CINXE.COM

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Research</h1> <p>Immunology is a branch of science that studies all aspects of the immune system, ranging from normal physiological functioning through to malfunctions which can lead to immunological diseases. Disorders that result from aberrant activation of the immune system are termed autoimmune diseases.</p> <div class="tabbed_content"> <div class="tab_menu"> <div class="tab tab_1 tab_open" data-tab="1" data-tabname="products" id="pharm_tabs_products"> <span>Research Areas</span></div> <div class="tab tab_4" data-tab="4" data-tabname="literature" id="pharm_tabs_literature"><span>Literature (2)</span> </div> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_1 tab_open" data-tab="1"> <div class="pharm_sub_cats"><h3>Autoimmune Disease Product Areas</h3><ul class="tile_column_1"><li><a href="/research-area/arthritis-research" title="Browse products for Arthritis Research">Arthritis Research</a></li><li><a href="/research-area/asthma-research" title="Browse products for Asthma Research">Asthma Research</a></li></ul><ul class="tile_column_2"><li><a href="/research-area/immune-cell-signaling" title="Browse products for Immune Cell Signaling">Immune Cell Signaling</a></li><li><a href="/research-area/multiple-sclerosis" title="Browse products for Multiple Sclerosis">Multiple Sclerosis</a></li></ul><h3>Immunology Research Product Areas</h3><ul class="tile_column_1"><li><a href="/pharmacology/adenosine-receptors" title="Browse products for Adenosine Receptors">Adenosine Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/antibiotics" title="Browse products for Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/antivirals" title="Browse products for Antivirals">Antivirals</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/cb2-receptors" title="Browse products for CB2 Receptors">CB<sub>2</sub> Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/chemokine-receptors" title="Browse products for Chemokine Receptors">Chemokine Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/cell-biology/complement" title="Browse products for Complement">Complement</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/cyclooxygenases" title="Browse products for Cyclooxygenases">Cyclooxygenases</a></li><li><a href="/cell-biology/cytokine-and-nf-kappab-signaling" title="Browse products for Cytokine and NF-κB Signaling">Cytokine and NF-κB Signaling</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/cytokine-receptors" title="Browse products for Cytokine Receptors">Cytokine Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/fatty-acid-binding-proteins-fabp" title="Browse products for Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABP)">Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABP)</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/glucocorticoid-receptors" title="Browse products for Glucocorticoid Receptors">Glucocorticoid Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/histamine-receptors" title="Browse products for Histamine Receptors">Histamine Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/cell-biology/immune-checkpoints" title="Browse products for Immune Checkpoints">Immune Checkpoints</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/immunosuppressants" title="Browse products for Immunosuppressants">Immunosuppressants</a></li><li><a href="/cell-biology/inflammasomes" title="Browse products for Inflammasomes">Inflammasomes</a></li></ul><ul class="tile_column_2"><li><a href="/pharmacology/integrins" title="Browse products for Integrins">Integrins</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/irak" title="Browse products for IRAK">IRAK</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/leukotriene-and-related-receptors" title="Browse products for Leukotriene and Related Receptors">Leukotriene and Related Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/lipoxygenases" title="Browse products for Lipoxygenases">Lipoxygenases</a></li><li><a href="/cell-biology/nfat" title="Browse products for NFAT">NFAT</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/platelet-activating-factor-paf-receptors" title="Browse products for Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Receptors">Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/prostanoid-receptors" title="Browse products for Prostanoid Receptors">Prostanoid Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/purinergic-p2x-receptors" title="Browse products for Purinergic (P2X) Receptors">Purinergic (P2X) Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/purinergic-p2y-receptors" title="Browse products for Purinergic (P2Y) Receptors">Purinergic (P2Y) Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/cell-biology/rage" title="Browse products for RAGE">RAGE</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/rip-kinases" title="Browse products for Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases">Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases</a></li><li><a href="/cell-biology/sting-dependent-signaling" title="Browse products for STING-Dependent Signaling">STING-Dependent Signaling</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/tgf-beta-receptors" title="Browse products for TGF-β Receptors">TGF-β Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/toll-like-receptors" title="Browse products for Toll-like Receptors">Toll-like Receptors</a></li></ul></div> <div class="pharm_long_desc"><h5>Immunological Dysregulation</h5> <p>An autoimmune disease is a disease that results from the immune system mounting a defence against host cells or tissues; in effect, the body attacks its own proteins by creating autoantibodies, which also cause <a href='/research-area/pain-and-inflammation-research' title='Browse products for inflammation'>inflammation</a>.</p> <p>There are numerous autoimmune diseases, each affecting a different type of cell or tissue, and they are generally classified as either <strong>organ-specific</strong> or <strong>systemic</strong>. Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, in which β islet cells in the pancreas are destroyed by an autoimmune response, is an example of an organ-specific disease. Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects synovial joints, where an abnormal, chronic inflammatory response results in the degradation of cartilage and inflammation of the joint. However, since it can also manifest in the lungs and skin, rheumatoid arthritis is classed as a systemic autoimmune disease. Lupus erythematosus, in which the immune system creates antibodies against itself, is also systemic. Other diseases, for example chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sarcoidosis, are suspected to have autoimmune elements. </p> <p>The mechanisms behind the autoimmune response are not entirely clear however, agents such as toxins, drugs or viruses can trigger an autoimmune response in a person with genetic predisposition to autoimmune disease. The <a href='/cell-biology/complement' title= 'Browse products for complement'>complement</a> system has also been closely linked with the development of autoimmune disorders. </p></div> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_2" data-tab="2"> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_3" data-tab="3"> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_4" data-tab="4"> <h3>Literature for Immunology Research</h3><p>Tocris offers the following scientific literature for Immunology Research to showcase our products. We invite you to request* or download your copy today!</p><p class="small">*Please note that Tocris will only send literature to established scientific business / institute addresses.</p><hr/><div class="lit_item"> <div class="lit_content"> <div class="lit_image"> <a href="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/fullsize/494493.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-title="Multiple Sclerosis Poster" data-footer="<a href='/literature/literature-request/494493' rel='nofollow' title='Request copy of the Multiple Sclerosis'>Request copy</a> or <a class=' pdf-download' href='https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/multiple-sclerosis-2016.pdf' download='https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/multiple-sclerosis-2016.pdf' rel='nofollow' title='Download PDF of the Multiple Sclerosis' data-title='Multiple Sclerosis Poster'>Download PDF</a> today"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/regular/494493.jpg" alt="Multiple Sclerosis Poster" class="img-fluid"></a></div> <h4>Multiple Sclerosis Poster</h4> <p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by focal demyelination and axon degeneration in the central nervous system. This poster summarizes the neurobiology and current therapies of MS.</p> <ul class="pb_lit_buttons"><li> <a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/494493" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the Multiple Sclerosis Poster">Request copy</a> </li> <li><a class="btn btn-quinary pdf-download" href="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/multiple-sclerosis-2016.pdf" download="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/multiple-sclerosis-2016.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of the Multiple Sclerosis Poster" data-title="Multiple Sclerosis Poster">Download PDF<div class="lit_pdf"></div></a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/life-science-posters" title="View all Life Science Posters">View all Life Science Posters</a></li> </ul> </div></div><div class="lit_item"> <div class="lit_content"> <div class="lit_image"> <a href="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/fullsize/522525.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-title="Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster" data-footer="<a href='/literature/literature-request/522525' rel='nofollow' title='Request copy of the Rheumatoid Arthritis'>Request copy</a> or <a class=' pdf-download' href='https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/rheumatoide-arthritis-poster-2016.pdf' download='https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/rheumatoide-arthritis-poster-2016.pdf' rel='nofollow' title='Download PDF of the Rheumatoid Arthritis' data-title='Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster'>Download PDF</a> today"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/regular/522525.jpg" alt="Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster" class="img-fluid"></a></div> <h4>Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster</h4> <p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic destructive inflammatory autoimmune disease that results from a breakdown in immune tolerance, for reasons that are as yet unknown. This poster summarizes the pathology of RA and the inflammatory processes involved, as well as describing some of the epigenetic modifications associated with the disease and the potential for targeting these changes in the discovery of new treatments.</p> <ul class="pb_lit_buttons"><li> <a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/522525" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster">Request copy</a> </li> <li><a class="btn btn-quinary pdf-download" href="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/rheumatoide-arthritis-poster-2016.pdf" download="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/rheumatoide-arthritis-poster-2016.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster" data-title="Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster">Download PDF<div class="lit_pdf"></div></a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/life-science-posters" title="View all Life Science Posters">View all Life Science Posters</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_5" data-tab="5"> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_6" data-tab="6"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-3 col-xl-3"> <div class="resources_sidebar_container"> <div class="fp_four_box"> <div class="fp_box_wrapper"><h3>Featured New Products</h3> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/vu-0542270_8151">8151 | VU 0542270</a><br /> Selective inhibitor of K<sub>ir</sub>6.1 K<sub>ATP</sub> channels</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/rna-imaging-probe-1c_8813">8813 | RNA Imaging Probe 1c</a><br /> Fluorogenic RNA imaging probe</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/lsn-3318839_7959">7959 | LSN 3318839</a><br /> Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor <br />(GLP1-R) positive allosteric modulator</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/chir-99021-in-solution_8170">8170 | CHIR 99021 in solution</a><br /> Sterile-filtered 10 mM solution of CHIR 99021 pre-dissolved in DMSO</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/bi-3231_8039">8039 | BI 3231</a><br /> Potent and selective hydroxysteroid 17尾 dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) inhibitor</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="distributor_region"></div> <div class="widget"> <div class="widget_title">Literature in this Area</div> <div class="widget_content carousel slide" id="ds_literature_scroller" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="8000">  <div class="carousel-inner"><div class="item active"><div class="highlight">Multiple Sclerosis Life Science Poster</div> <a href="/literature/life-science-posters/multiple-sclerosis"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/regular/494493.jpg" alt="Multiple Sclerosis Poster"></a><p class="small">Our Multiple Sclerosis (MS) poster gives an overview of the neurobiology and the current therapies available for the treatment of MS.</p><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/494493" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the Multiple Sclerosis Poster">Request copy</a><a class="btn btn-quinary pdf-download" href="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/multiple-sclerosis-2016.pdf" download="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/multiple-sclerosis-2016.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of the Multiple Sclerosis Poster" data-title="Multiple Sclerosis Poster">Download PDF<div class="lit_pdf"></div></a></div><div class="item"><div class="highlight">Rheumatoid Arthritis Life Science Poster</div><h5>Written by Adam P. Cribbs <em>et al.</em></h5> <a href="/literature/life-science-posters/rheumatoid-arthritis"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/regular/522525.jpg" alt="Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster"></a><p class="small">Our Rheumatoid Arthritis poster summarizes the disease pathology and highlights some of the epigenetic modifications associated with the condition.</p><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/522525" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster">Request copy</a><a class="btn btn-quinary pdf-download" href="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/rheumatoide-arthritis-poster-2016.pdf" download="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/rheumatoide-arthritis-poster-2016.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster" data-title="Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster">Download PDF<div class="lit_pdf"></div></a></div></div>  <a class="left 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