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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion:_943–1513" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion:_943–1513"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Expansion: 943–1513 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion:_943–1513-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation:_1513–1690" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation:_1513–1690"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Consolidation: 1513–1690 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation:_1513–1690-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Union:_1690–1707" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Union:_1690–1707"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Treaty of Union: 1690–1707 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Union:_1690–1707-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Coinage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Military </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Cited works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kingdom of Scotland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Skotland" title="Koninkryk van Skotland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk van Skotland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%90%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шотландиа Аҳра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Шотландиа Аҳра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مملكة إسكتلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة إسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_d%27Escocia" title="Reinu d'Escocia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu d'Escocia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eotlandiya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Şotlandiya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şotlandiya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CD%98-kat-l%C3%A2n_%C3%94ng-kok" title="So͘-kat-lân Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="So͘-kat-lân Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шатландскае каралеўства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шатландскае каралеўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Шотландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Bro-Skos" title="Rouantelezh Bro-Skos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Bro-Skos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Regne d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Skotské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skotské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_yr_Alban" title="Teyrnas yr Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas yr Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Schottland" title="Königreich Schottland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Schottland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otimaa_kuningriik" title="Šotimaa kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šotimaa kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Escocia" title="Reino de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Skotlando" title="Reĝlando Skotlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Skotlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskoziako_Erresuma" title="Eskoziako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskoziako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پادشاهی اسکاتلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی اسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27%C3%89cosse" title="Royaume d'Écosse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Écosse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninkryk_Skotl%C3%A2n" title="Keninkryk Skotlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keninkryk Skotlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_na_hAlban" title="Ríocht na hAlban – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht na hAlban" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_ny_h-Albey" title="Reeriaght ny h-Albey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght ny h-Albey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ACoghachd_na_h-Alba" title="Rìoghachd na h-Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rìoghachd na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Escocia" title="Reino de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="스코틀랜드 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스코틀랜드 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շոտլանդական թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոտլանդական թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="स्कॉट्लैण्ड राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कॉट्लैण्ड राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_%C5%A0kotska" title="Kraljevina Škotska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Škotska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejio_Skotia" title="Rejio Skotia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rejio Skotia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Skotlandia" title="Kerajaan Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Skotland" title="Konungsríkið Skotland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konungsríkið Skotland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Scozia" title="Regno di Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ממלכת סקוטלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת סקוטלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="შოტლანდიის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შოტლანდიის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Шотландия Патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шотландия Патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotijas_Karaliste" title="Skotijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skotijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn_de_Scozia" title="Regn de Scozia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Regn de Scozia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3t_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Skót Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skót Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مملكة اسكوتلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة اسكوتلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_beraja_Scotland" title="Kerajaan beraja Scotland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan beraja Scotland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Schotland" title="Koninkrijk Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="スコットランド王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スコットランド王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਕਾਟਲੈਂਡ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਸ਼ਾਹੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਕਾਟਲੈਂਡ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਸ਼ਾਹੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="سکاٹ لینڈ بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکاٹ لینڈ بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Szkocji" title="Królestwo Szkocji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Szkocji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Reino da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Sco%C8%9Biei" title="Regatul Scoției – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Scoției" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Шотландское королевство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шотландское королевство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Scotland" title="Kinrick o Scotland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o Scotland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%BD_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AA" title="اسڪاٽ لينڊ جي بادشاهت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسڪاٽ لينڊ جي بادشاهت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0k%C3%B3tske_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Škótske kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Škótske kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Шкотска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Шкотска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_%C5%A0kotska" title="Kraljevina Škotska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Škotska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlannin_kuningaskunta" title="Skotlannin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skotlannin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Skottland" title="Kungariket Skottland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Skottland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுக்காட்லாந்து இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுக்காட்லாந்து இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eotlandi%C3%A4_pat%C5%9Fal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Şotlandiä patşalığı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Şotlandiä patşalığı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชอาณาจักรสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sko%C3%A7ya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İskoçya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskoçya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Шотландське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шотландське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="مملکت سکاٹ لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت سکاٹ لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_de_Sc%C3%B2sia" title="Regno de Scòsia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno de Scòsia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Scotland" title="Vương quốc Scotland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keunienkryk_Schotland" title="Keunienkryk Schotland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Keunienkryk Schotland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="苏格兰王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏格兰王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="蘇格蘭王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇格蘭王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="苏格兰王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏格兰王国" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Scotland&params=57_N_4_W_region:GB">57°N 4°W / 57°N 4°W / 57; -4</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic kingdom in the British Isles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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For the country in its current form, see <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Scotland</div><div class="ib-country-names">Rìoghachd na h-Alba (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>) Kinrick o Scotland (<a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>) Kongungdum Skotland (<a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">843–1707 (1654–1660: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_under_the_Commonwealth" title="Scotland under the Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland_(1542%E2%80%932003,_sky_blue).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Scotland"><img alt="Flag of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/125px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/188px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/250px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="250" /></a></div> <div>Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Flag (1542–1707)</a> Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland" title="Royal Banner of Scotland">Royal Banner (1565–1603)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Arms (1565–1603) of Scotland"><img alt="Royal Arms (1565–1603) of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of Scotland">Royal Arms (1565–1603)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/In_my_defens_God_me_defend" title="In my defens God me defend">In my defens God me defend</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>)</li> <li>"In my defence God me defend"</li></ul> </div><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_within_Europe_in_1190.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Scotland in 1190"><img alt="The Kingdom of Scotland in 1190" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scotland_within_Europe_in_1190.svg/250px-Scotland_within_Europe_in_1190.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scotland_within_Europe_in_1190.svg/375px-Scotland_within_Europe_in_1190.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scotland_within_Europe_in_1190.svg/500px-Scotland_within_Europe_in_1190.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="375" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Scotland in 1190</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scone,_Perth_and_Kinross" class="mw-redirect" title="Scone, Perth and Kinross">Scone</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 843–1069) <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1069–1452 <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> (after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1452)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> (until 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> (from 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric</a> (1093–12th century)<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a> (950–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a> (from 13th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a> (from 1471)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[f]</a> (until 15th century)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a> (until 1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Episcopalianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a>) (from 1560)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Scotland">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 843–858 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1702–1707 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">United</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9th century (traditionally 843)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> incorporated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1124 (confirmed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_York" title="Treaty of York">Treaty of York</a> 1237)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> incorporated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1234/1235</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a> incorporated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1266 (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> incorporated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1472</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1603</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with England</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1707</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1482–1707</th><td class="infobox-data">78,778 km2 (30,416 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1500<a href="#cite_note-8">[2]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1600<a href="#cite_note-9">[3]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1700<a href="#cite_note-10">[4]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,250,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_Scots" title="Pound Scots">Pound Scots</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Cat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ce" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ce">Ce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fortriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Fortriu">Fortriu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fib" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Fib">Fib</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Galloway">Galloway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Northumbria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Earldom of Orkney</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li> ∟ <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li> ∟ <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, partially)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Kingdom of Scotland (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Rìoghachd na h-Alba; <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: Kinrick o Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>: Kongungdum Skotland) was a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in northwest <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, sharing a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">land border</a> to the south with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Scotland engaged in intermittent conflict with England, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>, which saw the Scots assert their independence from the English. Following the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Norway">Norway</a> in 1266 and 1472 respectively, and the capture of <a href="/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick upon Tweed">Berwick</a> by England in 1482, the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponded to that of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, bounded by the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the north and west, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(British_Isles)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Channel (British Isles)">North Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to the southwest. In 1603, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI of Scotland</a> became <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, joining Scotland with England in a <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">personal union</a>. In 1707, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, the two kingdoms were united to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a> was the most important element of Scotland's government. The Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, before <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> developed as a <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> in the second half of the 15th century. The Crown remained at the centre of political life and in the 16th century emerged as a major centre of display and artistic patronage, until it was effectively dissolved with the 1603 Union of Crowns. The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European monarchical states of the time and developed a <a href="/wiki/Privy_council_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy council of Scotland">Privy Council</a> and great offices of state. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament</a> also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy, but was never as central to the national life. In the early period, the kings of the Scots depended on the great lords—the <a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaers</a> and toísechs—but from the reign of <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">sheriffdoms</a> were introduced, which allowed more direct control and gradually limited the power of the major lordships. In the 17th century, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Justices_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices of Peace">Justices of Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commissioners_of_Supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioners of Supply">Commissioners of Supply</a> helped to increase the effectiveness of local government. The continued existence of <a href="/wiki/Court_baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Court baron">courts baron</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Kirk_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirk session">kirk sessions</a> helped consolidate the power of local <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">lairds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a> developed in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, with <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> meeting daily in Edinburgh. In 1532, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a> was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of lawyers. David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage. After the union of the Scottish and English crowns in 1603, the <a href="/wiki/Pound_Scots" title="Pound Scots">Pound Scots</a> was reformed to closely match <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">sterling coin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a> issued pound notes from 1704. Scottish currency was abolished by the Acts of Union 1707; however, Scotland has retained unique banknotes to the present day. Geographically, Scotland is divided between the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a>. The Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was even shorter during the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>. Scotland's population at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> was about 1 million; by the end of the plague, it was only half a million. It expanded in the first half of the 16th century, reaching roughly 1.2 million by the 1690s. Significant languages in the medieval kingdom included <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse language">Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>; but by the early modern era <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> had begun to dominate. Christianity was introduced into Scotland from the 6th century. In the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> period the Scottish church underwent a series of changes that led to new monastic orders and organisation. During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> that created a predominately <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">national kirk</a>. There were a series of religious controversies that resulted in divisions and persecutions. The Scottish Crown developed naval forces at various points in its history, but often relied on <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> and fought a <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de course">guerre de course</a>. Land forces centred around the large <a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Warfare in Medieval Scotland">common army</a>, but adopted European innovations from the 16th century; and many Scots took service as mercenaries and as soldiers for the English Crown. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History of Scotland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins:_400–943">Origins: 400–943</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins: 400–943">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Origins of the Kingdom of Alba</a></div> From the 5th century on, north Britain was divided into a series of petty kingdoms. Of these, the four most important were those of the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> in the north-east, the Scots of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> in the west, the Britons of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> in the south-west and the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Anglian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a> (which united with <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> in 653) in the south-east, stretching into modern northern England. In 793, ferocious <a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_the_British_Isles#Viking_raids_and_invasions" title="Invasions of the British Isles">Viking raids</a> began on monasteries such as those at <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, creating fear and confusion across the kingdoms of north Britain. <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Isles">Shetland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a> eventually fell to the Norsemen.<a href="#cite_note-11">[5]</a> These threats may have sped up a long-term process of <a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a> of the Pictish kingdoms, which adopted <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> language and customs. There was also a merger of the Gaelic (Scots) and Pictish kingdoms, although historians debate whether it was a Pictish takeover of Dál Riata, or vice-versa. This culminated in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth I of Scotland">Cínaed mac Ailpín</a> (Kenneth MacAlpin) as "king of the Picts" in the 840s (traditionally dated to 843),<a href="#cite_note-Webster1997p15-12">[6]</a> which brought to power the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">House of Alpin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[7]</a> When he died as king of the combined kingdom in 900, one of his successors, <a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Domnall II</a> (Donald II), was the first man to be called rí Alban (King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2010395-14">[8]</a> The Latin term Scotia would increasingly be used to describe the heartland of these kings, north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a>, and eventually the entire area controlled by its kings would be referred to, in English, as Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Webster1997p22-15">[9]</a> The long reign (900–942/3) of Donald's successor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Causantín</a> (Constantine II) is often regarded as the key to formation of the Kingdom of Alba/Scotland, and he was later credited with bringing Scottish Christianity into conformity with the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion:_943–1513">Expansion: 943–1513</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion: 943–1513">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland in the Middle Ages</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Máel Coluim I</a> (Malcolm I) (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 943–954) is believed to have annexed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a>, over which the kings of Alba had probably exercised some authority since the later 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf the Aggressor</a>, was described as the King of Strathclyde before inheriting the throne of Alba; he is credited with later annexing parts of Lothian, including Edinburgh, from the Kingdom of Northumbria. The reign of <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> has been characterised as a "<a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Barrow1992pp9-11-18">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> in which he introduced a system of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> land tenure, established the first <a href="/wiki/Royal_burgh" title="Royal burgh">royal burghs</a> in Scotland and the first recorded Scottish coinage, and continued a process of religious and legal reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Webster1997pp29-37-20">[14]</a> Until the 13th century, the border with England was very fluid, with Northumbria being annexed to Scotland by David I, but lost under his grandson and successor <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a> in 1157.<a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_York" title="Treaty of York">Treaty of York</a> (1237) fixed the boundaries with England close to the modern border.<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> By the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a>, the Scots had annexed the remainder of the Norwegian-held western seaboard after the stalemate of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a> in 1266.<a href="#cite_note-Macquarrie2004p153-23">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> fell under English control, from Norwegian, in the 14th century, despite several attempts to seize it for Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> The English briefly occupied most of Scotland, under <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>, the English backed <a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a>, son of King <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a>, in an attempt to gain his father's throne and restore the lands of the Scottish lords dispossessed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">Robert I</a> and his successors in the 14th century in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a> (1296–1357). The king of France attempted to thwart the exercise, under the terms of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>, which provided for mutual aid against the English. In the 15th and early 16th centuries, under the <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Dynasty">Stewart Dynasty</a>, despite a turbulent political history, the Crown gained greater political control at the expense of independent lords and regained most of its lost territory to around the modern borders of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006p21-25">[19]</a> The dowry of the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> Islands, by the Norwegian crown, in 1468 was the last great land acquisition for the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a> In 1482 the border fortress of Berwick—the largest port in medieval Scotland—fell to the English once again; this was the last time it changed hands.<a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006p21-25">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> with France led to the heavy defeat of a Scottish army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Flodden Field">Battle of Flodden Field</a> in 1513 and the death of the King <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a>. A long period of political instability followed.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation:_1513–1690">Consolidation: 1513–1690</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consolidation: 1513–1690">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Scotland in the early modern period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesIEngland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/170px-JamesIEngland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/255px-JamesIEngland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/340px-JamesIEngland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a>, whose inheritance of the thrones of England and Ireland created a dynastic union in 1603</figcaption></figure> In the 16th century, under <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, the Crown and court took on many of the attributes of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Monarchs" title="New Monarchs">New Monarchy</a>, despite long royal <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minorities</a>, civil wars and interventions by the English and French.<a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a> In the mid-16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, leading to widespread <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> and the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> system of organisation and discipline that would have a major impact on Scottish life.<a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> In the late 16th century, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a> emerged as a major intellectual figure with considerable authority over the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> In 1603, he inherited the thrones of England and Ireland, creating a <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> that left the three states with their separate identities and institutions. He also moved the centre of royal patronage and power to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> When James' son <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> attempted to impose elements of the English religious settlement on Scotland, the result was the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a> (1637–1640), which ended in defeat for the king and a virtually independent Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanter</a> state in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Mackieetal1991p200-6-32">[26]</a> It also helped precipitate the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>, during which the Scots carried out major military interventions. After Charles I's defeat, the Scots backed the king in the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a>; after his execution, they proclaimed his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> king, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)">Anglo-Scottish War</a> of 1650-1652 against the emerging republican regime of <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> in England led by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>. The results were a series of defeats and the short-lived incorporation of Scotland into the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1660)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> After the 1660 <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Scotland)" title="Restoration (Scotland)">restoration of the monarchy</a>, Scotland regained its separate status and institutions, while the centre of political power remained in London.<a href="#cite_note-MackieLenman&Parker1991pp241-5-34">[28]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688–1689, in which <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a> was deposed by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> in England, Scotland accepted them under the <a href="/wiki/Claim_of_Right_Act_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim of Right Act 1689">Claim of Right Act 1689</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MackieLenman&Parker1991pp241-5-34">[28]</a> but the deposed main hereditary line of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuarts</a> became a focus for political discontent known as <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a>, leading to a series of invasions and rebellions mainly focused on the Scottish Highlands.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Union:_1690–1707">Treaty of Union: 1690–1707</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaty of Union: 1690–1707">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Union 1707">Treaty of Union 1707</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></div> After severe economic dislocation in the 1690s, there were moves that led to political union with England as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, which came into force on 1 May 1707. The English and Scottish parliaments were replaced by a combined <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>, which sat in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> and largely continued English traditions without interruption. Forty-five Scots were added to the 513 members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> and 16 Scots to the 190 members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. It was also a full economic union, replacing the Scottish systems of currency, taxation and laws regulating trade.<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Medieval_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in Medieval Scotland">Government in Medieval Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Government in early modern Scotland">Government in early modern Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG/220px-Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG/330px-Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG/440px-Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III of Scotland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</a>; beside him are the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Strathearn" title="Earl of Strathearn">Mormaers of Strathearn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Fife" title="Earl of Fife">Fife</a> while his genealogy is recited by a royal poet.</figcaption></figure> The unified kingdom of Alba retained some of the ritual aspects of Pictish and Scottish kingship. These can be seen in the elaborate ritual coronation at the <a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Scone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Webster1997pp45-7-37">[31]</a> While the Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> remained one of its most important locations, with royal castles at <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perth_Castle" title="Perth Castle">Perth</a> becoming significant in the later Middle Ages before <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> The Crown remained the most important element of government, despite the many royal <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minorities</a>. In the late Middle Ages, it saw much of the aggrandisement associated with the New Monarchs elsewhere in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> Theories of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and resistance were articulated by Scots, particularly <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>, in the 16th century, but James VI of Scotland advanced the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, and these debates were restated in subsequent reigns and crises. The court remained at the centre of political life, and in the 16th century emerged as a major centre of display and artistic patronage, until it was effectively dissolved with the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> in 1603.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European courts, including <a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamberlain of Scotland">Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_Scotland" title="Lord High Constable of Scotland">Lord High Constable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marischal" title="Earl Marischal">Earl Marischal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barrow1965pp11-12-41">[35]</a> The King's Council emerged as a full-time body in the 15th century, increasingly dominated by laymen and critical to the administration of justice.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council</a>, which developed in the mid-16th century,<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> and the great offices of state, including the chancellor, secretary and <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Scotland" title="Treasurer of Scotland">treasurer</a>, remained central to the administration of the government, even after the departure of the Stuart monarchs to rule in England from 1603.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> However, it was often sidelined and was abolished after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, with rule direct from London.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParliamentHouse18thcenturyEdinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ParliamentHouse18thcenturyEdinburgh.jpg/220px-ParliamentHouse18thcenturyEdinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ParliamentHouse18thcenturyEdinburgh.jpg/330px-ParliamentHouse18thcenturyEdinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ParliamentHouse18thcenturyEdinburgh.jpg/440px-ParliamentHouse18thcenturyEdinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>, also known as the Estates of Scotland, at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House, Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> By the end of the Middle Ages it was sitting almost every year, partly because of the frequent royal minorities and regencies of the period, which may have prevented it from being sidelined by the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> In the early modern era, Parliament was also vital to the running of the country, providing laws and taxation, but it had fluctuating fortunes and was never as central to the national life as its counterpart in England.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> In the early period, the kings of the Scots depended on the great lords of the <a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaers</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a>) and toísechs (later <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thanes</a>), but from the reign of David I, <a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">sheriffdoms</a> were introduced, which allowed more direct control and gradually limited the power of the major lordships.<a href="#cite_note-McNeil&MacQueenpp191-4-49">[43]</a> In the 17th century, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Supply" title="Commissioner of Supply">Commissioner of Supply</a> helped to increase the effectiveness of local government.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> The continued existence of <a href="/wiki/Manorial_court#Court_baron" title="Manorial court">courts baron</a> and introduction of <a href="/wiki/Session_(Presbyterianism)" title="Session (Presbyterianism)">kirk sessions</a> helped consolidate the power of local <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">lairds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">History of Scots law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regiam.Majestatem.preface.page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Regiam.Majestatem.preface.page.jpg/170px-Regiam.Majestatem.preface.page.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Regiam.Majestatem.preface.page.jpg/255px-Regiam.Majestatem.preface.page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Regiam.Majestatem.preface.page.jpg/340px-Regiam.Majestatem.preface.page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Regiam_Majestatem" title="Regiam Majestatem">Regiam Majestatem</a> is the oldest surviving written digest of Scots law.</figcaption></figure> Scots law developed into a distinctive system in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Knowledge of the nature of Scots law before the 11th century is largely speculative,<a href="#cite_note-Thronton2009-52">[46]</a> but it was probably a mixture of legal traditions representing the different cultures inhabiting the land at the time, including <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Britonnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> customs.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> The legal tract, the <a href="/wiki/Leges_inter_Brettos_et_Scottos" title="Leges inter Brettos et Scottos">Leges inter Brettos et Scottos</a>, set out a system of compensation for injury and death based on ranks and the solidarity of kin groups.<a href="#cite_note-Grant1993-54">[48]</a> There were popular courts or <a href="/wiki/Comhdhail" title="Comhdhail">comhdhails</a>, indicated by dozens of place names in eastern Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-McNeil&MacQueenpp191-4-49">[43]</a> In Scandinavian-held areas, <a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a> formed the basis of the legal system and it is known that the Hebrides were taxed using the <a href="/wiki/Ounceland" title="Ounceland">Ounceland</a> measure.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Althings</a> were open-air governmental assemblies that met in the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Jarl</a> and the meetings were open to virtually all "free men". At these sessions decisions were made, laws passed and complaints adjudicated.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> The introduction of feudalism in the reign of <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I of Scotland</a> would have a profound impact on the development of Scottish law, establishing <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">feudal land tenure</a> over many parts of the south and east that eventually spread northward.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> Sheriffs, originally appointed by the King as royal administrators and tax collectors, developed legal functions.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> Feudal lords also held courts to adjudicate disputes between their tenants. By the 14th century, some of these feudal courts had developed into "petty kingdoms" where the King's courts did not have authority except for cases of treason.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burghs</a> also had their local laws dealing mostly with commercial and trade matters and may have become similar in function to sheriff's courts.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical courts</a> had exclusive jurisdiction over matters such as marriage, contracts made on oath, inheritance and legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> Judices were often royal officials who supervised baronial, abbatial and other lower-ranking "courts".<a href="#cite_note-Barrow2003pp69-109-62">[56]</a> However, the main official of law in the post-Davidian Kingdom of the Scots was the <a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">Justiciar</a> who held courts and reported to the king personally. Normally, there were two Justiciarships, organised by linguistic boundaries: the <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_Scotia" title="Justiciar of Scotia">Justiciar of Scotia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_Lothian" title="Justiciar of Lothian">Justiciar of Lothian</a>, but sometimes <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> also had its own Justiciar.<a href="#cite_note-Barrow2003pp69-109-62">[56]</a> Scottish <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jus_commune" title="Jus commune">jus commune</a>, began to take shape at the end of the period, assimilating <a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Gaelic and Britonnic law</a> with practices from Anglo-Norman England and the Continent.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_window_Parliament_Hall_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Great_window_Parliament_Hall_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-Great_window_Parliament_Hall_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Great_window_Parliament_Hall_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-Great_window_Parliament_Hall_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Great_window_Parliament_Hall_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-Great_window_Parliament_Hall_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Institution of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V</a> in 1532, from the Great Window in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House, Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> There is some evidence that, during the period of English control over Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> attempted to abolish Scottish laws in opposition to <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> as he had done <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">in Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> Under Robert I in 1318, a parliament at Scone enacted a code of law that drew upon older practices. It codified procedures for criminal trials and protections for <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> from ejection from the land.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> From the 14th century, there are surviving examples of early Scottish legal literature, such as the <a href="/wiki/Regiam_Majestatem" title="Regiam Majestatem">Regiam Majestatem</a> (on procedure at the royal courts) and the Quoniam Attachiamenta (on procedure at the barons court), which drew on both common and <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> Customary laws, such as the <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDuff#Law_of_Clan_MacDuff" title="Clan MacDuff">Law of Clan MacDuff</a>, came under attack from the Stewart Dynasty which consequently extended the reach of Scots common law.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> From the reign of King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a> a legal profession began to develop and the administration of criminal and civil justice was centralised.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> The growing activity of the parliament and the centralisation of administration in Scotland called for the better dissemination of Acts of the parliament to the courts and other enforcers of the law.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> In the late 15th century, unsuccessful attempts were made to form commissions of experts to codify, update or define Scots law.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> The general practice during this period, as evidenced from records of cases, seems to have been to defer to specific Scottish laws on a matter when available and to fill in any gaps with provisions from the common law embodied in Civil and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a>, which had the advantage of being written.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, with a royal <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> meeting daily in Edinburgh to deal with civil cases. In 1514, the office of justice-general was created for the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Argyll" title="Duke of Argyll">Earl of Argyll</a> (and held by his family until 1628).<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> In 1532, the Royal <a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a> was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of an emerging group of career lawyers. The Court of Session placed increasing emphasis on its independence from influence, including from the king, and superior jurisdiction over local justice. Its judges were increasingly able to control entry to their own ranks.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> In 1672, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> was founded from the College of Justice as a supreme court of appeal.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coinage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_coinage" title="Scottish coinage">Scottish coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_penny_802002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scotland_penny_802002.jpg/220px-Scotland_penny_802002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scotland_penny_802002.jpg/330px-Scotland_penny_802002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scotland_penny_802002.jpg/440px-Scotland_penny_802002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Penny of <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></figcaption></figure> David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage. There were soon mints at Edinburgh, Berwick and <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh" title="Roxburgh">Roxburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cannon1997p225-76">[70]</a> Early Scottish coins were similar to English ones, but with the king's head in profile instead of full face.<a href="#cite_note-Chown1996p24-77">[71]</a> The number of coins struck was small and English coins probably remained more significant in this period.<a href="#cite_note-Cannon1997p225-76">[70]</a> The first gold coin was a noble (6s. 8d.) of David II.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson1999p99-78">[72]</a> Under James I pennies and halfpennies of <a href="/wiki/Billon_(alloy)" title="Billon (alloy)">billon</a> (an alloy of silver with a base metal) were introduced, and copper farthings appeared under <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donaldson1999p99-78">[72]</a> In James V's reign the <a href="/wiki/Bawbee" title="Bawbee">bawbee</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1+1⁄2 d) and half-bawbee were issued, and in Mary, Queen of Scot's reign a twopence piece, the hardhead, was issued to help "the common people buy bread, drink, flesh, and fish". The billon coinage was discontinued after 1603, but twopence pieces in copper continued to be issued until the Act of Union in 1707.<a href="#cite_note-Cannon1997p225-76">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_bawbee_1542_127326.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mary_bawbee_1542_127326.jpg/220px-Mary_bawbee_1542_127326.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mary_bawbee_1542_127326.jpg/330px-Mary_bawbee_1542_127326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mary_bawbee_1542_127326.jpg/440px-Mary_bawbee_1542_127326.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bawbee" title="Bawbee">bawbee</a> minted during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></figcaption></figure> Early Scottish coins were virtually identical in silver content to English ones, but from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 onwards their silver content began to depreciate more rapidly than their English counterparts. Between 1300 and 1605, Scottish coins lost silver value at an average of 12 percent every decade, three times higher than the English rate. The Scottish penny became a base metal coin by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1484 and virtually disappeared as a separate coin from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1513 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Chown1996p24-77">[71]</a> In 1356, an English proclamation banned the lower quality Scottish coins from being circulated in England. After the union of the Scottish and English crowns in 1603, the <a href="/wiki/Pound_Scots" title="Pound Scots">Pound Scots</a> was reformed to closely match <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">coins of the pound sterling</a>, with £12 Scots equal to £1 sterling.<a href="#cite_note-Cannon1997p225-76">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> enacted proposals in 1695 to set up the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> The bank issued pound notes from 1704, which had the face value of £12 Scots. Scottish currency was abolished after the 1707 Act of Unions, with Scottish coins in circulation being drawn in to be re-minted according to English standards.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_(Location)_Named_(HR).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Scotland_%28Location%29_Named_%28HR%29.png/170px-Scotland_%28Location%29_Named_%28HR%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Scotland_%28Location%29_Named_%28HR%29.png/255px-Scotland_%28Location%29_Named_%28HR%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Scotland_%28Location%29_Named_%28HR%29.png/340px-Scotland_%28Location%29_Named_%28HR%29.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>The topography of Scotland.</figcaption></figure> At its borders in 1707, the Kingdom of Scotland was half the size of England and Wales in area, but with its many inlets, islands and inland <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">lochs</a>, it had roughly the same amount of coastline at 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometres).<a href="#cite_note-Harvie-81">[75]</a> Scotland has over 790 offshore islands, most of which are to be found in four main groups: <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> Only a fifth of Scotland is less than 60 metres above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Harvie-81">[75]</a> The defining factor in the geography of Scotland is the distinction between the Highlands and Islands in the north and west and the Lowlands in the south and east. The highlands are further divided into the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Highlands" title="Northwest Highlands">Northwest Highlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grampian_Mountains" title="Grampian Mountains">Grampian Mountains</a> by the fault line of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Glen" title="Great Glen">Great Glen</a>. The Lowlands are divided into the fertile belt of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">Central Lowlands</a> and the higher terrain of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Cheviot_Hills" title="Cheviot Hills">Cheviot Hills</a>, over which the border with England ran.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> The Central Lowland belt averages about 50 miles (80 kilometres) in width<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> and, because it contains most of the good quality agricultural land and has easier communications, could support most of the urbanisation and elements of conventional government.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> However, the Southern Uplands, and particularly the Highlands were economically less productive and much more difficult to govern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgilvie1958421-86">[80]</a> Its east Atlantic position means that Scotland has very heavy rainfall: today about 700 mm per year in the east and over 1000 mm in the west. This encouraged the spread of blanket <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>, the acidity of which, combined with high level of wind and salt spray, made most of the islands treeless. The existence of hills, mountains, quicksands and marshes made internal communication and conquest extremely difficult and may have contributed to the fragmented nature of political power.<a href="#cite_note-Harvie-81">[75]</a> The Uplands and Highlands had a relatively short growing season, in the extreme case of the upper Grampians an ice free season of four months or less and for much of the Highlands and Uplands of seven months or less. The early modern era also saw the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>, with 1564 seeing thirty-three days of continual frost, where rivers and lochs froze, leading to a series of subsistence crises until the 1690s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Scotland" title="Demographic history of Scotland">Demographic history of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rocque_Plan_von_Edinburgh_1764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Rocque_Plan_von_Edinburgh_1764.jpg/220px-John_Rocque_Plan_von_Edinburgh_1764.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Rocque_Plan_von_Edinburgh_1764.jpg/330px-John_Rocque_Plan_von_Edinburgh_1764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Rocque_Plan_von_Edinburgh_1764.jpg/440px-John_Rocque_Plan_von_Edinburgh_1764.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Edinburgh in 1764, the largest city in Scotland in the early modern era</figcaption></figure> From the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Kingdom of Alba</a> in the 10th century until before the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> arrived in 1349, estimates based on the amount of farmable land suggest that population may have grown from half a million to a million.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> Although there is no reliable documentation on the impact of the plague, there are many anecdotal references to abandoned land in the following decades. If the pattern followed that in England, then the population may have fallen to as low as half a million by the end of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> Compared with the situation after the redistribution of population in the later <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, these numbers would have been relatively evenly spread over the kingdom, with roughly half living north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of many <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a> that grew up in the later medieval period, mainly in the east and south. They would have had a mean population of about 2000, but many would have been much smaller than 1000 and the largest, Edinburgh, probably had a population of over 10,000 by the end of the Medieval era.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> Price inflation, which generally reflects growing demand for food, suggests that the population probably expanded in the first half of the 16th century, levelling off after the famine of 1595, as prices were relatively stable in the early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> Calculations based on <a href="/wiki/Hearth_tax" title="Hearth tax">hearth tax</a> returns for 1691 indicate a population of 1,234,575, but this figure may have been seriously effected by the subsequent famines of the late 1690s.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> By 1750, with its suburbs, Edinburgh reached 57,000. The only other towns above 10,000 by the same time were <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> with 32,000, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> with around 16,000 and <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> with 12,000.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_Scotland_1400_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Languages_of_Scotland_1400_AD.svg/170px-Languages_of_Scotland_1400_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Languages_of_Scotland_1400_AD.svg/255px-Languages_of_Scotland_1400_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Languages_of_Scotland_1400_AD.svg/340px-Languages_of_Scotland_1400_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>The linguistic divide <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400, based on place-name evidence. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></div></figcaption></figure> Historical sources, as well as place name evidence, indicate the ways in which the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish language</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric languages</a> in the south were overlaid and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse language">Norse</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the majority of people within Scotland spoke the Gaelic language, then simply called Scottish, or in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, lingua Scotica.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> In the Northern Isles the Norse language brought by Scandinavian occupiers and settlers evolved into the local <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>, which lingered until the end of the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> and Norse may also have survived as a spoken language until the 16th century in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a> and particularly English became the main languages of Scottish burghs, most of which were located in the south and east, an area to which Anglian settlers had already brought a form of Old English. In the later part of the 12th century, the writer <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Dryburgh" title="Adam of Dryburgh">Adam of Dryburgh</a> described lowland Lothian as "the Land of the English in the Kingdom of the Scots".<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> At least from the accession of David I, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French, as evidenced by reports from contemporary chronicles, literature and translations of administrative documents into the French language.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages#Language_and_literature" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a>, then called English, became the dominant spoken language of the kingdom, aside from in the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> It was derived largely from Old English, with the addition of elements from Gaelic and French. Although resembling the language spoken in northern England, it became a distinct dialect from the late 14th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-103">[97]</a> It began to be adopted by the ruling elite as they gradually abandoned French. By the 15th century, it was the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of James I onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the Tay, began a steady decline.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-103">[97]</a> Lowland writers began to treat Gaelic as a second-class, rustic and even amusing language, helping to frame attitudes towards the Highlands and to create a cultural gulf with the Lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-103">[97]</a> From the mid-16th century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> With the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England, most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English fashion.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> Unlike many of his predecessors, James VI generally despised Gaelic culture.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> Having extolled the virtues of Scots "poesie", after his accession to the English throne, he increasingly favoured the language of southern England. In 1611, the Kirk adopted the 1611 <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a> of the Bible. In 1617, interpreters were declared no longer necessary in the port of London because as Scots and Englishmen were now "not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther". <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Jenny Wormald</a> describes James as creating a "three-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top".<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland" title="History of Christianity in Scotland">History of Christianity in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dundrennan_Abbey_2012_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dundrennan_Abbey_2012_%281%29.jpg/220px-Dundrennan_Abbey_2012_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dundrennan_Abbey_2012_%281%29.jpg/330px-Dundrennan_Abbey_2012_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dundrennan_Abbey_2012_%281%29.jpg/440px-Dundrennan_Abbey_2012_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dundrennan_Abbey" title="Dundrennan Abbey">Dundrennan Abbey</a>, one of the many royal foundations of the 12th century</figcaption></figure> The Pictish and Scottish kingdoms that would form the basis of the Kingdom of Alba were largely converted by Irish-Scots missions associated with figures such as <a href="/wiki/St_Columba" class="mw-redirect" title="St Columba">St Columba</a>, from the 5th to the 7th centuries. These missions tended to found <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> institutions and collegiate churches that served large areas.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> Partly as a result of these factors, some scholars have identified a distinctive form of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a> were more significant than <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, attitudes to <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a> were more relaxed and there were some significant differences in practice with Roman Christianity, particularly the form of <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> and the method of <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">calculating Easter</a>. Most of these issues had been resolved by the mid-7th century.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> After the reconversion of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a> from the 10th century, Christianity under papal authority was the dominant religion of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> In the Norman period, the Scottish church underwent a series of reforms and transformations. With royal and lay patronage, a clearer parochial structure based around local churches was developed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> Large numbers of new foundations, which followed continental forms of reformed monasticism, began to predominate and the Scottish church established its independence from England, developed a clearer diocesan structure, becoming a "special daughter of the see of Rome", but lacking leadership in the form of Archbishops.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> In the late Middle Ages, the problems of schism in the Catholic Church allowed the Scottish Crown to gain greater influence over senior appointments and two archbishoprics had been established by the end of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp75-87-113">[107]</a> While some historians have discerned a decline of monasticism in the late Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> orders of <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> grew, particularly in the expanding <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a>, to meet the spiritual needs of the population. New saints and cults of devotion also proliferated. Despite problems over the number and quality of clergy after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in the 14th century, and some evidence of heresy in this period, the Church in Scotland remained relatively stable before the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp75-87-113">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knox,_John.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Knox%2C_John.jpeg/170px-Knox%2C_John.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Knox%2C_John.jpeg/255px-Knox%2C_John.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Knox%2C_John.jpeg/340px-Knox%2C_John.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, one of the key figures in the Scottish Reformation</figcaption></figure> During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> that created a predominately Calvinist national church, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Kirk" title="Kirk">'the Kirk'</a>), which was strongly Presbyterian in outlook, severely reducing the powers of bishops, although not abolishing them. The teachings of first <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and then <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> began to influence Scotland, particularly through Scottish scholars who had visited continental and English universities. Particularly important was the work of the Lutheran Scot <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> His execution with other Protestant preachers in 1528, and of the <a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwingli</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/George_Wishart" title="George Wishart">George Wishart</a> in 1546, who was burnt at the stake in <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, did nothing to stem the growth of these ideas. Wishart's supporters seized <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a>, which they held for a year before they were defeated with the help of French forces. The survivors, including chaplain <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, were condemned to be <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slaves</a>, helping to create resentment of the French and martyrs for the Protestant cause.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> Limited toleration and the influence of exiled Scots and Protestants in other countries, led to the expansion of Protestantism, with a group of lairds declaring themselves <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Congregation" title="Lords of the Congregation">Lords of the Congregation</a> in 1557. By 1560, a relatively small group of Protestants were in a position to impose reform on the Scottish church. A confession of faith, rejecting papal jurisdiction and the mass, was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Parliament in 1560</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> The Calvinism of the reformers led by Knox resulted in a settlement that adopted a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> system and rejected most of the elaborate trappings of the Medieval church. This gave considerable power within the new Kirk to local lairds, who often had control over the appointment of the clergy, and resulting in widespread, but generally orderly, <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>. At this point the majority of the population was probably still Catholic in persuasion and the Kirk would find it difficult to penetrate the Highlands and Islands, but began a gradual process of conversion and consolidation that, compared with reformations elsewhere, was conducted with relatively little persecution.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg/220px-Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg/330px-Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg/440px-Riot_against_Anglican_prayer_book_1637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>The riots set off by <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Geddes" title="Jenny Geddes">Jenny Geddes</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Giles_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St Giles Cathedral">St Giles Cathedral</a> that sparked off the Bishops' Wars</figcaption></figure> In 1635, Charles I authorised a book of canons that made him head of the Church, ordained an unpopular ritual and enforced the use of a new liturgy. When the liturgy emerged in 1637 it was seen as an English-style Prayer Book, resulting in anger and widespread rioting.<a href="#cite_note-Mackieetal1991p203-118">[112]</a> Representatives of various sections of Scottish society drew up the <a href="/wiki/National_Covenant" title="National Covenant">National Covenant</a> on 28 February 1638, objecting to the King's liturgical innovations.<a href="#cite_note-Mackieetal1991p204-119">[113]</a> The king's supporters were unable to suppress the rebellion and the king refused to compromise. In December of the same year, matters were taken even further, when at a meeting of the General Assembly in Glasgow the Scottish bishops were formally expelled from the Church, which was then established on a full Presbyterian basis. Victory in the resulting Bishops' Wars secured the Presbyterian Kirk and precipitated the outbreak of the civil wars of the 1640s.<a href="#cite_note-Mackieetal1991p205-6-120">[114]</a> Disagreements over collaboration with Royalism created a major conflict between <a href="/wiki/Protesters_(Act_of_Classes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protesters (Act of Classes)">Protesters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resolutioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolutioners">Resolutioners</a>, which became a long term divide in the Kirk.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, legislation was revoked back to 1633, removing the Covenanter gains of the Bishops' Wars, but the discipline of kirk sessions, presbyteries and synods were renewed.<a href="#cite_note-Makieetalpp231-4-122">[116]</a> The reintroduction of episcopacy was a source of particular trouble in the south-west of the country, an area with strong Presbyterian sympathies. Abandoning the official church, many of the people here began to attend illegal field assemblies led by excluded ministers, known as <a href="/wiki/Conventicle" title="Conventicle">conventicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> In the early 1680s, a more intense phase of persecution began, in what was later to be known in Protestant historiography as "<a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">the Killing Time</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Mackie1991p.241-124">[118]</a> After the Glorious Revolution, Presbyterianism was restored and the bishops, who had generally supported James VII, abolished. However, William, who was more tolerant than the kirk tended to be, passed acts restoring the Episcopalian clergy excluded after the Revolution. The result was a Kirk divided between factions, with significant minorities, particularly in the west and north, of Episcopalians and Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Scotland" title="History of education in Scotland">History of education in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Salvators_Tower_and_Chapel,_St.Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1079603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/St.Salvators_Tower_and_Chapel%2C_St.Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1079603.jpg/170px-St.Salvators_Tower_and_Chapel%2C_St.Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1079603.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/St.Salvators_Tower_and_Chapel%2C_St.Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1079603.jpg/255px-St.Salvators_Tower_and_Chapel%2C_St.Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1079603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/St.Salvators_Tower_and_Chapel%2C_St.Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1079603.jpg/340px-St.Salvators_Tower_and_Chapel%2C_St.Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1079603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Tower of <a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Salvator's College, St Andrews">St Salvator's College, St Andrews</a>, one of the three universities founded in the 15th century</figcaption></figure> The establishment of Christianity brought Latin to Scotland as a scholarly and written language. Monasteries served as repositories of knowledge and education, often running schools and providing a small educated elite, who were essential to create and read documents in a largely illiterate society.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> In the High Middle Ages, new sources of education arose, with <a href="/wiki/Choir_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Choir school">song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>. These were usually attached to cathedrals or a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> and were most common in the developing burghs. By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns.<a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006pp29-30-127">[121]</a> There were also petty schools, more common in rural areas and providing an elementary education.<a href="#cite_note-Lynchpp104-7-128">[122]</a> Some monasteries, like the Cistercian <a href="/wiki/Kinloss_Abbey" title="Kinloss Abbey">abbey at Kinloss</a>, opened their doors to a wider range of students.<a href="#cite_note-Lynchpp104-7-128">[122]</a> The number and size of these schools seems to have expanded rapidly from the 1380s. They were almost exclusively aimed at boys, but by the end of the 15th century, Edinburgh also had schools for girls, sometimes described as "sewing schools", and probably taught by lay women or nuns.<a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006pp29-30-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynchpp104-7-128">[122]</a> There was also the development of private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers.<a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006pp29-30-127">[121]</a> The growing emphasis on education cumulated with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1496" title="Education Act 1496">Education Act 1496</a>, which decreed that all sons of barons and freeholders of substance should attend grammar schools to learn "perfyct Latyne". All this resulted in an increase in literacy, but which was largely concentrated among a male and wealthy elite,<a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006pp29-30-127">[121]</a> with perhaps 60 per cent of the nobility being literate by the end of the period.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp68-72-129">[123]</a> Until the 15th century, those who wished to attend university had to travel to England or the continent, and just over a 1,000 have been identified as doing so between the 12th century and 1410.<a href="#cite_note-Websterpp124-5-130">[124]</a> Among these the most important intellectual figure was <a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">John Duns Scotus</a>, who studied at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Paris</a> and probably died at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">Cologne</a> in 1308, becoming a major influence on late medieval religious thought.<a href="#cite_note-Websterpp119-131">[125]</a> The Wars of Independence largely closed English universities to Scots, and consequently continental universities became more significant.<a href="#cite_note-Websterpp124-5-130">[124]</a> This situation was transformed by the founding of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> in 1413, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> in 1451 and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> in 1495.<a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006pp29-30-127">[121]</a> Initially these institutions were designed for the training of clerics, but they were increasingly used by laymen who would begin to challenge the clerical monopoly of administrative posts in the government and law. Those wanting to study for second degrees still needed to go abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Websterpp124-5-130">[124]</a> The continued movement to other universities produced a school of Scottish <a href="/wiki/Nominalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominalists">nominalists</a> at Paris in the early 16th century, of which <a href="/wiki/John_Major_(philosopher)" title="John Major (philosopher)">John Mair</a> was probably the most important figure. By 1497, the humanist and historian <a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Hector Boece</a>, born in Dundee, returned from Paris to become the first principal at the new university of Aberdeen.<a href="#cite_note-Websterpp124-5-130">[124]</a> These international contacts helped integrate Scotland into a wider European scholarly world and would be one of the most important ways in which the new ideas of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> were brought into Scottish intellectual life.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp68-72-129">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Mair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Mair.jpg/220px-John_Mair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Mair.jpg/330px-John_Mair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Mair.jpg/440px-John_Mair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>A woodcut showing <a href="/wiki/John_Major_(philosopher)" title="John Major (philosopher)">John Mair</a>, one of the most successful products of the Scottish educational system in the late 15th century</figcaption></figure> The humanist concern with widening education was shared by the Protestant reformers, with a desire for a godly people replacing the aim of having educated citizens. In 1560, the <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Discipline">First Book of Discipline</a> set out a plan for a school in every parish, but this proved financially impossible.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> In the burghs the old schools were maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. Schools were supported by a combination of kirk funds, contributions from local <a href="/wiki/Heritor" title="Heritor">heritors</a> or burgh councils and parents that could pay. They were inspected by kirk sessions, who checked for the quality of teaching and doctrinal purity. There were also large number of unregulated "adventure schools", which sometimes fulfilled a local needs and sometimes took pupils away from the official schools. Outside of the established burgh schools, masters often combined their position with other employment, particularly minor posts within the kirk, such as clerk.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> At their best, the curriculum included <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">Classical literature</a> and sports.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> In 1616, an <a href="/wiki/School_Establishment_Act_1616" title="School Establishment Act 1616">act in Privy council</a> commanded every parish to establish a school "where convenient means may be had", and when the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> ratified this with the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1633" title="Education Act 1633">Education Act 1633</a>, a tax on local landowners was introduced to provide the necessary endowment. A loophole which allowed evasion of this tax was closed in the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1646" title="Education Act 1646">Education Act 1646</a>, which established a solid institutional foundation for schools on <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanter</a> principles. Although the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> brought a reversion to the 1633 position, in 1696 new legislation restored the provisions of 1646. An act of the Scottish parliament in 1696 underlined the aim of having a school in every parish. In rural communities these obliged local landowners (heritors) to provide a schoolhouse and pay a schoolmaster, while ministers and local <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyteries</a> oversaw the quality of the education. In many Scottish towns, burgh schools were operated by local councils.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> By the late 17th century, there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the Lowlands, but in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2003-136">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_melville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andrew_melville.jpg/170px-Andrew_melville.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andrew_melville.jpg/255px-Andrew_melville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Andrew_melville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Melville" title="Andrew Melville">Andrew Melville</a>, credited with major reforms in Scottish Universities in the 16th century.</figcaption></figure> The widespread belief in the limited intellectual and moral capacity of women, vied with a desire, intensified after the Reformation, for women to take personal moral responsibility, particularly as wives and mothers. In Protestantism this necessitated an ability to learn and understand the <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> and even to be able to independently read the Bible, but most commentators, even those that tended to encourage the education of girls, thought they should not receive the same academic education as boys. In the lower ranks of society, they benefited from the expansion of the parish schools system that took place after the Reformation, but were usually outnumbered by boys, often taught separately, for a shorter time and to a lower level. They were frequently taught reading, sewing and knitting, but not writing. Female illiteracy rates based on signatures among female servants were around 90 percent, from the late 17th to the early 18th centuries and perhaps 85 percent for women of all ranks by 1750, compared with 35 per cent for men.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> Among the nobility there were many educated and cultured women, of which <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> is the most obvious example.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> After the Reformation, Scotland's universities underwent a series of reforms associated with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Melville" title="Andrew Melville">Andrew Melville</a>, who returned from <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> to become principal of the University of Glasgow in 1574. He placed an emphasis on simplified logic and elevated languages and sciences to the same status as philosophy, allowing accepted ideas in all areas to be challenged.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp183-4-139">[133]</a> He introduced new specialist teaching staff, replacing the system of "regenting", where one tutor took the students through the entire arts curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> were abandoned and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> became compulsory in the first year followed by <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, launching a new fashion for ancient and biblical languages. Glasgow had probably been declining as a university before his arrival, but students now began to arrive in large numbers. He assisted in the reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, and in order to do for St Andrews what he had done for Glasgow, he was appointed Principal of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College, St Andrews</a>, in 1580. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> developed out of public lectures were established in the town 1440s on law, Greek, Latin and philosophy, under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>. These evolved into the "Tounis College", which would become the University of Edinburgh in 1582.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> The results were a revitalisation of all Scottish universities, which were now producing a quality of education the equal of that offered anywhere in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp183-4-139">[133]</a> Under the Commonwealth, the universities saw an improvement in their funding, as they were given income from deaneries, defunct bishoprics and the excise, allowing the completion of buildings including the college in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow#High_Street" title="University of Glasgow">High Street</a> in Glasgow. They were still largely seen as a training school for clergy, and came under the control of the hard line <a href="/wiki/Protesters_(Act_of_Classes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protesters (Act of Classes)">Protestors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mackieetal1991pp225and227-8-142">[136]</a> After the Restoration there was a purge of the universities, but much of the intellectual advances of the preceding period was preserved.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> The universities recovered from the upheavals of the mid-century with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2003-136">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Navy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Royal Navy">History of the Royal Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel,_Oronsay,_1772_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png/220px-A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png/330px-A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png/440px-A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A carving of a <a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">birlinn</a> from a 16th-century tombstone in MacDufie's Chapel, Oronsay, as engraved in 1772</figcaption></figure> There are mentions in medieval records of fleets commanded by Scottish kings including <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a><a href="#cite_note-Tytler-144">[138]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a>. The latter took personal command of a large naval force which sailed from the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a> and anchored off the island of <a href="/wiki/Kerrera" title="Kerrera">Kerrera</a> in 1249, intended to transport his army in a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a>, but he died before the campaign could begin.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Records indicate that Alexander had several large oared ships built at <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a>, but he avoided a sea battle.<a href="#cite_note-Tytler-144">[138]</a> Defeat on land at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a> and winter storms forced the Norwegian fleet to return home, leaving the Scottish Crown as the major power in the region and leading to the ceding of the Western Isles to Alexander in 1266.<a href="#cite_note-Macquarrie2004p153-23">[17]</a> Part of the reason for Robert I's success in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a> was his ability to call on naval forces from the Islands. As a result of the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Flemings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemings">Flemings</a> from England in 1303, he gained the support of a major naval power in the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Rodger-147">[141]</a> The development of naval power allowed Robert to successfully defeat English attempts to capture him in the Highlands and Islands and to blockade major English controlled fortresses at Perth and Stirling, the last forcing <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> to attempt the relief that resulted in English defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Bannockburn</a> in 1314.<a href="#cite_note-Rodger-147">[141]</a> Scottish naval forces allowed invasions of the Isle of Man in 1313 and 1317 and Ireland in 1315. They were also crucial in the blockade of Berwick, which led to its fall in 1318.<a href="#cite_note-Rodger-147">[141]</a> After the establishment of Scottish independence, Robert I turned his attention to building up a Scottish naval capacity. This was largely focused on the west coast, with the Exchequer Rolls of 1326 recording the feudal duties of his vassals in that region to aid him with their vessels and crews. Towards the end of his reign he supervised the building of at least one royal <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">man-of-war</a> near his palace at <a href="/wiki/Cardross,_Argyll_and_Bute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardross, Argyll and Bute">Cardross</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">River Clyde</a>. In the late 14th century, naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, Flemish and French merchantmen and privateers.<a href="#cite_note-Grant-148">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a> took a greater interest in naval power. After his return to Scotland in 1424, he established a shipbuilding yard at <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, a house for marine stores, and a workshop. King's ships were built and equipped there to be used for trade as well as war, one of which accompanied him on his expedition to the Islands in 1429. The office of <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral</a> was probably founded in this period. In his struggles with his nobles in 1488 James III received assistance from his two warships the Flower and the King's Carvel also known as the Yellow Carvel.<a href="#cite_note-Grant-148">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Michael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Great_Michael.jpg/220px-Great_Michael.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Great_Michael.jpg/330px-Great_Michael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Great_Michael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>A model of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum">Royal Museum</a></figcaption></figure> There were various attempts to create royal naval forces in the 15th century. James IV put the enterprise on a new footing, founding a harbour at <a href="/wiki/Newhaven,_Edinburgh" title="Newhaven, Edinburgh">Newhaven</a> and a dockyard at the Pools of <a href="/wiki/Airth" title="Airth">Airth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> He acquired a total of 38 ships including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Smout-150">[144]</a> at that time, the largest ship in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Smout-150">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-p33-34-151">[145]</a> Scottish ships had some success against privateers, accompanied the king on his expeditions in the islands and intervened in conflicts in Scandinavia and the Baltic,<a href="#cite_note-Grant-148">[142]</a> but were sold after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Flodden campaign</a> and after 1516 Scottish naval efforts would rely on privateering captains and hired merchantmen.<a href="#cite_note-Grant-148">[142]</a> James V did not share his father's interest in developing a navy and shipbuilding fell behind that of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> Despite truces between England and Scotland there were periodic outbreaks of a <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de course">guerre de course</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> James V built a new harbour at <a href="/wiki/Burntisland" title="Burntisland">Burntisland</a> in 1542.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2005164-154">[148]</a> The chief use of naval power in his reign was a series of expeditions to the Isles and France.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson-p76-155">[149]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Crowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Crowns">Union of Crowns</a> in 1603 conflict between Scotland and England ended, but Scotland found itself involved in England's foreign policy, opening up Scottish shipping to attack. In 1626, a squadron of three ships was bought and equipped.<a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-p33-34-151">[145]</a> There were also several <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">marque fleets</a> of privateers.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> In 1627, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a> and accompanying contingents of burgh privateers participated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Martin-de-R%C3%A9_(1627)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (1627)">major expedition to Biscay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> The Scots also returned to the West Indies<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> and in 1629 took part in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> During the Bishop's Wars the king attempted to blockade Scotland and planned amphibious assaults from England on the East coast and from Ireland to the West.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2002pp19-21-160">[154]</a> Scottish privateers took a number of English prizes.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> After the Covenanters allied with the English Parliament they established two patrol squadrons for the Atlantic and North Sea coasts, known collectively as the "Scotch Guard".<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> The Scottish navy was unable to withstand the English fleet that accompanied the army led by Cromwell that conquered Scotland in 1649–1651 and the Scottish ships and crews were split up among the Commonwealth fleet.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment by English men of war, but a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burghs</a> during the second half of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second</a> (1665–1667) and <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch Wars</a> (1672–1674) between 80 and 120 captains, took Scottish letters of marque and privateers played a major part in the naval conflict.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> In the 1690s, a small fleet of five ships was established by merchants for the <a href="/wiki/Darien_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Darien Scheme">Darien Scheme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> and a professional navy was established for the protection of commerce in home waters during the Nine Years' War, with three purpose-built warships bought from English shipbuilders in 1696. After the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Act of Union</a> in 1707, these vessels were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army">Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Army">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scots_Army" title="Scots Army">Scots Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Warfare in Medieval Scotland">Warfare in Medieval Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Warfare in early modern Scotland">Warfare in early modern Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg/220px-Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg/330px-Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg/440px-Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Scottish soldiers in the period of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, detail from an edition of Froissart's Chronicles</figcaption></figure> Before the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> in the mid-17th century, there was no <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> in the Kingdom of Scotland. In the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, war in Scotland was characterised by the use of small war-bands of household troops often engaging in raids and low level warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcock200356-169">[163]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Scotland">kings of Scotland</a> could command forces of tens of thousands of men for short periods as part of the "common army", mainly of poorly armoured spear and bowmen. After the "<a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a>" of the 12th century, which introduced elements of feudalism to Scotland, these forces were augmented by small numbers of mounted and heavily armoured knights. These armies rarely managed to stand up to the usually larger and more professional armies produced by England, but they were used to good effect by Robert I at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 to secure Scottish independence.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> between Scotland and France played a large part in the country's military activities, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Royal_House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal House of Stewart">Stewart kings</a> forces were further augmented by specialist troops, particularly <a href="/wiki/Men-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Men-at-arms">men-at-arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archers</a>, hired by bonds of <a href="/wiki/Manrent" title="Manrent">manrent</a>, similar to English <a href="/wiki/Indentures" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentures">indentures</a> of the same period.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> Archers became much sought after as mercenaries in French armies of the 15th century in order to help counter the English superiority in this arm, becoming a major element of the French royal guards as the <a href="/wiki/Garde_%C3%89cossaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Garde Écossaise">Garde Écossaise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> The Stewarts also adopted major innovations in continental warfare, such as longer pikes and the extensive use of artillery. However, in the early 16th century one of the best armed and largest Scottish armies ever assembled still met with defeat at the hands of an English army at <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Flodden_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Flodden Field">the Battle of Flodden Field</a> in 1513, which saw the destruction of a large number of ordinary troops, a large section of the nobility and the king, <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> In the 16th century, the crown took an increasing role in the supply of military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> The pike began to replace the spear and the Scots began to convert from the bow to gunpowder firearms.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> The feudal heavy cavalry had begun to disappear from Scottish armies and the Scots fielded relatively large numbers of light horse, often drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> James IV brought in experts from France, Germany and the Netherlands and established a gun foundry in 1511.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson-p76-155">[149]</a> Gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered the nature of castle architecture from the mid-15th century.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_mercenaries_in_the_Thirty_Years_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scottish_mercenaries_in_the_Thirty_Years_War.jpg/220px-Scottish_mercenaries_in_the_Thirty_Years_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scottish_mercenaries_in_the_Thirty_Years_War.jpg/330px-Scottish_mercenaries_in_the_Thirty_Years_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Scottish_mercenaries_in_the_Thirty_Years_War.jpg/440px-Scottish_mercenaries_in_the_Thirty_Years_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The earliest image of Scottish soldiers wearing <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a>; 1631 German engraving.</figcaption></figure> In the early 17th century, relatively large numbers of Scots took service in foreign armies involved in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Years War">Thirty Years War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> As armed conflict with Charles I in the Bishop's Wars became likely, hundreds of Scots mercenaries returned home from foreign service, including experienced leaders like <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leslie,_1st_Earl_of_Leven" title="Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven">Alexander</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Leslie,_Lord_Newark" class="mw-redirect" title="David Leslie, Lord Newark">David Leslie</a> and these veterans played an important role in training recruits.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler2002pp19-21-160">[154]</a> These systems would form the basis of the Covenanter armies that intervened in the Civil Wars in England and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> Scottish infantry were generally armed, as was almost universal in Western Europe, with a combination of pike and shot. Scottish armies may also have had individuals with a variety of weapons including bows, <a href="/wiki/Lochaber_axe" title="Lochaber axe">Lochaber axes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> Most cavalry were probably equipped with pistols and swords, although there is some evidence that they included lancers.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> Royalist armies, like those led by <a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquis_of_Montrose" class="mw-redirect" title="James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose">James Graham, Marquis of Montrose</a> (1643–1644) and in <a href="/wiki/Glencairn%27s_rising" title="Glencairn's rising">Glencairn's rising</a> (1653–1654) were mainly composed of conventionally armed infantry with pike and shot.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> Montrose's forces were short of heavy artillery suitable for siege warfare and had only a small force of cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> At the Restoration the Privy Council established a force of several infantry regiments and a few troops of horse and there were attempts to found a national militia on the English model. The standing army was mainly employed in the suppression of Covenanter rebellions and the guerilla war undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Cameronian" title="Cameronian">Cameronians</a> in the East.<a href="#cite_note-Furgol2001pp637-82-184">[178]</a> Pikemen became less important in the late 17th century and after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Socket_bayonet" class="mw-redirect" title="Socket bayonet">socket bayonet</a> disappeared altogether, while matchlock muskets were replaced by the more reliable <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Furgol2001pp637-82-184">[178]</a> On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, the standing army in Scotland was about 3,000 men in various regiments and another 268 veterans in the major garrison towns.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> After the Glorious Revolution the Scots were drawn into <a href="/wiki/King_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King William III">King William II</a>'s continental wars, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> in Flanders (1689–1697).<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Act of Union</a>, the Kingdom of Scotland had a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> of seven units of infantry, two of horse and one troop of <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Horse Guards</a>, besides varying levels of fortress artillery in the garrison castles of Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton</a>, and Stirling, which would be incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags">Flags</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flags">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Flag of Scotland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Flags and standards</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/200px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/300px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/400px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Standard of Scotland">Royal Standard of Scotland</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_(1603-1649).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Royal_Standard_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.PNG/200px-Royal_Standard_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Royal_Standard_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.PNG/300px-Royal_Standard_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Royal_Standard_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.PNG/400px-Royal_Standard_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281603-1649%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="585" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal Standard of Scotland used, with minor variations, between 1603 and 1707</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland_(1542%E2%80%932003,_sky_blue).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Flag of Scotland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a>, a saltire <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Jack_1606_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Union_Jack_1606_Scotland.svg/200px-Union_Jack_1606_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Union_Jack_1606_Scotland.svg/300px-Union_Jack_1606_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Union_Jack_1606_Scotland.svg/400px-Union_Jack_1606_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Union_Flag#Scottish_Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Scottish Union Flag</a> used between 1606 and 1707</div></div></div></div></div> The earliest recorded use of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland" title="Royal Banner of Scotland">Lion Rampant</a> as a royal emblem in Scotland was by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a> in 1222.<a href="#cite_note-mcandrew-188">[182]</a> It is recorded with the additional <a href="/wiki/Embellishment" title="Embellishment">embellishment</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)#Subordinaries" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">double border</a> set with <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">lilies</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a> (1249–1286).<a href="#cite_note-mcandrew-188">[182]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">emblem</a> occupied the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">shield</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">royal coat of arms</a> which, together with a royal <a href="/wiki/Banner" title="Banner">banner</a> displaying the same, was used by the King of Scots until the Union of the Crowns in 1603.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> Then it was incorporated into both the royal <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">arms</a> and royal banners of successive <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> then <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs in order to symbolise Scotland; as can be seen today in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">Royal Standard of the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> Although now officially restricted to use by representatives of the Sovereign and at royal residences, the Royal Standard of Scotland continues to be one of Scotland's most recognisable symbols.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> According to legend, the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Scotland, was <a href="/wiki/Crucified" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucified">crucified</a> on an X-shaped <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> (Patrae) in <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAS-192">[186]</a> Use of the familiar iconography of his martyrdom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross, first appears in the Kingdom of Scotland in 1180 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Scotland">William I</a>. This image was again depicted on <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seals</a> used during the late 13th century; including on one particular example used by the <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardians of Scotland">Guardians of Scotland</a>, dated 1286.<a href="#cite_note-NAS-192">[186]</a> Use of a simplified symbol associated with Saint Andrew which does not depict his image, namely the <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a>, or crux decussata (from the Latin crux, 'cross', and decussis, 'having the shape of the Roman numeral X'), has its origins in the late 14th century; the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> decreed in 1385 that Scottish soldiers wear a white Saint Andrew's Cross on their person, both in front and behind, for the purpose of identification.<a href="#cite_note-Bartram-193">[187]</a> The earliest reference to the Saint Andrew's Cross as a flag is to be found in the Vienna Book of Hours, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1503, where a white saltire is depicted with a red background.<a href="#cite_note-Bartram-193">[187]</a> In the case of Scotland, use of a blue background for the Saint Andrew's Cross is said to date from at least the 15th century,<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> with the first certain illustration of a flag depicting such appearing in <a href="/wiki/David_Lyndsay" title="David Lyndsay">Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount</a>'s Register of Scottish Arms, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1542.<a href="#cite_note-SCRAN-195">[189]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> in 1603, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI, King of Scots</a>, commissioned new designs for a banner incorporating the flags of the Kingdom of Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. In 1606, a <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> was commissioned, combining the crosses of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Flag of England</a>), with that of Saint Andrew.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> There was also a <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag#Scottish_Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Scottish version</a> of this flag, in which the cross of Saint Andrew overlaid the cross of St George. This design may have seen limited, unofficial use in Scotland until 1707, when the English variant of the same, whereby the cross of St George overlaid that of St Andrew, was adopted as the flag of the unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Palace" title="Falkland Palace">Falkland Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Scotland">List of monarchs of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Scottish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Scottish units of measurement">Obsolete Scottish units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Consorts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Consorts of Scotland">Royal Consorts of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish monarchs family tree">Scottish monarchs family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Term_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Term Day">Scottish Term Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 'In Defens' is written, which is an abbreviation of 'In my defens God me defend' (When God protects me, God protects me), the motto of the King of Scotland. A thistle, Scotland's national flower, is planted, and below it is written in Latin, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: 'Nemo me impune lacessit' (There is no one who harms me and goes unpunished), the motto of the King of Scotland and the motto of the Order of the Thistle. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbric language">Cumbric languages</a> became extinct during the 10th and 11th centuries. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (950–1066), <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> (1066–1550), <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> (1550–1707). Overall, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">English</a> began to have increased influence in Scotland from the mid-16th century. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (until 1066), <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> (1066–13th century), <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a> (13th century–1450), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> (from 1450) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Became the chief language of governance in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and was widely spoken in Scotland at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharpe2011">Sharpe (2011)</a>, pp. 1–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/88005004.pdf">"Scottish Society"</a> (PDF). www.catdir.loc.gov. 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Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-90-390324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-90-390324-0"><bdi>978-0-90-390324-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3770207M">3770207M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Warriors%2C+Craftsmen+and+Priests+in+Northern+Britain+AD+550%E2%80%93850&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3770207M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-90-390324-0&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2010" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Alan Orr (2010). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. I. General Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-15-221572-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-15-221572-6"><bdi>978-1-15-221572-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Sources+of+Scottish+History%2C+A.D.+500+to+1286&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-15-221572-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Alan+Orr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2003" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Robert (2003). Bryce, T. G. K.; Humes, W. M. (eds.). The history of Scottish Education pre-1980. Scottish Education: Post-Devolution (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861625-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861625-1"><bdi>978-0-74-861625-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9885324M">9885324M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Scottish+Education+pre-1980&rft.series=Scottish+Education%3A+Post-Devolution&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9885324M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-861625-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anonymous (2009). World and Its Peoples. Vol. 1. Ireland and the United Kingdom. London: Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76-147883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76-147883-6"><bdi>978-0-76-147883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23057511M">23057511M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23057511M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-76-147883-6&rft.au=Anonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarratt2004" class="citation book cs1">Barratt, John (2004). 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Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-860104-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-860104-2"><bdi>978-0-74-860104-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+Unity%3A+Scotland+1000%E2%80%931306&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-74-860104-2&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow, G. W. S.</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow, G. W. S.</a> (ed.). David I of Scotland: The Balance of New and Old. Scotland and Its Neighbours in the Middle Ages. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85-285052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85-285052-4"><bdi>978-1-85-285052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+I+of+Scotland%3A+The+Balance+of+New+and+Old&rft.place=London&rft.series=Scotland+and+Its+Neighbours+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85-285052-4&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow, G. W. S.</a> (2003). The Kingdom of the Scots. 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East Linton: Tuckwell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86-232297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86-232297-4"><bdi>978-1-86-232297-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8633011M">8633011M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Flags+%26+Emblems&rft.place=East+Linton&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8633011M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-86-232297-4&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBawcuttWilliams2006" class="citation book cs1">Bawcutt, Priscilla J.; Williams, Janet Hadley, eds. (2006). A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-384096-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-384096-1"><bdi>978-1-84-384096-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8950641M">8950641M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Medieval+Scottish+Poetry&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8950641M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84-384096-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)" title="Keith Brown (linguist)">Brown, Keith M.</a> (2001). Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from Reformation to Revolution. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861299-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861299-4"><bdi>978-0-74-861299-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9764510M">9764510M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noble+Society+in+Scotland%3A+Wealth%2C+Family+and+Culture+from+Reformation+to+Revolution&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9764510M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-861299-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownTannerMann2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)" title="Keith Brown (linguist)">Brown, Keith M.</a>; Tanner, Roland J.; Mann, Alfred K., eds. (2004). The History of the Scottish Parliament. Vol. 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235–1560. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861485-1"><bdi>978-0-74-861485-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7964055M">7964055M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Scottish+Parliament&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7964055M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-861485-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Brown, Michael</a> (2008). Bannockburn: the Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307–1323. 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The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371. 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University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81-393352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81-393352-8"><bdi>978-0-81-393352-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25376643M">25376643M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evil+Necessity%3A+British+Naval+Impressment+in+the+18th-Century+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25376643M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-81-393352-8&rft.aulast=Brunsman&rft.aufirst=Denver+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2009" class="citation book cs1">Burns, William E. 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A History of Clan Campbell. Vol. 3: From The Restoration to the Present Day. 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Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861596-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861596-4"><bdi>978-0-74-861596-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3769832M">3769832M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Scots&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Companion+to+Scots&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3769832M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-861596-4&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=McClure%2C+J.+Derrick&rft.au=Stuart-Smith%2C+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorning2006" class="citation book cs1">Corning, Caitlin (2006). The Celtic and Roman Traditions: Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40-397299-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40-397299-6"><bdi>978-1-40-397299-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8400765M">8400765M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+and+Roman+Traditions%3A+Conflict+and+Consensus+in+the+Early+Medieval+Church&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8400765M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-40-397299-6&rft.aulast=Corning&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarracloughCrampton1992" class="citation book cs1">Barraclough, E. 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EDC Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-72-322797-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-72-322797-7"><bdi>978-0-72-322797-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3118730M">3118730M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.pub=EDC+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3118730M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-72-322797-7&rft.aulast=Barraclough&rft.aufirst=E.+M.+C.&rft.au=Crampton%2C+William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2010" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, Karen J. (2010). Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of The 1690s. Scottish Historical Review Monographs. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-863887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-863887-1"><bdi>978-0-74-863887-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26862985M">26862985M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famine+in+Scotland%3A+The+%27Ill+Years%27+of+The+1690s&rft.series=Scottish+Historical+Review+Monographs&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26862985M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-863887-1&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Karen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rees_Davies" title="Rees Davies">Davies, R. R. (Robert Rees)</a> (2000). The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles, 1093–1343. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820849-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820849-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820849-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6784843M">6784843M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+English+Empire%3A+Power+and+Identities+in+the+British+Isles%2C+1093%E2%80%931343&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6784843M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820849-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+%28Robert+Rees%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Dawson" title="Jane Dawson">Dawson, Jane E. 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(1999) [1977]. A Dictionary of Scottish History. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-146686-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-146686-8"><bdi>978-0-52-146686-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25956446M">25956446M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bishops%27+Wars%3A+Charles+I%27s+Campaigns+Against+Scotland%2C+1638%E2%80%931640&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25956446M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-52-146686-8&rft.aulast=Fissel&rft.aufirst=Mark+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles</a> (1986) [1904]. <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Heraldry:_An_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_of_Armory" title="The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory">The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory</a>. 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(2000). Social Identity in Early Medieval Britain. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71-850084-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71-850084-9"><bdi>978-0-71-850084-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL58706M">58706M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Identity+in+Early+Medieval+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL58706M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-71-850084-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurgol2001" class="citation book cs1">Furgol, E. M. (2001). 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(1993). Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G. W. S. Barrow. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861110-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861110-2"><bdi>978-0-74-861110-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9381534M">9381534M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scotland%3A+Crown%2C+Lordship+and+Community%2C+Essays+Presented+to+G.+W.+S.+Barrow&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9381534M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-861110-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrantStringer1995" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Alexander; Stringer, Keith J., eds. (1995). Uniting the Kingdom?: the Making of British History. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-513041-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-513041-7"><bdi>978-0-41-513041-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7483599M">7483599M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniting+the+Kingdom%3F%3A+the+Making+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7483599M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-41-513041-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1912" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, James S. (1912). "The Old Scots Navy from 1689 to 1710". Publications of the Navy Records Society. 44. London: Navy Records Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Navy+Records+Society&rft.atitle=The+Old+Scots+Navy+from+1689+to+1710&rft.volume=44&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvie2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Harvie" title="Christopher Harvie">Harvie, Christopher</a> (2002). Scotland: a Short History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-210054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-210054-2"><bdi>978-0-19-210054-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7381900M">7381900M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+a+Short+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7381900M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-210054-2&rft.aulast=Harvie&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaswell-Smith1996" class="citation book cs1">Haswell-Smith, Hamish (1996). The Scottish Islands, A Comprehensive Guide to Every Scottish Island. Edinburgh: Canongate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-862-41579-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-862-41579-9"><bdi>0-862-41579-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL739577M">739577M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Islands%2C+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Every+Scottish+Island&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL739577M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-862-41579-9&rft.aulast=Haswell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2002" class="citation book cs1">Houston, R. (Rab) A. (2002) [1985]. Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-189088-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-189088-5"><bdi>978-0-52-189088-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7767767M">7767767M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Literacy+and+the+Scottish+Identity%3A+Illiteracy+and+Society+in+Scotland+and+Northern+England%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7767767M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-52-189088-5&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=R.+%28Rab%29+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoustonWhyte2005" class="citation book cs1">Houston, R. (Rab) A.; <a href="/wiki/Ian_D._Whyte" title="Ian D. Whyte">Whyte, Ian D.</a>, eds. (2005). Scottish Society, 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-189167-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-189167-7"><bdi>978-0-52-189167-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7767826M">7767826M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Society%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7767826M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-52-189167-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hudson" title="Benjamin Hudson">Hudson, Benjamin T.</a> (1994). Kings of Celtic Scotland. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31-329087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31-329087-9"><bdi>978-0-31-329087-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1437044M">1437044M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+of+Celtic+Scotland&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1437044M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-31-329087-9&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hunter_(historian)" title="James Hunter (historian)">Hunter, James</a> (2010). Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. London: Mainstream Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-596539-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-596539-6"><bdi>978-1-84-596539-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL29012061M">29012061M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+of+the+Free%3A+A+History+of+the+Highlands+and+Islands+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL29012061M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84-596539-6&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenningsKruse2009" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Andrew; Kruse, Arne (2009). One Coast – Three Peoples: Names and Ethnicity in the Scottish West during the Early Viking period.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Coast+%E2%80%93+Three+Peoples%3A+Names+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Scottish+West+during+the+Early+Viking+period&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Kruse%2C+Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2009">Woolf (2009)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilday2007" class="citation book cs1">Kilday, Anne-Marie (2007). Women and Violent Crime in Enlightenment Scotland. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86-193287-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86-193287-0"><bdi>978-0-86-193287-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19290739M">19290739M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Violent+Crime+in+Enlightenment+Scotland&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL19290739M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-86-193287-0&rft.aulast=Kilday&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1994" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, J. (1994). 'Melvillian reform' and the Scottish universities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Melvillian+reform%27+and+the+Scottish+universities&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldLynchCowan1994" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Alasdair A.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Borthwick_Cowan" title="Ian Borthwick Cowan">Cowan, Ian Borthwick</a>, eds. (1994). The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History, and Culture Offered to John Durkhan. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00-410097-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00-410097-8"><bdi>978-9-00-410097-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9076497M">9076497M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+in+Scotland%3A+Studies+in+Literature%2C+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture+Offered+to+John+Durkhan&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9076497M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-9-00-410097-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2003" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Gregor (2003). Omand, Donald (ed.). The Orkney Tongue. The Orkney Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-158254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-158254-2"><bdi>978-1-84-158254-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3353435M">3353435M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orkney+Tongue&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+Orkney+Book&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3353435M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84-158254-2&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeask2006" class="citation cs2">Leask, Anthony (2006), Sword of Scotland: Our Fighting Jocks, Pen and Sword Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-415405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-415405-0"><bdi>978-1-84-415405-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11908616M">11908616M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sword+of+Scotland%3A+Our+Fighting+Jocks&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11908616M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84-415405-0&rft.aulast=Leask&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch, Michael</a> (2011) [1991]. Scotland: a New History. London: Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-647563-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-647563-8"><bdi>978-1-44-647563-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL36707757M">36707757M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+a+New+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL36707757M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-44-647563-8&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch, Michael</a>, ed. (2001). The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969305-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969305-4"><bdi>978-0-19-969305-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3580863M">3580863M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3580863M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969305-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdougall1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Macdougall" title="Norman Macdougall">Macdougall, Norman</a> (1989). James IV. Tuckwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898-41041-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-898-41041-0"><bdi>1-898-41041-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6887436M">6887436M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+IV&rft.pub=Tuckwell&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6887436M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=1-898-41041-0&rft.aulast=Macdougall&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacInnesWilliamson2006" class="citation book cs1">MacInnes, Allan I.; Williamson, Arthur H., eds. (2006). Shaping the Stuart World, 1603–1714: The Atlantic Connection. The Atlantic World. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00-414711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00-414711-9"><bdi>978-9-00-414711-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9085354M">9085354M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+the+Stuart+World%2C+1603%E2%80%931714%3A+The+Atlantic+Connection&rft.series=The+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9085354M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-9-00-414711-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_Mackie" title="John Duncan Mackie">Mackie, John Duncan</a> (1978) [1964]. Lenman, Bruce; Parker, Geoffrey (eds.). A History of Scotland (1991 reprint ed.). London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192756-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192756-5"><bdi>978-0-14-192756-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL38651664M">38651664M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1991+reprint&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL38651664M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192756-5&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=John+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacquarrie2004" class="citation book cs1">Macquarrie, Alan (2004). Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation. <a href="/wiki/Brimscombe_and_Thrupp" title="Brimscombe and Thrupp">Thrupp</a>: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75-092977-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75-092977-6"><bdi>978-0-75-092977-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3377781M">3377781M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scotland%3A+Kinship+and+Nation&rft.place=Thrupp&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3377781M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-75-092977-6&rft.aulast=Macquarrie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2006" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Roger B. (2006). An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926149-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926149-9"><bdi>978-0-19-926149-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3416860M">3416860M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Apprenticeship+in+Arms%3A+The+Origins+of+the+British+Army+1585%E2%80%931702&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3416860M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926149-9&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAndrew2006" class="citation book cs1">McAndrew, Bruce A. (2006). Scotland's Historic Heraldry. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-383261-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-383261-4"><bdi>978-1-84-383261-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8950522M">8950522M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+Historic+Heraldry&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8950522M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-84-383261-4&rft.aulast=McAndrew&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeillMacQueen1996" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, Peter G. 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Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-039041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95-039041-3"><bdi>978-0-95-039041-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8475784M">8475784M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Scottish+History+to+1707&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8475784M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-95-039041-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzies2002" class="citation book cs1">Menzies, Gordon (2002). Who Are The Scots and The Scottish Nation (2nd Revised ed.). Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90-293038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90-293038-1"><bdi>978-1-90-293038-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8766288M">8766288M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Are+The+Scots+and+The+Scottish+Nation&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8766288M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-90-293038-1&rft.aulast=Menzies&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchison2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Mitchison" title="Rosalind Mitchison">Mitchison, Rosalind</a> (2002) [1982]. A History of Scotland (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-527880-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-527880-5"><bdi>978-0-41-527880-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3952705M">3952705M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3952705M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-41-527880-5&rft.aulast=Mitchison&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchison1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Mitchison" title="Rosalind Mitchison">Mitchison, Rosalind</a> (1983). Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745. 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The Terror of the Seas?: Scottish Maritime Warfare, 1513–1713. 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(2002). Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience c. 1550–1900. History of Warfare, 15. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00-412823-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00-412823-1"><bdi>978-9-00-412823-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9084590M">9084590M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Identity%3A+Scottish+Military+Experience+c.+1550%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=History+of+Warfare%2C+15&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9084590M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-9-00-412823-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvie1958" class="citation book cs1">Ogilvie, A. G., ed. (1958) [1928]. Great Britain: Essays in Regional Geography. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10-762653-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10-762653-9"><bdi>978-1-10-762653-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20783500M">20783500M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%3A+Essays+in+Regional+Geography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL20783500M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-10-762653-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_Perrin" title="William Gordon Perrin">Perrin, William G.</a> (2015) [1922]. British Flags; Their Early History and their Development at Sea, with an Account of the Origin of the Flag as a National Device. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Flags%3B+Their+Early+History+and+their+Development+at+Sea%2C+with+an+Account+of+the+Origin+of+the+Flag+as+a+National+Device&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1999" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Gervase (1999). The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550: A Military History. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-115746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-115746-7"><bdi>978-0-85-115746-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL40283M">40283M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Scots+Wars%2C+1513%E2%80%931550%3A+A+Military+History&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL40283M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-85-115746-7&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Gervase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidZimmerman2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Reid, Kenneth; Zimmerman, Reinhard (2000). A History of Private Law in Scotland. Vol. I. Introduction and Property. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829941-7"><bdi>978-0-19-829941-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9673340M">9673340M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Private+Law+in+Scotland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9673340M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829941-7&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Reid_(Scottish_historical_writer)" title="Stuart Reid (Scottish historical writer)">Reid, Stuart</a> (1990). The Campaigns of Montrose: A Military History of the Civil War in Scotland 1639–1646. Mercat Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-90-182492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-90-182492-9"><bdi>978-0-90-182492-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8288219M">8288219M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Montrose%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War+in+Scotland+1639%E2%80%931646&rft.pub=Mercat+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8288219M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-90-182492-9&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby2003" class="citation book cs1">Rigby, Stephen H., ed. (2003). A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages. Blackwell Companions to British History. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63-121785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63-121785-5"><bdi>978-0-63-121785-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7610106M">7610106M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Britain+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+British+History&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7610106M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-63-121785-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Rodger, Nicholas A. M.</a> (1997). The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain. Vol. One. 660–1649. London: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255128-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255128-1"><bdi>978-0-00-255128-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7256067M">7256067M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Safeguard+of+the+Sea%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7256067M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255128-1&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlinson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rowlinson" title="Matthew Rowlinson">Rowlinson, Matthew</a> (1999). 'The Scots hate gold': British identity and paper money.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Scots+hate+gold%27%3A+British+identity+and+paper+money&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rowlinson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertHelleiner1999" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Emily; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Helleiner" title="Eric Helleiner">Helleiner, Eric</a>, eds. (1999). Nation-States and Money: The Past, Present and Future of National Currencies. Ripe Series in Global Political Economy. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-518926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-518926-2"><bdi>978-0-41-518926-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7485791M">7485791M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation-States+and+Money%3A+The+Past%2C+Present+and+Future+of+National+Currencies&rft.place=London&rft.series=Ripe+Series+in+Global+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7485791M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-41-518926-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellar2001" class="citation book cs1">Sellar, D. H. S. (2001). Gaelic Laws and Institutions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaelic+Laws+and+Institutions&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sellar&rft.aufirst=D.+H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch (2001)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharpe_(historian)" title="Richard Sharpe (historian)">Sharpe, Richard</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paradox.poms.ac.uk/redist/pdf/chapter1.pdf">"Peoples and Languages in 11th- and 12th-century Britain and Ireland: Reading the Charter Evidence"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Dauvit_Broun" title="Dauvit Broun">Broun, D</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paradox.poms.ac.uk/ebook/index.html">The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain</a>. Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>. pp. 1–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-261919-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-261919-3"><bdi>978-0-85-261919-3</bdi></a> – via Paradox of Medieval Scotland 1093–1286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peoples+and+Languages+in+11th-+and+12th-century+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+Reading+the+Charter+Evidence&rft.btitle=The+Reality+Behind+Charter+Diplomatic+in+Anglo-Norman+Britain&rft.pages=1-119&rft.pub=Centre+for+Scottish+and+Celtic+Studies%2C+University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85-261919-3&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparadox.poms.ac.uk%2Fredist%2Fpdf%2Fchapter1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharplesSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Sharples, Niall; Smith, Rachel (2009). Norse settlement in the Western Isles. pp. 103 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+settlement+in+the+Western+Isles&rft.pages=103+ff&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sharples&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft.au=Smith%2C+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFWoolf2009">Woolf (2009)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(historian)" title="David Smith (historian)">Smith, David Lawrence</a> (1998). A History of the Modern British Isles, 1603–1707: The Double Crown. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63-119402-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63-119402-6"><bdi>978-0-63-119402-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL682822M">682822M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+British+Isles%2C+1603%E2%80%931707%3A+The+Double+Crown&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL682822M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-63-119402-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmout1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Smout" title="Christopher Smout">Smout, T. Christopher</a> (1992). Scotland and the Sea. Edinburgh: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-976338-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-976338-7"><bdi>978-0-85-976338-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1550959M">1550959M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland+and+the+Sea&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1550959M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-85-976338-7&rft.aulast=Smout&rft.aufirst=T.+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth" title="Alfred P. Smyth">Smyth, Alfred P.</a> (1989). Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-860100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-860100-4"><bdi>978-0-74-860100-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7963725M">7963725M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlords+and+Holy+Men%3A+Scotland+AD+80%E2%80%931000&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7963725M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-860100-4&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringer2000" class="citation book cs1">Stringer, Keith J. (2000). "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland". In Cowan, Edward J.; McDonald, R. Andrew (eds.). Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages. East Lothian: Tuckwell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86-232151-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86-232151-9"><bdi>978-1-86-232151-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8304421M">8304421M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reform+Monasticism+and+Celtic+Scotland&rft.btitle=Alba%3A+Celtic+Scotland+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=East+Lothian&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8304421M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-86-232151-9&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=Keith+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabrahamGrove1995" class="citation book cs1">Tabraham, Chris J.; Grove, Doreen (1995). Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites. Batsford/Historic Scotland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71-347484-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71-347484-8"><bdi>978-0-71-347484-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL927309M">927309M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Scotland+and+the+Jacobites&rft.pub=Batsford%2FHistoric+Scotland&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL927309M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-71-347484-8&rft.aulast=Tabraham&rft.aufirst=Chris+J.&rft.au=Grove%2C+Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Andrea (2005). The Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland 1528–1542. Edinburgh: Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-976611-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-976611-1"><bdi>978-0-85-976611-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princelie+Majestie%3A+The+Court+of+James+V+of+Scotland+1528%E2%80%931542&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85-976611-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Andrea (2012). The Renaissance.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevineWormald2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Devine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Devine">Devine, Tom M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a>, eds. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162433-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162433-9"><bdi>978-0-19-162433-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26714489M">26714489M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Modern+Scottish+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26714489M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162433-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thompson_(historian)" title="Francis Thompson (historian)">Thompson, F. M. L. (Francis Michael Longstreth)</a>, ed. (1990). The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750–1950. Vol. 2. People and Their Environment. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-125790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-125790-9"><bdi>978-0-52-125790-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7734538M">7734538M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Social+History+of+Britain+1750%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7734538M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-52-125790-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, William P. L. (2008). The New History of Orkney (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-158696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-158696-0"><bdi>978-1-84-158696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+History+of+Orkney&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84-158696-0&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=William+P.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2009" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, David E. (2009). Communities and kinship.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities+and+kinship&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a>, ed. (2009). A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c. 500–1100. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40-510628-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40-510628-3"><bdi>978-1-40-510628-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18608329M">18608329M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+Britain+and+Ireland%2C+c.+500%E2%80%931100&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL18608329M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-40-510628-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margo_Todd" title="Margo Todd">Todd, Margo</a> (2002). The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30-009234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30-009234-9"><bdi>978-0-30-009234-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9338383M">9338383M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Protestantism+in+Early+Modern+Scotland&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9338383M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-30-009234-9&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Margo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2001" class="citation book cs1">Tyson, R. E. (2001). Population Patterns.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Patterns&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch (2001)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTytler1829" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Fraser_Tytler" title="Patrick Fraser Tytler">Tytler, Patrick Fraser</a> (1829). History of Scotland. Vol. 2. London: Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Black&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Tytler&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Fraser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1997" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Bruce (1997). Medieval Scotland: the Making of an Identity. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-33-356761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-33-356761-6"><bdi>978-0-33-356761-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL992284M">992284M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scotland%3A+the+Making+of+an+Identity&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL992284M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-33-356761-6&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1985" class="citation book cs1">West, T. W. (1985). Discovering Scottish Architecture. Shire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85-263748-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85-263748-7"><bdi>978-0-85-263748-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8282088M">8282088M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Scottish+Architecture&rft.pub=Shire&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8282088M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-85-263748-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, James Scott (2002). The Irish and British Wars, 1637–1654: Triumph, Tragedy, and Failure. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41-522131-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41-522131-3"><bdi>978-0-41-522131-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3570917M">3570917M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+and+British+Wars%2C+1637%E2%80%931654%3A+Triumph%2C+Tragedy%2C+and+Failure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3570917M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-41-522131-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=James+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a> (2007). From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-861234-5"><bdi>978-0-74-861234-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7963996M">7963996M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pictland+to+Alba%2C+789%E2%80%931070&rft.series=New+Edinburgh+History+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7963996M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-861234-5&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a>, ed. (2009). Scandinavian Scotland – Twenty Years After. Proceedings of a Day Conference Held On 19 February 2007. St Andrews University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-125737-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95-125737-1"><bdi>978-0-95-125737-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+Scotland+%E2%80%93+Twenty+Years+After.+Proceedings+of+a+Day+Conference+Held+On+19+February+2007&rft.pub=St+Andrews+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-95-125737-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a> (1991). Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625. The New History of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-860276-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-860276-6"><bdi>978-0-74-860276-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7963781M">7963781M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court%2C+Kirk%2C+and+Community%3A+Scotland%2C+1470%E2%80%931625&rft.series=The+New+History+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7963781M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-74-860276-6&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (2006). The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain 600–800. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-58-277292-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-58-277292-2"><bdi>978-0-58-277292-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7881989M">7881989M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Britain%3A+Religion%2C+Politics+and+Society+in+Britain+600%E2%80%93800&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7881989M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-58-277292-2&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Young, J. (2001). Army: 1600–1750.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army%3A+1600%E2%80%931750&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFLynch2001">Lynch (2001)</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ash-Irisarri, Kate. "Scotland and Anglo-Scottish Border Writing." Medieval Historical Writing: Britain and Ireland, 500–1500 (2019): 225–243. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/medieval-historical-writing/scotland-and-angloscottish-border-writing/B90C0550288CC80ADA239A1AFA391794">online</a></li> <li>Brown, Keith M. Kingdom Or Province?: Scotland and the Regal Union 1603–1715 (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1992).</li> <li>Lang, Andrew. The History of Scotland – Volume 4: From the massacre of Glencoe to the end of Jacobitism (Jazzybee Verlag, 2016).</li> <li>Macinnes, Allan I. A history of Scotland (Bloomsbury, 2018).</li> <li>Moffat, Alistair. The Faded Map: The Lost Kingdoms of Scotland (Birlinn, 2011).</li> <li>Oram, Richard. "'The worst disaster suffered by the people of Scotland in recorded history': climate change, dearth and pathogens in the long 14th century." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Vol. 144. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/download/9816/9783">online</a></li> <li>Reid, Norman. "The kingless kingdom: the Scottish guardianships of 1286–1306." Scottish Historical Review 61.172 (1982): 105–129.</li> <li>Taylor, Alice. The shape of the state in medieval Scotland, 1124–1290 (Oxford University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Whatley, Christopher A. "The Union of 1707." in Modern Scottish History: Volume 1: The Transformation of Scotland, 1707–1850 (2022).</li> <li>Wormald, Jenny, ed. Scotland: a history (Oxford University Press, 2011).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" align="center">Kingdom of Scotland 843–1707 </td> <td width="25%" align="center">Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> 1707–1801 </td> <td width="25%" align="center">Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> 1801–1922 </td> <td width="25%" align="center">Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> 1922–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Scotland" title="Template:Medieval Scotland"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Scotland" title="Template talk:Medieval Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland in the Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_from_the_Matthew_Paris_map,_c.1250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Scotland_from_the_Matthew_Paris_map%2C_c.1250.jpg/200px-Scotland_from_the_Matthew_Paris_map%2C_c.1250.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Scotland_from_the_Matthew_Paris_map%2C_c.1250.jpg/300px-Scotland_from_the_Matthew_Paris_map%2C_c.1250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Scotland_from_the_Matthew_Paris_map%2C_c.1250.jpg/400px-Scotland_from_the_Matthew_Paris_map%2C_c.1250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Bamburgh" title="Rulers of Bamburgh">Bamburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9_(Pictish_territory)" title="Cé (Pictish territory)">Cé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Galloway" title="Lord of Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Moray" title="Province of Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Rhinns" title="Kingdom of the Rhinns">Rhinns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Art in Medieval Scotland">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_in_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Childhood in Scotland in the Middle Ages">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Scotland#Middle_Ages" title="Demographic history of Scotland">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in Scotland in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_trade_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scottish trade in the Middle Ages">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Education in Medieval Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Geography of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_Scotland" title="Government in medieval Scotland">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scottish literature in the Middle Ages">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Music in Medieval Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Christianity in Medieval Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_society_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scottish society in the Middle Ages">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Warfare in Medieval Scotland">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Women in Medieval Scotland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Scotland" title="Christianisation of Scotland">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitors_for_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Competitors for the Crown of Scotland">Great Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lordship of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Marches" title="Scottish Marches">Marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">The Old North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_of_Scotland" title="Royal Court of Scotland">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Medieval_period" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Template:Kingdom of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_under_the_Commonwealth" title="Scotland under the Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Scotland)" title="Restoration (Scotland)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Scotland" title="Maritime history of Scotland">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonization of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">Alpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverre" title="House of Sverre">Sverre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Balliol" title="House of Balliol">Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Bruce" title="Clan Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_of_Scotland" title="Royal Court of Scotland">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Estates of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Scotland" title="General Council of Scotland">General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_the_Estates_of_Scotland" title="Convention of the Estates of Scotland">Convention of the Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Guardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_Scotland" title="Government in medieval Scotland">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Government in early modern Scotland">Early Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Scotland">Acts of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Scotland)" title="Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiam_Majestatem" title="Regiam Majestatem">Regiam Majestatem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Warfare in Medieval Scotland">Medieval warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Warfare in early modern Scotland">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Scots Army">Royal Scots Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)#Scotland" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_warships_of_the_Scots_Navy" title="List of warships of the Scots Navy">Ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burghs_in_Scotland" title="List of burghs in Scotland">Burghs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Scotland" title="List of castles in Scotland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#Scotland" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Scotland" title="List of places in Scotland">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" title="Shires of Scotland">Shires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Art in Medieval Scotland">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_country_dance" title="Scottish country dance">Country dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_highland_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highland dance">Highland dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Architecture in early modern Scotland">Early Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture_in_Scotland" title="Church architecture in Scotland">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial_architecture" title="Scottish baronial architecture">Scottish baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">National flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Jack#Scottish_Union_Flag" title="Union Jack">Union Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_heraldry" title="Scottish heraldry">Heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lord_Lyon" title="Court of the Lord Lyon">Court of the Lord Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">Royal coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland" title="Royal Banner of Scotland">Royal Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Scotland" title="Honours of Scotland">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">St Andrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Day" title="Saint Andrew's Day">Saint Andrew's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output 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[\"CITEREFBurns2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCannon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChown1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContamine1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbettMcClureStuart-Smith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorning2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevineWormald2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldsonMorpeth1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFissel1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox-Davies1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazerTyrrell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurgol2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGemmillMayhew1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbertHelleiner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodacre2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrantStringer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrantStringer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaswell-Smith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouston2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoustonWhyte2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenningsKruse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilday2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeask2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonaldLynchCowan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacInnesWilliamson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdougall1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacquarrie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManning2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAndrew2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeillMacQueen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenzies2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchison1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchison2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdoch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdochMacKillop2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgilvie1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidZimmerman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigby2003\"] 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