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class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/113357095/The_political_lives_of_Rhodesian_detainees_during_Zimbabwes_liberation_struggle"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The political lives of Rhodesian detainees during Zimbabwe's liberation struggle" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113357095/The_political_lives_of_Rhodesian_detainees_during_Zimbabwes_liberation_struggle">The political lives of Rhodesian detainees during Zimbabwe's liberation struggle</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of African Historical Studies</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article explores the experiences of African political activists confined by Rhodesian author...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article explores the experiences of African political activists confined by Rhodesian authorities to remote and specially designated detention centers across Rhodesia, from the early 1960s to 1979. Unlike the prisons that held African political offenders convicted of political crimes in Rhodesian courts of law and sentenced to serve time in jail, detention centers held those Africans not charged with any crime or tried in a court of law. In the wake of increasing African political activism in Rhodesia, newly amended and legislated laws in the 1960s allowed Rhodesian authorities to impose detention orders on any persons who, in their opinion, posed a threat to the maintenance of law and order. Africans actively involved in nationalist political organizations or those suspected of actively supporting the struggle for liberation, but did not commit any prosecutable crime, risked being detained as &quot;saboteurs,&quot; &quot;agitators,&quot; or &quot;provocateurs.&quot; In essence, therefore, African detainees were not &quot;criminals&quot; but were detained nonetheless for holding political opinions that were contrary to the Rhodesian regime. Detention was thus an especially repressive form of confinement that Rhodesian authorities deployed to confine their political opponents whom they could not prosecute in courts of law.The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it. (Joshua Nkomo, The Story of My Life London: Methuen. 1984, p. 130.)Indeed, Rhodesian authorities used both detention and imprisonment to remove political activists from their communities and to suppress African political opposition to Rhodesian white minority rule. However, whereas some political prisoners could hope to serve out their imprisonment terms and re-gain their freedom, the majority of political offenders served with &quot;Detention Orders&quot; and sent to detention under Rhodesia&#39;s repressive Law and Order Maintenance Act&#39;s (LOMA) faced indefinite confinement in remote detention centers across Rhodesia.4 From the Rhodesian authorities&#39; perspective, the intended purpose of detention went beyond merely removing political activists from their communities. Detention was also meant to isolate these political activists to remote and inaccessible parts of the country and thereby render political activists and supporters of the struggle for liberation politically, intellectually, and socially dead. Cut off from the outside political world by lack of basic means of information such as radios and newspapers, and lack of communication and limited visitations, Rhodesian authorities hoped that detention would short-circuit the circulation of anti-colonial politics and ideas. Out of sight, African political activists and their active supporters would no longer foment anti-colonial activities that had led to urban political unrest and rural peasant opposition. As Joshua Nkomo-one of Rhodesia&#39;s long-time detainees-noted, &quot;The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it.&quot;5 Michael Mawema, another political activist who spent a decade-and-a-half in detention, noted that &quot;[By placing us in detention], I think the government thought we would lose complete contact with society.&quot;6This article argues that far from being centers of isolation, detention spaces failed in their objective to completely isolate and cut off these political activists from the political world of Rhodesia. Despite Rhodesian authorities&#39; concerted attempts to physically isolate African political activists to remote spaces of detention, detention centers were spaces in which detainees actively negotiated their incarceration and challenged rules of detention. First, I suggest that through re-organizing the detention spaces themselves and through practices designed to take control of these spaces, detainees creatively negotiated significant say over the routines of their daily lives. For example, instead of conforming to the dreary and disempowering monotony of detention life, African detainees took advantage of their captivity to empower themselves through academic and political education, political debate, and also developed powerful critiques of colonial rule through writings that were smuggled out of detention. …</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="113357095"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="113357095"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113357095; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=113357095]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=113357095]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113357095; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='113357095']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 113357095, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=113357095]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":113357095,"title":"The political lives of Rhodesian detainees during Zimbabwe's liberation struggle","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article explores the experiences of African political activists confined by Rhodesian authorities to remote and specially designated detention centers across Rhodesia, from the early 1960s to 1979. Unlike the prisons that held African political offenders convicted of political crimes in Rhodesian courts of law and sentenced to serve time in jail, detention centers held those Africans not charged with any crime or tried in a court of law. In the wake of increasing African political activism in Rhodesia, newly amended and legislated laws in the 1960s allowed Rhodesian authorities to impose detention orders on any persons who, in their opinion, posed a threat to the maintenance of law and order. Africans actively involved in nationalist political organizations or those suspected of actively supporting the struggle for liberation, but did not commit any prosecutable crime, risked being detained as \u0026quot;saboteurs,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;agitators,\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;provocateurs.\u0026quot; In essence, therefore, African detainees were not \u0026quot;criminals\u0026quot; but were detained nonetheless for holding political opinions that were contrary to the Rhodesian regime. Detention was thus an especially repressive form of confinement that Rhodesian authorities deployed to confine their political opponents whom they could not prosecute in courts of law.The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it. (Joshua Nkomo, The Story of My Life London: Methuen. 1984, p. 130.)Indeed, Rhodesian authorities used both detention and imprisonment to remove political activists from their communities and to suppress African political opposition to Rhodesian white minority rule. However, whereas some political prisoners could hope to serve out their imprisonment terms and re-gain their freedom, the majority of political offenders served with \u0026quot;Detention Orders\u0026quot; and sent to detention under Rhodesia\u0026#39;s repressive Law and Order Maintenance Act\u0026#39;s (LOMA) faced indefinite confinement in remote detention centers across Rhodesia.4 From the Rhodesian authorities\u0026#39; perspective, the intended purpose of detention went beyond merely removing political activists from their communities. Detention was also meant to isolate these political activists to remote and inaccessible parts of the country and thereby render political activists and supporters of the struggle for liberation politically, intellectually, and socially dead. Cut off from the outside political world by lack of basic means of information such as radios and newspapers, and lack of communication and limited visitations, Rhodesian authorities hoped that detention would short-circuit the circulation of anti-colonial politics and ideas. Out of sight, African political activists and their active supporters would no longer foment anti-colonial activities that had led to urban political unrest and rural peasant opposition. As Joshua Nkomo-one of Rhodesia\u0026#39;s long-time detainees-noted, \u0026quot;The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it.\u0026quot;5 Michael Mawema, another political activist who spent a decade-and-a-half in detention, noted that \u0026quot;[By placing us in detention], I think the government thought we would lose complete contact with society.\u0026quot;6This article argues that far from being centers of isolation, detention spaces failed in their objective to completely isolate and cut off these political activists from the political world of Rhodesia. Despite Rhodesian authorities\u0026#39; concerted attempts to physically isolate African political activists to remote spaces of detention, detention centers were spaces in which detainees actively negotiated their incarceration and challenged rules of detention. First, I suggest that through re-organizing the detention spaces themselves and through practices designed to take control of these spaces, detainees creatively negotiated significant say over the routines of their daily lives. For example, instead of conforming to the dreary and disempowering monotony of detention life, African detainees took advantage of their captivity to empower themselves through academic and political education, political debate, and also developed powerful critiques of colonial rule through writings that were smuggled out of detention. …","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Journal of African Historical Studies"},"translated_abstract":"This article explores the experiences of African political activists confined by Rhodesian authorities to remote and specially designated detention centers across Rhodesia, from the early 1960s to 1979. Unlike the prisons that held African political offenders convicted of political crimes in Rhodesian courts of law and sentenced to serve time in jail, detention centers held those Africans not charged with any crime or tried in a court of law. In the wake of increasing African political activism in Rhodesia, newly amended and legislated laws in the 1960s allowed Rhodesian authorities to impose detention orders on any persons who, in their opinion, posed a threat to the maintenance of law and order. Africans actively involved in nationalist political organizations or those suspected of actively supporting the struggle for liberation, but did not commit any prosecutable crime, risked being detained as \u0026quot;saboteurs,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;agitators,\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;provocateurs.\u0026quot; In essence, therefore, African detainees were not \u0026quot;criminals\u0026quot; but were detained nonetheless for holding political opinions that were contrary to the Rhodesian regime. Detention was thus an especially repressive form of confinement that Rhodesian authorities deployed to confine their political opponents whom they could not prosecute in courts of law.The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it. (Joshua Nkomo, The Story of My Life London: Methuen. 1984, p. 130.)Indeed, Rhodesian authorities used both detention and imprisonment to remove political activists from their communities and to suppress African political opposition to Rhodesian white minority rule. However, whereas some political prisoners could hope to serve out their imprisonment terms and re-gain their freedom, the majority of political offenders served with \u0026quot;Detention Orders\u0026quot; and sent to detention under Rhodesia\u0026#39;s repressive Law and Order Maintenance Act\u0026#39;s (LOMA) faced indefinite confinement in remote detention centers across Rhodesia.4 From the Rhodesian authorities\u0026#39; perspective, the intended purpose of detention went beyond merely removing political activists from their communities. Detention was also meant to isolate these political activists to remote and inaccessible parts of the country and thereby render political activists and supporters of the struggle for liberation politically, intellectually, and socially dead. Cut off from the outside political world by lack of basic means of information such as radios and newspapers, and lack of communication and limited visitations, Rhodesian authorities hoped that detention would short-circuit the circulation of anti-colonial politics and ideas. Out of sight, African political activists and their active supporters would no longer foment anti-colonial activities that had led to urban political unrest and rural peasant opposition. As Joshua Nkomo-one of Rhodesia\u0026#39;s long-time detainees-noted, \u0026quot;The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it.\u0026quot;5 Michael Mawema, another political activist who spent a decade-and-a-half in detention, noted that \u0026quot;[By placing us in detention], I think the government thought we would lose complete contact with society.\u0026quot;6This article argues that far from being centers of isolation, detention spaces failed in their objective to completely isolate and cut off these political activists from the political world of Rhodesia. Despite Rhodesian authorities\u0026#39; concerted attempts to physically isolate African political activists to remote spaces of detention, detention centers were spaces in which detainees actively negotiated their incarceration and challenged rules of detention. First, I suggest that through re-organizing the detention spaces themselves and through practices designed to take control of these spaces, detainees creatively negotiated significant say over the routines of their daily lives. For example, instead of conforming to the dreary and disempowering monotony of detention life, African detainees took advantage of their captivity to empower themselves through academic and political education, political debate, and also developed powerful critiques of colonial rule through writings that were smuggled out of detention. …","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113357095/The_political_lives_of_Rhodesian_detainees_during_Zimbabwes_liberation_struggle","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-01-11T15:25:42.614-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":184821236,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_political_lives_of_Rhodesian_detainees_during_Zimbabwes_liberation_struggle","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":184821236,"first_name":"Munya","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Munochiveyi","page_name":"MMunochiveyi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2021-02-05T06:02:52.760-08:00","display_name":"Munya Munochiveyi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MMunochiveyi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology"},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism"},{"id":96098,"name":"Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance"},{"id":125776,"name":"Imprisonment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imprisonment"},{"id":355852,"name":"Opposition Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Opposition_Politics"}],"urls":[{"id":38475271,"url":"http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=376078650"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="113354527"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/113354527/_We_do_not_want_to_be_ruled_by_foreigners_Oral_Histories_of_Nationalism_in_Colonial_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of “We do not want to be ruled by foreigners”: Oral Histories of Nationalism in Colonial Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110334925/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113354527/_We_do_not_want_to_be_ruled_by_foreigners_Oral_Histories_of_Nationalism_in_Colonial_Zimbabwe">“We do not want to be ruled by foreigners”: Oral Histories of Nationalism in Colonial Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Historian</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1d2a8bc473478beb097a4ef8cb229e94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":110334925,"asset_id":113354527,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110334925/download_file?st=MTczMzM0MzU5Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="113354527"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="113354527"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113354527; 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It is not only a feeling against something, but also for something.. .. It is this feeling which has excited the emotions of the African people and gripped their imagination, and which has led them to say, \"Atidi kutongwa namabvakure. Tinoda kuzvitonga. Kutongwa nemabvakure hakuna kunaka, asi kuzvitonga ndiko kwakanaka\" (\"We do not want to be ruled by foreigners. We want to rule ourselves. To be ruled by foreigners is not good, but to rule ourselves is good\"). African nationalism [in colonial Zimbabwe] is therefore essentially a political feeling. 1 \"Mass nationalism\" was a dominant historical phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa in the post-Second World War era of decolonization. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="61333875"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/61333875/Suffering_and_Protest_in_Rhodesian_Prisons_During_the_Zimbabwean_Liberation_Struggle"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/61333875/Suffering_and_Protest_in_Rhodesian_Prisons_During_the_Zimbabwean_Liberation_Struggle">Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Southern African Studies</span><span>, Jan 19, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues that, although Rhodesian prisons were spaces of racialised abuse, curtailed freedoms, and heightened repression, they were also spaces of struggle, subversion and negotiation. Indeed, prisoners’ testimonies and their written accounts reveal the depravity and brutality of prison life. They capture vividly some of the gruesome experiences in the state corridors of silence. Yet, as this essay demonstrates, these testimonies also disclose the ways in which prisoners were not simply victims of state-sponsored penal terror: prisoners told stories of how they struggled, coped and creatively adapted to the harsh prison regimes. I also argue that, by transforming the prison into an arena of struggle for political and social rights, African political offenders undermined the disciplinary, rehabilitative, and punitive intent of imprisonment. Political prisoners are important historical subjects in the telling of the struggle for liberation in Zimbabwe – prisoners’ life stories and writings demonstrate the ways in which political prisoners confronted the colonial regime. As political prisoners, they were important symbols of the struggle for liberation, and were also producers of powerful critiques of the colonial regime through their writings.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="61333875"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61333875"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61333875; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61333875]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61333875]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61333875; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='61333875']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61333875, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=61333875]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":61333875,"title":"Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues that, although Rhodesian prisons were spaces of racialised abuse, curtailed freedoms, and heightened repression, they were also spaces of struggle, subversion and negotiation. 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As political prisoners, they were important symbols of the struggle for liberation, and were also producers of powerful critiques of the colonial regime through their writings.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61333875/Suffering_and_Protest_in_Rhodesian_Prisons_During_the_Zimbabwean_Liberation_Struggle","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-11-08T09:43:42.081-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":184821236,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Suffering_and_Protest_in_Rhodesian_Prisons_During_the_Zimbabwean_Liberation_Struggle","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":184821236,"first_name":"Munya","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Munochiveyi","page_name":"MMunochiveyi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2021-02-05T06:02:52.760-08:00","display_name":"Munya Munochiveyi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MMunochiveyi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History"},{"id":13135,"name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Africa"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":50088,"name":"Punishment and Prisons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punishment_and_Prisons"},{"id":57973,"name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zimbabwe"},{"id":995066,"name":"Southern African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_African_Studies"}],"urls":[{"id":14127590,"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2015.992263"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="60540770"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/60540770/Suffering_and_Protest_in_Rhodesian_Prisons_During_the_Zimbabwean_Liberation_Struggle"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/60540770/Suffering_and_Protest_in_Rhodesian_Prisons_During_the_Zimbabwean_Liberation_Struggle">Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Southern African Studies</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues that, although Rhodesian prisons were spaces of racialised abuse, curtailed freedoms, and heightened repression, they were also spaces of struggle, subversion and negotiation. Indeed, prisoners’ testimonies and their written accounts reveal the depravity and brutality of prison life. They capture vividly some of the gruesome experiences in the state corridors of silence. Yet, as this essay demonstrates, these testimonies also disclose the ways in which prisoners were not simply victims of state-sponsored penal terror: prisoners told stories of how they struggled, coped and creatively adapted to the harsh prison regimes. I also argue that, by transforming the prison into an arena of struggle for political and social rights, African political offenders undermined the disciplinary, rehabilitative, and punitive intent of imprisonment. Political prisoners are important historical subjects in the telling of the struggle for liberation in Zimbabwe – prisoners’ life stories and writings demonstrate the ways in which political prisoners confronted the colonial regime. As political prisoners, they were important symbols of the struggle for liberation, and were also producers of powerful critiques of the colonial regime through their writings.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="60540770"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="60540770"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60540770; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60540770]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60540770]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60540770; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='60540770']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60540770, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=60540770]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":60540770,"title":"Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues that, although Rhodesian prisons were spaces of racialised abuse, curtailed freedoms, and heightened repression, they were also spaces of struggle, subversion and negotiation. Indeed, prisoners’ testimonies and their written accounts reveal the depravity and brutality of prison life. They capture vividly some of the gruesome experiences in the state corridors of silence. Yet, as this essay demonstrates, these testimonies also disclose the ways in which prisoners were not simply victims of state-sponsored penal terror: prisoners told stories of how they struggled, coped and creatively adapted to the harsh prison regimes. I also argue that, by transforming the prison into an arena of struggle for political and social rights, African political offenders undermined the disciplinary, rehabilitative, and punitive intent of imprisonment. Political prisoners are important historical subjects in the telling of the struggle for liberation in Zimbabwe – prisoners’ life stories and writings demonstrate the ways in which political prisoners confronted the colonial regime. 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Yet, as this essay demonstrates, these testimonies also disclose the ways in which prisoners were not simply victims of state-sponsored penal terror: prisoners told stories of how they struggled, coped and creatively adapted to the harsh prison regimes. I also argue that, by transforming the prison into an arena of struggle for political and social rights, African political offenders undermined the disciplinary, rehabilitative, and punitive intent of imprisonment. Political prisoners are important historical subjects in the telling of the struggle for liberation in Zimbabwe – prisoners’ life stories and writings demonstrate the ways in which political prisoners confronted the colonial regime. 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The liberation struggle is a significant part of those histories. In the last decade, this historiography has witnessed the emergence of a new and much narrowed, ZANU(PF)-backed nationalist narrative, which some have called &#x27;patriotic history&#x27; (Ranger 2004), through which distinctions have been drawn between those who can and those who cannot legitimately lay claim to Zimbabwe&#x27;s nationalist history. This has elevated and valorised the anti-colonial guerrilla war and the roles of ex-guerrillas, and marginalized other historical subjects in Zimbabwe&#x27;s nationalist past. The effectiveness with which this new historical rhetoric was been deployed means it is critically important to disrupt and debunk suc...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1b38f89ffe3f06dab5bd95de9606bba3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":73940668,"asset_id":60540762,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73940668/download_file?st=MTczMzM0MzU5Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="60540762"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="60540762"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60540762; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60540762]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60540762]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60540762; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='60540762']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60540762, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1b38f89ffe3f06dab5bd95de9606bba3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=60540762]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":60540762,"title":"Becoming Zimbabwe From Below: Multiple Narratives of Zimbabwean Nationalism","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"There is no doubt that the editors and authors of Becoming Zimbabwe were driven by a commitment to challenge post-colonial versions of Zimbabwean history, particularly those \u0026#x27;narrowly constructed\u0026#x27; (Raftopoulos and Mlambo 2009: xxxiii) by the ZANU(PF) regime. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="12780438" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="113357095"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/113357095/The_political_lives_of_Rhodesian_detainees_during_Zimbabwes_liberation_struggle"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The political lives of Rhodesian detainees during Zimbabwe's liberation struggle" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113357095/The_political_lives_of_Rhodesian_detainees_during_Zimbabwes_liberation_struggle">The political lives of Rhodesian detainees during Zimbabwe's liberation struggle</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of African Historical Studies</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article explores the experiences of African political activists confined by Rhodesian author...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article explores the experiences of African political activists confined by Rhodesian authorities to remote and specially designated detention centers across Rhodesia, from the early 1960s to 1979. Unlike the prisons that held African political offenders convicted of political crimes in Rhodesian courts of law and sentenced to serve time in jail, detention centers held those Africans not charged with any crime or tried in a court of law. In the wake of increasing African political activism in Rhodesia, newly amended and legislated laws in the 1960s allowed Rhodesian authorities to impose detention orders on any persons who, in their opinion, posed a threat to the maintenance of law and order. Africans actively involved in nationalist political organizations or those suspected of actively supporting the struggle for liberation, but did not commit any prosecutable crime, risked being detained as &quot;saboteurs,&quot; &quot;agitators,&quot; or &quot;provocateurs.&quot; In essence, therefore, African detainees were not &quot;criminals&quot; but were detained nonetheless for holding political opinions that were contrary to the Rhodesian regime. Detention was thus an especially repressive form of confinement that Rhodesian authorities deployed to confine their political opponents whom they could not prosecute in courts of law.The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it. (Joshua Nkomo, The Story of My Life London: Methuen. 1984, p. 130.)Indeed, Rhodesian authorities used both detention and imprisonment to remove political activists from their communities and to suppress African political opposition to Rhodesian white minority rule. However, whereas some political prisoners could hope to serve out their imprisonment terms and re-gain their freedom, the majority of political offenders served with &quot;Detention Orders&quot; and sent to detention under Rhodesia&#39;s repressive Law and Order Maintenance Act&#39;s (LOMA) faced indefinite confinement in remote detention centers across Rhodesia.4 From the Rhodesian authorities&#39; perspective, the intended purpose of detention went beyond merely removing political activists from their communities. Detention was also meant to isolate these political activists to remote and inaccessible parts of the country and thereby render political activists and supporters of the struggle for liberation politically, intellectually, and socially dead. Cut off from the outside political world by lack of basic means of information such as radios and newspapers, and lack of communication and limited visitations, Rhodesian authorities hoped that detention would short-circuit the circulation of anti-colonial politics and ideas. Out of sight, African political activists and their active supporters would no longer foment anti-colonial activities that had led to urban political unrest and rural peasant opposition. As Joshua Nkomo-one of Rhodesia&#39;s long-time detainees-noted, &quot;The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it.&quot;5 Michael Mawema, another political activist who spent a decade-and-a-half in detention, noted that &quot;[By placing us in detention], I think the government thought we would lose complete contact with society.&quot;6This article argues that far from being centers of isolation, detention spaces failed in their objective to completely isolate and cut off these political activists from the political world of Rhodesia. Despite Rhodesian authorities&#39; concerted attempts to physically isolate African political activists to remote spaces of detention, detention centers were spaces in which detainees actively negotiated their incarceration and challenged rules of detention. First, I suggest that through re-organizing the detention spaces themselves and through practices designed to take control of these spaces, detainees creatively negotiated significant say over the routines of their daily lives. For example, instead of conforming to the dreary and disempowering monotony of detention life, African detainees took advantage of their captivity to empower themselves through academic and political education, political debate, and also developed powerful critiques of colonial rule through writings that were smuggled out of detention. …</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="113357095"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="113357095"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113357095; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=113357095]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=113357095]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113357095; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='113357095']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 113357095, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=113357095]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":113357095,"title":"The political lives of Rhodesian detainees during Zimbabwe's liberation struggle","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article explores the experiences of African political activists confined by Rhodesian authorities to remote and specially designated detention centers across Rhodesia, from the early 1960s to 1979. Unlike the prisons that held African political offenders convicted of political crimes in Rhodesian courts of law and sentenced to serve time in jail, detention centers held those Africans not charged with any crime or tried in a court of law. In the wake of increasing African political activism in Rhodesia, newly amended and legislated laws in the 1960s allowed Rhodesian authorities to impose detention orders on any persons who, in their opinion, posed a threat to the maintenance of law and order. Africans actively involved in nationalist political organizations or those suspected of actively supporting the struggle for liberation, but did not commit any prosecutable crime, risked being detained as \u0026quot;saboteurs,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;agitators,\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;provocateurs.\u0026quot; In essence, therefore, African detainees were not \u0026quot;criminals\u0026quot; but were detained nonetheless for holding political opinions that were contrary to the Rhodesian regime. Detention was thus an especially repressive form of confinement that Rhodesian authorities deployed to confine their political opponents whom they could not prosecute in courts of law.The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it. (Joshua Nkomo, The Story of My Life London: Methuen. 1984, p. 130.)Indeed, Rhodesian authorities used both detention and imprisonment to remove political activists from their communities and to suppress African political opposition to Rhodesian white minority rule. However, whereas some political prisoners could hope to serve out their imprisonment terms and re-gain their freedom, the majority of political offenders served with \u0026quot;Detention Orders\u0026quot; and sent to detention under Rhodesia\u0026#39;s repressive Law and Order Maintenance Act\u0026#39;s (LOMA) faced indefinite confinement in remote detention centers across Rhodesia.4 From the Rhodesian authorities\u0026#39; perspective, the intended purpose of detention went beyond merely removing political activists from their communities. Detention was also meant to isolate these political activists to remote and inaccessible parts of the country and thereby render political activists and supporters of the struggle for liberation politically, intellectually, and socially dead. Cut off from the outside political world by lack of basic means of information such as radios and newspapers, and lack of communication and limited visitations, Rhodesian authorities hoped that detention would short-circuit the circulation of anti-colonial politics and ideas. Out of sight, African political activists and their active supporters would no longer foment anti-colonial activities that had led to urban political unrest and rural peasant opposition. As Joshua Nkomo-one of Rhodesia\u0026#39;s long-time detainees-noted, \u0026quot;The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it.\u0026quot;5 Michael Mawema, another political activist who spent a decade-and-a-half in detention, noted that \u0026quot;[By placing us in detention], I think the government thought we would lose complete contact with society.\u0026quot;6This article argues that far from being centers of isolation, detention spaces failed in their objective to completely isolate and cut off these political activists from the political world of Rhodesia. Despite Rhodesian authorities\u0026#39; concerted attempts to physically isolate African political activists to remote spaces of detention, detention centers were spaces in which detainees actively negotiated their incarceration and challenged rules of detention. First, I suggest that through re-organizing the detention spaces themselves and through practices designed to take control of these spaces, detainees creatively negotiated significant say over the routines of their daily lives. For example, instead of conforming to the dreary and disempowering monotony of detention life, African detainees took advantage of their captivity to empower themselves through academic and political education, political debate, and also developed powerful critiques of colonial rule through writings that were smuggled out of detention. …","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2013,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Journal of African Historical Studies"},"translated_abstract":"This article explores the experiences of African political activists confined by Rhodesian authorities to remote and specially designated detention centers across Rhodesia, from the early 1960s to 1979. Unlike the prisons that held African political offenders convicted of political crimes in Rhodesian courts of law and sentenced to serve time in jail, detention centers held those Africans not charged with any crime or tried in a court of law. In the wake of increasing African political activism in Rhodesia, newly amended and legislated laws in the 1960s allowed Rhodesian authorities to impose detention orders on any persons who, in their opinion, posed a threat to the maintenance of law and order. Africans actively involved in nationalist political organizations or those suspected of actively supporting the struggle for liberation, but did not commit any prosecutable crime, risked being detained as \u0026quot;saboteurs,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;agitators,\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;provocateurs.\u0026quot; In essence, therefore, African detainees were not \u0026quot;criminals\u0026quot; but were detained nonetheless for holding political opinions that were contrary to the Rhodesian regime. Detention was thus an especially repressive form of confinement that Rhodesian authorities deployed to confine their political opponents whom they could not prosecute in courts of law.The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it. (Joshua Nkomo, The Story of My Life London: Methuen. 1984, p. 130.)Indeed, Rhodesian authorities used both detention and imprisonment to remove political activists from their communities and to suppress African political opposition to Rhodesian white minority rule. However, whereas some political prisoners could hope to serve out their imprisonment terms and re-gain their freedom, the majority of political offenders served with \u0026quot;Detention Orders\u0026quot; and sent to detention under Rhodesia\u0026#39;s repressive Law and Order Maintenance Act\u0026#39;s (LOMA) faced indefinite confinement in remote detention centers across Rhodesia.4 From the Rhodesian authorities\u0026#39; perspective, the intended purpose of detention went beyond merely removing political activists from their communities. Detention was also meant to isolate these political activists to remote and inaccessible parts of the country and thereby render political activists and supporters of the struggle for liberation politically, intellectually, and socially dead. Cut off from the outside political world by lack of basic means of information such as radios and newspapers, and lack of communication and limited visitations, Rhodesian authorities hoped that detention would short-circuit the circulation of anti-colonial politics and ideas. Out of sight, African political activists and their active supporters would no longer foment anti-colonial activities that had led to urban political unrest and rural peasant opposition. As Joshua Nkomo-one of Rhodesia\u0026#39;s long-time detainees-noted, \u0026quot;The objective [of detention] was to cut us off from the world, to make it forget us and us forget it.\u0026quot;5 Michael Mawema, another political activist who spent a decade-and-a-half in detention, noted that \u0026quot;[By placing us in detention], I think the government thought we would lose complete contact with society.\u0026quot;6This article argues that far from being centers of isolation, detention spaces failed in their objective to completely isolate and cut off these political activists from the political world of Rhodesia. Despite Rhodesian authorities\u0026#39; concerted attempts to physically isolate African political activists to remote spaces of detention, detention centers were spaces in which detainees actively negotiated their incarceration and challenged rules of detention. First, I suggest that through re-organizing the detention spaces themselves and through practices designed to take control of these spaces, detainees creatively negotiated significant say over the routines of their daily lives. For example, instead of conforming to the dreary and disempowering monotony of detention life, African detainees took advantage of their captivity to empower themselves through academic and political education, political debate, and also developed powerful critiques of colonial rule through writings that were smuggled out of detention. …","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113357095/The_political_lives_of_Rhodesian_detainees_during_Zimbabwes_liberation_struggle","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-01-11T15:25:42.614-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":184821236,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_political_lives_of_Rhodesian_detainees_during_Zimbabwes_liberation_struggle","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":184821236,"first_name":"Munya","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Munochiveyi","page_name":"MMunochiveyi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2021-02-05T06:02:52.760-08:00","display_name":"Munya Munochiveyi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MMunochiveyi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology"},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism"},{"id":96098,"name":"Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance"},{"id":125776,"name":"Imprisonment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imprisonment"},{"id":355852,"name":"Opposition Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Opposition_Politics"}],"urls":[{"id":38475271,"url":"http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=376078650"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="113354527"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/113354527/_We_do_not_want_to_be_ruled_by_foreigners_Oral_Histories_of_Nationalism_in_Colonial_Zimbabwe"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of “We do not want to be ruled by foreigners”: Oral Histories of Nationalism in Colonial Zimbabwe" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/110334925/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113354527/_We_do_not_want_to_be_ruled_by_foreigners_Oral_Histories_of_Nationalism_in_Colonial_Zimbabwe">“We do not want to be ruled by foreigners”: Oral Histories of Nationalism in Colonial Zimbabwe</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Historian</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1d2a8bc473478beb097a4ef8cb229e94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":110334925,"asset_id":113354527,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110334925/download_file?st=MTczMzM0MzU5Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0MzU5Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="113354527"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="113354527"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 113354527; 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It is not only a feeling against something, but also for something.. .. It is this feeling which has excited the emotions of the African people and gripped their imagination, and which has led them to say, \"Atidi kutongwa namabvakure. Tinoda kuzvitonga. Kutongwa nemabvakure hakuna kunaka, asi kuzvitonga ndiko kwakanaka\" (\"We do not want to be ruled by foreigners. We want to rule ourselves. To be ruled by foreigners is not good, but to rule ourselves is good\"). African nationalism [in colonial Zimbabwe] is therefore essentially a political feeling. 1 \"Mass nationalism\" was a dominant historical phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa in the post-Second World War era of decolonization. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="61333875"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/61333875/Suffering_and_Protest_in_Rhodesian_Prisons_During_the_Zimbabwean_Liberation_Struggle"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/61333875/Suffering_and_Protest_in_Rhodesian_Prisons_During_the_Zimbabwean_Liberation_Struggle">Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Southern African Studies</span><span>, Jan 19, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues that, although Rhodesian prisons were spaces of racialised abuse, curtailed freedoms, and heightened repression, they were also spaces of struggle, subversion and negotiation. Indeed, prisoners’ testimonies and their written accounts reveal the depravity and brutality of prison life. They capture vividly some of the gruesome experiences in the state corridors of silence. Yet, as this essay demonstrates, these testimonies also disclose the ways in which prisoners were not simply victims of state-sponsored penal terror: prisoners told stories of how they struggled, coped and creatively adapted to the harsh prison regimes. I also argue that, by transforming the prison into an arena of struggle for political and social rights, African political offenders undermined the disciplinary, rehabilitative, and punitive intent of imprisonment. Political prisoners are important historical subjects in the telling of the struggle for liberation in Zimbabwe – prisoners’ life stories and writings demonstrate the ways in which political prisoners confronted the colonial regime. 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Indeed, prisoners’ testimonies and their written accounts reveal the depravity and brutality of prison life. They capture vividly some of the gruesome experiences in the state corridors of silence. Yet, as this essay demonstrates, these testimonies also disclose the ways in which prisoners were not simply victims of state-sponsored penal terror: prisoners told stories of how they struggled, coped and creatively adapted to the harsh prison regimes. I also argue that, by transforming the prison into an arena of struggle for political and social rights, African political offenders undermined the disciplinary, rehabilitative, and punitive intent of imprisonment. Political prisoners are important historical subjects in the telling of the struggle for liberation in Zimbabwe – prisoners’ life stories and writings demonstrate the ways in which political prisoners confronted the colonial regime. As political prisoners, they were important symbols of the struggle for liberation, and were also producers of powerful critiques of the colonial regime through their writings.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="60540770"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="60540770"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60540770; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60540770]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60540770]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60540770; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='60540770']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60540770, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=60540770]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":60540770,"title":"Suffering and Protest in Rhodesian Prisons During the Zimbabwean Liberation Struggle","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article is based on Zimbabwean ex-political prisoners’ testimonies and writings, and argues that, although Rhodesian prisons were spaces of racialised abuse, curtailed freedoms, and heightened repression, they were also spaces of struggle, subversion and negotiation. 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The liberation struggle is a significant part of those histories. In the last decade, this historiography has witnessed the emergence of a new and much narrowed, ZANU(PF)-backed nationalist narrative, which some have called &#x27;patriotic history&#x27; (Ranger 2004), through which distinctions have been drawn between those who can and those who cannot legitimately lay claim to Zimbabwe&#x27;s nationalist history. This has elevated and valorised the anti-colonial guerrilla war and the roles of ex-guerrillas, and marginalized other historical subjects in Zimbabwe&#x27;s nationalist past. The effectiveness with which this new historical rhetoric was been deployed means it is critically important to disrupt and debunk suc...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1b38f89ffe3f06dab5bd95de9606bba3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":73940668,"asset_id":60540762,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73940668/download_file?st=MTczMzM0MzU5Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0MzU5Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="60540762"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="60540762"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60540762; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60540762]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60540762]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60540762; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='60540762']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60540762, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1b38f89ffe3f06dab5bd95de9606bba3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=60540762]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":60540762,"title":"Becoming Zimbabwe From Below: Multiple Narratives of Zimbabwean Nationalism","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"There is no doubt that the editors and authors of Becoming Zimbabwe were driven by a commitment to challenge post-colonial versions of Zimbabwean history, particularly those \u0026#x27;narrowly constructed\u0026#x27; (Raftopoulos and Mlambo 2009: xxxiii) by the ZANU(PF) regime. 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