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href="#Expansion_of_Buddhist_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Expansion of Buddhist teachings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expansion_of_Buddhist_teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expansion of Buddhist teachings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_Buddhist_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Old_Buddhism"_(Kyū_Bukkyō)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Old_Buddhism"_(Kyū_Bukkyō)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Old Buddhism" <i>(Kyū Bukkyō)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Old_Buddhism"_(Kyū_Bukkyō)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"New_Buddhism"_(Shin_Bukkyō)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"New_Buddhism"_(Shin_Bukkyō)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"New Buddhism" <i>(Shin Bukkyō)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"New_Buddhism"_(Shin_Bukkyō)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_of_Kamakura_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_of_Kamakura_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Legacy of Kamakura Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_of_Kamakura_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mongol invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فترة كاماكورا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فترة كاماكورا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="কামাকুরা যুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কামাকুরা যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_s%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Kamakura sî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kamakura sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Перыяд Камакура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перыяд Камакура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Камакура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камакура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obdob%C3%AD_Kamakura" title="Období Kamakura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Období Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura-Zeit" title="Kamakura-Zeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamakura-Zeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_ajastu" title="Kamakura ajastu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kamakura ajastu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_Kamakura" title="Período Kamakura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Período Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura-epoko" title="Kamakura-epoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamakura-epoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_Aroa" title="Kamakura Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kamakura Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="دوره کاماکورا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره کاماکورا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poque_de_Kamakura" title="Époque de Kamakura – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Époque de Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_Kamakura" title="Período Kamakura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Período Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%A7%88%EC%BF%A0%EB%9D%BC_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="가마쿠라 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가마쿠라 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Kamakura" title="Zaman Kamakura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_Kamakura" title="Periodo Kamakura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תקופת קמקורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת קמקורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_laikotarpis" title="Kamakura laikotarpis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kamakura laikotarpis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura-kor" title="Kamakura-kor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kamakura-kor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Камакура эрин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Камакура эрин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakuraperiode" title="Kamakuraperiode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kamakuraperiode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鎌倉時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鎌倉時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura-perioden" title="Kamakura-perioden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kamakura-perioden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_Kamakura" title="Período Kamakura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Período Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Период Камакура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Период Камакура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kamakura period" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obdobie_Kamakura" title="Obdobie Kamakura – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obdobie Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obdobje_Kamakura" title="Obdobje Kamakura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obdobje Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سەردەمی کاماکورا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەردەمی کاماکورا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Камакура период – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камакура период" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura-kausi" title="Kamakura-kausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kamakura-kausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahong_Kamakura" title="Panahong Kamakura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahong Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="ยุคคามากูระ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคคามากูระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_D%C3%B6nemi" title="Kamakura Dönemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamakura Dönemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Період Камакура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Період Камакура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_Kamakura" title="Thời kỳ Kamakura – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời kỳ Kamakura" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B0%E4%BB%93%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="镰仓时代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镰仓时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鎌倉時代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鎌倉時代" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks history-of-japan"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" title="Category:History of Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg/250px-Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg/375px-Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg/500px-Minamoto_no_Yoritomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1974" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Shōgun</i> <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a>, founder of the Kamakura shogunate</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Periods</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">before 14,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">14,000–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1000 BC – 300 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300–538 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">538–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></b> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">710–794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">794–1185</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kamakura</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1185–1333</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Courts_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Courts period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1336–1573</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Imjin War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1573–1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period"><b>Edo</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tokugawa)</span></a> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1868</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Colonization of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Colonization of Korea</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Intervention in Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1912–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a></b> <div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Asset price bubble</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1926–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a></b> <div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Tōhoku earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">Imperial transition</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1989–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Abe assassination</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Topics</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan#History" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Japan" title="Historiography of Japan">Historiography</a></li> <li>Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Japan">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">Shinto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Japan">Post-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Japan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_history" title="Glossary of Japanese history">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_history" title="Timeline of Japanese history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Japan" title="Template talk:History of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kamakura period</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鎌倉時代</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamakura jidai</i></span>, 1185–1333)</span> is a period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese history</a> that marks the governance by the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a>, officially established in 1192 in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura, Kanagawa">Kamakura</a> by the first <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a>, which saw the struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto</a> clans. The period is known for the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, the warrior caste, and for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> in Japan. </p><p>There are various theories as to the year in which the Kamakura period and Kamakura shogunate began. In the past, the most popular theory was that the year was 1192, when Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seii Taishōgun</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">征夷大将軍</span></span>)</span>. Later, the prevailing theory was that the year was 1185, when Yoritomo established the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shugo" title="Shugo">Shugo</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">守護</span></span>)</span>, which controlled military and police power in various regions, and the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jit%C5%8D" title="Jitō">Jitō</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">地頭</span></span>)</span>, which was in charge of tax collection and land administration. Japanese history textbooks as of 2016 do not specify a specific year for the beginning of the Kamakura period, as there are various theories about the year the Kamakura shogunate was established.<sup id="cite_ref-toyo090616_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toyo090616-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early Kamakura period, the shogunate continued warfare against the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fujiwara" title="Northern Fujiwara">Northern Fujiwara</a> which was only defeated in 1189. Then, the authority to the Kamakura rulers waned in the 1190s and power was transferred to the powerful <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō clan</a> in the early 13th century with the head of the clan as regent (<a href="/wiki/Shikken" title="Shikken">Shikken</a>) under the shogun which became a powerless figurehead. The later Kamakura period saw the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">invasions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> in 1274 and again in 1281. To reduce the amount of chaos, the Hōjō rulers decided to decentralize power by allowing two imperial lines – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Court" title="Northern Court">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Court" title="Southern Court">Southern court</a>, to alternate the throne. In the 1330s, the Southern court under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a> revolted and eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamakura_(1333)" title="Siege of Kamakura (1333)">Siege of Kamakura</a> in 1333 which ended the rule of the shogunate. With this, the Kamakura period ended. There was a <a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">short re-establishment</a> (1333–1336) of imperial rule under Go-Daigo assisted by <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Takauji" title="Ashikaga Takauji">Ashikaga Takauji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitta_Yoshisada" title="Nitta Yoshisada">Nitta Yoshisada</a> but would later lead to direct rule under Ashikaga, forming the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a> in the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>. </p><p>Several significant administrative achievements were made during the Hōjō regency. These provided the opportunities for other military lords to exercise judicial and legislative authority and the government established a council centered around collective leadership. The period saw the adoption of Japan's first military code of law in 1232. There was an expansion of Buddhist teachings into Old Buddhism (<i>Kyū Bukkyō</i>) and New Buddhism (<i>Shin Bukkyō</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shogunate_and_Hōjō_regency"><span id="Shogunate_and_H.C5.8Dj.C5.8D_regency"></span>Shogunate and Hōjō regency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Shogunate and Hōjō regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Provinces_of_Japan_Ryoseikoku_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ancient_Provinces_of_Japan_Ryoseikoku_Map.png/220px-Ancient_Provinces_of_Japan_Ryoseikoku_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ancient_Provinces_of_Japan_Ryoseikoku_Map.png/330px-Ancient_Provinces_of_Japan_Ryoseikoku_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ancient_Provinces_of_Japan_Ryoseikoku_Map.png/440px-Ancient_Provinces_of_Japan_Ryoseikoku_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>Provinces in the Kamakura period (excluding Hokkaido and the Satsunan Islands)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kamakura period marked Japan's transition to a land-based economy and the concentration of advanced military technologies in the hands of a specialized fighting class. Lords required the loyal services of vassals, who were rewarded with <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> of their own; the fief holders then exercised local military rule. Once <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> had consolidated his power, he established a new government at his family home in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>. He called his government a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bakufu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">幕府</span></span>, tent government)</span>, but because he was given the ancient high military title <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">Sei-i Taishōgun</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a>, the government is often referred to in Western literature as the Shogunate. Yoritomo followed the <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_clan" title="Fujiwara clan">Fujiwara</a> form of house government and had an administrative board<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">政所</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mandokoro" title="Mandokoro">Mandokoro</a></i></span>)</span>, a board of retainers<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">侍所</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samurai-dokoro" title="Samurai-dokoro">Samurai-dokoro</a></i></span>)</span>, and a board of inquiry<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">問注所</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monch%C5%ABjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monchūjo (page does not exist)">Monchūjo</a></i></span>)</span>. After confiscating estates in central and western Japan, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Jit%C5%8D" title="Jitō">stewards</a> for the estates and <a href="/wiki/Shugo" title="Shugo">constables</a> for the provinces. As <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōgun</i></span>, Yoritomo was both the steward and the constable general. </p><p>The Kamakura shogunate was not a national regime, however, and although it controlled large tracts of land, there was strong resistance to the stewards. The regime continued warfare against the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fujiwara" title="Northern Fujiwara">Northern Fujiwara</a>, but never brought either the north or the west under complete military control. However, the fourth leader of the Northern Fujiwara <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yasuhira" title="Fujiwara no Yasuhira">Fujiwara no Yasuhira</a> was defeated by Yoritomo in 1189, and the 100-year-long prosperity of the north disappeared. The old court resided in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, continuing to hold the land over which it had jurisdiction, while newly organized military families were attracted to Kamakura. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg/220px-Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg/330px-Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg/440px-Nio_guardians_by_Unkei_in_Nara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>A famous Japanese wooden <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kongorikishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongorikishi">kongorikishi</a></i></span> statue of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>. It was made by <a href="/wiki/Busshi" title="Busshi">Busshi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a> in 1203.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite a strong beginning, Yoritomo failed to consolidate the leadership of his family on a lasting basis. Intrafamily contention had long existed within the Minamoto, although Yoritomo had eliminated most serious challengers to his authority. When he died suddenly in 1199, his son <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoriie" title="Minamoto no Yoriie">Minamoto no Yoriie</a> became <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōgun</i></span> and nominal head of the Minamoto, but Yoriie was unable to control the other eastern warrior families. By the early 13th century, a regency had been established by <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimasa" title="Hōjō Tokimasa">Hōjō Tokimasa</a>—a member of the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō clan</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira</a> that had allied itself with the <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto</a> in 1180. The head of Hōjō was installed as a regent for the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōgun</i></span>; the regent was termed the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shikken" title="Shikken">Shikken</a></i></span> during the period, although later positions were created with similar power such as the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokus%C5%8D" title="Tokusō">Tokusō</a></i></span> and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rensho" title="Rensho">Rensho</a></i></span>. Often the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shikken</i></span> was also the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tokusō</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Rensho</i></span>. Under the Hōjō, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōgun</i></span> became a powerless figurehead. </p><p>With the protection of the Emperor, a figurehead himself, strains emerged between Kyoto and Kamakura, and in 1221 the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a> broke out between the cloistered <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a> and the second regent <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Yoshitoki" title="Hōjō Yoshitoki">Hōjō Yoshitoki</a>. The Hōjō forces easily won the war, and the imperial court was brought under the direct control of the shogunate. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shōgun</i></span>'s constables gained greater civil powers, and the court was obliged to seek Kamakura's approval for all of its actions. Although deprived of political power, the court retained extensive estates. </p><p>Several significant administrative achievements were made during the Hōjō regency. In 1225 the third regent <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Yasutoki" title="Hōjō Yasutoki">Hōjō Yasutoki</a> established the Council of State, providing opportunities for other military lords to exercise judicial and legislative authority within the Kamakura regime. The Hōjō regent presided over the council, which was a successful form of collective leadership. The adoption of Japan's first military code of law—the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Goseibai_Shikimoku" title="Goseibai Shikimoku">Goseibai Shikimoku</a></i></span>—in 1232 reflected the profound transition from court to militarized society. While legal practices in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> were still based on 500-year-old <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> principles, the new code was a highly legalistic document that stressed the duties of stewards and constables, provided means for settling land disputes, and established rules governing <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritances</a>. It was clear and concise, stipulated punishments for violators of its conditions, and parts of it remained in effect for the next 635 years. </p><p>As might be expected, the literature of the time reflected the unsettled nature of the period. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dki" title="Hōjōki">Hōjōki</a></i></span> describes the turmoil of the period in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> concepts of impermanence and the vanity of human projects. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Monogatari" class="mw-redirect" title="Heike Monogatari">Heike Monogatari</a></i></span> narrated the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira clan</a>, replete with tales of wars and samurai deeds. A second literary mainstream was the continuation of anthologies of poetry in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_Kokin_Wakash%C5%AB" title="Shin Kokin Wakashū">Shin Kokin Wakashū</a></i></span>, of which twenty volumes were produced between 1201 and 1205. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_of_Buddhist_teachings">Expansion of Buddhist teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion of Buddhist teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_a_Guardian_13thcentury_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Head_of_a_Guardian_13thcentury_Japan.jpg/220px-Head_of_a_Guardian_13thcentury_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Head_of_a_Guardian_13thcentury_Japan.jpg/330px-Head_of_a_Guardian_13thcentury_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Head_of_a_Guardian_13thcentury_Japan.jpg/440px-Head_of_a_Guardian_13thcentury_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Head of a Guardian</i>, 13th century. Hinoki wood with lacquer on cloth, pigment, rock crystal, metal. Before entering most Japanese Buddhist temples, visitors must pass large and imposing sculptures of ferocious guardian figures whose role is to protect the premises from the enemies of the religion. The aggressive stances and exaggerated facial features of these figures stand in sharp contrast to the calm demeanor of the Buddha enshrined inside. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Kamakura period six new Buddhist schools (classified by scholars as "New Buddhism" or <i>Shin Bukkyo</i>) were founded: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> (1133–1212) founded the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> school or <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a> (1141–1215) founded the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> school of Zen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a> (1173–1263) founded the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> sect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> (1200–1253) founded the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> school of Zen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> (1222–1282) founded the <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren school</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a> (1239–1289) founded the Ji-shū branch of <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> Buddhism.</li></ul> <p>During this time the pre-existing schools of <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> (767–822), <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (774–835), and the great temples of <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a>, collectively classified by scholars as "Old Buddhism" or <i>Kyū Bukkyo</i>, continued to thrive, adapt, and exert influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbins1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbins1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> For example, all of the above six reformers had studied at the Tendai <a href="/wiki/Mt._Hiei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Hiei">Mt. Hiei</a> at some point in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 562">: 562 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Old_Buddhism"_(Kyū_Bukkyō)"><span id=".22Old_Buddhism.22_.28Ky.C5.AB_Bukky.C5.8D.29"></span>"Old Buddhism" <i>(Kyū Bukkyō)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Old Buddhism" (Kyū Bukkyō)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the Kamakura period, older Buddhist sects including <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara temple</a> schools such as <a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoss%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossō">Hossō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanron">Sanron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a> continued to thrive and adapt to the trend of the times.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 561–563">: 561–563 </span></sup> </p><p>At the start of the Kamakura period, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a> monasteries had become politically powerful, appealing primarily to those capable of systematic study of the sect's teachings. The <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> sect and its esoteric ritual continued to enjoy support largely from the noble families in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the increasing popularity of the new Kamakura schools, the older schools partially eclipsed as the newer "Kamakura" schools found followers among the new Kamakura government, and its <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The times that gave way to the Kamakura period were marked by political and military conflict, natural disasters, and social malaise attributed to the perceived arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Latter Day of the Law</a>. The new social order of a declining aristocracy and ascending military and peasant classes resulted in new forms of religion, both indigenous<sup id="cite_ref-Payne1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> and Buddhist while Indian and Chinese influence continued.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 556–557">: 556–557 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Payne1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11, 13">: 11, 13 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Den" title="Shōen">Shōen</a> manor system which had taken root in this era resulted in the increased prosperity and literacy of peasants which in turn provided more financial support for Buddhist teachers and their studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne1998_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""New_Buddhism"_(Shin_Bukkyō)"><span id=".22New_Buddhism.22_.28Shin_Bukky.C5.8D.29"></span>"New Buddhism" <i>(Shin Bukkyō)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "New Buddhism" (Shin Bukkyō)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first originators of Kamakura Buddhism schools were <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a> who emphasized belief and practice over formalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 546">: 546 </span></sup> </p><p>In the latter part of the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a> traveled to China and upon their return to Japan founded, respectively, the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> schools of Zen. Dōgen rejected affiliations with the secular authorities whereas Eisai actively sought them.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 574">: 574 </span></sup> Whereas Eisai thought that Zen teachings would revitalize the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school, Dōgen aimed for an ineffable absolute, a pure Zen teaching that was not tied to beliefs and practices from Tendai or other orthodox schools<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 566">: 566 </span></sup> and with little guidance for leading people how to live in the secular world.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 556">: 556 </span></sup> </p><p>The final stage of Kamakura Buddhism, occurring some 50 years after Hōnen, was marked by new social and political conditions as the aristocracy declined, the military class asserted new influence, and Buddhist-infused local <i><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i> practice among peasants flourished. These changing conditions created a climate that encouraged religious innovation. <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a> attempted at this time to create down-to-earth teachings that were rooted in the daily concerns of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 555–556">: 555–556 </span></sup> Nichiren rejected the focus on "next-worldly" salvation such a rebirth in a Pure Land and instead aimed for "this-worldly" personal and national liberation through a simple and accessible practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 557">: 557 </span></sup> Ippen emphasized a popularized form of <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nenbutsu</a> recitation with an emphasis on practice rather than concentrating on an individual's underlying mental state.<sup id="cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 559">: 559 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_of_Kamakura_Buddhism">Legacy of Kamakura Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy of Kamakura Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As time evolved the distinctions between "Old" and "New" Buddhisms blurred as they formed "cultic centers" and various forms of founder worship. The medieval structures of these schools evolved into hierarchical head temple-branch temple structures with associated rituals and forms of worship. This culminated in the state-sanctioned formalized schools of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbins1998_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbins1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36–37">: 36–37 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mongol_invasions">Mongol invasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mongol invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></div> <p>The repulsions of two invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> were momentous events in Japanese history. <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> had predicted these invasions years earlier, in his <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-1/Content/2/">Rissho Ankoku Ron</a></i>, a letter to the regency. Japanese relations with China had been terminated in the mid-ninth century after the deterioration of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and the turning inward of the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> court. Some commercial contacts were maintained with the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> in later centuries, but <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Japanese pirates</a> made the open seas dangerous. At a time when the shogunate had little interest in foreign affairs and ignored communications from China and the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo dynasty</a>, news arrived in 1268 of a new Mongol-led regime in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Its leader, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a>, demanded that the Japanese pay tribute to the new Yuan dynasty and threatened reprisals if they failed to do so. Unused to such threats, Kyoto raised the diplomatic counter of Japan's divine origin, rejected the Yuan demands, dismissed the Goryeo messengers, and started defensive preparations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/440px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/660px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/880px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> boarding Mongol ships in 1281</figcaption></figure> <p>After further unsuccessful entreaties, the first Mongol invasion took place in 1274. More than 600 ships carried a combined ethnic Mongol, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a> force of 23,000 troops armed with <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapults</a>, combustible missiles, and bows and arrows. In fighting, these soldiers grouped in close cavalry formations against samurai, who were accustomed to one-on-one combat. Local Japanese forces at <a href="/wiki/Hakata-ku,_Fukuoka" title="Hakata-ku, Fukuoka">Hakata</a>, on northern <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>, defended against the advantageous mainland force, which, after one day of fighting was destroyed by the onslaught of a sudden <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a>. Kublai realized that nature, not military incompetence, had been the cause of his forces' failure so, in 1281, he launched a second invasion. Seven weeks of fighting took place in northwestern Kyūshū before another typhoon struck, again destroying the Yuan fleet, which was mostly composed of hastily acquired, flat-bottomed Chinese ships especially vulnerable to powerful typhoons. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> priests attributed the two defeats of the Mongols to a "divine wind" or <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">kamikaze</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a sign of heaven's special protection of Japan, the invasion left a deep impression on the shogunate leaders. Long-standing fears of the Chinese threat to Japan were reinforced. The victory also convinced the warriors of the value of the shogunate form of government. </p><p>The Yuan invasions had been a drain on the economy, and new taxes had to be levied to maintain defensive preparations for the future. The invasions also caused disaffection among those who expected recompense for their help in defeating the Yuan dynasty. There were no lands or other rewards to be given, however, and such disaffection, combined with overextension and the increasing defense costs, led to a decline of the Kamakura <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">bakufu</a>. Additionally, inheritances had divided family properties, and landowners increasingly had to turn to moneylenders for support. Roving bands of <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">rōnin</a> further threatened the stability of the shogunate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō</a> reacted to the ensuing chaos by trying to place more power among the various great family clans. To further weaken the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> court, the <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">bakufu</a> decided to allow two contending imperial lines—known as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Court" title="Southern Court">Southern Court</a> or junior line and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Court" title="Northern Court">Northern Court</a> or senior line—to alternate on the throne. The method worked for several successions until a member of the Southern Court ascended to the throne as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Emperor Go-Daigo</a>. Go-Daigo wanted to overthrow the shogunate, and he openly defied Kamakura by naming his own son his heir. In 1331 the shogunate exiled Go-Daigo, but loyalist forces, including <a href="/wiki/Kusunoki_Masashige" title="Kusunoki Masashige">Kusunoki Masashige</a>, rebelled. They were aided by <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Takauji" title="Ashikaga Takauji">Ashikaga Takauji</a>, a constable who turned against the Kamakura when dispatched to put down Go-Daigo's rebellion. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Nitta_Yoshisada" title="Nitta Yoshisada">Nitta Yoshisada</a>, another eastern chieftain, rebelled against the shogunate, which quickly disintegrated, and the Hōjō were defeated. </p><p>In the swell of victory, Go-Daigo endeavored to restore imperial authority and tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> practices. This period of reform, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a>, aimed at strengthening the position of the emperor and reasserting the primacy of the court nobles over the warriors' caste. The reality, however, was that the forces who had arisen against Kamakura had been set on defeating the Hōjō, not on supporting the emperor. Ashikaga Takauji finally sided with the Northern Court in a civil war against the Southern Court represented by Go-Daigo. The long <i>War Between the Courts</i> lasted from 1336 to 1392. Early in the conflict, Go-Daigo was driven from Kyoto, and the Northern Court contender was installed by Ashikaga, who established a new line of shoguns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1185: the rival <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira clan</a> is defeated at sea at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dan-no-ura" title="Battle of Dan-no-ura">Battle of Dan-no-ura</a> by <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Yoritomo's</a> brother <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1192: The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a> appoints Yoritomo as <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i> (military leader) with a residence in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>, establishing the <i><a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a></i> system of government.</li> <li>1199: <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> dies.</li> <li>1207: <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> and his followers are exiled from <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> or executed. This inadvertently spread the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> doctrine to a wider audience.</li> <li>1221: The Kamakura army defeats the imperial army in the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū Disturbance</a>, thereby asserting the supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> (<a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō regents</a>) over the emperor.</li> <li>1227: The <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a> is introduced to Japan by monk <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen_Zenji" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōgen Zenji">Dōgen Zenji</a>.</li> <li>1232: The <i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dei_Shikimoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōei Shikimoku">Jōei Shikimoku</a></i> code of law is promulgated to enhance control by the Hōjō regents.</li> <li>1271: <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> is banished to <a href="/wiki/Sado_Island" title="Sado Island">Sado Island</a>.</li> <li>1274 & 1281: The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> try to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Japan">invade Japan</a> but are repelled by a typhoon.</li> <li>1293: On May 27, a <a href="/wiki/1293_Kamakura_earthquake" title="1293 Kamakura earthquake">major earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> hit <a href="/wiki/Sagami_Bay" title="Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>, killing 23,034 people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It followed a 1241 and 1257 earthquake/tsunami in the same general area, which both were of magnitude 7.0.</li> <li>1333: <a href="/wiki/Nitta_Yoshisada" title="Nitta Yoshisada">Nitta Yoshisada</a> conquers and destroys Kamakura during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamakura_(1333)" title="Siege of Kamakura (1333)">Siege of Kamakura</a> ending the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-toyo090616-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toyo090616_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509123300/https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/120599?page=4"><bdi lang="ja">鎌倉幕府は何年に成立？正解を言えますか</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Toyo keizai. 9 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/120599?page=4">the original</a> on 9 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AB%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%9F%E6%AD%A3%E8%A7%A3%E3%82%92%E8%A8%80%E3%81%88%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B&rft.pub=Toyo+keizai&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoyokeizai.net%2Farticles%2F-%2F120599%3Fpage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobbins1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dobbins1998_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dobbins1998_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbins1998" class="citation book cs1">Dobbins, James C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5nJT5NYvn4C&q=dobbins+kamakura&pg=PA24">"Envisioning Kamakura Buddhism"</a>. In Payne, Richard K. (ed.). <i>Re-visioning Kamakura Buddhism</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824820789" title="Special:BookSources/0824820789"><bdi>0824820789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Envisioning+Kamakura+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Re-visioning+Kamakura+Buddhism&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0824820789&rft.aulast=Dobbins&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5nJT5NYvn4C%26q%3Ddobbins%2Bkamakura%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osumi1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osumi1999_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsumiDobbins1999" class="citation book cs1">Osumi, Kazuo; Dobbins, James C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtTc_Aa22MwC&q=honen&pg=PR9">"Buddhism in the Kamakura Period"</a>. In Hall, John Whitney (ed.). <i>Cambridge History of Japan</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521223546" title="Special:BookSources/9780521223546"><bdi>9780521223546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+the+Kamakura+Period&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521223546&rft.aulast=Osumi&rft.aufirst=Kazuo&rft.au=Dobbins%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtTc_Aa22MwC%26q%3Dhonen%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2010" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lani3dFCC9UC&q=Hiei&pg=PA105"><i>Religion in Japanese History</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231515092" title="Special:BookSources/9780231515092"><bdi>9780231515092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Japanese+History&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780231515092&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlani3dFCC9UC%26q%3DHiei%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne1998_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne1998_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne1998_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1998" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Richard K. (1998). <i>Re-visioning "Kamakura" Buddhism</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2078-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2078-9"><bdi>0-8248-2078-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-visioning+%22Kamakura%22+Buddhism&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8248-2078-9&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnesaki1930" class="citation book cs1">Anesaki, Masaharu (1930). <i>The History of Japanese Religion</i>. London: Trench, Trubner & Company. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Japanese+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Anesaki&rft.aufirst=Masaharu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHane2015" class="citation book cs1">Hane, Mikiso (2015). <i>Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey</i>. Perez, Louis (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813349701" title="Special:BookSources/9780813349701"><bdi>9780813349701</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895428280">895428280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premodern+Japan%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895428280&rft.isbn=9780813349701&rft.aulast=Hane&rft.aufirst=Mikiso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varley, P. (1994) p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geophysical_Data_Center_/_World_Data_Service_(NGDC/WDS):_NCEI/WDS_Global_Significant_Earthquake_Database._NOAA_National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information1972" class="citation web cs1">National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-data?maxYear=1294&minYear=1240&country=JAPAN">"NOAA Earthquake Database Query"</a>. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K">10.7289/V5TD9V7K</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Earthquake+Database+Query&rft.pub=NOAA+National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K&rft.au=National+Geophysical+Data+Center+%2F+World+Data+Service+%28NGDC%2FWDS%29%3A+NCEI%2FWDS+Global+Significant+Earthquake+Database.+NOAA+National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazel%2Fview%2Fhazards%2Fearthquake%2Fevent-data%3FmaxYear%3D1294%26minYear%3D1240%26country%3DJAPAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCullough, Helen Craig (1959): pp. 285–311.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Japan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fjptoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamakura_period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Varley, P., <i>Warriors of Japan</i>, University of Hawaii Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1601-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1601-8">978-0-8248-1601-8</a>.</li> <li>McCullough, Helen Craig (1959). <i>The <a href="/wiki/Taiheiki" title="Taiheiki">Taiheiki</a>. A Chronicle of Medieval Japan</i>. 1959. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-3538-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-3538-1">0-8048-3538-1</a>.</li> <li>Sansom, George (1963). <i>A history of Japan 1334–1615</i>. Eight Printing (1993). Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8053-0375-1" title="Special:BookSources/4-8053-0375-1">4-8053-0375-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamamura1990" class="citation cs2">Yamamura, Kozo (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtTc_Aa22MwC"><i>The Cambridge History of Japan</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521223546" title="Special:BookSources/9780521223546"><bdi>9780521223546</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Japan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780521223546&rft.aulast=Yamamura&rft.aufirst=Kozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtTc_Aa22MwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamakura+period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a 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