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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_activities_(as_of_Q3_2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_activities_(as_of_Q3_2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Management activities (as of Q3 2015)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management_activities_(as_of_Q3_2015)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management activities (as of Q3 2015) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management_activities_(as_of_Q3_2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Physical features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Visitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Volunteers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_designation_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_designation_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Special designation areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_designation_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_refuges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_refuges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of refuges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_refuges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugio_nacional_de_vida_silvestre" title="Refugio nacional de vida silvestre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refugio nacional de vida silvestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4" title="پناهگاه ملی حیات وحش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پناهگاه ملی حیات وحش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Wildlife Refuge" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">National Wildlife Refuge System</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #B2E5CD;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> IV (habitat/species management area)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NWRS_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NWRS_Logo.png/140px-NWRS_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NWRS_Logo.png/210px-NWRS_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NWRS_Logo.png/280px-NWRS_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official logo</div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">859 million acres</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1903</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">65 million (in FY 2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Wildlife Refuge System</b> (<b>NWRS</b>) is a system of <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">protected areas of the United States</a> managed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> (FWS), an agency within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife, and plants. Since <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> designated Florida's <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge</a> as the first wildlife refuge in 1903, the system has grown to over 568 national wildlife refuges and 38 wetland management districts encompassing about 859,000,000 acres (3,476,200 km<sup>2</sup>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission of the refuge system is "To administer a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management, and where appropriate, restoration of fish, wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats within the United States for the benefit of the present and future generations of Americans" (National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997). The system maintains the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health of these natural resources and enables for associated public enjoyment of these areas where compatible with conservation efforts. </p><p>National Wildlife Refuges manage a range of habitat types, including wetlands, prairies, coastal and marine areas, and temperate, tundra, and boreal forests. The management of each habitat is a complex process of controlling or eradicating invasive species, using fire in a prescribed manner, assuring adequate water resources, and assessing external threats such as development or contamination. </p><p>Hundreds of national refuges are home to some 700 species of birds, 220 species of mammals, 250 reptile and amphibian species, and more than 1000 species of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endangered species are a priority of National Wildlife Refuges, with nearly 60 refuges having the primary purpose of conserving in aggregate 280 threatened or endangered species. </p><p>The National Wildlife Refuge System welcomes about 65 million visitors each year to participate in outdoor recreational activities. The system manages six wildlife-dependent recreational uses in accordance with the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, including <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birding" class="mw-redirect" title="Birding">birding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">environmental education</a>, and environmental interpretation. Hunters visit more than 350 hunting programs on refuges and on about 36,000 waterfowl production areas. Opportunities for fresh or saltwater fishing are available at more than 340 refuges. At least one wildlife refuge is in every state. </p><p>National Wildlife Refuge System employees are responsible for planning, biological monitoring and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a>, contaminants management, visitor services, outreach and environmental education, heavy equipment operation, law enforcement, and fire management. </p><p>The National Wildlife Refuge System deals with urban intrusion/development, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>, degradation of water quantity and quality, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, increasing demands for recreation, and increasing demands for energy development.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system has provided a habitat for <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migratory_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory birds">migratory birds</a>, plants, and numerous other valuable animals, implemented the NWRS Improvement Act, acquired and protected key critical inholdings, and established leadership in habitat restoration and management. </p><p>Under the act, the NWRS has created Comprehensive Conservation Plans (CCPs) for each refuge, developed through consultation with private and public stakeholders. These began a review process by stakeholders beginning in 2013. The CCPs must be consistent with the FWS goals for conservation and wildlife management.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CCPs outline conservation goals for each refuge for 15 years into the future, with the intent that they will be revised every 15 years thereafter. The comprehensive conservation planning process requires a scoping phase, in which each refuge holds public meetings to identify the public's main concerns; plan formulation, when refuge staff and FWS planners identify the key issues and refuge goals; writing the draft plan, in which wildlife and habitat alternatives are developed, and the plan is submitted for public review; revision of the draft plan, which takes into consideration the public's input; and plan implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each CCP is required to comply with the <a href="/wiki/NEPA" class="mw-redirect" title="NEPA">National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)</a> and must consider potential alternatives for habitat and wildlife management on the refuge, and identify their possible effects on the refuge. The NEPA requires FWS planners and refuge staff to engage the public in this planning process to assist them with identifying the most appropriate alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Completed CCPs are available to the public and can be found on the FWS website.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A partial history of the Refuge System is at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Wildlife_Refuge_System" title="History of the National Wildlife Refuge System">History of the National Wildlife Refuge System</a></div><p>. For a much more thorough and complete history, see "The History and Future of our National Wildlife Refuge System" compiled by the National Wildlife Refuge Association and referenced below. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_activities_(as_of_Q3_2015)"><span id="Management_activities_.28as_of_Q3_2015.29"></span>Management activities (as of Q3 2015)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Management activities (as of Q3 2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PelicanIslandNWR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PelicanIslandNWR.jpg/300px-PelicanIslandNWR.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PelicanIslandNWR.jpg/450px-PelicanIslandNWR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PelicanIslandNWR.jpg/600px-PelicanIslandNWR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island</a> in Florida was the nation's first wildlife refuge, created in 1903.</figcaption></figure> <p>Comprehensive wildlife and habitat management demands the integration of scientific information from several disciplines, including understanding ecological processes and monitoring status of fish, wildlife and plants. Equally important is an intimate understanding of the social and economic drivers that impact and are affected by management decisions and can facilitate or impede implementation success. Service strategic habitat conservation planning, design, and delivery efforts are affected by the demographic, societal, and cultural changes of population growth and urbanization, as well as people's attitudes and values toward wildlife. Consideration of these factors contributes to the success of the service's mission to protect wildlife and their habitats. </p><p>The refuge system works collaboratively internally and externally to leverage resources and achieve effective conservation. It works with other federal agencies, state fish and wildlife agencies, tribes, nongovernmental organizations, local landowners, community volunteers, and other partners. Meaningful engagement with stakeholders at a regional, integrated level adds to the effective conservation achievements of the FWS and allows individual refuges to respond more effectively to challenges. </p><p>Wildlife and habitat management activities include: </p> <ol><li>Monitoring plant and animal populations</li> <li>Restoring wetland, forest, grassland, and marine habitats</li> <li>Controlling the spread of invasive species</li> <li>Reintroducing rare fish, wildlife and plants to formerly occupied habitats</li> <li>Monitoring air quality</li> <li>Investigating and cleaning contaminants</li> <li>Preventing and controlling wildlife disease outbreaks</li> <li>Assessing water quality and quantity</li> <li>Understanding the complex relationship between people and wildlife through the integration of social science</li> <li>Managing habitats through manipulation of water levels, prescribed burning, haying, grazing, <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>timber harvest, and planting vegetation</li></ol> <p>During fiscal year 2015, the refuge system manipulated 3.1 million acres of habitat (technique #10 from the preceding list) and managed 147 million acres of the system without habitat manipulation (using techniques #1 through 9 from the preceding list). </p> <ul><li>Uplands managed: 1.9 million acres</li> <li>Wetlands managed: 1.0 million acres</li> <li>Open water managed: 0.2 million acres</li> <li>Treated by prescribed burning: 0.3 million acres</li> <li>Treated to control invasive plants: 0.2 million acres</li> <li>Protected but not manipulated: 147 million acres</li></ul> <p>Refuges attract about 65 million visitors each year who come to hunt, fish, observe, and photograph wildlife, and are a significant boon to local economies. According to the FWS's <i>2013 Banking on Nature Report</i>, visitors to refuges positively impact the local economies. The report details that 47 million people who visited refuges that year: </p> <ul><li>Generated $2.4 billion of sales in regional economies</li> <li>Supported over 35,000 jobs</li> <li>Generated $342.9 million in tax revenues at the local, county, state, and federal levels</li> <li>Contributed a total of $4.5 billion to the nation's economy</li></ul> <p>The refuge system has a professional cadre of law enforcement officers that supports a broad spectrum of service programs by enforcing conservation laws established to protect the fish, wildlife, cultural, and archaeological resources the service manages in trust for the American people. They also educate the public about the FWS's mission, contribute to environmental education and outreach, provide safety and security for the visiting public, assist local communities with law enforcement and natural disaster response and recovery through emergency management programs, and help protect native subsistence rights. They are routinely involved with the greater law enforcement community in cooperative efforts to combat the nation's drug problems, address border security issues, and aid in other security challenges. </p><p>Prevention and control of wildland fires is also a part of refuge management. Completion of controlled burns to reduce fuel loading, and participation in the interagency wildland fire suppression efforts, are vital for management of refuge lands. </p><p>A considerable infrastructure of physical structures is also essential to proper management of refuge lands. As of September 30, 2019, the refuges had 15,257 roads, bridges, and trails; 5,204 buildings; 8,407 water management structures; and 8,414 other structures such as visitor facility enhancements (hunting blinds, fishing piers, boat docks, observation decks, and information kiosks). The overall facility infrastructure is valued at over $36 billion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_features">Physical features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Area of land and water under management: 856 million acres</li> <li>Number of management units: 568 refuges, 38 wetland management districts, 5 marine national monuments</li> <li>Number of wilderness areas: 74</li> <li>Area of wilderness: 20.7 million acres (about 20% of overall federal wilderness)</li> <li>Length of rivers within the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System: 1,086 miles (1,748 km)</li> <li>Length of refuge boundary with Mexico: 120 miles (190 km)</li></ul> <p>The area of the refuge system is heavily influenced by large areas devoted to protecting wild Alaska and to protecting marine habitats in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; however, the number of units and public visitation overwhelmingly occurs in the lower 48 states, though these refuges and wetland management districts constitute only about 2% of the area of the system. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Geographic area </th> <th>No. of units </th> <th>Size of NWRS (Sept 30, 2022) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>State of Alaska </td> <td>16 </td> <td>76.8 million acres </td> <td>9% of total Refuge System acreage is in Alaska; 18% of Alaska is set aside as national wildlife refuges </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hawaii and Pacific Marine Areas </td> <td>27 </td> <td>759.7 million acres </td> <td>About 88% of System acres are in 5 Marine National Monuments consisting mostly of coral reefs and open ocean (4 Pacific and 1 Atlantic). Acres here include 19.1 million Pacific acres managed under authorities other than the Refuge System Administration Act. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Navassa NWR </td> <td>9 </td> <td>0.4 million acres </td> <td>Largest refuge is Navassa Island, which is nearly 365,000 acres </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lower 48 states </td> <td>559 </td> <td>19.1 million acres </td> <td>2% of NWRS acres are in the lower 48 states; 1% of the area of the lower 48 states is within the NWRS; by unit count, 92% of refuges are in the lower 48; 521 are refuges (14.69 million acres) and 38 are wetland management districts (4.44 million acres). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Entire refuge system </td> <td>611 </td> <td>856 million acres </td> <td>568 refuges, 38 wetland management districts, and 5 marine national monuments </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Today's Refuge System (September 30, 2022 data) has been assembled through a variety of different administrative and funding mechanisms. Setting aside the sections of Marine National Monuments outside refuge boundaries (685.7 million of the 759 million total acres in Marine National Monuments), leaves 151 million acres of the more traditional Refuges and Wetland Management Districts. These 151 million acres were acquired as follows: </p> <ul><li>93% (140 million acres) was withdrawn from the public domain or transferred from another federal entity (within this amount, 1.2 million acres of former military bases have become part of the Refuge System)</li> <li>4% (6 million acres) was acquired using funds from the popular “Duck Stamp” program</li> <li>1.14% (1.7 million acres) was acquired with funds from the Land and Water Conservation Fund</li> <li>0.46% (694 thousand acres) was acquired using other funds</li> <li>1.13% (1.7 million acres) was acquired through donations (although relatively modest in terms of acreage [0.27% of refuge acres and 9.3% of wetland management district acres] it is worth noting that 58% of refuges and 70% of the counties in wetland management districts had land donated to them)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visitation">Visitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wildlife observation visits in FY 2021: 41.7 million</li> <li>Nature photography visits in FY 2021: 15.1 million</li> <li>Fishing visits in FY 2021: 8.0 million</li> <li>Interpretive program visits in FY 2021: 2.5 million</li> <li>Hunting visits in FY 2021: 2.5 million</li> <li>Environmental education visits in FY 2021: 0.4 million</li> <li>Other visits in FY 2021: 10.9 million</li> <li>Total visits in FY 2021: 65 million</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volunteers">Volunteers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Volunteers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Total volunteers in FY 2014: 36,000</li> <li>Total volunteer hours in FY 2014: 1.4 million</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Total staff: 2,424 <a href="/wiki/Full-time_equivalent#United_States" title="Full-time equivalent">full-time equivalents</a> (FY 2022 total)<sup id="cite_ref-Sheet_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Number of Federal Wildlife Officers: 214 (source: FY 2024 Budget Justification)</li> <li>Number of firefighters: 460 (360 permanent and 100 temporary staff)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_designation_areas">Special designation areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special designation areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to refuge status, the "special" status of lands within individual refuges may be recognized by additional designations, either legislatively or administratively. Special designation may also occur through the actions of other legitimate agencies or organizations. The influence that special designations may have on the management of refuge lands and waters may vary considerably. </p><p>Special designation areas within the refuge system as of September 30, 2014, included: </p> <ul><li>Biosphere reserves (3 units)</li> <li>Maine Protected Areas (106 units)</li> <li>National Historic Landmarks (10 units)</li> <li>National Monuments (7 units)</li> <li>National Natural Landmarks (43 units)</li> <li>National Recreation Trails (72 units)</li> <li>National Wild and Scenic Rivers (13 units)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> wetlands of international importance (26 units)</li> <li>Research natural areas (207 units)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Shorebird_Reserve_Network" title="Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network">Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network</a> (19 units)</li> <li>Wilderness areas (74 units) (the system has 20.7 million acres of wilderness, 19% of U.S. wilderness)</li> <li>World Heritage sites (1 unit)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_refuges">List of refuges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of refuges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Wildlife_Refuges_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Wildlife Refuges of the United States">List of National Wildlife Refuges of the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Wildlife_Refuges_established_for_endangered_species" title="List of National Wildlife Refuges established for endangered species">List of National Wildlife Refuges established for endangered species</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_National_Wildlife_Refuges" title="List of largest National Wildlife Refuges">List of largest National Wildlife Refuges</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Wildlife_Refuge_Caucus" title="Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus">Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge_Association" title="National Wildlife Refuge Association">National Wildlife Refuge Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_wildlife_trails_(United_States)" title="State wildlife trails (United States)">State wildlife trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_environmental_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of environmental events">Timeline of environmental events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_preservation_systems_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness preservation systems in the United States">Wilderness preservation systems in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refugeassociation.org/the-refuge-system">"The Refuge System"</a>. <i>National Wildlife Refuge Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Wildlife+Refuge+Association&rft.atitle=The+Refuge+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refugeassociation.org%2Fthe-refuge-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Wildlife+Refuge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraftonComayHumphries2018" class="citation book cs1">Crafton, R. Eliot; Comay, Laura B.; Humphries, Marc (May 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45192.pdf"><i>Oil and Gas Activities Within the National Wildlife Refuge System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+and+Gas+Activities+Within+the+National+Wildlife+Refuge+System&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft.aulast=Crafton&rft.aufirst=R.+Eliot&rft.au=Comay%2C+Laura+B.&rft.au=Humphries%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR45192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Wildlife+Refuge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Fish and Wildlife Service. "National Wildlife Refuge System: Refuge Planning- by Region",2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Wildlife Refuge Association. "Comprehensive Conservation Plans"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooperative Alliance for Refuge Enhancement (C.A.R.E.). "Comprehensive Conservation Plans: Coming to a Refuge Near You!", 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooks2024" class="citation web cs1">Hooks, John (May 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtpr.org/montana-news/2024-05-28/proposed-federal-policy-change-could-prohibit-livestock-grazing-on-wildlife-refuges">"Proposed federal policy change could prohibit livestock grazing on wildlife refuges"</a>. <i>Montana Public Radio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Montana+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Proposed+federal+policy+change+could+prohibit+livestock+grazing+on+wildlife+refuges&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft.aulast=Hooks&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtpr.org%2Fmontana-news%2F2024-05-28%2Fproposed-federal-policy-change-could-prohibit-livestock-grazing-on-wildlife-refuges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Wildlife+Refuge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheet-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheet_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2008 actuals from <i>RAPP Annual Report</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-12-26/national-wildlife-refuges-in-nevada-face-staffing-shortages">"National wildlife refuges in Nevada face staffing shortages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. December 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+wildlife+refuges+in+Nevada+face+staffing+shortages&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2019-12-26%2Fnational-wildlife-refuges-in-nevada-face-staffing-shortages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Wildlife+Refuge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fischman, Robert (Fall 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=699482">"The Significance of National Wildlife Refuges in the Development of U.S. Conservation Policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Land_Use_and_Environmental_Law" title="Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law">Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law</a></i> 21:1–?. Indiana Legal Studies Research Paper No. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.699482">10.2139/ssrn.699482</a>.</li> <li>Grannemann, Ken (April 2023) <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:History_and_Future_of_our_National_Wildlife_Refuge_System.pdf">“History and Future of our National Wildlife Refuge System”</a> by National Wildlife Refuge Association</li> <li>Schroeder, R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124063806/http://ejournal.nbii.org/archives/vol4iss1/communityessay.schroeder.html">"Comprehensive conservation planning and ecological sustainability within the United States National Wildlife Refuge System"</a>. <i>Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy</i> 4(1):38–44.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/refuges">FWS.gov: official <b>National Wildlife Refuge System−NWRS</b> website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/refuges/vision/pdfs/MeetTheNWRSMar2015.pdf">FWS.gov: "Meet the National Wildlife Refuge System - Special Places Where Wildlife and People Thrive"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/refuges/planning/comprehensive.html">FWS.gov: NWRS - Refuge Planning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/nwrsact.html">FWS.gov: NWRS establishment legislation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://refugeassociation.org/">National Wildlife Refuge Association</a> — <i>nonprofit association supporting the National Wildlife Refuge System</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refugenet.com/">The Cooperative Alliance for Refuge Enhancement (CARE)</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.fws.aws.2.3"><i>National Wildlife Refuge System (2005)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.fws.aws.2.2"><i>Teddy Roosevelt - National Wildlife Refuge System (2005)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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Administration - Fisheries: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce_Office_of_Security" title="U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Security">Office of Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Defense Criminal Investigative Service">Defense Criminal Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_police" title="Department of Defense police">Department of Defense police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Logistics_Agency#DLA_Police" title="Defense Logistics Agency">Defense Logistics Agency Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Force_Protection_Agency" title="Pentagon Force Protection Agency">Pentagon Force Protection Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Pentagon_Police" title="United States Pentagon Police">Pentagon Police</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSA_police" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA police">National Security Agency Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command" title="United States Army Intelligence and Security Command">Intelligence and Security Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Army Criminal Investigation Division">Criminal Investigation Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">Military Police Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army_Civilian_Police" title="Department of the Army Civilian Police">Army Department Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corrections_Command" title="United States Army Corrections Command">Corrections Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">Criminal Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division">Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master-at-arms (United States Navy)">Master-at-Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Navy_Police" title="Department of the Navy Police">Navy Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Civilian_Police" title="United States Marine Corps Civilian Police">Marine Corps Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy#Police" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Office_of_Special_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations">Office of Special Investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Security_Forces" title="United States Air Force Security Forces">Security Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Air_Force_Police" title="Department of the Air Force Police">Department of the Air Force Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of<br />Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Criminal_Investigations" title="Office of Criminal Investigations">Office of Criminal Investigations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Police" title="National Institutes of Health Police">National Institutes of Health Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of<br />Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Law_Enforcement_Training_Centers" title="Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers">Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Investigative_Service" title="Coast Guard Investigative Service">Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Police" title="United States Coast Guard Police">Coast Guard Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">Customs and Border Protection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service_Uniformed_Division" title="United States Secret Service Uniformed Division">Uniformed Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service" title="Federal Air Marshal Service">Office of Law Enforcement/Federal Air Marshal Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of<br />the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs_Police" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs Police">Bureau of Indian Affairs Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management#Law_enforcement_and_security" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam_Police" title="Hoover Dam Police">Hoover Dam Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_ranger" title="National Park Service ranger">Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Park_Police" title="United States Park Police">United States Park Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement">Fish and Wildlife Service: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Wildlife Refuge System: Division of Refuge Law Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">Diplomatic Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Missions" title="Office of Foreign Missions">Office of Foreign Missions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing#BEP_Police" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">Financial Crimes Enforcement Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS_Criminal_Investigation" title="IRS Criminal Investigation">Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint_Police" title="United States Mint Police">United States Mint Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other executive <br /> department agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture"><b>Agriculture</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Law_Enforcement_.26_Investigations" title="United States Forest Service">US Forest Service: Law Enforcement & Investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy"><b>Energy</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Secure_Transportation" title="Office of Secure Transportation">Office of Secure Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation"><b>Transportation</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy#Department_of_Public_Safety" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs"><b>Veterans Affairs</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_Police" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police">Department of Veterans Affairs Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office#GPO_Police" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Probation_and_Pretrial_Services_System" title="U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System">U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" title="Marshal of the United States Supreme Court">Marshal of the United States Supreme Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police" title="Supreme Court Police">Supreme Court Police</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other federal law<br />enforcement agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Police_Department" title="Amtrak Police Department">Amtrak Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Support" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency: Security Protective Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Police" title="Federal Reserve Police">Federal Reserve Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">Postal Inspection Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service#Postal_Police_Force" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">U.S. Postal Police</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Office_of_Protection_Services" title="Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services">Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Office_of_Protection_Services#Positions" title="Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services">National Zoological Park Police</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_protected_areas_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Protected_Areas" title="Template:US Protected Areas"><abbr 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