173; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44727173]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44727173").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44727173").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44727173"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2860" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies">Postcolonial Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2860" type="text/json">{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15863" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Literature">Postcolonial Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15863" type="text/json">{"id":15863,"name":"Postcolonial Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Literature?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38429" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_South">Global South</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38429" type="text/json">{"id":38429,"name":"Global South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_South?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44727173]'), work: {"id":44727173,"title":"Subalter-nation: narrating Burma","created_at":"2020-12-17T13:21:54.205-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44727173/Subalter_nation_narrating_Burma?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_44727173","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65210260,"asset_id":44727173,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":318345,"first_name":"Pavan","last_name":"Malreddy","domain_name":"uni-frankfurt","page_name":"PavanMalreddy","display_name":"Pavan Malreddy","profile_url":"https://uni-frankfurt.academia.edu/PavanMalreddy?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/318345/13891139/107889823/s65_pavan.malreddy.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":15863,"name":"Postcolonial Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Literature?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":38429,"name":"Global South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_South?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":817813,"name":"Aung San","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34663656" data-work_id="34663656" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34663656/I_Cannot_Be_Silent_Bishop_Desmond_Tutus_Open_Letter_to_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi">I Cannot Be Silent: Bishop Desmond Tutu's Open Letter to Aung San Suu Kyi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Please lift your finger and we wish to hear your voice. Do the right thing. Tell and order your military and police to stop the killings, the rapes, the destruction and the general mayhem. The Rohingya are your people too. They also have... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34663656" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Please lift your finger and we wish to hear your voice. Do the right thing. Tell and order your military and police to stop the killings, the rapes, the destruction and the general mayhem.<br />The Rohingya are your people too. They also have their rights, dignity and humanity.<br />If you will keep your silence, then the killings will not also stop but it may get worse.<br />Yes, Ma’am, you may maintain your freedom and present position, whatever it is; but I heavily doubt if you will still be known and respected as the noble and brave woman who stand up against the dictatorship of the military junta.<br />Do we want to be known now as the woman who fought for freedom then, but who allows death, rape, destruction and genocide now?<br />Your continuing silence on the face of the continuing brutality, barbarity and inhumanity happening now to your utterly divided country is undeniably deafening!<br />The choice is yours, Ma’am. Will you do the right thing, speak up and perhaps go back to jail or will you keep your mouth shut and do nothing?<br />As my final words to you, Madame, let me quote the immortal words from that song of Simon and Garfunkel, “The Sound of Silence”:<br />““Fools” said I, “You do not know<br />Silence like a cancer grows<br />Hear my words that I might teach you<br />Take my arms that I might reach you”<br />But my words like silent raindrops fell<br />And echoed in the wells of silence…”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34663656" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fc9e86ec8b2a0d4ecacd5668f87cdcb3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54523543,"asset_id":34663656,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54523543/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2MDU3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5142994" href="https://up-diliman.academia.edu/JoseMarioDeVega">Jose Mario De Vega</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5142994" type="text/json">{"id":5142994,"first_name":"Jose Mario","last_name":"De Vega","domain_name":"up-diliman","page_name":"JoseMarioDeVega","display_name":"Jose Mario De Vega","profile_url":"https://up-diliman.academia.edu/JoseMarioDeVega?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5142994/13002126/35850513/s65_jose_mario.de_vega.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34663656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34663656"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34663656, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34663656", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34663656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34663656; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34663656"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34663656 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34663656"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34663656; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34663656]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34663656").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34663656").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34663656"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimes_Against_Humanity">Crimes Against Humanity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32060" type="text/json">{"id":32060,"name":"Crimes Against Humanity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimes_Against_Humanity?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47830" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solidarity">Solidarity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47830" type="text/json">{"id":47830,"name":"Solidarity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solidarity?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanity">Humanity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="54534" type="text/json">{"id":54534,"name":"Humanity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanity?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34663656]'), work: {"id":34663656,"title":"I Cannot Be Silent: Bishop Desmond Tutu's Open Letter to Aung San Suu Kyi","created_at":"2017-09-24T12:10:53.400-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34663656/I_Cannot_Be_Silent_Bishop_Desmond_Tutus_Open_Letter_to_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088","dom_id":"work_34663656","summary":"Please lift your finger and we wish to hear your voice. Do the right thing. Tell and order your military and police to stop the killings, the rapes, the destruction and the general mayhem.\nThe Rohingya are your people too. They also have their rights, dignity and humanity.\nIf you will keep your silence, then the killings will not also stop but it may get worse.\nYes, Ma’am, you may maintain your freedom and present position, whatever it is; but I heavily doubt if you will still be known and respected as the noble and brave woman who stand up against the dictatorship of the military junta.\nDo we want to be known now as the woman who fought for freedom then, but who allows death, rape, destruction and genocide now?\nYour continuing silence on the face of the continuing brutality, barbarity and inhumanity happening now to your utterly divided country is undeniably deafening!\nThe choice is yours, Ma’am. Will you do the right thing, speak up and perhaps go back to jail or will you keep your mouth shut and do nothing?\nAs my final words to you, Madame, let me quote the immortal words from that song of Simon and Garfunkel, “The Sound of Silence”:\n““Fools” said I, “You do not know\nSilence like a cancer grows\nHear my words that I might teach you\nTake my arms that I might reach you”\nBut my words like silent raindrops fell\nAnd echoed in the wells of silence…”\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54523543,"asset_id":34663656,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5142994,"first_name":"Jose Mario","last_name":"De Vega","domain_name":"up-diliman","page_name":"JoseMarioDeVega","display_name":"Jose Mario De Vega","profile_url":"https://up-diliman.academia.edu/JoseMarioDeVega?f_ri=198088","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5142994/13002126/35850513/s65_jose_mario.de_vega.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":32060,"name":"Crimes Against Humanity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimes_Against_Humanity?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":47830,"name":"Solidarity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solidarity?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":54534,"name":"Humanity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanity?f_ri=198088","nofollow":false},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=198088"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=198088"},{"id":1951278,"name":"Rohingya Issue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Issue?f_ri=198088"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?after=50%2C34663656" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmania">Birmania</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="472636">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="472636">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="53953">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="53953">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2592">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2592">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development">Sustainable Development</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="4524">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="4524">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar">Burma Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="121209">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="121209">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="27881">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="27881">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="29170">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="29170">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="25051">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="25051">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development">Political Economy of Development</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="13396">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="13396">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics">Southeast Asian Politics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="25845">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="25845">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "4027083212519c86c49bac88bade838b3e6a6365a066bac6d7ce06a4e9de8d3b", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="XzKdXnI658Ch7FANCRwiVZlsHOYtfG4v+FNE+vsgzUlxq/G2A3YNA6vtdS224heS5TPp9pzI8TC7e4D0gu6gZQ==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="HEuUIzYKzIyHdg9269JUxrTyUKjWRpjKHwUvH9xOu8Yy0vjLR0YmT413KlZULGEByK2luGfyB9VcLesRpYDW6g==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>