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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Արտադրություն Ճապոնիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտադրություն Ճապոնիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufaktur_di_Jepang" title="Manufaktur di Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manufaktur di Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_sanoati" title="Yaponiya sanoati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yaponiya sanoati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_manufatureira_no_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Indústria manufatureira no Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indústria manufatureira no Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Промышленность Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Промышленность Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Manufacturing in Japan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Manufacturing+in+Japan%22">"Manufacturing in Japan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Manufacturing+in+Japan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Manufacturing+in+Japan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Manufacturing+in+Japan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Manufacturing+in+Japan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Manufacturing+in+Japan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Contradicts_other plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Accuracy dispute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/40px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/60px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/80px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>appears to contradict the article <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan#Industry" title="Economy of Japan">Economy of Japan#Industry</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please discuss at the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Talk:Manufacturing in Japan">talk page</a> and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2006</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keiyo_Coastal_Industrial_Region_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Keiyo_Coastal_Industrial_Region_02.jpg/220px-Keiyo_Coastal_Industrial_Region_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Keiyo_Coastal_Industrial_Region_02.jpg/330px-Keiyo_Coastal_Industrial_Region_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Keiyo_Coastal_Industrial_Region_02.jpg/440px-Keiyo_Coastal_Industrial_Region_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5989" data-file-height="3993" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keiy%C5%8D_Industrial_Zone" title="Keiyō Industrial Zone">Keiyō industrial region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s major <a href="/wiki/Exporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Exporting">export</a> industries include <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Electronics industry in Japan">Electronics industry in Japan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="#Iron_and_steel">iron and steel</a>. Additional key industries in Japan's economy are <a href="#Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a>, <a href="#Biotechnology_and_pharmaceutics">pharmaceuticals, bioindustry</a>, <a href="#Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, <a href="#Aerospace">aerospace</a>, <a href="#textiles">textiles</a>, and <a href="#Food">processed foods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chukyo_Industrial_Area_(2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chukyo_Industrial_Area_%282017%29.jpg/220px-Chukyo_Industrial_Area_%282017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chukyo_Industrial_Area_%282017%29.jpg/330px-Chukyo_Industrial_Area_%282017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chukyo_Industrial_Area_%282017%29.jpg/440px-Chukyo_Industrial_Area_%282017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_Industrial_Area" title="Chūkyō Industrial Area">Chūkyō industrial region</a> around <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> is home to automobile industries.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese manufacturing industry is heavily dependent on <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imported</a> <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese manufacturing and industry is very diversified, with a variety of advanced industries that are highly successful. Industry accounts for 30.1% (2017) of the nation's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_Country_Report_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan_Country_Report-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's manufacturing output is the third highest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-known Japanese manufacturing and tech companies include <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Nippon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda Pharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi Co</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> are from Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steel">Steel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel industry in Japan">Steel industry in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:140721_Yawata_Steel_Works_from_RRH_Kitakyushu_Japan01s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/140721_Yawata_Steel_Works_from_RRH_Kitakyushu_Japan01s3.jpg/220px-140721_Yawata_Steel_Works_from_RRH_Kitakyushu_Japan01s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/140721_Yawata_Steel_Works_from_RRH_Kitakyushu_Japan01s3.jpg/330px-140721_Yawata_Steel_Works_from_RRH_Kitakyushu_Japan01s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/140721_Yawata_Steel_Works_from_RRH_Kitakyushu_Japan01s3.jpg/440px-140721_Yawata_Steel_Works_from_RRH_Kitakyushu_Japan01s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5349" data-file-height="3566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yawata_Steel_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawata Steel Works">Yawata Steel Works</a> view from RIHGA Royal Hotel Kokura in <a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuoka prefecture">Fukuoka prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, the top three export markets for Japan were: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nippon_Steel" title="Nippon Steel">Nippon Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/JFE_Steel" title="JFE Steel">JFE Steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kobe_Steel" title="Kobe Steel">Kobe Steel</a>) accounting for 85.25 million metric tons, or 82 percent of total 2018 production, based on available data.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The iron and steel industry of Japan is mainly concentrated in the Tokyo-China region, <a href="/wiki/Chukyo_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukyo region">Chukyo region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka - Kobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_(city)" title="Yamaguchi (city)">Yamaguchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Oka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaido region">Hokkaido region</a> contributes about 20 per cent of the Japanese steel production.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major cities in where steel industries based are <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shipbuilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Marine_United_Kure_Shipyard_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Japan_Marine_United_Kure_Shipyard_%281%29.jpg/220px-Japan_Marine_United_Kure_Shipyard_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Japan_Marine_United_Kure_Shipyard_%281%29.jpg/330px-Japan_Marine_United_Kure_Shipyard_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Japan_Marine_United_Kure_Shipyard_%281%29.jpg/440px-Japan_Marine_United_Kure_Shipyard_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Japan Marine United Kure Shipyard</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan dominated world <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> in the late 1980s, filling more than half of all orders worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its closest competitors were <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, with 9 percent and 5.2 percent of the market, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-studies_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-studies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese shipbuilding industry was hit by a lengthy recession from the late 1970s through most of the 1980s, which resulted in a drastic cutback in the use of facilities and in the work force, but there was a sharp revival in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry was helped by a sudden rise in demand from other countries that needed to replace their aging fleets and from a sudden decline in the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> shipping industry. In 1988, Japanese shipbuilding firms received orders for 4.8 million gross tons of ships, but this figure grew to 7.1 million gross tons in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-studies_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-studies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although facing competition from South Korea and China, Japan retains a successful, advanced shipbuilding manufacturing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan lost its leading position in the industry to South Korea in 2004, and its market share has since fallen sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biotechnology_and_pharmaceutics">Biotechnology and pharmaceutics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biotechnology and pharmaceutics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies" title="List of pharmaceutical companies">List of pharmaceutical companies</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teva_Takeda_Pharma_headquarters,_at_Taik%C5%8D,_Nakamura,_Nagoya_(2019-04-13)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Teva_Takeda_Pharma_headquarters%2C_at_Taik%C5%8D%2C_Nakamura%2C_Nagoya_%282019-04-13%29_04.jpg/220px-Teva_Takeda_Pharma_headquarters%2C_at_Taik%C5%8D%2C_Nakamura%2C_Nagoya_%282019-04-13%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Teva_Takeda_Pharma_headquarters%2C_at_Taik%C5%8D%2C_Nakamura%2C_Nagoya_%282019-04-13%29_04.jpg/330px-Teva_Takeda_Pharma_headquarters%2C_at_Taik%C5%8D%2C_Nakamura%2C_Nagoya_%282019-04-13%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Teva_Takeda_Pharma_headquarters%2C_at_Taik%C5%8D%2C_Nakamura%2C_Nagoya_%282019-04-13%29_04.jpg/440px-Teva_Takeda_Pharma_headquarters%2C_at_Taik%C5%8D%2C_Nakamura%2C_Nagoya_%282019-04-13%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Teva <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda Pharma</a> headquarters, in <a href="/wiki/Nakamura-ku,_Nagoya" title="Nakamura-ku, Nagoya">Nakamura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> industries experienced strong growth in the late 1980s. Pharmaceutical production grew an estimated 8 percent in 1989 because of increased expenditures by Japan's rapidly <a href="/wiki/Aging_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging population">aging population</a>. Leading producers actively develop new <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, such as those for degenerative and <a href="/wiki/Geriatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geriatric">geriatric</a> diseases. Pharmaceutical companies were establishing tripolar networks connecting <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and Western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to co-ordinate product development. They also increased <a href="/wiki/Merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger">merger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">acquisition</a> activity overseas. <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> was progressing steadily, including the launching of <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> biotechnology projects, with full-scale commercialization expected to take place in the 1990s. </p><p>Biotechnology research covered a wide variety of fields: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">fermentation</a>. Human <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> for pharmaceutical products were sought through genetic recombination using <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. </p><p>Biotechnology also is used to enhance bacterial <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> properties to further improve <a href="/wiki/Amino-acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino-acid">amino-acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">fermentation</a> technology, a field in which <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is the world leader. The government cautions Japanese producers, however, against overoptimism regarding biotechnology and bioindustry. The research race both in Japan and abroad intensified in the 1980s, leading to <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> disputes and forcing some companies to abandon research. Also, researchers began to realize that such drug development continually showed new complexities, requiring more technical breakthroughs than first imagined. Yet, despite these problems, research and development was still expected to be successful and to end in product commercialization in the mid-term. </p><p>In 2006, the Japanese pharmaceutical market was the second largest individual market in the world. With sales of $60 billion it constitutes approximately 11 percent of the world market.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry and Laws<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are very particular. They are ruled by The Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare which was established by a merger of the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of Labor, on January 6, 2001, as part of the Japanese government program for re-organizing government ministries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_and_gas_and_petrochemical">Oil and gas and petrochemical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oil and gas and petrochemical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JX_Nippon_Oil_Negishi_Refinery_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/JX_Nippon_Oil_Negishi_Refinery_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-JX_Nippon_Oil_Negishi_Refinery_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/JX_Nippon_Oil_Negishi_Refinery_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-JX_Nippon_Oil_Negishi_Refinery_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/JX_Nippon_Oil_Negishi_Refinery_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-JX_Nippon_Oil_Negishi_Refinery_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4855" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>JX <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Oil">Nippon Oil</a> Negishi Refinery</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a> experienced moderate growth in the late 1980s because of steady economic expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest growth came in the production of <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>. Prices for <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a> remained high because of increased demand in the newly developing economies of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. </p><p>By 1990, the construction of factory complexes to make <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>-based products in the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> was expected to increase supplies and reduce prices. In the long term, the Japanese petrochemical industry is likely to face intensifying competition as a result of the integration of domestic and international markets and the efforts made by other Asian countries to catch up with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motor_vehicles_and_machinery">Motor vehicles and machinery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motor vehicles and machinery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Automotive industry in Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Japan" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Japan">List of automobile manufacturers of Japan</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HONDA_saitama_factory_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HONDA_saitama_factory_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-HONDA_saitama_factory_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HONDA_saitama_factory_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-HONDA_saitama_factory_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HONDA_saitama_factory_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-HONDA_saitama_factory_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda Motors</a> manufacturing plant in <a href="/wiki/Saitama_(city)" title="Saitama (city)">Saitama</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagoya_Night_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nagoya_Night_View.jpg/220px-Nagoya_Night_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nagoya_Night_View.jpg/330px-Nagoya_Night_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nagoya_Night_View.jpg/440px-Nagoya_Night_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> around <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_Industrial_Area" title="Chūkyō Industrial Area">Chūkyō industrial region</a> is home to Japan's automobile industries.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Duet_facelift_(Japan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Toyota_Duet_facelift_%28Japan%29.jpg/220px-Toyota_Duet_facelift_%28Japan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Toyota_Duet_facelift_%28Japan%29.jpg/330px-Toyota_Duet_facelift_%28Japan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Toyota_Duet_facelift_%28Japan%29.jpg/440px-Toyota_Duet_facelift_%28Japan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Duet" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Duet">Toyota Duet</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> industry is one of the most successful industries in Japan, with large world shares in the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, parts, <a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">tire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> manufacturing industries. Global Japanese motor vehicle companies include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Japan" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Japan">List of automobile manufacturers of Japan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acura" title="Acura">Acura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infiniti" title="Infiniti">Infiniti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a></li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DENSO_factory_around_Aichiike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DENSO_factory_around_Aichiike.jpg/220px-DENSO_factory_around_Aichiike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DENSO_factory_around_Aichiike.jpg/330px-DENSO_factory_around_Aichiike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DENSO_factory_around_Aichiike.jpg/440px-DENSO_factory_around_Aichiike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a> factory around <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Ken" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi Ken">Aichiike</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a> is the world's largest company in automotive component manufacturing. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Motors_Racing" title="Kawasaki Motors Racing">Kawasaki</a> are global motorcycle companies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_red_Mazda_RX-8_pace_car_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2005_red_Mazda_RX-8_pace_car_side.JPG/220px-2005_red_Mazda_RX-8_pace_car_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2005_red_Mazda_RX-8_pace_car_side.JPG/330px-2005_red_Mazda_RX-8_pace_car_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2005_red_Mazda_RX-8_pace_car_side.JPG/440px-2005_red_Mazda_RX-8_pace_car_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A 2005 <a href="/wiki/Mazda_RX-8" title="Mazda RX-8">Mazda RX-8</a> pace car at the 2004 San Francisco International Auto Show</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers">six of the top ten largest vehicle manufacturers</a> in the world. For example, it is home to multinational companies such as <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>. Some of these companies cross-over to different sectors such as <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> to produce electronic equipment as some of them being a part of <a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a>. Japan's <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> are generally known for their <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a>, durability, <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> efficiency and more features for a relatively lower price than their competitors. </p><p>Japanese automakers <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> have had their patents violated by a number of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> car companies, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=UD_Group_(Mandalay)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UD Group (Mandalay) (page does not exist)">UD Group (Mandalay)</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyar_Koe_Kaung_(Yangon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyar Koe Kaung (Yangon) (page does not exist)">Kyar Koe Kaung (Yangon)</a>. These companies produced <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> products including Mitsubishi Pajero, Toyota TownAce pickup trucks and other various types of Japanese cars under their own <a href="/wiki/Marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marque">marques</a> (e.g., Khit Tayar Pajero, Shwe Surf, UD Light Truck and KKK Light Truck) without license. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exports_and_the_Japanese_market">Exports and the Japanese market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exports and the Japanese market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_Fuso_Kawasaki_II_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Kawasaki_II_factory.jpg/220px-Mitsubishi_Fuso_Kawasaki_II_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Kawasaki_II_factory.jpg/330px-Mitsubishi_Fuso_Kawasaki_II_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Kawasaki_II_factory.jpg/440px-Mitsubishi_Fuso_Kawasaki_II_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fuso_(company)" title="Fuso (company)">Mitsubishi Fuso</a> factory II in <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki City">Kawasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Auto_Body_Fujimatsu_plant_16-05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Toyota_Auto_Body_Fujimatsu_plant_16-05.JPG/220px-Toyota_Auto_Body_Fujimatsu_plant_16-05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Toyota_Auto_Body_Fujimatsu_plant_16-05.JPG/330px-Toyota_Auto_Body_Fujimatsu_plant_16-05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Toyota_Auto_Body_Fujimatsu_plant_16-05.JPG/440px-Toyota_Auto_Body_Fujimatsu_plant_16-05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5934" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption>Toyota Auto Body Fujimatsu plant</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> produced 9.7 million <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, making it the largest producer in the world; the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in that year produced 5.4 million. Just under 46 percent of the Japanese output was exported. Automobiles, other motor vehicles, and automotive parts were the largest class of Japanese exports throughout the 1980s. In 1991 they accounted for 17.8 percent of all Japanese exports, a meteoric rise from only 1.9 percent in 1960 with kaya being one of the largest exporters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF_%E5%A4%A7_mazda%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/01_%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF_%E5%A4%A7_mazda%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97.jpg/220px-01_%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF_%E5%A4%A7_mazda%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/01_%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF_%E5%A4%A7_mazda%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97.jpg/330px-01_%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF_%E5%A4%A7_mazda%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/01_%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF_%E5%A4%A7_mazda%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97.jpg/440px-01_%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF_%E5%A4%A7_mazda%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B4%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disco_Corporation" title="Disco Corporation">Disco Corporation</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazda Motor">Mazda Motor</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima Prefecture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fear of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo where Japanese automobile manufacturers began exporting automobiles en masse) led to major <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">direct foreign investment</a> in the U.S. by Japanese automobile manufacturers. By the end of the 1980s, all the major Japanese producers had automotive <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly lines</a> operating in the United States: <a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a> has a joint plant with <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a>; one of <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Alabama" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama">Toyota</a>'s plants is in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. Following the major assembly firms, Japanese producers of automobile parts also began investing in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the late 1980s, most Japanese auto parts are nevertheless made in Japan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_Vmax_Concept-Bike_EICMA_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yamaha_Vmax_Concept-Bike_EICMA_2007.jpg/220px-Yamaha_Vmax_Concept-Bike_EICMA_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yamaha_Vmax_Concept-Bike_EICMA_2007.jpg/330px-Yamaha_Vmax_Concept-Bike_EICMA_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yamaha_Vmax_Concept-Bike_EICMA_2007.jpg/440px-Yamaha_Vmax_Concept-Bike_EICMA_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Yamaha Vmax Concept-Bike EICMA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Plant_Ohira_Sendai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Toyota_Plant_Ohira_Sendai.jpg/220px-Toyota_Plant_Ohira_Sendai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Toyota_Plant_Ohira_Sendai.jpg/330px-Toyota_Plant_Ohira_Sendai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Toyota_Plant_Ohira_Sendai.jpg/440px-Toyota_Plant_Ohira_Sendai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Chira,_Miyagi" title="Ōhira, Miyagi">Ohira</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture" title="Miyagi Prefecture">Miyagi Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suzuki_Motor_Corporation_Toyokawa_Plant_(2013.03.19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Suzuki_Motor_Corporation_Toyokawa_Plant_%282013.03.19%29.jpg/220px-Suzuki_Motor_Corporation_Toyokawa_Plant_%282013.03.19%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Suzuki_Motor_Corporation_Toyokawa_Plant_%282013.03.19%29.jpg/330px-Suzuki_Motor_Corporation_Toyokawa_Plant_%282013.03.19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Suzuki_Motor_Corporation_Toyokawa_Plant_%282013.03.19%29.jpg/440px-Suzuki_Motor_Corporation_Toyokawa_Plant_%282013.03.19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Suzuki Motor Corporation Toyokawa Plant (スズキ株式会社豊川工場), located at Utari 1–2, Shiratori-cho, Toyokawa, Aichi, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a> were a major area of contention for the <a href="/wiki/Japan-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan-United States relations">Japan-United States relationship</a> during the 1980s. When the <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">price of oil</a> rose in the <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">1979 energy crisis</a>, demand for small automobiles increased, which worked to the advantage of Japan's exports to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> market. As the Japanese share of the market increased, to 21.8 percent in 1981, pressures rose to restrict imports from Japan. The result of these pressures was a series of negotiations in early 1981, which produced a voluntary export agreement limiting Japan's shipments to the United States to 1.68 million units (excluding certain kinds of specialty vehicles and trucks). This agreement remained in effect for the rest of the decade, but Japanese competition only increased with new plants being built and with the export agreement being voluntary. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">Big Three</a> (Toyota, Nissan, Honda) also sold luxury automobiles similar to its European counterparts (BMW, Audi, Mercedes, Jaguar) where it was possible to yield profits - since the parent companies had a connotation as an econobox manufacturer with their mass market automobiles, they established their stand-alone luxury marques (Lexus, Acura, Infiniti) where the parent company marketed the same product as a JDM (Japanese Domestic Model). The luxury marques (sold initially for the USA market) may not have their own brand language or brand identity of its own since they are often associated with their parent companies. Similar voluntary restraints on Japanese exports were imposed by <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">West European</a> countries. Nonetheless, Japanese car competition only increased due to new plants being built and with the export agreements being voluntary. Since then, tensions have greatly decreased. Canada and Western Europe, like the U.S., repealed restrictions on Japanese auto imports. Nissan has an assembly plant in <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, Tyne and Wear">Sunderland</a> in England. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Koki_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nissan_Koki_01.jpg/220px-Nissan_Koki_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nissan_Koki_01.jpg/330px-Nissan_Koki_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nissan_Koki_01.jpg/440px-Nissan_Koki_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>This is a main office and factory of <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan KOKI</a> that manufactures car engines.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imports">Imports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign penetration of the automotive market in Japan has been less successful partly because of the population density and limited space of the country. Imports of foreign automobiles were very low during the forty years prior to 1985, never exceeding 60,000 units annually, or 1 percent of the domestic market. Trade and investment barriers restricted imported automobiles to an insignificant share of the market in the 1950s, and as barriers were finally lowered, strong control over the distribution networks made penetration difficult. The major United States automobile manufacturers acquired minority interests in some Japanese firms when investment restrictions were relaxed, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> obtaining a 25 percent interest in Toyo Kogyo (<a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>), <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> a 34 percent interest in <a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Corporation">Chrysler</a> a 15 percent interest in <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a>. This ownership did not provide a means for United States automobiles to penetrate the Japanese market, and the American car companies eventually got rid of their shares of the Japanese carmakers. One concern was that the USA market automobiles sold in Japan were imposed a taxation bracket due to vehicle sizing and engine displacement - which affected sales. </p><p>After the strong appreciation of the <a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">yen</a> in 1985, however, Japanese demand for foreign automobiles increased, but with most cars imported from Germany. In 1988, automobile imports totaled 150,629 units, of which 127,309 were European, mostly West German. Only 21,124 units were imported from the United States at that time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerospace">Aerospace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aerospace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Japan" title="Defense industry of Japan">Defense industry of Japan</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HONDA_ASIMO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/220px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/330px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/440px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ASIMO" title="ASIMO">ASIMO</a> is an advanced <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid robot</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> industry received a major boost in 1969 with the establishment of the National Space Development Agency (now <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a>), which was charged with the development of <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese military industry, although a small share of GDP, is a major sector of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is technologically advanced and is very successful, and has produced such aircraft as the new Mitsubishi fighter planned to be launched.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ASIMO" title="ASIMO">ASIMO</a> is an advanced <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid robot</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda Company</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagoromo_Foods_Mt._Fuji_Pasta_Plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hagoromo_Foods_Mt._Fuji_Pasta_Plant.jpg/220px-Hagoromo_Foods_Mt._Fuji_Pasta_Plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hagoromo_Foods_Mt._Fuji_Pasta_Plant.jpg/330px-Hagoromo_Foods_Mt._Fuji_Pasta_Plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hagoromo_Foods_Mt._Fuji_Pasta_Plant.jpg/440px-Hagoromo_Foods_Mt._Fuji_Pasta_Plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hagoromo Foods Mt. Fuji Pasta plant in <a href="/wiki/Shimizu-ku,_Shizuoka" title="Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka">Shimizu-ku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_(city)" title="Shizuoka (city)">Shizuoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The production value of the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a> ranked third among manufacturing industries after electric and transport machinery. Japan produces a great variety of products, ranging from traditional Japanese items, such as soybean paste (<a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">miso</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>. </p><p>The industry as a whole experienced mild growth in the 1980s, primarily from the development of such new products as "<a href="/wiki/Dry_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry beer">dry beer</a>" and precooked food, which was increasingly used because of the tendency of family members to dine separately, the trend toward smaller families, and convenience. </p><p>A common feature of all sectors of the food industry was their <a href="/wiki/Internationalization" title="Internationalization">internationalization</a>. As domestic raw materials lost their price competitiveness following the liberalization of imports, food makers more often produced <a href="/wiki/Foodstuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodstuff">foodstuffs</a> overseas, promoted tie-ups with overseas firms, and purchased overseas firms. </p><p>In 2004, the Japanese food industry was worth $600 billion whilst food processing was worth $209 billion. This is comparable to the food industries of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also develop an abundance of sugar confectionery products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronics">Electronics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_consumer_electronics_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese consumer electronics industry">Japanese consumer electronics industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic_Kusatsu_Factory_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panasonic_Kusatsu_Factory_2020.jpg/220px-Panasonic_Kusatsu_Factory_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panasonic_Kusatsu_Factory_2020.jpg/330px-Panasonic_Kusatsu_Factory_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panasonic_Kusatsu_Factory_2020.jpg/440px-Panasonic_Kusatsu_Factory_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Kusatsu,_Gunma" title="Kusatsu, Gunma">Kusatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture" title="Gunma Prefecture">Gunma Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_Kyoto_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Skyline_of_Kyoto_at_Night.jpg/220px-Skyline_of_Kyoto_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Skyline_of_Kyoto_at_Night.jpg/330px-Skyline_of_Kyoto_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Skyline_of_Kyoto_at_Night.jpg/440px-Skyline_of_Kyoto_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> is the center of Japan's technology industry.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%26F_Kumasaka_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/H%26F_Kumasaka_plant.JPG/220px-H%26F_Kumasaka_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/H%26F_Kumasaka_plant.JPG/330px-H%26F_Kumasaka_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/H%26F_Kumasaka_plant.JPG/440px-H%26F_Kumasaka_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Zosen_Corporation" title="Hitachi Zosen Corporation">Hitachi Zosen Fukui Corporation</a> plant at <a href="/wiki/Kumasaka" title="Kumasaka">Kumasaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atarashiki-mura" title="Atarashiki-mura">Awara-shi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture" title="Fukui Prefecture">Fukui Prefecture</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan has 7 of top 20 largest <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">chip</a> manufacturers as of 2005. Japanese electronics are known for their <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a>, durability, and technological sophistication. Some of these companies cross over to <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a> sectors as part of a <a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a>. Many of the world's major <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> companies are based in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, includes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen Holdings">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi, Ltd.">Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Corporation">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Panasonic Corporation">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEGA" class="mw-redirect" title="SEGA">SEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_(manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamaha (manufacturer)">Yamaha</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Japan's computer industry developed with extraordinary speed and moved into international markets. Japanese computer technologies are some of the most advanced in the world. The leading computer <a href="/wiki/Main_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Main frame">main frame</a> manufacturers in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> at the end of the 1980s (in the domestic market) were <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, IBM Japan and <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a>. Leading personal computer manufacturers were <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seiko_Epson" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiko Epson">Seiko Epson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Japan">IBM Japan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_WestBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nikon_WestBuilding.jpg/220px-Nikon_WestBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nikon_WestBuilding.jpg/330px-Nikon_WestBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nikon_WestBuilding.jpg/440px-Nikon_WestBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Nikon WestBuilding in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1988, Japan exported US$1.5 billion of computer equipment, up more than twelvefold from the US$122 million in 1980. Japanese firms were not very successful in exporting <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> computers, but they did very well in <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> equipment, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tape_drive" title="Tape drive">tape drives</a>. In the rapidly growing <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> market, Japan achieved a major market share in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the 1980s. Imports of computer equipment in 1988 came to US$3.2 billion (including parts). </p><p>Economic developments, namely <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> made these disputes obsolete by the 1990s. Japanese and U.S. influence in the computer market dwindled, with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">mainland Chinese</a> companies taking over <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">component</a> production and later <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Japan" title="List of companies of Japan">List of Japanese companies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManufacturing+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> - 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia-manufacturing.com/PerspectiveArticle-6.html">the original</a> on 2011-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Pharmaceutical+Industry+and+Laws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asia-manufacturing.com%2FPerspectiveArticle-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManufacturing+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcyclesText" class="citation web cs1">cycles, This text provides general information Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct Due to varying update; Text, Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/topics/8663/petrochemical-industry-in-japan/">"Topic: Petrochemical industry in Japan"</a>. <i>Statista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Topic%3A+Petrochemical+industry+in+Japan&rft.aulast=cycles&rft.aufirst=This+text+provides+general+information+Statista+assumes+no+liability+for+the+information+given+being+complete+or+correct+Due+to+varying+update&rft.au=Text%2C+Statistics+Can+Display+More+up-to-Date+Data+Than+Referenced+in+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Ftopics%2F8663%2Fpetrochemical-industry-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManufacturing+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1071559/National-Space-Development-Agency">"National Space Development Agency (Japanese government agency) -- Encyclopædia Britannica"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Space+Development+Agency+%28Japanese+government+agency%29+--+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1071559%2FNational-Space-Development-Agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManufacturing+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP2021" class="citation web cs1">AP, Mari Yamaguchi (2021-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2021/12/29/despite-defense-buildup-japans-arms-industry-struggles/">"Despite defense buildup, Japan's arms industry struggles"</a>. <i>Defense News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+News&rft.atitle=Despite+defense+buildup%2C+Japan%27s+arms+industry+struggles&rft.date=2021-12-29&rft.aulast=AP&rft.aufirst=Mari+Yamaguchi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensenews.com%2Findustry%2F2021%2F12%2F29%2Fdespite-defense-buildup-japans-arms-industry-struggles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManufacturing+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhi.com/products/defense/f_2_close_support_fighter.html">"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Global Website | F-2 Fighter Plane"</a>. <i>Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mitsubishi+Heavy+Industries%2C+Ltd.&rft.atitle=Mitsubishi+Heavy+Industries%2C+Ltd.+Global+Website+%7C+F-2+Fighter+Plane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhi.com%2Fproducts%2Fdefense%2Ff_2_close_support_fighter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManufacturing+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nrenti.nsf/93a98744f6ec41bd4a256c8e00013aa9/e80332f0f4233081ca2572020008ec5a/$FILE/FSJapan.pdf">Japanese Food Market Overview</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.export-japan.com/info/jpinfo_associationsinjapan.html">Japanese Manufacturers Associations</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and Japanese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjac.or.jp/en_index.html">Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mij-only.com">Made in Japan ONLY - The web magazine which features various kinds of things made in Japan</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and Japanese)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Japan" title="Template:Economy of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Economy of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_Doubling_Plan" title="Income Doubling Plan">Income Doubling Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Japanese economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trade_dispute" title="Japan–South Korea trade dispute">Japan–South Korea trade dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">Keiretsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy_of_Japan" title="Industrial policy of Japan">Industrial policy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_policy_of_Japan" title="Trade policy of Japan">Trade policy of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Japan" title="Taxation in Japan">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Japanese_yen" title="Banknotes of the Japanese yen">Banknotes of the Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Mint" title="Japan Mint">Japan Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Printing_Bureau" title="National Printing Bureau">National Printing Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_coinage" title="Tokugawa coinage">Tokugawa coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrip_of_Edo_period_Japan" title="Scrip of Edo period Japan">Scrip of Edo period Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Exchange" title="Osaka Exchange">Osaka Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_flows_in_Japan" title="Capital flows in Japan">Capital flows in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_Japan" title="Financial services in Japan">Financial services in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_financial_system" title="Japanese financial system">Japanese financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Investment_Corporation" title="Japan Investment Corporation">Japan Investment Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Japan" title="Development Bank of Japan">Development Bank of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Trade_Commission_(Japan)" title="Fair Trade Commission (Japan)">Fair Trade Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Agency" title="Financial Services Agency">Financial Services Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization" title="Japan External Trade Organization">Japan External Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)">Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry">Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Japan)">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tax_Agency" title="National Tax Agency">National Tax Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor market</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_labour_law" title="Japanese labour law">Japanese labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_management_culture" title="Japanese management culture">Japanese management culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_work_environment" title="Japanese work environment">Japanese work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_Japan" title="Labor unions in Japan">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABshin_koy%C5%8D" title="Shūshin koyō">Shūshin koyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenko_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenko System">Nenko System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman">Salaryman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Japan" title="Solar power in Japan">Solar power in Japan</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japan_natural_gas_companies" title="List of Japan natural gas companies">List of Japan natural gas companies</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Japan" title="List of power stations in Japan">List of power stations in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rankings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Japan" title="International rankings of Japan">International rankings of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Japanese_companies" title="List of largest Japanese companies">List of largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_GDP" title="List of Japanese prefectures by GDP">Prefectures by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Japanese prefectures by GDP per capita">Prefectures by GDP per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, and fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Automotive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_domestic_market" title="Japanese domestic market">domestic market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Japan" title="Defense industry of Japan">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Electronics industry in Japan">Electronics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Japan" title="Mining in Japan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise_in_Japan" title="Private enterprise in Japan">Private enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_public_corporations" title="Japanese public corporations">Public corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Japan" title="Whaling in Japan">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Association_of_Corporate_Executives" title="Japan Association of Corporate Executives">Japan Association of Corporate Executives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association">Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Business_Federation" title="Japan Business Federation">Japan Business Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_relations_of_Japan" title="Economic relations of Japan">Economic relations of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-business_relations_in_Japan" title="Government-business relations in Japan">Government-business relations in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Japan" title="List of exports of Japan">List of exports of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_Japan" title="National debt of Japan">National debt of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development_in_Japan" title="Research and development in Japan">Research and development in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemawashi" title="Nemawashi">Nemawashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Japan" title="Standard of living in Japan">Standard of living in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakudari" class="mw-redirect" title="Amakudari">Amakudari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manufacturing_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manufacturing_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Manufacturing in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_South_Korea" title="Manufacturing in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Vietnam" title="Manufacturing in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Manufacturing in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manufacturing_in_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manufacturing_in_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manufacturing_in_the_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manufacturing in the World (page does not exist)">Manufacturing in the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Botswana" title="Manufacturing in Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Chad" title="Manufacturing in Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ethiopia" title="Manufacturing in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ghana" title="Manufacturing in Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_New_Zealand" title="Manufacturing in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_South_Korea" title="Manufacturing in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Sudan" title="Manufacturing in Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" 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