CINXE.COM

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<h1>Immune Checkpoints</h1> <p><strong>Immune checkpoint molecules</strong> are inhibitory receptors expressed on immune cells that activate immunosuppressive signaling pathways. They are upregulated during infections and are important in modulating the immune response, maintaining self-tolerance and protecting tissues from immune-driven damage. Certain metabolic enzymes, such as<a href='/pharmacology/indoleamine-2-3-dioxygenase' title = 'Browse products for IDO'> indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase</a> (IDO), <a href='/pharmacology/tdo' title = 'Browse products for TDO'>tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase</a> (TDO) and arginase, are also considered to be immune checkpoint molecules as they cause local depletion of amino acids that are essential for immune cell function.</p> <div class="tabbed_content"> <div class="tab_menu"> <div class="tab tab_1 tab_open" data-tab="1" data-tabname="products" id="pharm_tabs_products"> <span>Products</span></div> <div class="tab tab_2" data-tab="2" data-tabname="background" id="pharm_tabs_background"><span>Background</span> </div> <div class="tab tab_4" data-tab="4" data-tabname="literature" id="pharm_tabs_literature"><span>Literature (1)</span> </div> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_1 tab_open" data-tab="1"> <div class="pharm_products"><table class="pharm_prod_table table table-condensed"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><h3><a href="/cell-biology/immune-checkpoints/inhibitors" title="View all Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor products">Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors</a></h3></th> </tr> <tr> <th>Cat. No.</th> <th>Product Name / Activity</th> </tr> <tr> <td>4392</td> <td><a href="/products/680c91_4392" title="View price & availability information for 680C91">680C91</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Potent and selective tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7831</td> <td><a href="/products/aunp-12_7831" title="View price & availability information for AUNP 12">AUNP 12</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Peptide inhibitor of the PD-1 signaling pathway</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1545</td> <td><a href="/products/r-bay-k-8644_1545" title="View price & availability information for (R)-(+)-Bay K 8644">(<em>R</em>)-(+)-Bay K 8644</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>TMEM176B inhibitor; activates inflammasomes; also Ca<sub>V</sub>1.x blocker</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6007</td> <td><a href="/products/incb-024360-analog_6007" title="View price & availability information for INCB 024360-analog">INCB 024360-analog</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Potent indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6068</td> <td><a href="/products/lin28-1632_6068" title="View price & availability information for Lin28 1632">Lin28 1632</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Lin28 inhibitor; suppresses PD-L1 expression and enhances T cell-mediated antitumor immunity; also bromodomain inhibitor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5698</td> <td><a href="/products/1-methyl-d-tryptophan_5698" title="View price & availability information for 1-Methyl-D-tryptophan">1-Methyl-<span class='DL'>D</span>-tryptophan</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8119</td> <td><a href="/products/ml-t7_8119" title="View price & availability information for ML T7">ML T7</a> <span class="prod-new-logo" title="New: ML T7">New</span></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Inhibitor of phosphatidylserine/CEACAM1 binding to Tim-3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6370</td> <td><a href="/products/nor-noha-monoacetate_6370" title="View price & availability information for Nor NOHA monoacetate">Nor NOHA monoacetate</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Arginase inhibitor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6515</td> <td><a href="/products/d-ppa-1_6515" title="View price & availability information for (D)-PPA 1">(D)-PPA 1</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8050</td> <td><a href="/products/sa-15-p_8050" title="View price & availability information for SA-15-P">SA-15-P</a> <span class="prod-new-logo" title="New: SA-15-P">New</span></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Dual inhibitor of LAG3 interaction with both MHCII and FGL1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6979</td> <td><a href="/products/sen-177_6979" title="View price & availability information for SEN 177">SEN 177</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Disrupts binding of SIRP-伪 to CD47; potent glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7533</td> <td><a href="/products/ze-132_7533" title="View price & availability information for ZE 132">ZE 132</a></td> </tr> <tr class="pharm_prod_table_action"> <td></td><td>Potent and selective PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor</td> </tr></table></div> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_2" data-tab="2"> <p>Immune checkpoint receptors and ligands, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA4), are being targeted in <a href='/research-area/cancer-research' title = 'Browse products for Cancer Research'>cancer</a> research as they are upregulated in a variety of tumor types, enabling the tumor to evade the immune system. Antagonistic antibodies targeting CTLA4 and PD1 have been developed as immunotherapies for a number of different cancers. In addition, activation of IDO and TDO in tumors inhibits T cell function and allows tumors to escape the immune system.</p> <p>Immune checkpoints are also of interest in infectious diseases. Pathogens promote inhibitory interactions between immune cells through immune checkpoint proteins that help them evade immune control. Chronic infection can reduce T cell effector function and cause sustained expression of immune checkpoint molecules, poor recall responses, and an altered transcriptional state of T cells. This is known as T cell "exhaustion" and could be reversed by checkpoint blockade. Immune checkpoint blockade also has potential for improving treatments for acute infections and vaccines.</p> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_3" data-tab="3"> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_4" data-tab="4"> <h3>Literature for Immune Checkpoints</h3><p>Tocris offers the following scientific literature for Immune Checkpoints to showcase our products. We invite you to request* your copy today!</p><p class="small">*Please note that Tocris will only send literature to established scientific business / institute addresses.</p><hr/><div class="lit_item"> <div class="lit_content"> <div class="lit_image"> <a href="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/fullsize/482944.jpg?v=1" data-toggle="lightbox" data-title="Cancer Metabolism Poster" data-footer="<a href='/literature/literature-request/482944' rel='nofollow' title='Request copy of the Cancer Metabolism'>Request copy</a> or <a class=' pdf-download' href='https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/cancer-metabolism-poster-2022.pdf' download='https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/cancer-metabolism-poster-2022.pdf' rel='nofollow' title='Download PDF of the Cancer Metabolism' data-title='Cancer Metabolism Poster'>Download PDF</a> today"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/regular/482944.jpg?v=1" alt="Cancer Metabolism Poster" class="img-fluid"></a></div> <h4>Cancer Metabolism Poster</h4> <p>This poster summarizes the main metabolic pathways in cancer cells and highlights potential targets for cancer therapeutics. Genetic changes and epigenetic modifications in cancer cells alter the regulation of cellular metabolic pathways providing potential cancer therapeutic targets.</p> <ul class="pb_lit_buttons"><li> <a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/482944" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the Cancer Metabolism Poster">Request copy</a> </li> <li><a class="btn btn-quinary pdf-download" href="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/cancer-metabolism-poster-2022.pdf" download="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/cancer-metabolism-poster-2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of the Cancer Metabolism Poster" data-title="Cancer Metabolism Poster">Download PDF<div class="lit_pdf"></div></a></li> <li><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/life-science-posters" title="View all Life Science Posters">View all Life Science Posters</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_5" data-tab="5"> </div> <div class="tab_content tab_6" data-tab="6"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="sidebar" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-3 col-xl-3"> <div class="resources_sidebar_container"> <div class="fp_four_box"> <div class="fp_box_wrapper"><h3>Featured New Products</h3> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/vu-0542270_8151">8151 | VU 0542270</a><br /> Selective inhibitor of K<sub>ir</sub>6.1 K<sub>ATP</sub> channels</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/rna-imaging-probe-1c_8813">8813 | RNA Imaging Probe 1c</a><br /> Fluorogenic RNA imaging probe</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/lsn-3318839_7959">7959 | LSN 3318839</a><br /> Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor <br />(GLP1-R) positive allosteric modulator</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/chir-99021-in-solution_8170">8170 | CHIR 99021 in solution</a><br /> Sterile-filtered 10 mM solution of CHIR 99021 pre-dissolved in DMSO</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/bi-3231_8039">8039 | BI 3231</a><br /> Potent and selective hydroxysteroid 17尾 dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) inhibitor</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="distributor_region"></div> <div class="widget"> <div class="widget_title">Literature in this Area</div> <div class="widget_content carousel slide" id="ds_literature_scroller" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="8000">  <div class="carousel-inner"><div class="item active"><div class="highlight">Cancer Metabolism Life Science Poster</div><h5>Taken from the Cancer Product Guide Edition 3</h5> <a href="/literature/life-science-posters/cancer-metabolism"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/regular/482944.jpg?v=1" alt="Cancer Metabolism Poster"></a><p class="small">Our Cancer Metabolism poster summarizes the main metabolic pathways in cancer cells, and highlights potential targets for cancer therapeutics.</p><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/482944" 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