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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Burma</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">15,212 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Burma</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Burma">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40213220" data-work_id="40213220" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40213220/Decolonising_Anglo_Indians_Strategies_for_a_Mixed_Race_Community_in_Late_Colonial_India_during_the_First_Half_of_the_Twentieth_Century">Decolonising Anglo-Indians: Strategies for a Mixed Race Community in Late Colonial India during the First Half of the Twentieth Century</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40213220" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote, Britons long resident in India. We will define Anglo-Indians as a particular mixed race Indo-European population arising out of the European trading and imperial presence in India, and one of several constructed categories by which transient Britons sought to demarcate racial difference within the Raj’s socio-racial hierarchy. Anglo-Indians were placed in an intermediary (and differentially remunerated) position between Indians and Domiciled Europeans (another category excluded from fully ‘white’ status), who in turn were placed below imported British superiors. The domiciled community (of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans, treated as a single socio-economic class by Britons) were relied upon as loyal buttressing agents of British rule who could be deployed to help run the Raj’s strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, and who were made as a term of their service to serve in auxiliary military forces which could help to ensure the internal security of the Raj and respond to strikes, civil disobedience or crises arising from international conflict.<br /><br />The thesis reveals how calls for Indianisation of state and railway employment by Indian nationalists in the assemblies inaugurated by the 1919 Government of India Act threatened, through opening up their reserved intermediary positions to competitive entry and examination by Indians, to undermine the economic base of domiciled employment. Anglo-Indian leaders responded with varying strategies. Foremost was the definition of Anglo-Indians as an Indian minority community which demanded political representation through successive phases of constitutional change and statutory safeguards for their existing employment. This study explores various strategies including: deployment of multiple identities; widespread racial passing by individuals and families; agricultural colonisation schemes; and calls for individual, familial or collective migration.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40213220" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="60eaaebef117d52d9968278774fb745b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60440391,"asset_id":40213220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60440391/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8139224" href="https://hku-hk.academia.edu/UtherCharltonStevens">Uther E Charlton-Stevens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8139224" type="text/json">{"id":8139224,"first_name":"Uther","last_name":"Charlton-Stevens","domain_name":"hku-hk","page_name":"UtherCharltonStevens","display_name":"Uther E Charlton-Stevens","profile_url":"https://hku-hk.academia.edu/UtherCharltonStevens?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8139224/2813111/94272285/s65_uther.charlton-stevens.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40213220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40213220"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40213220, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40213220", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40213220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40213220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40213220"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40213220 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40213220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40213220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40213220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40213220").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40213220").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40213220"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity">Race and Ethnicity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5453" type="text/json">{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40213220]'), work: {"id":40213220,"title":"Decolonising Anglo-Indians: Strategies for a Mixed Race Community in Late Colonial India during the First Half of the Twentieth Century","created_at":"2019-08-30T08:02:53.288-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40213220/Decolonising_Anglo_Indians_Strategies_for_a_Mixed_Race_Community_in_Late_Colonial_India_during_the_First_Half_of_the_Twentieth_Century?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_40213220","summary":"Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote, Britons long resident in India. We will define Anglo-Indians as a particular mixed race Indo-European population arising out of the European trading and imperial presence in India, and one of several constructed categories by which transient Britons sought to demarcate racial difference within the Raj’s socio-racial hierarchy. Anglo-Indians were placed in an intermediary (and differentially remunerated) position between Indians and Domiciled Europeans (another category excluded from fully ‘white’ status), who in turn were placed below imported British superiors. The domiciled community (of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans, treated as a single socio-economic class by Britons) were relied upon as loyal buttressing agents of British rule who could be deployed to help run the Raj’s strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, and who were made as a term of their service to serve in auxiliary military forces which could help to ensure the internal security of the Raj and respond to strikes, civil disobedience or crises arising from international conflict.\n\nThe thesis reveals how calls for Indianisation of state and railway employment by Indian nationalists in the assemblies inaugurated by the 1919 Government of India Act threatened, through opening up their reserved intermediary positions to competitive entry and examination by Indians, to undermine the economic base of domiciled employment. Anglo-Indian leaders responded with varying strategies. Foremost was the definition of Anglo-Indians as an Indian minority community which demanded political representation through successive phases of constitutional change and statutory safeguards for their existing employment. This study explores various strategies including: deployment of multiple identities; widespread racial passing by individuals and families; agricultural colonisation schemes; and calls for individual, familial or collective migration.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60440391,"asset_id":40213220,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8139224,"first_name":"Uther","last_name":"Charlton-Stevens","domain_name":"hku-hk","page_name":"UtherCharltonStevens","display_name":"Uther E Charlton-Stevens","profile_url":"https://hku-hk.academia.edu/UtherCharltonStevens?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8139224/2813111/94272285/s65_uther.charlton-stevens.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":5471,"name":"South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asia?f_ri=29170"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=29170"},{"id":6337,"name":"Oral history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=29170"},{"id":9756,"name":"Racial Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Identity?f_ri=29170"},{"id":10006,"name":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":12961,"name":"British Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Empire?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29719,"name":"Critical Mixed Race Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Mixed_Race_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":30786,"name":"Constitutional Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_Politics?f_ri=29170"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=29170"},{"id":43930,"name":"Constitutional History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constitutional_History?f_ri=29170"},{"id":54319,"name":"Minorities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minorities?f_ri=29170"},{"id":71738,"name":"constitution of India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/constitution_of_India?f_ri=29170"},{"id":80848,"name":"Mixed Race Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Race_Identity?f_ri=29170"},{"id":504056,"name":"Anglo Indians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anglo_Indians?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78431344" data-work_id="78431344" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78431344/Advancing_Religious_Freedom_and_Coexistence_in_Myanmar_Recommendations_for_the_Next_U_S_Administration">Advancing Religious Freedom and Coexistence in Myanmar: Recommendations for the Next U.S. Administration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78431344" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dc3253b8e6551871761ae1382fb04ca4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85481521,"asset_id":78431344,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85481521/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3415422" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton">Matthew Walton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3415422" type="text/json">{"id":3415422,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Walton","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewWalton","display_name":"Matthew Walton","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3415422/2307423/2693077/s65_matthew.walton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78431344 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78431344"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78431344, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78431344", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_78431344 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78431344").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78431344"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5878" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism">Nationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5878" type="text/json">{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78431344]'), work: {"id":78431344,"title":"Advancing Religious Freedom and Coexistence in Myanmar: Recommendations for the Next U.S. Administration","created_at":"2022-05-04T07:21:09.635-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78431344/Advancing_Religious_Freedom_and_Coexistence_in_Myanmar_Recommendations_for_the_Next_U_S_Administration?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_78431344","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85481521,"asset_id":78431344,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3415422,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Walton","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewWalton","display_name":"Matthew Walton","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3415422/2307423/2693077/s65_matthew.walton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":341213,"name":"Religious Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Freedom?f_ri=29170"},{"id":953669,"name":"Routledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Routledge?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1051736" data-work_id="1051736" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1051736/Health_and_Society">Health and Society</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book is closely adapted to the beliefs, practices, situation, resources, issues, and language of peoples both inside Myanmar and living in neighbouring countries. The target learners outside Myanmar are mainly students who attend... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1051736" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book is closely adapted to the beliefs, practices, situation, resources, issues, and language of peoples both inside Myanmar and living in neighbouring countries. The target learners outside Myanmar are mainly students who attend independent schools which have been established for migrants and refugees who have completed the 10 years of schooling available, or who have re-entered education as adults. The textbook is part of a curriculum developed for these schools which includes two books on mathematics and some basic science. However, observation indicates that retention of abstract knowledge is low when it is not continually in use.<br /><br />Learners inside Myanmar are wider in variety, including adult education classes, private English instruction, educational certificate preparation courses, non-formal education, and pre-college courses.<br /><br />The textbook begins by presenting basic biology of health and disease, as local theories of disease are diverse, and many people combine scientific views of disease gleaned from media, combined with traditional knowledge from community and media both. <br /><br />The textbook focusses on the major health threats which are responsive to individual and community action. A section on individual health includes mental and reproductive health. The book goes on to revisit many of the same issues from the community perspective. The final section builds on all sections of the book as well as previous modules from the series to use the learner's knowledge and reasoning to analyse health from a population perspective using current data, and to develop the level of policy conclusions that an informed citizen should be able to draw.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1051736" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c20ebce9ecb47f7996db7c22781a8707" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6431014,"asset_id":1051736,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6431014/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="123697" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/NanceCunningham">Nance Cunningham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="123697" type="text/json">{"id":123697,"first_name":"Nance","last_name":"Cunningham","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"NanceCunningham","display_name":"Nance Cunningham","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/NanceCunningham?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/123697/33067/23467982/s65_nance.cunningham.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1051736 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1051736"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1051736, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1051736", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1051736 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1051736; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1051736"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1051736 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1051736"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1051736; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1051736]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1051736").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1051736").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1051736"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Education">Health Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7428" type="text/json">{"id":7428,"name":"Health Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Education?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="347098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Context_Appropriate">Context Appropriate</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="347098" type="text/json">{"id":347098,"name":"Context Appropriate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Context_Appropriate?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1051736]'), work: {"id":1051736,"title":"Health and Society","created_at":"2011-10-30T02:35:28.857-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1051736/Health_and_Society?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_1051736","summary":"This book is closely adapted to the beliefs, practices, situation, resources, issues, and language of peoples both inside Myanmar and living in neighbouring countries. The target learners outside Myanmar are mainly students who attend independent schools which have been established for migrants and refugees who have completed the 10 years of schooling available, or who have re-entered education as adults. The textbook is part of a curriculum developed for these schools which includes two books on mathematics and some basic science. However, observation indicates that retention of abstract knowledge is low when it is not continually in use.\n\nLearners inside Myanmar are wider in variety, including adult education classes, private English instruction, educational certificate preparation courses, non-formal education, and pre-college courses.\n\nThe textbook begins by presenting basic biology of health and disease, as local theories of disease are diverse, and many people combine scientific views of disease gleaned from media, combined with traditional knowledge from community and media both. \n\nThe textbook focusses on the major health threats which are responsive to individual and community action. A section on individual health includes mental and reproductive health. The book goes on to revisit many of the same issues from the community perspective. The final section builds on all sections of the book as well as previous modules from the series to use the learner's knowledge and reasoning to analyse health from a population perspective using current data, and to develop the level of policy conclusions that an informed citizen should be able to draw.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":6431014,"asset_id":1051736,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":123697,"first_name":"Nance","last_name":"Cunningham","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"NanceCunningham","display_name":"Nance Cunningham","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/NanceCunningham?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/123697/33067/23467982/s65_nance.cunningham.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7428,"name":"Health Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Education?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":347098,"name":"Context Appropriate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Context_Appropriate?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":347099,"name":"Low Literacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Literacy?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33704720" data-work_id="33704720" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33704720/_Uncertain_future_Prospects_of_political_stability_in_Nepal_and_Myanmar_">"Uncertain future: Prospects of political stability in Nepal & Myanmar"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33704720" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them under-represented in government.Both countries can be considered among least developed and poor countries in the world. It gives a great opportunity to regional powers, India and China to influence on domestic and foreign policy of these countries. After few weeks, population of Myanmar will go to polls. Since, the “iconic leader” of the National League of Democracy Party, Aung San’s party favourite in elections, it boosts the hopes for positive changes and reforms.  On other hand, after 7 years work Nepal has finally adopted new constitution, which has been met with protests from major ethnic groups such as The Matheses and The Taire within countries, They accepted it as discrimination against them, taking into account the harsh reaction from the long-term partner and neighbour of the country India, it leaves the country on the verge of the new political crisis. On 11th of October 2015, Parliament has elected new Prime Minister, it can be considered as a major step from the side of government to open up dialogue with ethnic groups and to address the problem.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33704720" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="80b2b30249591d530459db9439567fc7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53704260,"asset_id":33704720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53704260/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3584593" href="https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov">Elmir Badalov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3584593" type="text/json">{"id":3584593,"first_name":"Elmir","last_name":"Badalov","domain_name":"coleurop","page_name":"ElmirBadalov","display_name":"Elmir Badalov","profile_url":"https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3584593/1246147/17332646/s65_elmir.badalov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33704720"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33704720, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33704720", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33704720; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33704720"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33704720"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33704720; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33704720]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33704720").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33704720").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33704720"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16946" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal">Nepal</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16946" type="text/json">{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33704720]'), work: {"id":33704720,"title":"\"Uncertain future: Prospects of political stability in Nepal \u0026 Myanmar\"","created_at":"2017-06-29T10:45:05.910-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33704720/_Uncertain_future_Prospects_of_political_stability_in_Nepal_and_Myanmar_?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_33704720","summary":"Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them under-represented in government.Both countries can be considered among least developed and poor countries in the world. It gives a great opportunity to regional powers, India and China to influence on domestic and foreign policy of these countries. After few weeks, population of Myanmar will go to polls. Since, the “iconic leader” of the National League of Democracy Party, Aung San’s party favourite in elections, it boosts the hopes for positive changes and reforms. On other hand, after 7 years work Nepal has finally adopted new constitution, which has been met with protests from major ethnic groups such as The Matheses and The Taire within countries, They accepted it as discrimination against them, taking into account the harsh reaction from the long-term partner and neighbour of the country India, it leaves the country on the verge of the new political crisis. On 11th of October 2015, Parliament has elected new Prime Minister, it can be considered as a major step from the side of government to open up dialogue with ethnic groups and to address the problem.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53704260,"asset_id":33704720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3584593,"first_name":"Elmir","last_name":"Badalov","domain_name":"coleurop","page_name":"ElmirBadalov","display_name":"Elmir Badalov","profile_url":"https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3584593/1246147/17332646/s65_elmir.badalov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=29170"},{"id":143894,"name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kathmandu?f_ri=29170"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=29170"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36524200" data-work_id="36524200" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36524200/Interview_dUpper_Mag_Le_Collectif_HAMEB">Interview d'Upper-Mag - Le Collectif HAMEB</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Extrait : "Que pensez-vous qu’il faille faire pour arrêter ce massacre ? et l’ONU est-il en partie responsable de laisser faire ? C’est une question très difficile et personne ne détient la solution miracle. Cependant, ce que nous avons... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36524200" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Extrait : "Que pensez-vous qu’il faille faire pour arrêter ce massacre ? et l’ONU est-il en partie responsable de laisser faire ?<br /><br />C’est une question très difficile et personne ne détient la solution miracle. Cependant, ce que nous avons toujours exiger, c’est l’arrêt immédiat des exactions et le rétablissement de l’accès aux humanitaires. Pour y arriver, les efforts doivent se faire aussi bien à l’intérieur du pays (le gouvernement, les partis politiques, la société civile Birman) mais aussi de l’extérieur, à travers la pression de la communauté internationale en misant sur l’action additionnée de divers organes tels que les institutions représentatives internationales (ONU, Commissions Européens, l’action de l’ASEAN…Etc.), les différentes sociétés civiles dans le monde (ONG, manifestations…etc.), mise en place de mesures et sanctions efficaces (embargo économiques et militaires…) par des compagnes de boycotts et de sensibilisation a plus large échelle".</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36524200" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1ff72b7c11b6b5fc6fa9a4135b1b56fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56442469,"asset_id":36524200,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56442469/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10726553" href="https://esg.academia.edu/NordineErrais">ERRAIS Nordine</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10726553" type="text/json">{"id":10726553,"first_name":"ERRAIS","last_name":"Nordine","domain_name":"esg","page_name":"NordineErrais","display_name":"ERRAIS Nordine","profile_url":"https://esg.academia.edu/NordineErrais?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10726553/3221202/33395417/s65_errais.nordine.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36524200 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36524200"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36524200, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36524200", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36524200 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36524200; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36524200"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36524200 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36524200"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36524200; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36524200]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36524200").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36524200").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36524200"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="172729" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugia">Refugia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="172729" type="text/json">{"id":172729,"name":"Refugia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="429423" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_crises">Humanitarian crises</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="429423" type="text/json">{"id":429423,"name":"Humanitarian crises","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_crises?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36524200]'), work: {"id":36524200,"title":"Interview d'Upper-Mag - Le Collectif HAMEB","created_at":"2018-04-28T03:48:30.605-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36524200/Interview_dUpper_Mag_Le_Collectif_HAMEB?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_36524200","summary":"Extrait : \"Que pensez-vous qu’il faille faire pour arrêter ce massacre ? et l’ONU est-il en partie responsable de laisser faire ?\n\nC’est une question très difficile et personne ne détient la solution miracle. Cependant, ce que nous avons toujours exiger, c’est l’arrêt immédiat des exactions et le rétablissement de l’accès aux humanitaires. Pour y arriver, les efforts doivent se faire aussi bien à l’intérieur du pays (le gouvernement, les partis politiques, la société civile Birman) mais aussi de l’extérieur, à travers la pression de la communauté internationale en misant sur l’action additionnée de divers organes tels que les institutions représentatives internationales (ONU, Commissions Européens, l’action de l’ASEAN…Etc.), les différentes sociétés civiles dans le monde (ONG, manifestations…etc.), mise en place de mesures et sanctions efficaces (embargo économiques et militaires…) par des compagnes de boycotts et de sensibilisation a plus large échelle\".","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56442469,"asset_id":36524200,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10726553,"first_name":"ERRAIS","last_name":"Nordine","domain_name":"esg","page_name":"NordineErrais","display_name":"ERRAIS Nordine","profile_url":"https://esg.academia.edu/NordineErrais?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10726553/3221202/33395417/s65_errais.nordine.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":172729,"name":"Refugia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":429423,"name":"Humanitarian crises","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_crises?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20268326" data-work_id="20268326" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20268326/Uneven_inclusion_consequences_of_universal_healthcare_in_Thailand">Uneven inclusion: consequences of universal healthcare in Thailand</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">‘Post-national’ scholars have taken the extension of social rights to migrants that are normally accorded to citizens as evidence of the growing importance of norms of ‘universal personhood’ and the declining importance of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20268326" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">‘Post-national’ scholars have taken the extension of social rights to migrants that are normally accorded to citizens as evidence of the growing importance of norms of ‘universal personhood’ and the declining importance of the nation-state. However, the<br />distinct approach taken by the state toward another understudied category of noncitizen – stateless people – complicates these theories by demonstrating that the state<br />makes decisions about groups on different bases than theory would suggest. These findings suggest the need to pay more attention to how the state treats other categories of ‘semi-citizens’. This article examines the differential effects of universal healthcare reforms in Thailand on citizens, migrants, and stateless people and explores their ramifications on theories of citizenship and social rights. While the state has expanded its healthcare obligations toward people living within its borders, it has taken a variegated approach toward different groups. Citizens have been extended ‘differentiated but unambiguous rights’. Migrants have been granted ‘conditional<br />rights’ to healthcare coverage, dependent on their status as registered workers who pay mandatory contributions. Large numbers of stateless people, however, saw their right to state welfare programs disenfranchised following passage of the new universal healthcare law before later being granted ‘contingent rights’ through a new program.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20268326" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eeac89ee8688bcfcc1012dc6a10ad4c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41135692,"asset_id":20268326,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41135692/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24585174" href="https://bu.academia.edu/JosephHarris">Joseph Harris</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24585174" type="text/json">{"id":24585174,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Harris","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"JosephHarris","display_name":"Joseph Harris","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/JosephHarris?f_ri=29170","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20268326 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20268326"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20268326, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20268326", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20268326]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20268326").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20268326").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20268326"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20268326]'), work: {"id":20268326,"title":"Uneven inclusion: consequences of universal healthcare in Thailand","created_at":"2016-01-14T10:30:33.056-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20268326/Uneven_inclusion_consequences_of_universal_healthcare_in_Thailand?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_20268326","summary":"‘Post-national’ scholars have taken the extension of social rights to migrants that are normally accorded to citizens as evidence of the growing importance of norms of ‘universal personhood’ and the declining importance of the nation-state. However, the\ndistinct approach taken by the state toward another understudied category of noncitizen – stateless people – complicates these theories by demonstrating that the state\nmakes decisions about groups on different bases than theory would suggest. These findings suggest the need to pay more attention to how the state treats other categories of ‘semi-citizens’. This article examines the differential effects of universal healthcare reforms in Thailand on citizens, migrants, and stateless people and explores their ramifications on theories of citizenship and social rights. While the state has expanded its healthcare obligations toward people living within its borders, it has taken a variegated approach toward different groups. Citizens have been extended ‘differentiated but unambiguous rights’. Migrants have been granted ‘conditional\nrights’ to healthcare coverage, dependent on their status as registered workers who pay mandatory contributions. Large numbers of stateless people, however, saw their right to state welfare programs disenfranchised following passage of the new universal healthcare law before later being granted ‘contingent rights’ through a new program.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41135692,"asset_id":20268326,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24585174,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Harris","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"JosephHarris","display_name":"Joseph Harris","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/JosephHarris?f_ri=29170","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":4992,"name":"Global Citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Citizenship?f_ri=29170"},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=29170"},{"id":10672,"name":"State Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Theory?f_ri=29170"},{"id":12570,"name":"Undocumented Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undocumented_Immigration?f_ri=29170"},{"id":15301,"name":"Migrant Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migrant_Health?f_ri=29170"},{"id":16124,"name":"Citizenship Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship_Theory?f_ri=29170"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=29170"},{"id":17126,"name":"Citizenship And Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship_And_Governance?f_ri=29170"},{"id":17972,"name":"Access to health services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Access_to_health_services?f_ri=29170"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":27952,"name":"Stateless Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stateless_Peoples?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":41608,"name":"Citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship?f_ri=29170"},{"id":43495,"name":"Postnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postnationalism?f_ri=29170"},{"id":43798,"name":"Statelessness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statelessness?f_ri=29170"},{"id":52815,"name":"Migrant workers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migrant_workers?f_ri=29170"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":122600,"name":"Universal Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Health_Care?f_ri=29170"},{"id":124064,"name":"Universal Coverage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Coverage?f_ri=29170"},{"id":312659,"name":"Globalization and Citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_Citizenship?f_ri=29170"},{"id":602128,"name":"Sociology of the State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_the_State?f_ri=29170"},{"id":993926,"name":"Human Rights and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Social_Justice-1?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1178330,"name":"Universal Health Coverage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Health_Coverage?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1214359,"name":"Universal Healthcare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Healthcare?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1276132,"name":"Access to Healthcare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Access_to_Healthcare?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1306711,"name":"statelessness, EU law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/statelessness_EU_law?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1652033,"name":"Citizenship Law and Stateless Children","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship_Law_and_Stateless_Children?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31892286" data-work_id="31892286" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31892286/Htilar_Sitthu_U_Soe_Nyunt_Oh_foglia_appassita_del_fiume_Mekong_ed_altre_poesie_introduzione">Htilar Sitthu U Soe Nyunt - Oh foglia appassita del fiume Mekong ed altre poesie - introduzione</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"Oh foglia appassita del Fiume Mekong ed altre poesie" Antologia poetica di Htilar Sitthu (U Soe Nyunt) Libera traduzione di Htilar Sitthu, 1988 "O withered leaf from the River Mekong and other poems" Innwa Pub. House, VII edizione.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31892286" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Oh foglia appassita del Fiume Mekong ed altre poesie"<br />Antologia poetica di Htilar Sitthu (U Soe Nyunt)<br />Libera traduzione di Htilar Sitthu, 1988 "O withered leaf from the River Mekong and other poems"  Innwa Pub. House, VII edizione.<br />Recensioni ed introduzione<br /><br />16/03/2017</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31892286" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3b0a318845a2a3ae150832215d21e1c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52177194,"asset_id":31892286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52177194/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5684213" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StefanoZamblera">Stefano Zamblera</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5684213" type="text/json">{"id":5684213,"first_name":"Stefano","last_name":"Zamblera","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StefanoZamblera","display_name":"Stefano Zamblera","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StefanoZamblera?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5684213/2541067/2949306/s65_stefano.zamblera.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31892286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31892286"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31892286, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31892286", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31892286]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31892286").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31892286").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31892286"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3558" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies">South Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3558" type="text/json">{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3581" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry">Poetry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3581" type="text/json">{"id":3581,"name":"Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31892286]'), work: {"id":31892286,"title":"Htilar Sitthu U Soe Nyunt - Oh foglia appassita del fiume Mekong ed altre poesie - introduzione","created_at":"2017-03-16T07:09:46.668-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31892286/Htilar_Sitthu_U_Soe_Nyunt_Oh_foglia_appassita_del_fiume_Mekong_ed_altre_poesie_introduzione?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_31892286","summary":"\"Oh foglia appassita del Fiume Mekong ed altre poesie\"\nAntologia poetica di Htilar Sitthu (U Soe Nyunt)\nLibera traduzione di Htilar Sitthu, 1988 \"O withered leaf from the River Mekong and other poems\" Innwa Pub. House, VII edizione.\nRecensioni ed introduzione\n\n16/03/2017","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52177194,"asset_id":31892286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5684213,"first_name":"Stefano","last_name":"Zamblera","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StefanoZamblera","display_name":"Stefano Zamblera","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StefanoZamblera?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5684213/2541067/2949306/s65_stefano.zamblera.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":3581,"name":"Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6741,"name":"Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_History?f_ri=29170"},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170"},{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=29170"},{"id":8223,"name":"East Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":9792,"name":"Translation of Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_of_Poetry?f_ri=29170"},{"id":12761,"name":"Modern Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Poetry?f_ri=29170"},{"id":17365,"name":"South Asian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Literature?f_ri=29170"},{"id":19471,"name":"Contemporary Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Poetry?f_ri=29170"},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=29170"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":38605,"name":"Tibeto-Burman Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibeto-Burman_Linguistics?f_ri=29170"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":65175,"name":"Burma, Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170"},{"id":74014,"name":"Poesía","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poes%C3%ADa?f_ri=29170"},{"id":106803,"name":"Letteratura","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Letteratura?f_ri=29170"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":145956,"name":"Poesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poesia?f_ri=29170"},{"id":205060,"name":"Tibeto-Burman","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibeto-Burman?f_ri=29170"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=29170"},{"id":348188,"name":"Asian Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Art?f_ri=29170"},{"id":472636,"name":"Birmania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmania?f_ri=29170"},{"id":703310,"name":"Birmanie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmanie?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1472407,"name":"Studia Asiatica. International Journal of Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Studia_Asiatica._International_Journal_of_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2641514,"name":"Htilar Sitthu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Htilar_Sitthu?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65461608" data-work_id="65461608" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65461608/Matthew_Foley_The_Cold_War_and_National_Assertion_in_Southeast_Asia">Matthew Foley, The Cold War and National Assertion in Southeast Asia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65461608" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6335b3121dbc7f9affc90fb9c0c58176" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77048029,"asset_id":65461608,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77048029/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="107139791" href="https://korea-kr.academia.edu/BalazsSzalontai">Balazs Szalontai</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="107139791" type="text/json">{"id":107139791,"first_name":"Balazs","last_name":"Szalontai","domain_name":"korea-kr","page_name":"BalazsSzalontai","display_name":"Balazs Szalontai","profile_url":"https://korea-kr.academia.edu/BalazsSzalontai?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/107139791/32588744/29398817/s65_balazs.szalontai.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65461608 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65461608"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65461608, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65461608", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65461608]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65461608").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65461608").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="65461608"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War">Cold War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5214" type="text/json">{"id":5214,"name":"Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25419" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_International_Relations">Cold War International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25419" type="text/json">{"id":25419,"name":"Cold War International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_International_Relations?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=65461608]'), work: {"id":65461608,"title":"Matthew Foley, The Cold War and National Assertion in Southeast Asia","created_at":"2021-12-22T02:33:08.508-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/65461608/Matthew_Foley_The_Cold_War_and_National_Assertion_in_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_65461608","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77048029,"asset_id":65461608,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":107139791,"first_name":"Balazs","last_name":"Szalontai","domain_name":"korea-kr","page_name":"BalazsSzalontai","display_name":"Balazs Szalontai","profile_url":"https://korea-kr.academia.edu/BalazsSzalontai?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/107139791/32588744/29398817/s65_balazs.szalontai.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5214,"name":"Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":25419,"name":"Cold War International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_International_Relations?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":35802,"name":"Cold War history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_693176" data-work_id="693176" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/693176/The_Universal_Periodic_Review_of_the_UN_Human_Rights_Council_an_assessment_of_the_first_session_Chinese_Journal_of_International_Law_7_3_2010_pp_721_734">The Universal Periodic Review of the UN Human Rights Council: an assessment of the first session, Chinese Journal of International Law, 7 (3), 2010, pp. 721-734</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Universal Periodic Review is an innovative mechanism for protecting and promoting human rights within the United Nations. Instituted by the Human Rights Council in 2006, it reviews human rights situations in all States. This article... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_693176" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Universal Periodic Review is an innovative mechanism for protecting and promoting human rights within the United Nations. Instituted by the Human Rights Council in 2006, it reviews human rights situations in all States. This article analyses the configuration of this new procedure in order to assess its success in de-politicizing human rights, and in providing substantive output on the improvement of human rights at domestic level. While it remains early to detect trends, the experience of the first session of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review could shed light on both positive developments and concerns.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/693176" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e2b0e7d05bd73961c4e5572d152aeaa8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30851098,"asset_id":693176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30851098/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4337" href="https://kingston.academia.edu/ProfElviraDominguezRedondo">Prof. Elvira Dominguez Redondo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4337" type="text/json">{"id":4337,"first_name":"Prof. Elvira","last_name":"Dominguez Redondo","domain_name":"kingston","page_name":"ProfElviraDominguezRedondo","display_name":"Prof. Elvira Dominguez Redondo","profile_url":"https://kingston.academia.edu/ProfElviraDominguezRedondo?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4337/1829429/2177584/s65_elvira.dominguez_redondo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_693176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="693176"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 693176, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_693176", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_693176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 693176; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_693176"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_693176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="693176"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 693176; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=693176]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_693176").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_693176").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="693176"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9939" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Torture">Torture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9939" type="text/json">{"id":9939,"name":"Torture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Torture?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=693176]'), work: {"id":693176,"title":"The Universal Periodic Review of the UN Human Rights Council: an assessment of the first session, Chinese Journal of International Law, 7 (3), 2010, pp. 721-734","created_at":"2011-06-24T01:56:29.314-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/693176/The_Universal_Periodic_Review_of_the_UN_Human_Rights_Council_an_assessment_of_the_first_session_Chinese_Journal_of_International_Law_7_3_2010_pp_721_734?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_693176","summary":"The Universal Periodic Review is an innovative mechanism for protecting and promoting human rights within the United Nations. Instituted by the Human Rights Council in 2006, it reviews human rights situations in all States. This article analyses the configuration of this new procedure in order to assess its success in de-politicizing human rights, and in providing substantive output on the improvement of human rights at domestic level. While it remains early to detect trends, the experience of the first session of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review could shed light on both positive developments and concerns.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30851098,"asset_id":693176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4337,"first_name":"Prof. Elvira","last_name":"Dominguez Redondo","domain_name":"kingston","page_name":"ProfElviraDominguezRedondo","display_name":"Prof. Elvira Dominguez Redondo","profile_url":"https://kingston.academia.edu/ProfElviraDominguezRedondo?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4337/1829429/2177584/s65_elvira.dominguez_redondo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":9939,"name":"Torture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Torture?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":38972,"name":"ASEAN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN?f_ri=29170"},{"id":39869,"name":"Refugees","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees?f_ri=29170"},{"id":47107,"name":"UK","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UK?f_ri=29170"},{"id":80228,"name":"UN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UN?f_ri=29170"},{"id":85529,"name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northern_Ireland?f_ri=29170"},{"id":324687,"name":"UPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UPR?f_ri=29170"},{"id":462811,"name":"Universal Periodic Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Periodic_Review?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29775192 coauthored" data-work_id="29775192" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29775192/BURMA_The_Quiet_Violence">BURMA: The Quiet Violence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">BURMA: The Quiet Violence is a monograph with political paintings by the Burmese Myanmar artist Myint Swe, featuring his political works during the military rule 1995-2005. Written by Shireen Naziree and published by Thavibu Gallery,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29775192" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">BURMA: The Quiet Violence is a monograph with political paintings by the Burmese Myanmar artist Myint Swe, featuring his political works during the military rule 1995-2005. Written by Shireen Naziree and published by Thavibu Gallery, Bangkok</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29775192" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d375c93c4c52f8d72ab566d9ae64dc88" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50227051,"asset_id":29775192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50227051/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46806025" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg">Jorn Middelborg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46806025" type="text/json">{"id":46806025,"first_name":"Jorn","last_name":"Middelborg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JMiddelborg","display_name":"Jorn Middelborg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46806025/12473464/58808448/s65_jorn.middelborg.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-29775192">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-29775192"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShireenNaziree">Shireen Naziree</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-29775192'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-29775192').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29775192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29775192"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29775192, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29775192", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29775192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29775192; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29775192"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29775192 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29775192"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29775192; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29775192]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29775192").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29775192").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29775192"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art">Contemporary Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3051" type="text/json">{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Art">Political Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18707" type="text/json">{"id":18707,"name":"Political Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37490" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art-1">Modern and Contemporary Art</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37490" type="text/json">{"id":37490,"name":"Modern and Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art-1?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29775192]'), work: {"id":29775192,"title":"BURMA: The Quiet Violence","created_at":"2016-11-10T01:24:40.461-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29775192/BURMA_The_Quiet_Violence?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_29775192","summary":"BURMA: The Quiet Violence is a monograph with political paintings by the Burmese Myanmar artist Myint Swe, featuring his political works during the military rule 1995-2005. Written by Shireen Naziree and published by Thavibu Gallery, Bangkok ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50227051,"asset_id":29775192,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46806025,"first_name":"Jorn","last_name":"Middelborg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JMiddelborg","display_name":"Jorn Middelborg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46806025/12473464/58808448/s65_jorn.middelborg.jpg"},{"id":38518354,"first_name":"Shireen","last_name":"Naziree","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShireenNaziree","display_name":"Shireen Naziree","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShireenNaziree?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38518354/13458110/14658865/s65_shireen.naziree.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":18707,"name":"Political Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":37490,"name":"Modern and Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art-1?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2499450,"name":"Myanmar art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_art?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2553238,"name":"thavibu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/thavibu?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2566547,"name":"myanmar painting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/myanmar_painting?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2566590,"name":"myint swe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/myint_swe?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19772149" data-work_id="19772149" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19772149/Judicial_Power_in_Myanmar_and_the_Challenge_of_Judicial_Independence">Judicial Power in Myanmar and the Challenge of Judicial Independence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What can be learnt about the idea and ideal of judicial independence in authoritarian regimes? While idealised international standards and declarations of judicial independence note the need for separation from the executive, there is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19772149" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What can be learnt about the idea and ideal of judicial independence in authoritarian regimes? While idealised international standards and declarations of judicial independence note the need for separation from the executive, there is more often silence on the relative position of the courts in relation to the military. Yet in country’s like Myanmar’s semi-military regime (2011-), discussions of judicial independence from the executive and legislature make little sense unless we first consider separation from military rule. Military involvement in the courts, both at a personal and institutional level, has become the norm over past decades in Myanmar. In light of this reality, this chapter considers the nature of judicial power of the Constitutional Tribunal and Supreme Court. It highlights debates raised over appointment and removal procedures, questions over which court should have jurisdiction on constitutional review matters, concerns of military-executive interference and the domineering attitude of the Parliament towards the courts. As a recent yellow ribbon campaign protesting against military transfers into the courts highlights, independence of the courts from military influence is a necessary yet difficult first step forward.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19772149" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a58634d77b47e68adf55ce52fdd894c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60437116,"asset_id":19772149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60437116/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="796940" href="https://unsw.academia.edu/MelissaCrouch">Melissa Crouch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="796940" type="text/json">{"id":796940,"first_name":"Melissa","last_name":"Crouch","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"MelissaCrouch","display_name":"Melissa Crouch","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/MelissaCrouch?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/796940/850359/25493042/s65_melissa.crouch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19772149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19772149"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19772149, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19772149", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19772149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19772149; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19772149"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19772149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19772149"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19772149; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19772149]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19772149").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19772149").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19772149"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3680" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts">Courts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3680" type="text/json">{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37690" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary">The role of the judiciary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37690" type="text/json">{"id":37690,"name":"The role of the judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19772149]'), work: {"id":19772149,"title":"Judicial Power in Myanmar and the Challenge of Judicial Independence","created_at":"2015-12-21T11:50:53.613-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19772149/Judicial_Power_in_Myanmar_and_the_Challenge_of_Judicial_Independence?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_19772149","summary":"What can be learnt about the idea and ideal of judicial independence in authoritarian regimes? While idealised international standards and declarations of judicial independence note the need for separation from the executive, there is more often silence on the relative position of the courts in relation to the military. Yet in country’s like Myanmar’s semi-military regime (2011-), discussions of judicial independence from the executive and legislature make little sense unless we first consider separation from military rule. Military involvement in the courts, both at a personal and institutional level, has become the norm over past decades in Myanmar. In light of this reality, this chapter considers the nature of judicial power of the Constitutional Tribunal and Supreme Court. It highlights debates raised over appointment and removal procedures, questions over which court should have jurisdiction on constitutional review matters, concerns of military-executive interference and the domineering attitude of the Parliament towards the courts. As a recent yellow ribbon campaign protesting against military transfers into the courts highlights, independence of the courts from military influence is a necessary yet difficult first step forward.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60437116,"asset_id":19772149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":796940,"first_name":"Melissa","last_name":"Crouch","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"MelissaCrouch","display_name":"Melissa Crouch","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/MelissaCrouch?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/796940/850359/25493042/s65_melissa.crouch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":37690,"name":"The role of the judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38045157" data-work_id="38045157" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38045157/India_Continues_to_Play_Safe_With_Myanmar_Over_the_Rohingya_Issue">India Continues to Play Safe With Myanmar Over the Rohingya Issue</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article discusses the recent state visit of Indian President Ramnath Kovind to Myanmar and uses the joint statement from the same to argue that India is avoiding uncomfortable (but critical) aspects of the Rohingya crisis - like... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38045157" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article discusses the recent state visit of Indian President Ramnath Kovind to Myanmar and uses the joint statement from the same to argue that India is avoiding uncomfortable (but critical) aspects of the Rohingya crisis - like holding the Tatmadaw generals accused of serious war crimes to book - just to maintain cordial bilateral relations with Myanmar.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38045157" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b4b9de2d678e5b11c0dc7188d17b821" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58069557,"asset_id":38045157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58069557/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="62309191" href="https://durham.academia.edu/AngshumanChoudhury">Angshuman Choudhury</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="62309191" type="text/json">{"id":62309191,"first_name":"Angshuman","last_name":"Choudhury","domain_name":"durham","page_name":"AngshumanChoudhury","display_name":"Angshuman Choudhury","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/AngshumanChoudhury?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62309191/16821277/20779925/s65_angshuman.choudhury.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38045157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden 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InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38045157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38045157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38045157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38045157").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38045157").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38045157"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1483" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis">Foreign Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1483" type="text/json">{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2169" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law">Human Rights Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2169" type="text/json">{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy">Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6707" type="text/json">{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38045157]'), work: {"id":38045157,"title":"India Continues to Play Safe With Myanmar Over the Rohingya Issue","created_at":"2018-12-27T01:27:14.030-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38045157/India_Continues_to_Play_Safe_With_Myanmar_Over_the_Rohingya_Issue?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_38045157","summary":"This article discusses the recent state visit of Indian President Ramnath Kovind to Myanmar and uses the joint statement from the same to argue that India is avoiding uncomfortable (but critical) aspects of the Rohingya crisis - like holding the Tatmadaw generals accused of serious war crimes to book - just to maintain cordial bilateral relations with Myanmar.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58069557,"asset_id":38045157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":62309191,"first_name":"Angshuman","last_name":"Choudhury","domain_name":"durham","page_name":"AngshumanChoudhury","display_name":"Angshuman Choudhury","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/AngshumanChoudhury?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62309191/16821277/20779925/s65_angshuman.choudhury.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":60924,"name":"Indian foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_foreign_policy?f_ri=29170"},{"id":124363,"name":"India's Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indias_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=29170"},{"id":413616,"name":"Bilateral Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bilateral_Relations?f_ri=29170"},{"id":458793,"name":"India-Myanmar relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India-Myanmar_relationship?f_ri=29170"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=29170"},{"id":648783,"name":"Indian Foreign and Security Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Foreign_and_Security_Policy?f_ri=29170"},{"id":912269,"name":"Myanmar Military","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Military?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1746927,"name":"India and Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India_and_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2234850,"name":"India's Act East Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indias_Act_East_Policy?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2383848,"name":"Tatmadaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tatmadaw?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2856154,"name":"Rohingya Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Crisis?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2994637,"name":"Rohingya Refugee Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Refugee_Crisis?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40273137" data-work_id="40273137" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40273137/BUDDHISM_THE_ROYAL_IMAGINARY_AND_LIMITS_IN_WARFARE_THE_MODERATING_INFLUENCE_OF_PRECOLONIAL_MYANMAR_ROYAL_CAMPAIGNS_ON_EVERYDAY_WARRIORS">BUDDHISM, THE ROYAL IMAGINARY, AND LIMITS IN WARFARE: THE MODERATING INFLUENCE OF PRECOLONIAL MYANMAR ROYAL CAMPAIGNS ON EVERYDAY WARRIORS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent research by the author (Charney 2017 and 2020, forthcoming) on the precolonial Myanmar army has emphasized the importance of villagers and village ways of combat in larger campaigns that that are normally understood through... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40273137" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent research by the author (Charney 2017 and 2020, forthcoming) on the precolonial Myanmar army has emphasized the importance of villagers and village ways of combat in larger campaigns that that are normally understood through depictions in the chronicles that are heavily formulaic and court-scopic. Beneath the veneer of ordered and obedient soldiery, however, was a chronic tension between the court, its generals, and ministers, on the one hand, who sought to regulate the limits of warfare in line with a royal imaginary predicated on beneficent rulership, Buddhist values, and the establishment of universal harmony with the behaviour of local commanders and village warriors, on the other, who dealt with the weak administrative structures that required obedience through spectacular displays of violence and pre-existing ways of waging local wars in rural Myanmar. The present paper examines the ways in which the Myanmar court attempted to set the limits of war and the impact of the removal of the king at the end of the Third Anglo-Myanmar War in November 1885 as a crucial moderating influence, and the introduction of a more unlimited colonial approach to war and violence. It is argued that there is an existing model for limiting violence in warfare that is not an imposition of the West but has emerged entirely within the Myanmar-Buddhist historical experience.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40273137" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dd6bc38e4ef3a8717a12f676223ea359" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60509841,"asset_id":40273137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60509841/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="136151" href="https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney">Michael W Charney</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="136151" type="text/json">{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40273137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40273137"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40273137, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40273137", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40273137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40273137").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40273137").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40273137"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22685" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil-military_relations">Civil-military relations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22685" type="text/json">{"id":22685,"name":"Civil-military relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil-military_relations?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40273137]'), work: {"id":40273137,"title":"BUDDHISM, THE ROYAL IMAGINARY, AND LIMITS IN WARFARE: THE MODERATING INFLUENCE OF PRECOLONIAL MYANMAR ROYAL CAMPAIGNS ON EVERYDAY WARRIORS","created_at":"2019-09-06T12:26:33.546-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40273137/BUDDHISM_THE_ROYAL_IMAGINARY_AND_LIMITS_IN_WARFARE_THE_MODERATING_INFLUENCE_OF_PRECOLONIAL_MYANMAR_ROYAL_CAMPAIGNS_ON_EVERYDAY_WARRIORS?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_40273137","summary":"Recent research by the author (Charney 2017 and 2020, forthcoming) on the precolonial Myanmar army has emphasized the importance of villagers and village ways of combat in larger campaigns that that are normally understood through depictions in the chronicles that are heavily formulaic and court-scopic. Beneath the veneer of ordered and obedient soldiery, however, was a chronic tension between the court, its generals, and ministers, on the one hand, who sought to regulate the limits of warfare in line with a royal imaginary predicated on beneficent rulership, Buddhist values, and the establishment of universal harmony with the behaviour of local commanders and village warriors, on the other, who dealt with the weak administrative structures that required obedience through spectacular displays of violence and pre-existing ways of waging local wars in rural Myanmar. The present paper examines the ways in which the Myanmar court attempted to set the limits of war and the impact of the removal of the king at the end of the Third Anglo-Myanmar War in November 1885 as a crucial moderating influence, and the introduction of a more unlimited colonial approach to war and violence. It is argued that there is an existing model for limiting violence in warfare that is not an imposition of the West but has emerged entirely within the Myanmar-Buddhist historical experience. 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38631274/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B6_%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%85%E1%80%B6_%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84_%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%94_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94_%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80_%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95_%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84_%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0_%E1%80%90%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84_">လူထုဗဟိုပြုဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးပုံစံ၏ ဖြစ်နိုင်ခြေများနှင့် အကန့်အသတ်များအပေါ် စီမံကိန်း လက်တွေ့လုပ်ဆောင်နေသူ တဦး၏ ရှုထောင့်</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">စာတမ်းရေးသားသူသည် လူထုမှရွေးချယ်သော အများပြည်သူဆိုင်ရာ ၀န်ဆောင်မှုများကို ပေးသည့် လူထုပူးပေါင်းပါဝင်သော စီမံကိန်းနည်းစနစ်တခု ဖြစ်သော လူထုဗဟိုပြုဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး (CDD) ၏ အတွေးအခေါ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာနှင့် လုပ်ငန်းပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ မူလဇာစ်မြစ်များနှင့်... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38631274" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">စာတမ်းရေးသားသူသည် လူထုမှရွေးချယ်သော အများပြည်သူဆိုင်ရာ ၀န်ဆောင်မှုများကို ပေးသည့် လူထုပူးပေါင်းပါဝင်သော စီမံကိန်းနည်းစနစ်တခု ဖြစ်သော လူထုဗဟိုပြုဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး (CDD) ၏ အတွေးအခေါ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာနှင့် လုပ်ငန်းပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ မူလဇာစ်မြစ်များနှင့် ၄င်း၏လတ်တလော ပြောင်းလဲတိုးတက်မှု၏ ရှုထောင့်များကို ဖော်ပြထားသည်။ ၄င်းမှ လူထုဗဟိုပြုဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး၏ အဓိကလုပ်ငန်းများအပြင် စီမံကိန်းနည်းစနစ်၏ လူမျိုးနှင့်ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ကျောထောက်နောက်ခံများနှင့် အသေးစား အခြေခံအဆောက်အအုံ၏ အဓိကသက်ရောက်မှုနှင့် ၄င်းကိုဆုံး ဖြတ်သည့် လူထုပူးပေါင်းပါဝင်သော စီမံကိန်းနည်းစနစ်ထက်ကျော်လွန်ပြီး ရလဒ်များ၏ အမျိုးအစားအားလုံးအားခန့်မှန်းရေတွက်တိုင်းတာလိုသော စီမံကိန်းရေးဆွဲသူ၏ဆန္ဒအကြား တင်းမာမှုများကို ထပ်လောင်းပြောဆိုထားသည်။ ၄င်းမှ အခြားကျေးရွာများတွင် ကြုံတွေ့ခဲ့ရသည့် ရွေးချယ်ထားသော စီမံကိန်းလုပ်ဆောင်သူများမှ သွယ်ဝှိုက်သက်ရောက်မှုများအား စနစ်တကျဖြစ်စေရန် ကြိုးစားသောအခါ စီမံကိန်းပုံစံ၏ အကန့်အသတ်များ ကို ရှင်းပြထားသည် - ၄င်းမှ CDD အား အဏုစိတ်အဆင့် အခြေအနေများအထိ လိုက်လျောညီထွေ ပြင်ဆင် ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်ရန် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတွင် ဖော်ထုတ်အသုံးပြုခဲ့သည့် မဟာဗျူဟာများအား ဖော်ပြထားသည်။</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38631274" data-share-source="work_strip" 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type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38631274]'), work: {"id":38631274,"title":"လူထုဗဟိုပြုဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးပုံစံ၏ ဖြစ်နိုင်ခြေများနှင့် အကန့်အသတ်များအပေါ် စီမံကိန်း လက်တွေ့လုပ်ဆောင်နေသူ တဦး၏ 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ဖော်ပြထားသည်။ ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58708874,"asset_id":38631274,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":375780,"first_name":"Bobby","last_name":"Anderson","domain_name":"soas-uk","page_name":"BobbyAnderson","display_name":"Bobby Anderson","profile_url":"https://soas-uk.academia.edu/BobbyAnderson?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/375780/1484125/11743375/s65_bobby.anderson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3470,"name":"Community Engagement \u0026 Participation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Engagement_and_Participation?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":3474,"name":"Community 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href="https://www.academia.edu/77260949/Min_gyi_nyo_the_Shan_Invasions_of_Ava_1524_27_and_the_Beginnings_of_Expansionary_Warfare_in_Toungoo_Burma_1486_1539">Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524-27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486-1539</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77260949" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ff24d6fcdeaa60afc2b7dfdf60eb1fa3" rel="nofollow" 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History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5293" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Formation">State Formation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5293" type="text/json">{"id":5293,"name":"State Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Formation?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77260949]'), work: {"id":77260949,"title":"Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524-27), and the 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38587842/Critical_Analysis_On_Why_The_Island_Experiment_of_Bhasan_Char_Is_Not_An_Option_For_Rohingya_Refugees">Critical Analysis On Why The Island Experiment of Bhasan Char Is Not An Option For Rohingya Refugees</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">On the notion of Bhasan Char, the island, it is imperative that the Bangladeshi plans of ‘relocating’ or perhaps more correctly ‘forcibly removing’ 103,000 Rohingya next month (April 2019) are challenged sufficiently. There can be no... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38587842" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">On the notion of Bhasan Char, the island, it is imperative that the Bangladeshi plans of ‘relocating’ or perhaps more correctly ‘forcibly removing’ 103,000 Rohingya next month (April 2019) are challenged sufficiently. There can be no doubt that the island is not fit for purpose – that is if the purpose is of housing a refugee population.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38587842" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="213bdeb77e920baef7602bc392208f39" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58664912,"asset_id":38587842,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58664912/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24223234" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AhmedMabrur">Mabrur Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24223234" type="text/json">{"id":24223234,"first_name":"Mabrur","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AhmedMabrur","display_name":"Mabrur Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AhmedMabrur?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24223234/20142572/35079405/s65_mabrur.ahmed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38587842 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38587842"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38587842, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38587842", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38587842 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38587842; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38587842"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38587842 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38587842"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38587842; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38587842]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38587842").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38587842").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38587842"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies">Refugee Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2835" type="text/json">{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18895" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18895" type="text/json">{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38587842]'), work: {"id":38587842,"title":"Critical Analysis On Why The Island Experiment of Bhasan Char Is Not An Option For Rohingya Refugees","created_at":"2019-03-20T01:57:34.350-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38587842/Critical_Analysis_On_Why_The_Island_Experiment_of_Bhasan_Char_Is_Not_An_Option_For_Rohingya_Refugees?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_38587842","summary":"On the notion of Bhasan Char, the island, it is imperative that the Bangladeshi plans of ‘relocating’ or perhaps more correctly ‘forcibly removing’ 103,000 Rohingya next month (April 2019) are challenged sufficiently. There can be no doubt that the island is not fit for purpose – that is if the purpose is of housing a refugee population. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58664912,"asset_id":38587842,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24223234,"first_name":"Mabrur","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AhmedMabrur","display_name":"Mabrur Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AhmedMabrur?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24223234/20142572/35079405/s65_mabrur.ahmed.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":134693,"name":"Refugees and Forced Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_and_Forced_Migration_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37081331" data-work_id="37081331" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37081331/Book_Review_Quartered_Safe_Out_Here_A_Harrowing_Tale_of_World_War_II_by_George_MacDonald_Fraser">Book Review - Quartered Safe Out Here: A Harrowing Tale of World War II by George MacDonald Fraser</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Quartered Safe Out Here is the personal account of George Macdonald Fraser on his time as a rifleman in Slim’s 14th Army during the Burma Campaigni. This most excellent memoir brilliantly recounts the frontline action he saw while serving... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37081331" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Quartered Safe Out Here is the personal account of George Macdonald Fraser on his time as a rifleman in Slim’s 14th Army during the Burma Campaigni. This most excellent memoir brilliantly recounts the frontline action he saw while serving as a young soldier during the British army’s savage campaign against the Japanese. The authenticity of his story, merged with the talents of a gifted novelist, result in an unforgettable read. There is little doubt that soldiers of all ranks and experiences will find great resonance with the humor, horror and camaraderie described.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37081331" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c31106d7843f353a3f3787299595867c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57033332,"asset_id":37081331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57033332/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32622624" href="https://unsw.academia.edu/BenjaminGray">Benjamin Gray</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32622624" type="text/json">{"id":32622624,"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Gray","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"BenjaminGray","display_name":"Benjamin Gray","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/BenjaminGray?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32622624/17346065/17447676/s65_benjamin.gray.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37081331 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37081331"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37081331, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37081331", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37081331]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37081331").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37081331").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37081331"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II">World War II</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16389" type="text/json">{"id":16389,"name":"World War II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38062" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War_History_">Second World War (History)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38062" type="text/json">{"id":38062,"name":"Second World War (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War_History_?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37081331]'), work: {"id":37081331,"title":"Book Review - Quartered Safe Out Here: A Harrowing Tale of World War II by George MacDonald Fraser","created_at":"2018-07-19T15:53:37.212-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37081331/Book_Review_Quartered_Safe_Out_Here_A_Harrowing_Tale_of_World_War_II_by_George_MacDonald_Fraser?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_37081331","summary":"Quartered Safe Out Here is the personal account of George Macdonald Fraser on his time as a rifleman in Slim’s 14th Army during the Burma Campaigni. This most excellent memoir brilliantly recounts the frontline action he saw while serving as a young soldier during the British army’s savage campaign against the Japanese. The authenticity of his story, merged with the talents of a gifted novelist, result in an unforgettable read. There is little doubt that soldiers of all ranks and experiences will find great resonance with the humor, horror and camaraderie described.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57033332,"asset_id":37081331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":57033338,"asset_id":37081331,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32622624,"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Gray","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"BenjaminGray","display_name":"Benjamin Gray","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/BenjaminGray?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32622624/17346065/17447676/s65_benjamin.gray.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":16389,"name":"World War II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":38062,"name":"Second World War (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War_History_?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":41661,"name":"World War II Pacific Theatre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II_Pacific_Theatre?f_ri=29170"},{"id":856924,"name":"Military Memoirs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Memoirs?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1455339,"name":"Japanese Soldiers In World War 2","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Soldiers_In_World_War_2?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45098125" data-work_id="45098125" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45098125/Post_legalism_and_the_fear_of_politics_Understanding_Myanmars_contradictory_coup">Post-legalism and the fear of politics: Understanding Myanmar's contradictory coup</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What are we to make of the contradiction between a military commander saying that the constitution could be torn up if not followed, and a takeover that the military says it conducted under the rules of the constitution, even as it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45098125" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What are we to make of the contradiction between a military commander saying that the constitution could be torn up if not followed, and a takeover that the military says it conducted under the rules of the constitution, even as it bypassed them? Can these positions be reconciled?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45098125" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3c5d63e57253f7ad2851021b325db4c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65661038,"asset_id":45098125,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65661038/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="712922" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman">nick cheesman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="712922" type="text/json">{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45098125 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45098125"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45098125, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45098125", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45098125]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45098125").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45098125").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45098125"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18639" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dictatorships">Dictatorships</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18639" type="text/json">{"id":18639,"name":"Dictatorships","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dictatorships?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="722440" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coup_Detats-1">Coup D`etats</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="722440" type="text/json">{"id":722440,"name":"Coup D`etats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coup_Detats-1?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45098125]'), work: {"id":45098125,"title":"Post-legalism and the fear of politics: Understanding Myanmar's contradictory coup","created_at":"2021-02-11T00:23:38.724-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45098125/Post_legalism_and_the_fear_of_politics_Understanding_Myanmars_contradictory_coup?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_45098125","summary":"What are we to make of the contradiction between a military commander saying that the constitution could be torn up if not followed, and a takeover that the military says it conducted under the rules of the constitution, even as it bypassed them? Can these positions be reconciled?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65661038,"asset_id":45098125,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":18639,"name":"Dictatorships","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dictatorships?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":722440,"name":"Coup D`etats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coup_Detats-1?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3664507" data-work_id="3664507" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3664507/_Ethnicity_Conflict_and_History_in_Burma_The_Myths_of_Panglong_Asian_Survey_48_6_November_December_2008_889_910">“Ethnicity, Conflict, and History in Burma: The Myths of Panglong,” Asian Survey, 48:6 (November/December 2008): 889-910.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effects of the 1947 Panglong Agreement on Burma’s ethnic minority groups can still be seen today in calls for a return to the spirit of Panglong, but there are confl icting versions of this event and its legacy. In order to grasp the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3664507" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effects of the 1947 Panglong Agreement on Burma’s ethnic minority groups can still be seen today in calls for a return to the spirit of Panglong, but there are confl icting versions of this event and its legacy. In order to grasp the prospects for ethnic unity in Burma, it is necessary to deconstruct the various “myths” of Panglong.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3664507" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c7471b8503eff01cc7eab01173a021c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31356148,"asset_id":3664507,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31356148/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3415422" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton">Matthew Walton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3415422" type="text/json">{"id":3415422,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Walton","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewWalton","display_name":"Matthew Walton","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3415422/2307423/2693077/s65_matthew.walton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3664507 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3664507"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3664507, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3664507", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3664507 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3664507; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3664507"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3664507 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3664507"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3664507; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3664507]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3664507").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3664507").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3664507"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War">Ethnic Conflict and Civil War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28981" type="text/json">{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3664507]'), work: {"id":3664507,"title":"“Ethnicity, Conflict, and History in Burma: The Myths of Panglong,” Asian Survey, 48:6 (November/December 2008): 889-910.","created_at":"2013-06-06T07:22:12.763-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3664507/_Ethnicity_Conflict_and_History_in_Burma_The_Myths_of_Panglong_Asian_Survey_48_6_November_December_2008_889_910?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_3664507","summary":"The effects of the 1947 Panglong Agreement on Burma’s ethnic minority groups can still be seen today in calls for a return to the spirit of Panglong, but there are confl icting versions of this event and its legacy. In order to grasp the prospects for ethnic unity in Burma, it is necessary to deconstruct the various “myths” of Panglong.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31356148,"asset_id":3664507,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3415422,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Walton","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewWalton","display_name":"Matthew Walton","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3415422/2307423/2693077/s65_matthew.walton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35560489" data-work_id="35560489" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35560489/Law_and_Race_in_George_Orwell">Law and Race in George Orwell</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As Eric Blair, the young George Orwell served in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1929, a time of growing Burmese discontent with British rule. He wrote about Burma in a novel, Burmese Days, and a number of non-fictional... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35560489" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As Eric Blair, the young George Orwell served in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1929, a time of growing Burmese discontent with British rule. He wrote about Burma in a novel, Burmese Days, and a number of non-fictional writings. This article considers the nature of the law-and-order regime Orwell served in Burma, especially in the light of racial self-interest and Britain's commitment to the principle of the rule of law, and traces the issues of race and the law to his last novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35560489" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="449e74e43fc0994d7e153a2aeefedae9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58022944,"asset_id":35560489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58022944/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="82160" href="https://hku-hk.academia.edu/DouglasKerr">Douglas Kerr</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="82160" type="text/json">{"id":82160,"first_name":"Douglas","last_name":"Kerr","domain_name":"hku-hk","page_name":"DouglasKerr","display_name":"Douglas Kerr","profile_url":"https://hku-hk.academia.edu/DouglasKerr?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/82160/22836/19333020/s65_douglas.kerr.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35560489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35560489"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35560489, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35560489", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35560489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35560489; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35560489"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35560489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35560489"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35560489; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35560489]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35560489").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35560489").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35560489"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6556" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism">Colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6556" type="text/json">{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7199" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7199" type="text/json">{"id":7199,"name":"George Orwell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Orwell?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15419" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rule_of_Law">Rule of Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15419" type="text/json">{"id":15419,"name":"Rule of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rule_of_Law?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35560489]'), work: {"id":35560489,"title":"Law and Race in George Orwell","created_at":"2018-01-02T10:08:29.313-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35560489/Law_and_Race_in_George_Orwell?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_35560489","summary":"As Eric Blair, the young George Orwell served in the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1929, a time of growing Burmese discontent with British rule. He wrote about Burma in a novel, Burmese Days, and a number of non-fictional writings. This article considers the nature of the law-and-order regime Orwell served in Burma, especially in the light of racial self-interest and Britain's commitment to the principle of the rule of law, and traces the issues of race and the law to his last novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58022944,"asset_id":35560489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":82160,"first_name":"Douglas","last_name":"Kerr","domain_name":"hku-hk","page_name":"DouglasKerr","display_name":"Douglas Kerr","profile_url":"https://hku-hk.academia.edu/DouglasKerr?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/82160/22836/19333020/s65_douglas.kerr.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":7199,"name":"George Orwell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Orwell?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":15419,"name":"Rule of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rule_of_Law?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10367761" data-work_id="10367761" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10367761/Assessment_of_public_sector_research_organisations_in_Myanmar_an_exploratory_study">Assessment of public sector research organisations in Myanmar: an exploratory study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study of the workings of an important part of the Government of Myanmar was commissioned to inform IDRC future programming, and was not authorised by the Government itself. Fact finding was therefore limited to a review of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10367761" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study of the workings of an important part of the Government of Myanmar was commissioned <br />to inform IDRC future programming, and was not authorised by the Government itself. Fact finding <br />was therefore limited to a review of available literature and informal consultations with a small <br />sample of officials and experts of the international community in Yangon. The report therefore <br />presents a preliminary view from outside, not an assessment from within.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10367761" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e8246e357f157604e3483aeb353e2450" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36434716,"asset_id":10367761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36434716/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25485076" href="https://educateachild.academia.edu/MichaelMorrissey">Michael Patrick Morrissey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25485076" type="text/json">{"id":25485076,"first_name":"Michael Patrick","last_name":"Morrissey","domain_name":"educateachild","page_name":"MichaelMorrissey","display_name":"Michael Patrick Morrissey","profile_url":"https://educateachild.academia.edu/MichaelMorrissey?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25485076/7690874/8626050/s65_michael.morrissey.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10367761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10367761"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10367761, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10367761", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10367761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10367761; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10367761"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10367761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10367761"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10367761; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10367761]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10367761").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10367761").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10367761"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="394945" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar">Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="394945" type="text/json">{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1260845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Organisations">Research Organisations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1260845" type="text/json">{"id":1260845,"name":"Research Organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Organisations?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10367761]'), work: {"id":10367761,"title":"Assessment of public sector research organisations in Myanmar: an exploratory study","created_at":"2015-01-28T22:16:51.452-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10367761/Assessment_of_public_sector_research_organisations_in_Myanmar_an_exploratory_study?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_10367761","summary":"This study of the workings of an important part of the Government of Myanmar was commissioned\r\nto inform IDRC future programming, and was not authorised by the Government itself. Fact finding\r\nwas therefore limited to a review of available literature and informal consultations with a small\r\nsample of officials and experts of the international community in Yangon. The report therefore\r\npresents a preliminary view from outside, not an assessment from within.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36434716,"asset_id":10367761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25485076,"first_name":"Michael Patrick","last_name":"Morrissey","domain_name":"educateachild","page_name":"MichaelMorrissey","display_name":"Michael Patrick Morrissey","profile_url":"https://educateachild.academia.edu/MichaelMorrissey?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25485076/7690874/8626050/s65_michael.morrissey.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1260845,"name":"Research Organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Organisations?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1440799,"name":"Public Sector Research Establishments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Sector_Research_Establishments?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1146045" data-work_id="1146045" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1146045/How_an_authoritarian_regime_in_Burma_used_special_courts_to_defeat_judicial_independence">How an authoritarian regime in Burma used special courts to defeat judicial independence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Why do authoritarian rulers establish special courts? One view is that they do so to insulate the judiciary from politically oriented cases and allow it continued, albeit limited, independence. In this article I present a contrary case... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1146045" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Why do authoritarian rulers establish special courts? One view is that they do so to insulate the judiciary from politically oriented cases and allow it continued, albeit limited, independence. In this article I present a contrary case study of an authoritarian regime in Burma that used special courts not to insulate the judiciary but to defeat it. Through comparison to other Asian cases I suggest that the Burmese regime’s composition and character better explain its strategy than does extant judicial authority or formal ideology. The regime consisted of war fighters for whom the courts were enemy territory. But absent popular support, the regime’s leaders could not embark immediately on a radical project for legal change that might compromise their hold on power. Consequently, they used special courts and other strategies to defeat judicial independence incrementally, until they could displace the professional judiciary and bring the courts fully under executive control.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1146045" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3d1560a6b7707e91b02482bdbe93feb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30317684,"asset_id":1146045,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30317684/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="712922" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman">nick cheesman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="712922" type="text/json">{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1146045 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1146045"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1146045, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1146045", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1146045 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1146045; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1146045"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1146045 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1146045"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1146045; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1146045]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1146045").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1146045").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1146045"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3680" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts">Courts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3680" type="text/json">{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9625" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence">Judicial independence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9625" type="text/json">{"id":9625,"name":"Judicial independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1146045]'), work: {"id":1146045,"title":"How an authoritarian regime in Burma used special courts to defeat judicial independence","created_at":"2011-12-09T11:36:02.608-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1146045/How_an_authoritarian_regime_in_Burma_used_special_courts_to_defeat_judicial_independence?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_1146045","summary":"Why do authoritarian rulers establish special courts? One view is that they do so to insulate the judiciary from politically oriented cases and allow it continued, albeit limited, independence. In this article I present a contrary case study of an authoritarian regime in Burma that used special courts not to insulate the judiciary but to defeat it. Through comparison to other Asian cases I suggest that the Burmese regime’s composition and character better explain its strategy than does extant judicial authority or formal ideology. The regime consisted of war fighters for whom the courts were enemy territory. But absent popular support, the regime’s leaders could not embark immediately on a radical project for legal change that might compromise their hold on power. Consequently, they used special courts and other strategies to defeat judicial independence incrementally, until they could displace the professional judiciary and bring the courts fully under executive control.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30317684,"asset_id":1146045,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":9625,"name":"Judicial independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5792563" data-work_id="5792563" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5792563/Buddhist_Narrative_Imagery_during_the_Eleventh_Century_at_Pagan_Burma_Reviewing_Origins_and_Purpose">Buddhist Narrative Imagery during the Eleventh Century at Pagan, Burma: Reviewing Origins and Purpose</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Narrative is an integral feature of Burmese Buddhist art yet there has been little investigation into why or how visual narratives came to dominate the Buddhist artistic repertoire. The origins of these narratives can be found in Buddhist... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5792563" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Narrative is an integral feature of Burmese Buddhist art yet there has been little investigation into why or how visual narratives came to dominate the Buddhist artistic repertoire. The origins of these narratives can be found in Buddhist canonical and non-canonical literature. The initial interpretation of narratives followed a pictorial narrative framework, with the visual being viewed as a literal representation of these textual narrative. Pictorial narrative theory now acknowledges that a visual narrative may be seen as concurrently representing a particular story and illuminating multi-layered meanings. This paper reviews the multiple narratives that are dominant visual features of the Ananda Temple at Pagan and offers an interpretation that extends beyond the text-image pictorial narrative view.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5792563" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eed20d0bc32f8ee52f2c38f0023a3f05" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57369302,"asset_id":5792563,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57369302/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3647569" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/CharlotteGalloway">Charlotte Galloway</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3647569" type="text/json">{"id":3647569,"first_name":"Charlotte","last_name":"Galloway","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"CharlotteGalloway","display_name":"Charlotte Galloway","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/CharlotteGalloway?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3647569/1284435/18826827/s65_charlotte.galloway.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5792563 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5792563"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5792563, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5792563", }); 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This paper reviews the multiple narratives that are dominant visual features of the Ananda Temple at Pagan and offers an interpretation that extends beyond the text-image pictorial narrative view.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57369302,"asset_id":5792563,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3647569,"first_name":"Charlotte","last_name":"Galloway","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"CharlotteGalloway","display_name":"Charlotte Galloway","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/CharlotteGalloway?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3647569/1284435/18826827/s65_charlotte.galloway.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6733,"name":"Buddhist Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":300565,"name":"Archaeology and Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_and_Art_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8211439" data-work_id="8211439" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8211439/_Work_plus_prayer_The_life_and_legacy_of_Dr_Martha_Jane_Gifford_1886_1982_">“Work plus prayer”: The life and legacy of Dr. Martha Jane Gifford (1886-1982).</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A biographical paper on Martha Gifford, a 20th century American Baptist missionary doctor to Moulmein, Burma and India. v1.0</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8211439" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e3be6bf66c5dba598fe3a129c8e52d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":108197523,"asset_id":8211439,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108197523/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missionary_History">Missionary History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7397" type="text/json">{"id":7397,"name":"Missionary History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missionary_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8265" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography">Biography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8265" type="text/json">{"id":8265,"name":"Biography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8495" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Missions">History of Missions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8495" type="text/json">{"id":8495,"name":"History of Missions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Missions?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8211439]'), work: {"id":8211439,"title":"“Work plus prayer”: The life and legacy of Dr. Martha Jane Gifford (1886-1982).","created_at":"2014-09-05T08:14:50.678-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8211439/_Work_plus_prayer_The_life_and_legacy_of_Dr_Martha_Jane_Gifford_1886_1982_?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_8211439","summary":"A biographical paper on Martha Gifford, a 20th century American Baptist missionary doctor to Moulmein, Burma and India. 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type="text/json">{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1696" type="text/json">{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25051" type="text/json">{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=51217468]'), work: 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43162158" data-work_id="43162158" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43162158/ANTIQUE_LACQUERWARE_BOXES_MASTERPIECES_OF_BURMA">ANTIQUE LACQUERWARE BOXES: MASTERPIECES OF BURMA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Descriptions and photos of 14 old lacquerware boxes from Burma, Myanmar. The boxes are more than 100 years old and of exceptional quality, most likely from the Shan State. Some are betel boxes, and the majority is made from a base of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43162158" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Descriptions and photos of 14 old lacquerware boxes from Burma, Myanmar. The boxes are more than 100 years old and of exceptional quality, most likely from the Shan State. Some are betel boxes, and the majority is made from a base of horse hair and bamboo, lacquer, dyes and gold</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43162158" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b5fd28785ca2d2c6ac3e35ae894e62db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63424580,"asset_id":43162158,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63424580/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46806025" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg">Jorn Middelborg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46806025" type="text/json">{"id":46806025,"first_name":"Jorn","last_name":"Middelborg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JMiddelborg","display_name":"Jorn Middelborg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46806025/12473464/58808448/s65_jorn.middelborg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43162158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43162158"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43162158, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43162158", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43162158]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43162158").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43162158").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43162158"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7279" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bagan_period_Archaeology_">Bagan period (Archaeology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7279" type="text/json">{"id":7279,"name":"Bagan period (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bagan_period_Archaeology_?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Betel_nut">Betel nut</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21407" type="text/json">{"id":21407,"name":"Betel nut","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Betel_nut?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43162158]'), work: {"id":43162158,"title":"ANTIQUE LACQUERWARE BOXES: MASTERPIECES OF BURMA","created_at":"2020-05-25T18:26:34.572-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43162158/ANTIQUE_LACQUERWARE_BOXES_MASTERPIECES_OF_BURMA?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_43162158","summary":"Descriptions and photos of 14 old lacquerware boxes from Burma, Myanmar. The boxes are more than 100 years old and of exceptional quality, most likely from the Shan State. 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});</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2385030 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2385030; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2385030"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2385030 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2385030"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2385030; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2385030]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2385030").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2385030").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2385030"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12739" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War">Second World War</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12739" type="text/json">{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2385030]'), work: {"id":2385030,"title":"Aung San's lan-zin, the Blue Print and the Japanese occupation of Burma1","created_at":"2013-01-10T07:21:41.273-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2385030/Aung_Sans_lan_zin_the_Blue_Print_and_the_Japanese_occupation_of_Burma1?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_2385030","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30419154,"asset_id":2385030,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":898154,"first_name":"Gustaaf","last_name":"Houtman","domain_name":"therai","page_name":"GustaafHoutman","display_name":"Gustaaf Houtman","profile_url":"https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/898154/2321082/2707871/s65_gustaaf.houtman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_892299" data-work_id="892299" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/892299/SeeingKarenin_the_Union_of_Myanmar">Seeing'Karen'in the Union of Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Karen identity is problematic, as peoples known as 'Karen' do not share a common language, culture, religion or material characteristics. Most of the research on Karens has been conducted in Thailand, but the dominant 'pan-Karen' identity... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_892299" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Karen identity is problematic, as peoples known as 'Karen' do not share a common language, culture, religion or material characteristics. Most of the research on Karens has been conducted in Thailand, but the dominant 'pan-Karen' identity is a product of social and historical forces in Myanmar, where this study is focused. In the main part of this paper, I reveal the subjective criteria that have come to signify pan-Karen identity. My primary source material consists of internal literary discourses. In particular, I have drawn on the historical texts of two British colonial-era authors: T. Thanbyah and Saw Aung Hla. Three significant concepts appear in their works and subsequent internal discourses on Karen identity: that Karens are oppressed, uneducated and virtuous. In the latter part of the paper, I review contemporary Myanmar government policy on ethnic identity, highlighting the assigned role of 'Union Spirit' among all groups in the country towards overcoming superficial differences. State policies are designed--among other things--to emphasise a myth of common descent of all 'national races'; construct a unifying national culture, and concentrate administrative power at the centre. Both Karen identity and the Union of Myanmar are products of the same historical and social conditions. Both appeal to a supposed unity, but in other characteristics differ. State discourses suggest accommodation, but are directed towards social control. Karen identity is born of primordial statements but is manifest in structural opposition to the state. Ultimately, while the state seeks to assimilate all, Karen nationalists aim towards the assimilation of their own and separation from others.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/892299" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b710da715f5052f0cfca994fbfb84ed4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5403887,"asset_id":892299,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5403887/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="712922" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman">nick cheesman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="712922" type="text/json">{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_892299 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="892299"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 892299, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_892299", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=892299]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_892299").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_892299").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="892299"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24748" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24748" type="text/json">{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=892299]'), work: {"id":892299,"title":"Seeing'Karen'in the Union of Myanmar","created_at":"2011-09-06T16:04:44.525-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/892299/SeeingKarenin_the_Union_of_Myanmar?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_892299","summary":"Karen identity is problematic, as peoples known as 'Karen' do not share a common language, culture, religion or material characteristics. Most of the research on Karens has been conducted in Thailand, but the dominant 'pan-Karen' identity is a product of social and historical forces in Myanmar, where this study is focused. In the main part of this paper, I reveal the subjective criteria that have come to signify pan-Karen identity. My primary source material consists of internal literary discourses. In particular, I have drawn on the historical texts of two British colonial-era authors: T. Thanbyah and Saw Aung Hla. Three significant concepts appear in their works and subsequent internal discourses on Karen identity: that Karens are oppressed, uneducated and virtuous. In the latter part of the paper, I review contemporary Myanmar government policy on ethnic identity, highlighting the assigned role of 'Union Spirit' among all groups in the country towards overcoming superficial differences. State policies are designed--among other things--to emphasise a myth of common descent of all 'national races'; construct a unifying national culture, and concentrate administrative power at the centre. Both Karen identity and the Union of Myanmar are products of the same historical and social conditions. Both appeal to a supposed unity, but in other characteristics differ. State discourses suggest accommodation, but are directed towards social control. Karen identity is born of primordial statements but is manifest in structural opposition to the state. Ultimately, while the state seeks to assimilate all, Karen nationalists aim towards the assimilation of their own and separation from others.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":5403887,"asset_id":892299,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":235184,"name":"Karen people","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karen_people?f_ri=29170"},{"id":391715,"name":"Ethnicity and National Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity_and_National_Identity?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17410815" data-work_id="17410815" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17410815/_A_Brief_History_of_Yangon_in_Yangon_and_Shwedagon_Pagoda_Other_Places_Travel_Guide">"A Brief History of Yangon" in Yangon & Shwedagon Pagoda: Other Places Travel Guide</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The history of the city of Yangon travels on two tracks. One is religious. The other is economic. Even when Yangon may have seemed to be a city of politics after the Third Anglo-Burmese War (1886) and again after independence (1948) up... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17410815" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The history of the city of Yangon travels on two tracks. One is religious. The other is economic. Even when Yangon may have seemed to be a city of politics after the Third Anglo-Burmese War (1886) and again after independence (1948) up until the capital officially moved to Naypyidaw (2005), religious or economic factors were never far from the surface. One could argue that without either the religious or the economic element, Yangon never could have become a teeming metropolis and the largest city of Myanmar. Another way to say this is that, though neither religion nor the economy comprised Yangon’s character alone, they were both absolutely necessary to provide it with the importance and personality that Yangon carries today.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17410815" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dae2ca211dca207a6295bbddb2bf0200" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39490879,"asset_id":17410815,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39490879/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9530691" href="https://niu.academia.edu/TFRhoden">T F Rhoden</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9530691" type="text/json">{"id":9530691,"first_name":"T F","last_name":"Rhoden","domain_name":"niu","page_name":"TFRhoden","display_name":"T F Rhoden","profile_url":"https://niu.academia.edu/TFRhoden?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9530691/9207623/10266629/s65_t_f.rhoden.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17410815 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17410815"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17410815, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17410815", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17410815]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17410815").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17410815").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17410815"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1082" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel_Writing">Travel Writing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1082" type="text/json">{"id":1082,"name":"Travel Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel_Writing?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17410815]'), work: {"id":17410815,"title":"\"A Brief History of Yangon\" in Yangon \u0026 Shwedagon Pagoda: Other Places Travel Guide","created_at":"2015-10-28T04:57:36.146-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17410815/_A_Brief_History_of_Yangon_in_Yangon_and_Shwedagon_Pagoda_Other_Places_Travel_Guide?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_17410815","summary":"The history of the city of Yangon travels on two tracks. One is religious. The other is economic. Even when Yangon may have seemed to be a city of politics after the Third Anglo-Burmese War (1886) and again after independence (1948) up until the capital officially moved to Naypyidaw (2005), religious or economic factors were never far from the surface. One could argue that without either the religious or the economic element, Yangon never could have become a teeming metropolis and the largest city of Myanmar. Another way to say this is that, though neither religion nor the economy comprised Yangon’s character alone, they were both absolutely necessary to provide it with the importance and personality that Yangon carries today.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39490879,"asset_id":17410815,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9530691,"first_name":"T F","last_name":"Rhoden","domain_name":"niu","page_name":"TFRhoden","display_name":"T F Rhoden","profile_url":"https://niu.academia.edu/TFRhoden?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9530691/9207623/10266629/s65_t_f.rhoden.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1082,"name":"Travel Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel_Writing?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":21277,"name":"Travel Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel_Literature?f_ri=29170"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":57928,"name":"Travel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel?f_ri=29170"},{"id":62988,"name":"Traveling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Traveling?f_ri=29170"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":270821,"name":"Yangon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yangon?f_ri=29170"},{"id":817845,"name":"Yangon/Rangoon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yangon_Rangoon?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2196152,"name":"Travelguide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travelguide?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8424230" data-work_id="8424230" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8424230/The_Rohingya_and_National_Identities_in_Burma">The Rohingya and National Identities in Burma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8424230" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="34c3e9640e33161759552e384d3ced07" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34815429,"asset_id":8424230,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34815429/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="933921" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/CarlosGalache">Carlos Sardiña Galache</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="933921" type="text/json">{"id":933921,"first_name":"Carlos","last_name":"Sardiña Galache","domain_name":"ucm","page_name":"CarlosGalache","display_name":"Carlos Sardiña Galache","profile_url":"https://ucm.academia.edu/CarlosGalache?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/933921/2790291/16737887/s65_carlos.sardi_a_galache.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8424230 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" 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hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8424230"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8424230; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8424230]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8424230").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8424230").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8424230"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="552165" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims">Rohingya Muslims</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="552165" type="text/json">{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8424230]'), work: {"id":8424230,"title":"The Rohingya and National Identities in Burma","created_at":"2014-09-21T11:54:53.462-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8424230/The_Rohingya_and_National_Identities_in_Burma?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_8424230","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34815429,"asset_id":8424230,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":933921,"first_name":"Carlos","last_name":"Sardiña Galache","domain_name":"ucm","page_name":"CarlosGalache","display_name":"Carlos Sardiña Galache","profile_url":"https://ucm.academia.edu/CarlosGalache?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/933921/2790291/16737887/s65_carlos.sardi_a_galache.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17622479" data-work_id="17622479" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17622479/Francis_Buchanan_in_Southeast_Bengal_1798_His_Journey_to_Chittagong_the_Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Noakhali_and_Comilla_1992_">Francis Buchanan in Southeast Bengal (1798): His Journey to Chittagong, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Noakhali and Comilla (1992)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Dhaka: University Press Limited, 1992</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17622479" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9c95076b0a7c97b1c690a70057222360" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49039335,"asset_id":17622479,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49039335/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32950572" href="https://uva.academia.edu/WillemVanSchendel">Willem van Schendel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32950572" type="text/json">{"id":32950572,"first_name":"Willem","last_name":"van Schendel","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"WillemVanSchendel","display_name":"Willem van Schendel","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/WillemVanSchendel?f_ri=29170","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17622479 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17622479"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17622479, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17622479", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17622479 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17622479; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17622479"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17622479 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17622479"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17622479; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17622479]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17622479").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17622479").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17622479"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="139" type="text/json">{"id":139,"name":"Ethnohistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnohistory?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="266" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Geography">Historical Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="266" type="text/json">{"id":266,"name":"Historical Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Geography?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="792" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Anthropology">Historical Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="792" type="text/json">{"id":792,"name":"Historical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Anthropology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1082" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel_Writing">Travel Writing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1082" type="text/json">{"id":1082,"name":"Travel Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel_Writing?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17622479]'), work: {"id":17622479,"title":"Francis Buchanan in Southeast Bengal (1798): His Journey to Chittagong, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Noakhali and Comilla (1992)","created_at":"2015-11-02T12:35:37.142-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17622479/Francis_Buchanan_in_Southeast_Bengal_1798_His_Journey_to_Chittagong_the_Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Noakhali_and_Comilla_1992_?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_17622479","summary":"Dhaka: University Press Limited, 1992","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49039335,"asset_id":17622479,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32950572,"first_name":"Willem","last_name":"van Schendel","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"WillemVanSchendel","display_name":"Willem van Schendel","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/WillemVanSchendel?f_ri=29170","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":139,"name":"Ethnohistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnohistory?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":266,"name":"Historical Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Geography?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":792,"name":"Historical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Anthropology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1082,"name":"Travel Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel_Writing?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=29170"},{"id":9922,"name":"Exploration History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploration_History?f_ri=29170"},{"id":12961,"name":"British Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Empire?f_ri=29170"},{"id":15150,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History_1600_-_?f_ri=29170"},{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":86840,"name":"Chittagong Hill Tracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts?f_ri=29170"},{"id":113614,"name":"Travel and travelogues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Travel_and_travelogues?f_ri=29170"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":198582,"name":"British Indian Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Indian_Empire?f_ri=29170"},{"id":272310,"name":"Chittagong","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chittagong?f_ri=29170"},{"id":497502,"name":"Comilla","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comilla?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1002968,"name":"Mizoram","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mizoram?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1622920,"name":"Noakhali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noakhali?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38002860" data-work_id="38002860" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38002860/George_Orwell_and_the_Police">George Orwell and the Police</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The police were important to Orwell throughout his career, from the imperial force with which he served in Burma, to the Spanish police from whom he escaped in Barcelona in 1937, to the Thought Police who come inevitably for Winston Smith... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38002860" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The police were important to Orwell throughout his career, from the imperial force with which he served in Burma, to the Spanish police from whom he escaped in Barcelona in 1937, to the Thought Police who come inevitably for Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Since that novel, the apparatus of the police state is often called “Orwellian”. This essay asks what the police meant to Orwell, who had seen the disciplinary regime, as it were, from both sides. Hitherto unremarked but significant continuities emerge in the critical representation of the police across Orwell’s work, from his first novel, Burmese Days (1934), to his last, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38002860" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e2fd0d103715899adb2d813b98fa1373" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58022428,"asset_id":38002860,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58022428/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="82160" href="https://hku-hk.academia.edu/DouglasKerr">Douglas Kerr</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="82160" type="text/json">{"id":82160,"first_name":"Douglas","last_name":"Kerr","domain_name":"hku-hk","page_name":"DouglasKerr","display_name":"Douglas Kerr","profile_url":"https://hku-hk.academia.edu/DouglasKerr?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/82160/22836/19333020/s65_douglas.kerr.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38002860 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38002860"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38002860, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38002860", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38002860]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38002860").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38002860").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38002860"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7199" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7199" type="text/json">{"id":7199,"name":"George Orwell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_Orwell?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="997471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Discourse_Analysis">Colonial Discourse Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="997471" type="text/json">{"id":997471,"name":"Colonial Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38002860]'), work: {"id":38002860,"title":"George Orwell and the Police","created_at":"2018-12-18T08:45:52.812-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38002860/George_Orwell_and_the_Police?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_38002860","summary":"The police were important to Orwell throughout his career, from the imperial force with which he served in Burma, to the Spanish police from whom he escaped in Barcelona in 1937, to the Thought Police who come inevitably for Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Since that novel, the apparatus of the police state is often called “Orwellian”. This essay asks what the police meant to Orwell, who had seen the disciplinary regime, as it were, from both sides. 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I am comforted... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39291372" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">{Camila Dadabhoy, UC Irvine} “Alahu Akbar, Alahu Akbar!”<br />The long, drawn out, Arabic words singing from the round Athaan clock in the kitchen echo throughout the house, signaling the time for the Islamic afternoon prayer. I am comforted by this strong symphony, when it is suddenly contrasted with the very same words being uttered from a handsome, African-Grey parrot perched high in a tall, white cage. He repeats the words with such similarity, with a few<br />parrot-voiced undertones that lead you to remember that this was indeed, a bird.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39291372" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c0accdd8007b5ea38da14e2b8e47b438" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59428315,"asset_id":39291372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59428315/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="79459171" href="https://bowdoin.academia.edu/TheFoundationalistJournal">The Foundationalist</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="79459171" type="text/json">{"id":79459171,"first_name":"The","last_name":"Foundationalist","domain_name":"bowdoin","page_name":"TheFoundationalistJournal","display_name":"The Foundationalist","profile_url":"https://bowdoin.academia.edu/TheFoundationalistJournal?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79459171/19795466/19776419/s65_the.foundationalist.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-39291372">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-39291372"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uci.academia.edu/CamilaDadabhoy">Camila Dadabhoy</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-39291372'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-39291372').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39291372 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39291372"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39291372; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39291372]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39291372").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39291372").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39291372"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43838" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India">India</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43838" type="text/json">{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="165026" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Dream">American Dream</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="165026" type="text/json">{"id":165026,"name":"American Dream","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Dream?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39291372]'), work: {"id":39291372,"title":"An American Nightmare","created_at":"2019-05-28T17:20:58.557-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39291372/An_American_Nightmare?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_39291372","summary":"{Camila Dadabhoy, UC Irvine} “Alahu Akbar, Alahu Akbar!”\nThe long, drawn out, Arabic words singing from the round Athaan clock in the kitchen echo throughout the house, signaling the time for the Islamic afternoon prayer. I am comforted by this strong symphony, when it is suddenly contrasted with the very same words being uttered from a handsome, African-Grey parrot perched high in a tall, white cage. He repeats the words with such similarity, with a few\nparrot-voiced undertones that lead you to remember that this was indeed, a bird.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59428315,"asset_id":39291372,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":79459171,"first_name":"The","last_name":"Foundationalist","domain_name":"bowdoin","page_name":"TheFoundationalistJournal","display_name":"The Foundationalist","profile_url":"https://bowdoin.academia.edu/TheFoundationalistJournal?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79459171/19795466/19776419/s65_the.foundationalist.png"},{"id":113149977,"first_name":"Camila","last_name":"Dadabhoy","domain_name":"uci","page_name":"CamilaDadabhoy","display_name":"Camila Dadabhoy","profile_url":"https://uci.academia.edu/CamilaDadabhoy?f_ri=29170","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":165026,"name":"American Dream","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Dream?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":179481,"name":"Assimilation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assimilation?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6611610" data-work_id="6611610" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6611610/A_short_research_guide_to_Myanmars_legal_system">A short research guide to Myanmar's legal system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6611610" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f437cd4dd754e4f58059a5de5c141e9d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45060302,"asset_id":6611610,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45060302/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="712922" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman">nick cheesman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="712922" type="text/json">{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6611610 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6611610"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6611610, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6611610", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6611610]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6611610").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6611610").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6611610"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3680" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts">Courts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3680" type="text/json">{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6611610]'), work: {"id":6611610,"title":"A short research guide to Myanmar's legal system","created_at":"2014-03-31T21:44:33.757-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6611610/A_short_research_guide_to_Myanmars_legal_system?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_6611610","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45060302,"asset_id":6611610,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35413495 coauthored" data-work_id="35413495" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35413495/Myanmar_Hluttaws_The_Youngest_Parliament_of_Southeast_Asia">Myanmar Hluttaws - The Youngest Parliament of Southeast Asia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Since 2011, Myanmar has undergone a profound reformation process emerging from an authoritarian regime towards a democratic order. The reformation process did not only lead to an overarching spirit of optimism, but also to the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35413495" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Since 2011, Myanmar has undergone a profound reformation process emerging from an authoritarian regime towards a democratic order. The reformation process did not only lead to an overarching spirit of optimism, but also to the establishment of new parliamentary structures. However, the first legislative period between 2011 and 2016 was mainly stamped by the gradual development of a democratic and legitimate institutional fabric.<br />The Parliament of Myanmar – the so-called Myanmar Hluttaws – was able to further strengthen its institutional legitimation and to gain high esteem after the landslide victory of the National League of Democracy (NLD) and the party’s absolute majority in both the Upper (Pyithu Hluttaw) and Lower House (Amyotha Hluttaw) in the mainly free and democratic 2015 elections – especially with its most famous member Aung San Suu Kyi, the head of the NLD and critically discussed opposition leader.<br />Therefore, the Myanmar Hluttaws represent essential change in one of the most aspiring countries in South-East Asia and could play a leading role for the ongoing reformation process of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. This essay will provide a short history of the Hluttaws, followed by an overview of the parliament’s structure and concluded with pin-pointing the most pressing current issues it has to deal with.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35413495" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2943e961e1a05407f4d391808c052675" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55274360,"asset_id":35413495,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55274360/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38901387" href="https://institutfutur.academia.edu/LutzKohne">Lutz Kohne</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38901387" type="text/json">{"id":38901387,"first_name":"Lutz","last_name":"Kohne","domain_name":"institutfutur","page_name":"LutzKohne","display_name":"Lutz Kohne","profile_url":"https://institutfutur.academia.edu/LutzKohne?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38901387/10869527/154196607/s65_lutz.kohne.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35413495">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35413495"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AchimMunz">Achim Munz</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35413495'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35413495').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35413495 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35413495"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35413495; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35413495]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35413495").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35413495").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35413495"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy">Democracy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17123" type="text/json">{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35413495]'), work: {"id":35413495,"title":"Myanmar Hluttaws - The Youngest Parliament of Southeast Asia","created_at":"2017-12-12T14:27:32.073-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35413495/Myanmar_Hluttaws_The_Youngest_Parliament_of_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_35413495","summary":"Since 2011, Myanmar has undergone a profound reformation process emerging from an authoritarian regime towards a democratic order. The reformation process did not only lead to an overarching spirit of optimism, but also to the establishment of new parliamentary structures. However, the first legislative period between 2011 and 2016 was mainly stamped by the gradual development of a democratic and legitimate institutional fabric.\nThe Parliament of Myanmar – the so-called Myanmar Hluttaws – was able to further strengthen its institutional legitimation and to gain high esteem after the landslide victory of the National League of Democracy (NLD) and the party’s absolute majority in both the Upper (Pyithu Hluttaw) and Lower House (Amyotha Hluttaw) in the mainly free and democratic 2015 elections – especially with its most famous member Aung San Suu Kyi, the head of the NLD and critically discussed opposition leader.\nTherefore, the Myanmar Hluttaws represent essential change in one of the most aspiring countries in South-East Asia and could play a leading role for the ongoing reformation process of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. This essay will provide a short history of the Hluttaws, followed by an overview of the parliament’s structure and concluded with pin-pointing the most pressing current issues it has to deal with.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55274360,"asset_id":35413495,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38901387,"first_name":"Lutz","last_name":"Kohne","domain_name":"institutfutur","page_name":"LutzKohne","display_name":"Lutz Kohne","profile_url":"https://institutfutur.academia.edu/LutzKohne?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38901387/10869527/154196607/s65_lutz.kohne.jpg"},{"id":325757612,"first_name":"Achim","last_name":"Munz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AchimMunz","display_name":"Achim Munz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AchimMunz?f_ri=29170","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=29170"},{"id":964756,"name":"Westminster System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Westminster_System?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2383847,"name":"NLD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NLD?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2841807,"name":"Hluttaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hluttaw?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2841808,"name":"Pyithu Hluttaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyithu_Hluttaw?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2841809,"name":"Amyotha Hluttaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amyotha_Hluttaw?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_282924" data-work_id="282924" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/282924/Forestry_as_Foreign_Policy_Anglo_Siamese_Relations_and_the_Origins_of_Britain_s_Informal_Empire_in_the_Teak_Forests_of_Northern_Siam_1883_1925">Forestry as Foreign Policy: Anglo-Siamese Relations and the Origins of Britain’s Informal Empire in the Teak Forests of Northern Siam, 1883-1925</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines how the British Foreign Office worked hand-in-hand with the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation, the Bangkok Monarchy, and British foresters to create and secure an informal empire over the teak forests in northern... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_282924" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines how the British Foreign Office worked hand-in-hand with the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation, the Bangkok Monarchy, and British foresters to create and secure an informal empire over the teak forests in northern Siam, thus securing British profits, putting a Briton in charge of the Forestry Department, and keeping the French from encroaching on Burma and India. The Bangkok elite also profited by this process and gained legal and administrative control over the northern regions of Siam.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/282924" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="985c25cac511e90924c27af0757faeb7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":1290312,"asset_id":282924,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/1290312/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43865" href="https://westernsydney.academia.edu/BrettBennett">Brett Bennett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43865" type="text/json">{"id":43865,"first_name":"Brett","last_name":"Bennett","domain_name":"westernsydney","page_name":"BrettBennett","display_name":"Brett Bennett","profile_url":"https://westernsydney.academia.edu/BrettBennett?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43865/14079/13171/s65_brett.bennett.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_282924 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="282924"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 282924, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_282924", }); 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The Bangkok elite also profited by this process and gained legal and administrative control over the northern regions of Siam.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":1290312,"asset_id":282924,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43865,"first_name":"Brett","last_name":"Bennett","domain_name":"westernsydney","page_name":"BrettBennett","display_name":"Brett Bennett","profile_url":"https://westernsydney.academia.edu/BrettBennett?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43865/14079/13171/s65_brett.bennett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1041,"name":"Forestry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forestry?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":3722,"name":"Environmental History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6888,"name":"Indian Ocean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Ocean_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":12177,"name":"Thai History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thai_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":12961,"name":"British Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Empire?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":34425,"name":"Monarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monarchy?f_ri=29170"},{"id":35168,"name":"French Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Imperialism?f_ri=29170"},{"id":174487,"name":"Siam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Siam?f_ri=29170"},{"id":174488,"name":"Bombay Burma Trading Corporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bombay_Burma_Trading_Corporation?f_ri=29170"},{"id":174489,"name":"Herbert Slade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herbert_Slade?f_ri=29170"},{"id":174490,"name":"Indian Forest Service","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Forest_Service?f_ri=29170"},{"id":174491,"name":"Teak","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teak?f_ri=29170"},{"id":174492,"name":"Informal Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Informal_Empire?f_ri=29170"},{"id":199671,"name":"Bangkok","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangkok?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17373982" data-work_id="17373982" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17373982/Influential_factors_in_the_design_of_religious_monuments_in_ancient_Bagan">Influential factors in the design of religious monuments in ancient Bagan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The intention of this thesis is to discuss the potential origins of the early Pyu and Mon era religious architecture of Myanmar. The period of architecture that will be in focus is the era preceding the 9th century CE., which marked the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17373982" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The intention of this thesis is to discuss the potential origins of the early Pyu and Mon era religious architecture of Myanmar. The period of architecture that will be in focus is the era preceding the 9th century CE., which marked the development of a new Burmese Kingdom known as Bagan in central Myanmar. There are some significant studies already conducted in this field of research, however what is lesser know about the developing Bagan kingdom, is what were the specific antecedents of the first temples, stupas and other religious monuments which appeared on the Myanmar landscape, built mostly by the Mon and the Pyu civilizations sometimes as early as the 1st century CE.. Existing research suggest heavy influence by Indian religious architecture which possibly traveled to the lands of the Mon and Pyu via Indian traders or sojourning Buddhist monks wanting to spread their religion to other kingdoms of South East Asia. So far much of what is known about the antecedents of early Myanmar architecture is for the most part assumptions based on archaeological evidence that does show some similarity between sites located at Beikthano in Myanmar, and Nagarjunakonda in India. However, comprehensive literature on the subject of the origin of Myanmar architecture is scarce and what literature does cover the subject can often be quite vague in its explanation. The following thesis will presently discuss several theories on potential origins of Myanmar architecture and conclude with an overview of where research currently may be lacking.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17373982" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a00a7ffb8d65c48368bb884c91f67eb0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39473452,"asset_id":17373982,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39473452/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29032875" href="https://sydney.academia.edu/WayneMorris">Wayne Morris</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29032875" type="text/json">{"id":29032875,"first_name":"Wayne","last_name":"Morris","domain_name":"sydney","page_name":"WayneMorris","display_name":"Wayne Morris","profile_url":"https://sydney.academia.edu/WayneMorris?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29032875/8266938/104168097/s65_wayne.morris.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17373982 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17373982"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17373982, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17373982", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17373982]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17373982").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17373982").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17373982"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13202" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbology">Symbology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13202" type="text/json">{"id":13202,"name":"Symbology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17373982]'), work: {"id":17373982,"title":"Influential factors in the design of religious monuments in ancient Bagan","created_at":"2015-10-27T16:07:39.249-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17373982/Influential_factors_in_the_design_of_religious_monuments_in_ancient_Bagan?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_17373982","summary":"The intention of this thesis is to discuss the potential origins of the early Pyu and Mon era religious architecture of Myanmar. The period of architecture that will be in focus is the era preceding the 9th century CE., which marked the development of a new Burmese Kingdom known as Bagan in central Myanmar. There are some significant studies already conducted in this field of research, however what is lesser know about the developing Bagan kingdom, is what were the specific antecedents of the first temples, stupas and other religious monuments which appeared on the Myanmar landscape, built mostly by the Mon and the Pyu civilizations sometimes as early as the 1st century CE.. Existing research suggest heavy influence by Indian religious architecture which possibly traveled to the lands of the Mon and Pyu via Indian traders or sojourning Buddhist monks wanting to spread their religion to other kingdoms of South East Asia. So far much of what is known about the antecedents of early Myanmar architecture is for the most part assumptions based on archaeological evidence that does show some similarity between sites located at Beikthano in Myanmar, and Nagarjunakonda in India. However, comprehensive literature on the subject of the origin of Myanmar architecture is scarce and what literature does cover the subject can often be quite vague in its explanation. The following thesis will presently discuss several theories on potential origins of Myanmar architecture and conclude with an overview of where research currently may be lacking.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39473452,"asset_id":17373982,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29032875,"first_name":"Wayne","last_name":"Morris","domain_name":"sydney","page_name":"WayneMorris","display_name":"Wayne Morris","profile_url":"https://sydney.academia.edu/WayneMorris?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29032875/8266938/104168097/s65_wayne.morris.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":13202,"name":"Symbology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbology?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":45408,"name":"History of architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_architecture?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":80929,"name":"Hindu temples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hindu_temples?f_ri=29170"},{"id":512813,"name":"Indian Temple Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Temple_Architecture?f_ri=29170"},{"id":539637,"name":"Architectural Symbolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_Symbolism?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6642560" data-work_id="6642560" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6642560/Themes_in_Sredni_Vashtar">Themes in Sredni Vashtar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6642560" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a2491b8b40d190ea41dd2427416479a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33378556,"asset_id":6642560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33378556/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5601868" href="https://independent.academia.edu/jmberge">John Berge</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5601868" type="text/json">{"id":5601868,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Berge","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"jmberge","display_name":"John Berge","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/jmberge?f_ri=29170","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6642560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6642560"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6642560, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6642560", }); 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It is unprecedented in scale, fascinating in form and shows a profound societal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_52291291" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Myanmar’s Spring Revolution is a grassroots, bottom-to-top<br />nationwide resistance against the military ruling class that retook<br />state power in February 2021. It is unprecedented in scale,<br />fascinating in form and shows a profound societal change within<br />the country.<br /><a href="http://crisea.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Policy-brief-Michal-Lubina.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://crisea.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Policy-brief-Michal-Lubina.pdf</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52291291" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d7d7e4df4f98a6cab91fa5efe9b960c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69624241,"asset_id":52291291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69624241/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52291291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52291291"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52291291, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52291291", }); 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It is unprecedented in scale,\nfascinating in form and shows a profound societal change within\nthe country.\nhttp://crisea.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Policy-brief-Michal-Lubina.pdf","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69624241,"asset_id":52291291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":3558,"name":"South Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":4487,"name":"Revolutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolutions?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170"},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=29170"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar 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Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":447193,"name":"Indian and South Asian Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_and_South_Asian_Historiography?f_ri=29170"},{"id":722440,"name":"Coup D`etats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coup_Detats-1?f_ri=29170"},{"id":976507,"name":"Burmese Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Politics?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36818894" data-work_id="36818894" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36818894/Myanmars_violent_road_to_peace">Myanmar's violent road to 'peace'</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This essay analyses the key trends in violence between January-May 2018 and their implications on the peace process.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36818894" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c0f73e8b5dee6ea68aa561728c55c6f5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56770352,"asset_id":36818894,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen 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Choudhury","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/AngshumanChoudhury?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62309191/16821277/20779925/s65_angshuman.choudhury.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36818894 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36818894"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36818894, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36818894", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36818894 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36818894; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var 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u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36818894"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3849" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict">Conflict</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3849" type="text/json">{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12939" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armed_Conflict">Armed Conflict</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12939" type="text/json">{"id":12939,"name":"Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armed_Conflict?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13614" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution">Conflict Resolution</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13614" type="text/json">{"id":13614,"name":"Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36818894]'), work: {"id":36818894,"title":"Myanmar's violent road to 'peace'","created_at":"2018-06-10T21:17:50.437-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36818894/Myanmars_violent_road_to_peace?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_36818894","summary":"This essay analyses the key trends in violence between January-May 2018 and their implications on the peace process.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56770352,"asset_id":36818894,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":62309191,"first_name":"Angshuman","last_name":"Choudhury","domain_name":"durham","page_name":"AngshumanChoudhury","display_name":"Angshuman Choudhury","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/AngshumanChoudhury?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62309191/16821277/20779925/s65_angshuman.choudhury.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict 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War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":62167,"name":"Peace Processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_Processes?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64908555" data-work_id="64908555" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64908555/Revolution_in_Myanmar">Revolution in Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The date 27 March was once known as Fascist Resistance Day in Myanmar, which was once known as Burma. It was a day to commemorate the struggle against Japanese imperialism. Later, its name shortened to Resistance Day, or more precisely... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64908555" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The date 27 March was once known as Fascist Resistance Day in Myanmar, which was once known as Burma. It was a day to commemorate the struggle against Japanese imperialism. Later, its name shortened to Resistance Day, or more precisely Tawlanye Ne (Revolution Day), it was coupled with Armed Forces Day, a title that later eclipsed the earlier one. By the 1990s only soldiers observed it, parading inside their camps or at the People’s Park in Yangon. Although the people were, without a hint of irony, barred from the park, they were still able to watch the televised parade, with garlanded men standing to attention for the same self-congratulatory speech about the military’s defence of national sovereignty that was repeated each year. With the coming of pay TV and mobile phones, Armed Forces Day ceremonies lost the audiences they once had. Nevertheless, the date has remained on the calendar as one officially and exclusively for military pomp and tinsel. With this background, 27 March 2021 was a doubly appropriate date for protestors to mobilise against a reinvigorated military dictatorship.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64908555" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ee25ab893da0bc06ce717ebaa2c4aac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76724170,"asset_id":64908555,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76724170/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="712922" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman">nick cheesman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="712922" type="text/json">{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64908555 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64908555"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64908555, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64908555", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64908555 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64908555; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64908555"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_64908555 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64908555"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64908555; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64908555]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64908555").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64908555").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64908555"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolutionary_Theory">Revolutionary Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40221" type="text/json">{"id":40221,"name":"Revolutionary Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolutionary_Theory?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="77925" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Dictatorship">Military Dictatorship</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="77925" type="text/json">{"id":77925,"name":"Military Dictatorship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Dictatorship?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64908555]'), work: {"id":64908555,"title":"Revolution in Myanmar","created_at":"2021-12-17T15:33:07.461-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64908555/Revolution_in_Myanmar?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_64908555","summary":"The date 27 March was once known as Fascist Resistance Day in Myanmar, which was once known as Burma. It was a day to commemorate the struggle against Japanese imperialism. Later, its name shortened to Resistance Day, or more precisely Tawlanye Ne (Revolution Day), it was coupled with Armed Forces Day, a title that later eclipsed the earlier one. By the 1990s only soldiers observed it, parading inside their camps or at the People’s Park in Yangon. Although the people were, without a hint of irony, barred from the park, they were still able to watch the televised parade, with garlanded men standing to attention for the same self-congratulatory speech about the military’s defence of national sovereignty that was repeated each year. With the coming of pay TV and mobile phones, Armed Forces Day ceremonies lost the audiences they once had. Nevertheless, the date has remained on the calendar as one officially and exclusively for military pomp and tinsel. With this background, 27 March 2021 was a doubly appropriate date for protestors to mobilise against a reinvigorated military dictatorship.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76724170,"asset_id":64908555,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":40221,"name":"Revolutionary Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revolutionary_Theory?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":77925,"name":"Military Dictatorship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Dictatorship?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41080282" data-work_id="41080282" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41080282/The_Moral_Democracy_The_Political_Thought_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_in_Open_Access_now_">The Moral Democracy. The Political Thought of Aung San Suu Kyi (in Open Access now)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The book is now available in Open Access: <a href="https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html" rel="nofollow">https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html</a> Aung San Suu Kyi spoke passionately about non-violence, she wrote involved articles about compatibility of democracy... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41080282" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The book is now available in Open Access: <a href="https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html" rel="nofollow">https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html</a> <br /> <br />Aung San Suu Kyi spoke passionately about non-violence, she wrote involved articles about compatibility of democracy with Buddhism and she won the hearts and minds of so many with her call for the freedom from fear (…) It seemed – for more than two decades – that Suu Kyi was a perfect, non-Western propagator of democracy, human rights, rule of law (…) Yet a deeper analysis reveals that Suu Kyi intellectually, indeed, has been a democrat all along, but a Burmese democrat (…) Suu Kyi understands democracy in a Buddhist way and she reasons about politics using Buddhist ideas, idioms and concepts (…) This Buddhist dominance of her political thought had several consequences, the most important one being that her approach to politics has first and foremost been a moral one (…) her vision of democracy (and of politics in general) is a moral vision. It is something I propose to call “the moral democracy.” <br /> <br />The same reason that made her famous and admired worldwide, now contributed to her fall from grace. For too many outside Burma/Myanmar it is impossible to understand how Suu Kyi – yesterday’s global personification of good and morality – can now silently endorse crimes against humanity conducted in her country and accept forced relocation of 700 thousand people. A cynic would quote Bertrand Russell’s words (“we have two kinds of morality side by side: one which we preach but do not practice and another which we practice but seldom preach”) and add a commentary that it applies especially to politicians. One, however, may offer a more favourable explanation: that Suu Kyi represents a tragic clash of ideas, including moral ideas, with political reality. Whatever the case, it was morality that made her famous, it was the same moralistic attitude that contributed to her removal from international Olympus and it is this moral understanding of politics that is the hallmark of her political thought, which is here to stay for longer, as political ideas last longer than changing political circumstances and fashions. <br />From the Preface <br /> <br />The book is now available in Open Access: <a href="https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html" rel="nofollow">https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41080282" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7d56a7a54bd2969e119c8acb5ff9c1f6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61346099,"asset_id":41080282,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61346099/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41080282 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41080282"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41080282, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41080282", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41080282]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41080282").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41080282").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41080282"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25845" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics">Southeast Asian Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25845" type="text/json">{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41080282]'), work: {"id":41080282,"title":"The Moral Democracy. The Political Thought of Aung San Suu Kyi (in Open Access now)","created_at":"2019-11-26T13:46:13.446-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41080282/The_Moral_Democracy_The_Political_Thought_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_in_Open_Access_now_?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_41080282","summary":"The book is now available in Open Access: https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html\r\n\r\nAung San Suu Kyi spoke passionately about non-violence, she wrote involved articles about compatibility of democracy with Buddhism and she won the hearts and minds of so many with her call for the freedom from fear (…) It seemed – for more than two decades – that Suu Kyi was a perfect, non-Western propagator of democracy, human rights, rule of law (…) Yet a deeper analysis reveals that Suu Kyi intellectually, indeed, has been a democrat all along, but a Burmese democrat (…) Suu Kyi understands democracy in a Buddhist way and she reasons about politics using Buddhist ideas, idioms and concepts (…) This Buddhist dominance of her political thought had several consequences, the most important one being that her approach to politics has first and foremost been a moral one (…) her vision of democracy (and of politics in general) is a moral vision. It is something I propose to call “the moral democracy.”\r\n\r\nThe same reason that made her famous and admired worldwide, now contributed to her fall from grace. For too many outside Burma/Myanmar it is impossible to understand how Suu Kyi – yesterday’s global personification of good and morality – can now silently endorse crimes against humanity conducted in her country and accept forced relocation of 700 thousand people. A cynic would quote Bertrand Russell’s words (“we have two kinds of morality side by side: one which we preach but do not practice and another which we practice but seldom preach”) and add a commentary that it applies especially to politicians. One, however, may offer a more favourable explanation: that Suu Kyi represents a tragic clash of ideas, including moral ideas, with political reality. Whatever the case, it was morality that made her famous, it was the same moralistic attitude that contributed to her removal from international Olympus and it is this moral understanding of politics that is the hallmark of her political thought, which is here to stay for longer, as political ideas last longer than changing political circumstances and fashions.\r\nFrom the Preface\r\n\r\nThe book is now available in Open Access: https://scholar.com.pl/pl/bezplatne-ebooki/5010-the-moral-democracy.html","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61346099,"asset_id":41080282,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=29170"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38432337" data-work_id="38432337" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38432337/Highlights_from_the_Thavibu_Art_Collection">Highlights from the Thavibu Art Collection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A paper outlining highlights of the Thavibu Art Collection, a collection of Southeast Asian contemporary art that was acquired over a period of the last 15 years. There are brief write-ups of artists as well as illustrations of six art... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38432337" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A paper outlining highlights of the Thavibu Art Collection, a collection of Southeast Asian contemporary art that was acquired over a period of the last 15 years. There are brief write-ups of artists as well as illustrations of six art works from each of Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar/Burma. In total there is a selection of 18 artists and works.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38432337" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b99ad7042fec51373737b04059ec7630" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58492857,"asset_id":38432337,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58492857/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46806025" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg">Jorn Middelborg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46806025" type="text/json">{"id":46806025,"first_name":"Jorn","last_name":"Middelborg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JMiddelborg","display_name":"Jorn Middelborg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46806025/12473464/58808448/s65_jorn.middelborg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38432337 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38432337"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38432337, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38432337", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38432337 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38432337; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38432337"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38432337 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38432337"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38432337; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38432337]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38432337").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38432337").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38432337"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="915" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History">Art History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="915" type="text/json">{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art">Contemporary Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3051" type="text/json">{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4404" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abstract_Art">Abstract Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4404" type="text/json">{"id":4404,"name":"Abstract Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abstract_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6733" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Art">Buddhist Art</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6733" type="text/json">{"id":6733,"name":"Buddhist Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38432337]'), work: {"id":38432337,"title":"Highlights from the Thavibu Art Collection","created_at":"2019-02-24T20:49:14.082-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38432337/Highlights_from_the_Thavibu_Art_Collection?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_38432337","summary":"A paper outlining highlights of the Thavibu Art Collection, a collection of Southeast Asian contemporary art that was acquired over a period of the last 15 years. There are brief write-ups of artists as well as illustrations of six art works from each of Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar/Burma. In total there is a selection of 18 artists and works. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58492857,"asset_id":38432337,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46806025,"first_name":"Jorn","last_name":"Middelborg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JMiddelborg","display_name":"Jorn Middelborg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JMiddelborg?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46806025/12473464/58808448/s65_jorn.middelborg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":4404,"name":"Abstract Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abstract_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6733,"name":"Buddhist Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Art?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170"},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=29170"},{"id":15243,"name":"Erotic art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erotic_art?f_ri=29170"},{"id":16655,"name":"Vietnam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vietnam?f_ri=29170"},{"id":18707,"name":"Political Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Art?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":39437,"name":"9/11 Cultural Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/9_11_Cultural_Production?f_ri=29170"},{"id":42601,"name":"Contemporary Asian art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Asian_art?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":81195,"name":"Expressionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expressionism?f_ri=29170"},{"id":271225,"name":"Asian Lacquer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Lacquer?f_ri=29170"},{"id":301992,"name":"Impressionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impressionism?f_ri=29170"},{"id":348188,"name":"Asian Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Art?f_ri=29170"},{"id":980238,"name":"Gay Artists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gay_Artists?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2553238,"name":"thavibu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/thavibu?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_320032" data-work_id="320032" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/320032/U_Nu_China_and_the_Burmese_Cold_War_Propaganda_in_Burma_in_the_1950s">U Nu, China, and the “Burmese” Cold War: Propaganda in Burma in the 1950s.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Nu regime (1948-1962), threatened with intervention by both the PRC and the United States, and its supporters successfully reimagined the Cold War in ways that masked its concerns and sought to weaken the more direct threat of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_320032" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Nu regime (1948-1962), threatened with intervention by both the PRC and the <br />United States, and its supporters successfully reimagined the Cold War in ways that <br />masked its concerns and sought to weaken the more direct threat of military <br />intervention by the PRC. While the superpowers were able to configure conventional <br />maps in ways that yielded propagandic value, Burma’s Cold War terrain was more <br />difficult to render cartographically in ways that would aid the Burmese government. <br />The Nu regime thus turned to the project of creating, through a play, an “imagined” <br />Cold War landscape. This imagined landscape made it possible to hide from the <br />Burmese the PRC threat and isolate the government’s domestic enemies from the <br />global Cold War context. This Burmese version of the Cold War was so successful in <br />doing so that it would continue to inform the military’s policies after the latter took <br />power in 1962.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/320032" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="66f3c9c07f724b5b7f6940928ff64b8f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55271804,"asset_id":320032,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55271804/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="136151" href="https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney">Michael W Charney</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="136151" type="text/json">{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_320032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="320032"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 320032, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_320032", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_320032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 320032; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_320032"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_320032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="320032"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 320032; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=320032]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_320032").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_320032").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="320032"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History">Intellectual History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="135" type="text/json">{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies">Asian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="380" type="text/json">{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=320032]'), work: {"id":320032,"title":"U Nu, China, and the “Burmese” Cold War: Propaganda in Burma in the 1950s.","created_at":"2010-09-07T07:44:10.287-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/320032/U_Nu_China_and_the_Burmese_Cold_War_Propaganda_in_Burma_in_the_1950s?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_320032","summary":"The Nu regime (1948-1962), threatened with intervention by both the PRC and the\r\nUnited States, and its supporters successfully reimagined the Cold War in ways that\r\nmasked its concerns and sought to weaken the more direct threat of military\r\nintervention by the PRC. While the superpowers were able to configure conventional\r\nmaps in ways that yielded propagandic value, Burma’s Cold War terrain was more\r\ndifficult to render cartographically in ways that would aid the Burmese government.\r\nThe Nu regime thus turned to the project of creating, through a play, an “imagined”\r\nCold War landscape. This imagined landscape made it possible to hide from the\r\nBurmese the PRC threat and isolate the government’s domestic enemies from the\r\nglobal Cold War context. This Burmese version of the Cold War was so successful in\r\ndoing so that it would continue to inform the military’s policies after the latter took\r\npower in 1962.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55271804,"asset_id":320032,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":2121,"name":"Burmese Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Literature?f_ri=29170"},{"id":3651,"name":"Cold War and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_and_Culture?f_ri=29170"},{"id":3652,"name":"Cultural Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Cold_War?f_ri=29170"},{"id":5211,"name":"International History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_History?f_ri=29170"},{"id":5214,"name":"Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War?f_ri=29170"},{"id":6741,"name":"Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_History?f_ri=29170"},{"id":16487,"name":"Southeast Asian Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Cinema?f_ri=29170"},{"id":20472,"name":"Art and Aesthetics of the Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_and_Aesthetics_of_the_Cold_War?f_ri=29170"},{"id":23322,"name":"Southeast Asian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Literature?f_ri=29170"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":35802,"name":"Cold War history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":42487,"name":"Burmese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_History?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34151672" data-work_id="34151672" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34151672/AHP_48_GREAT_LORDS_OF_THE_SKY_BURMAS_SHAN_ARISTOCRACY_by_Sao_Sanda_Simms">AHP 48 GREAT LORDS OF THE SKY: BURMA'S SHAN ARISTOCRACY by Sao Sanda Simms</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Written from a Tai/Shan perspective, the intricate and often unsettled realities that existed in the Shan States from early times up to the military coup in 1962 are described in a comprehensive overview of the stresses and strains that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34151672" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Written from a Tai/Shan perspective, the intricate and often unsettled realities that existed in the Shan States from early times up to the military coup in 1962 are described in a comprehensive overview of the stresses and strains that the Shan princes endured from early periods of monarchs and wars, under British rule and Japanese occupation, and Independence and Bamar military regime. Part One covers chronological events relating them to the rulers, the antagonists, and the people and the continuing conflict in the Shan State. Part Two deals with the 34 Tai/Shan rulers, describing their histories, lives, and work. Included are photographs and family trees of the princes, revealing a span of Shan history, before being lost in the mists of time. The past is explained in order that the present political situations may be understood and resolved amicably between the Bamar government, the Tatmadaw, and the ethnic nationalities</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34151672" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3cab3c7377c99f154bf306022b01c62d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54074987,"asset_id":34151672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54074987/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15960544" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AsianHighlandsPerspectivesJOURNAL">Asian Highlands Perspectives JOURNAL</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15960544" type="text/json">{"id":15960544,"first_name":"Asian Highlands Perspectives","last_name":"JOURNAL","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AsianHighlandsPerspectivesJOURNAL","display_name":"Asian Highlands Perspectives JOURNAL","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AsianHighlandsPerspectivesJOURNAL?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15960544/4326743/12990638/s65_asian_highlands_perspectives.journal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34151672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34151672"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34151672, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34151672", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34151672]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34151672").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34151672").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34151672"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7297" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autobiography">Autobiography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7297" type="text/json">{"id":7297,"name":"Autobiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autobiography?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Politics">South Asian Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10372" type="text/json">{"id":10372,"name":"South Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Politics?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34151672]'), work: {"id":34151672,"title":"AHP 48 GREAT LORDS OF THE SKY: BURMA'S SHAN ARISTOCRACY by Sao Sanda Simms","created_at":"2017-08-06T20:40:23.883-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34151672/AHP_48_GREAT_LORDS_OF_THE_SKY_BURMAS_SHAN_ARISTOCRACY_by_Sao_Sanda_Simms?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_34151672","summary":"Written from a Tai/Shan perspective, the intricate and often unsettled realities that existed in the Shan States from early times up to the military coup in 1962 are described in a comprehensive overview of the stresses and strains that the Shan princes endured from early periods of monarchs and wars, under British rule and Japanese occupation, and Independence and Bamar military regime. Part One covers chronological events relating them to the rulers, the antagonists, and the people and the continuing conflict in the Shan State. Part Two deals with the 34 Tai/Shan rulers, describing their histories, lives, and work. Included are photographs and family trees of the princes, revealing a span of Shan history, before being lost in the mists of time. The past is explained in order that the present political situations may be understood and resolved amicably between the Bamar government, the Tatmadaw, and the ethnic nationalities","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54074987,"asset_id":34151672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15960544,"first_name":"Asian Highlands Perspectives","last_name":"JOURNAL","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AsianHighlandsPerspectivesJOURNAL","display_name":"Asian Highlands Perspectives JOURNAL","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AsianHighlandsPerspectivesJOURNAL?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15960544/4326743/12990638/s65_asian_highlands_perspectives.journal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":7297,"name":"Autobiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autobiography?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":10372,"name":"South Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Politics?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":20985,"name":"Memoir and Autobiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memoir_and_Autobiography?f_ri=29170"},{"id":25845,"name":"Southeast Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Politics?f_ri=29170"},{"id":26112,"name":"Autobiographical Self-Representation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autobiographical_Self-Representation?f_ri=29170"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=29170"},{"id":29866,"name":"Autobiographical Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autobiographical_Memory?f_ri=29170"},{"id":39566,"name":"Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Occupation_of_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":54543,"name":"Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar_Burma?f_ri=29170"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170"},{"id":598398,"name":"Ethnic Minorities in Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Minorities_in_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1823824,"name":"Tai Shan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tai_Shan?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33046155" data-work_id="33046155" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33046155/_Miss_Burma_Inspired_by_Family_History_Is_a_Troubled_Tale_of_Marriage_and_War">"‘Miss Burma," Inspired by Family History, Is a Troubled Tale of Marriage and War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">“‘Miss Burma,’ Inspired by Family History, Is a Troubled Tale of Marriage and War.” Review of Miss Burma, by Charmaine Craig. Christian Science Monitor. 16 May 2017.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33046155" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="86f6ce549631f9322b172f1770fc9aba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53154406,"asset_id":33046155,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53154406/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13799690" href="https://cuny.academia.edu/ElizabethToohey">Elizabeth Toohey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13799690" type="text/json">{"id":13799690,"first_name":"Elizabeth","last_name":"Toohey","domain_name":"cuny","page_name":"ElizabethToohey","display_name":"Elizabeth Toohey","profile_url":"https://cuny.academia.edu/ElizabethToohey?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799690/3832028/134709446/s65_elizabeth.toohey.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33046155 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33046155"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33046155, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33046155", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33046155 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33046155; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33046155"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33046155 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33046155"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33046155; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33046155]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33046155").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33046155").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33046155"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="121209" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar">Burma Myanmar</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="121209" type="text/json">{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="974309" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Law">Burmese Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="974309" type="text/json">{"id":974309,"name":"Burmese Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Law?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33046155]'), work: {"id":33046155,"title":"\"‘Miss Burma,\" Inspired by Family History, Is a Troubled Tale of Marriage and War","created_at":"2017-05-16T18:07:54.000-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33046155/_Miss_Burma_Inspired_by_Family_History_Is_a_Troubled_Tale_of_Marriage_and_War?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_33046155","summary":"“‘Miss Burma,’ Inspired by Family History, Is a Troubled Tale of Marriage and War.” Review of Miss Burma, by Charmaine Craig. Christian Science Monitor. 16 May 2017.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53154406,"asset_id":33046155,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13799690,"first_name":"Elizabeth","last_name":"Toohey","domain_name":"cuny","page_name":"ElizabethToohey","display_name":"Elizabeth Toohey","profile_url":"https://cuny.academia.edu/ElizabethToohey?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13799690/3832028/134709446/s65_elizabeth.toohey.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":974309,"name":"Burmese Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Law?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3663807" data-work_id="3663807" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3663807/_The_Wages_of_Burman_ness_Ethnicity_and_Burman_Privilege_in_Contemporary_Myanmar_Journal_of_Contemporary_Asia_43_1_2013_1_27">“The ‘Wages of Burman-ness’: Ethnicity and Burman Privilege in Contemporary Myanmar,” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43:1 (2013): 1-27.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ethnicity is one of the primary lenses through which scholars view conflict in Burma/Myanmar. In this paper I examine the dominance of the majority ethnic group in Myanmar, the Burmans, and the ways in which Burman-ness functions as a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3663807" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ethnicity is one of the primary lenses through which scholars view conflict in Burma/Myanmar. In this paper I examine the dominance of the majority ethnic group in Myanmar, the Burmans, and the ways in which Burman-ness functions as a privileged identity. I draw from the theoretical framework of Whiteness and White privilege in critical race theory to argue that, although there are important analytical differences between race and ethnicity, we can conceptualise Burman-ness as a form of institutionalised dominance similar to Whiteness. I support this argument by documenting the ways in which Burmans are privileged in relation to non-Burmans, while still, in many cases, seeing themselves as equally subject to government repression. This analysis of Burman privilege (and blindness to that privilege) is particularly relevant given the fact that the political reforms implemented by Myanmar's new, partly civilian government since 2011 have opened new opportunities for (mostly Burman) activists while coinciding with increased military violence in some non-Burman border regions of the country.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3663807" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27488e4a0ebf97724a5d67f1cd3cc3b3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31355527,"asset_id":3663807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31355527/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3415422" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton">Matthew Walton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3415422" type="text/json">{"id":3415422,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Walton","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewWalton","display_name":"Matthew Walton","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3415422/2307423/2693077/s65_matthew.walton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3663807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3663807"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3663807, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3663807", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3663807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3663807; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3663807"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3663807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3663807"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3663807; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3663807]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3663807").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3663807").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3663807"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity">Race and Ethnicity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5453" type="text/json">{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16069" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory_and_Whiteness_theory">Critical Race Theory and Whiteness theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16069" type="text/json">{"id":16069,"name":"Critical Race Theory and Whiteness theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory_and_Whiteness_theory?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3663807]'), work: {"id":3663807,"title":"“The ‘Wages of Burman-ness’: Ethnicity and Burman Privilege in Contemporary Myanmar,” Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43:1 (2013): 1-27.","created_at":"2013-06-06T04:34:03.444-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3663807/_The_Wages_of_Burman_ness_Ethnicity_and_Burman_Privilege_in_Contemporary_Myanmar_Journal_of_Contemporary_Asia_43_1_2013_1_27?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_3663807","summary":"Ethnicity is one of the primary lenses through which scholars view conflict in Burma/Myanmar. In this paper I examine the dominance of the majority ethnic group in Myanmar, the Burmans, and the ways in which Burman-ness functions as a privileged identity. I draw from the theoretical framework of Whiteness and White privilege in critical race theory to argue that, although there are important analytical differences between race and ethnicity, we can conceptualise Burman-ness as a form of institutionalised dominance similar to Whiteness. I support this argument by documenting the ways in which Burmans are privileged in relation to non-Burmans, while still, in many cases, seeing themselves as equally subject to government repression. This analysis of Burman privilege (and blindness to that privilege) is particularly relevant given the fact that the political reforms implemented by Myanmar's new, partly civilian government since 2011 have opened new opportunities for (mostly Burman) activists while coinciding with increased military violence in some non-Burman border regions of the country.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31355527,"asset_id":3663807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3415422,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Walton","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewWalton","display_name":"Matthew Walton","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3415422/2307423/2693077/s65_matthew.walton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":16069,"name":"Critical Race Theory and Whiteness theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory_and_Whiteness_theory?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36524174" data-work_id="36524174" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36524174/Article_Avec_Nordine_dHAMEB_qui_vient_en_aide_aux_Rohingyas">Article : Avec Nordine d'HAMEB qui vient en aide aux Rohingyas</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Les Rohingyas sont une ethnie musulmane birmane, qui est considéré par l'ONU comme l'une des communautés les plus persécutées au monde. Le collectif HAMEB a décidé d'agir. Nordine Errais du collectif m'a accordé un entretien afin de... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36524174" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Les Rohingyas sont une ethnie musulmane birmane, qui est considéré par l'ONU comme l'une des communautés les plus persécutées au monde. Le collectif HAMEB a décidé d'agir. Nordine Errais du collectif m'a accordé un entretien afin de m'expliquer la situation et ses différentes actions qu'ils entreprennent. Jack : Salam aleykoum, peux-tu te présenter ainsi que ton association ? Nordine : Wa 'Aleykoum salam. Je m'appelle Nordine Errais, je suis le président, cofondateur de l'ONG HAMEB qui vient en aide au Rohingyas. Une ethnie musulmane Birmane, présente dans l'état de l'Arakan, à l'ouest de la Birmanie, persécutée par le régime birman depuis des décennies. J'ai commencé à m'intéresser à cette situation en 2012. Pour la première fois, on a su ce qu'il se passait en Birmanie. Je suis tombé sur un article avec un lexique un peu "bizarre" : cela parlait de minorité musulmane birmane persécutée, nettoyage ethnique, génocide, 200 morts... Au début, je croyais que cette information venait d'un site satirique, j'étais étonné que l'on n'en parle pas, car c'était un problème assez grave au vu des termes employés pour qualifier ce drame. En allant sur Facebook, j'ai vu une autre personne sensibilisée, et suite à une manifestation organisée sur le Trocadero, nous avons voulu avec d'autres personnes ne pas en rester là. Des manifestations, cela ne suffit pas, il fallait des actions coordonnées, structurées et utiles. Et de là est partie notre association. On a commencé à se documenter et constater que le problème était plus complexe qu'il en avait l'air. On a pu constater une ignorance au sujet des Rohingyas et de leur situation par les gens que nous rencontrions, que se soient dans les mosquées, nos proches... On a tout d'abord commencé par des conférences publiques. Aujourd'hui, après 5 ans d'activité, on a donné une cinquantaine de conférences en France, mais aussi en Belgique, en Suisse et avons développé l'association en 3 pôles : sensibilisation, médiatique et humanitaire. Aussi, nous avons dorénavant des antennes HAMEB en Belgique, en Suisse et en Malaisie.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36524174" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2b6737c95f73d549ec06308be0809b0a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56442449,"asset_id":36524174,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56442449/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10726553" href="https://esg.academia.edu/NordineErrais">ERRAIS Nordine</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10726553" type="text/json">{"id":10726553,"first_name":"ERRAIS","last_name":"Nordine","domain_name":"esg","page_name":"NordineErrais","display_name":"ERRAIS Nordine","profile_url":"https://esg.academia.edu/NordineErrais?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10726553/3221202/33395417/s65_errais.nordine.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36524174 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36524174"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36524174, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36524174", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36524174 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36524174; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36524174"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36524174 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36524174"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36524174; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36524174]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36524174").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36524174").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36524174"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18895" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18895" type="text/json">{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="552165" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims">Rohingya Muslims</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="552165" type="text/json">{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36524174]'), work: {"id":36524174,"title":"Article : Avec Nordine d'HAMEB qui vient en aide aux Rohingyas","created_at":"2018-04-28T03:43:46.716-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36524174/Article_Avec_Nordine_dHAMEB_qui_vient_en_aide_aux_Rohingyas?f_ri=29170","dom_id":"work_36524174","summary":"Les Rohingyas sont une ethnie musulmane birmane, qui est considéré par l'ONU comme l'une des communautés les plus persécutées au monde. Le collectif HAMEB a décidé d'agir. Nordine Errais du collectif m'a accordé un entretien afin de m'expliquer la situation et ses différentes actions qu'ils entreprennent. Jack : Salam aleykoum, peux-tu te présenter ainsi que ton association ? Nordine : Wa 'Aleykoum salam. Je m'appelle Nordine Errais, je suis le président, cofondateur de l'ONG HAMEB qui vient en aide au Rohingyas. Une ethnie musulmane Birmane, présente dans l'état de l'Arakan, à l'ouest de la Birmanie, persécutée par le régime birman depuis des décennies. J'ai commencé à m'intéresser à cette situation en 2012. Pour la première fois, on a su ce qu'il se passait en Birmanie. Je suis tombé sur un article avec un lexique un peu \"bizarre\" : cela parlait de minorité musulmane birmane persécutée, nettoyage ethnique, génocide, 200 morts... Au début, je croyais que cette information venait d'un site satirique, j'étais étonné que l'on n'en parle pas, car c'était un problème assez grave au vu des termes employés pour qualifier ce drame. En allant sur Facebook, j'ai vu une autre personne sensibilisée, et suite à une manifestation organisée sur le Trocadero, nous avons voulu avec d'autres personnes ne pas en rester là. Des manifestations, cela ne suffit pas, il fallait des actions coordonnées, structurées et utiles. Et de là est partie notre association. On a commencé à se documenter et constater que le problème était plus complexe qu'il en avait l'air. On a pu constater une ignorance au sujet des Rohingyas et de leur situation par les gens que nous rencontrions, que se soient dans les mosquées, nos proches... On a tout d'abord commencé par des conférences publiques. Aujourd'hui, après 5 ans d'activité, on a donné une cinquantaine de conférences en France, mais aussi en Belgique, en Suisse et avons développé l'association en 3 pôles : sensibilisation, médiatique et humanitaire. Aussi, nous avons dorénavant des antennes HAMEB en Belgique, en Suisse et en Malaisie.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56442449,"asset_id":36524174,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10726553,"first_name":"ERRAIS","last_name":"Nordine","domain_name":"esg","page_name":"NordineErrais","display_name":"ERRAIS Nordine","profile_url":"https://esg.academia.edu/NordineErrais?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10726553/3221202/33395417/s65_errais.nordine.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":703310,"name":"Birmanie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmanie?f_ri=29170"},{"id":961639,"name":"Refugies Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugies_Law?f_ri=29170"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=29170"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24482377" data-work_id="24482377" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24482377/Hegemony_ideology_and_subject_Discourse_of_power_in_Myanmar">Hegemony, ideology and subject. Discourse of power in Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The essential aim of this book is not only a monographic treatment of the relationship of power in Myanmar, but rather to develop a theoretical apparatus which problematizes the agency of subjects as social beings, which not only exist... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24482377" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The essential aim of this book is not only a monographic treatment of the relationship of power in Myanmar, but rather to develop a theoretical apparatus which problematizes the agency of subjects as social beings, which not only exist within a discourse but are also its co-authors. In other words, in the center of my interest is not resistance, which has subordinated entities, but how through their practice they create a discourse which ranks them lower in the social hierarchy.<br />I classified my work as a research study on political anthropology, however, present here are quite strong threads from other anthropological sub-disciplines. The very definition<br />of political anthropology is difficult due to the fact that politics cannot be separated from other fields of social practice. The subject of this research sub-discipline is power which manifests in different ways in different fields. The issue of power was analyzed in the framework of different perspectives, thus the theoretical repertoire that allows to refer to this phenomenon can be very wide. I based my work essentially on two great schools of thought in the humanities: the broadly understood Hegelian-Marxist dialectic as well as the psychoanalytic thoughts of Jacques Lacan as expanded by Slavoj Žižek. In relation to the theoretical heritage of anthropology I refer to the Manchester School which recognized conflict as an immanent part of the social structure and the main source of its dynamics. Just as the representatives of this school, I also used the extended-case method in my research. It involves making a detailed description of the event by taking into account not only the participants and their actions but also the situational context (hence this method is sometimes referred to as situational analysis). By focusing on practice rather than on structural rules I tried to follow in the footsteps of my predecessors to present the social process from the perspective of specific cases; thus rules are deduced from actions, not the other way around. My goal is not to make an interpretation of the culture or mindset of the Bamar people but merely to make an attempt to analytically grasp the phenomena and narrative I participated in or that I observed/heard in Myanmar. I have tried to illustrate these separate events in a broader context, which allowed me to develop a theoretical apparatus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24482377" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9587d88cb91b02a82e4cfd96ed61ea8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44816444,"asset_id":24482377,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44816444/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2OTkxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2763084" href="https://amu.academia.edu/MariuszKania">Mariusz Kania</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2763084" type="text/json">{"id":2763084,"first_name":"Mariusz","last_name":"Kania","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"MariuszKania","display_name":"Mariusz Kania","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/MariuszKania?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2763084/8251471/9231014/s65_mariusz.kania.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24482377 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24482377"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24482377, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24482377", }); 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The very definition\nof political anthropology is difficult due to the fact that politics cannot be separated from other fields of social practice. The subject of this research sub-discipline is power which manifests in different ways in different fields. The issue of power was analyzed in the framework of different perspectives, thus the theoretical repertoire that allows to refer to this phenomenon can be very wide. I based my work essentially on two great schools of thought in the humanities: the broadly understood Hegelian-Marxist dialectic as well as the psychoanalytic thoughts of Jacques Lacan as expanded by Slavoj Žižek. In relation to the theoretical heritage of anthropology I refer to the Manchester School which recognized conflict as an immanent part of the social structure and the main source of its dynamics. Just as the representatives of this school, I also used the extended-case method in my research. It involves making a detailed description of the event by taking into account not only the participants and their actions but also the situational context (hence this method is sometimes referred to as situational analysis). By focusing on practice rather than on structural rules I tried to follow in the footsteps of my predecessors to present the social process from the perspective of specific cases; thus rules are deduced from actions, not the other way around. My goal is not to make an interpretation of the culture or mindset of the Bamar people but merely to make an attempt to analytically grasp the phenomena and narrative I participated in or that I observed/heard in Myanmar. I have tried to illustrate these separate events in a broader context, which allowed me to develop a theoretical apparatus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44816444,"asset_id":24482377,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2763084,"first_name":"Mariusz","last_name":"Kania","domain_name":"amu","page_name":"MariuszKania","display_name":"Mariusz Kania","profile_url":"https://amu.academia.edu/MariuszKania?f_ri=29170","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2763084/8251471/9231014/s65_mariusz.kania.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":244,"name":"Psychoanalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychoanalysis?f_ri=29170","nofollow":false},{"id":696,"name":"Gender 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Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Ideology?f_ri=29170"},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=29170"},{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=29170"},{"id":7942,"name":"Hegel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegel?f_ri=29170"},{"id":8431,"name":"Slavoj Žižek","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek?f_ri=29170"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=29170"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=29170"},{"id":24879,"name":"Hegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegemony?f_ri=29170"},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=29170"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma 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