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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Invasion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Invasion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surrey's_challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrey's_challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Surrey's challenge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrey's_challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_manoeuvres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_manoeuvres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Initial manoeuvres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_manoeuvres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Opposing forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Engagement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tactics and aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tactics and aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weaponry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Weaponry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends_of_a_lost_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_of_a_lost_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Legends of a lost king </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_of_a_lost_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland_after_Flodden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland_after_Flodden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Scotland after Flodden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland_after_Flodden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Scotsmen_who_died" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Scotsmen_who_died"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Notable Scotsmen who died </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Scotsmen_who_died-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_of_Scottish_casualties_from_property_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_Scottish_casualties_from_property_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Names of Scottish casualties from property records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_Scottish_casualties_from_property_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_soldiers_knighted_at_Flodden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_soldiers_knighted_at_Flodden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 English soldiers knighted at Flodden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_soldiers_knighted_at_Flodden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battlefield_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battlefield_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Battlefield today </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battlefield_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flodden_500th_anniversary_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flodden_500th_anniversary_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Flodden 500th anniversary projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flodden_500th_anniversary_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Flodden</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="معركة فلودين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة فلودين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="فلادن دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلادن دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%83" title="Флодден патĕнчи çапăçу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Флодден патĕнчи çапăçу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Flodden_Field" title="Schlacht von Flodden Field – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Flodden Field" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Flodden_Field" title="Batalla de Flodden Field – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Flodden Field" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flodden_Field_(batalo)" title="Flodden Field (batalo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flodden Field (batalo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86" title="نبرد فلادن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد فلادن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Flodden_Field" title="Bataille de Flodden Field – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Flodden Field" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Flodden" title="Cath Flodden – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Flodden" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A0r_Flodden" title="Blàr Flodden – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Blàr Flodden" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%A0_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="플로든 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플로든 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Flodden" title="Pertempuran Flodden – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Flodden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Flodden_Field" title="Battaglia di Flodden Field – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Flodden Field" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9F" title="קרב פלודן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב פלודן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Флодден түбіндегі шайқас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Флодден түбіндегі шайқас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Flodden_Field" title="Slag bij Flodden Field – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Flodden Field" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Flodden_Field" title="Slaget ved Flodden Field – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Flodden Field" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_na_Flodden_Field" title="Bitwa na Flodden Field – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa na Flodden Field" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Flodden" title="Batalha de Flodden – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Flodden" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Битва при Флоддене – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Флоддене" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Flodden" title="Slaget vid Flodden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Flodden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Битва біля Флоддена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва біля Флоддена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E7%99%BB%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="弗洛登战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗洛登战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1300742#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Flodden&params=55.62693_N_2.1753_W_type:event_region:GB">55°37′37″N 2°10′31″W / 55.62693°N 2.1753°W / 55.62693; -2.1753</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1513 battle between England and Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Flodden</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flodden_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39370.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flodden_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39370.jpg/300px-Flodden_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39370.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flodden_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39370.jpg/450px-Flodden_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39370.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flodden_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39370.jpg/600px-Flodden_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_39370.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a> The Flodden Memorial on Piper's Hill, overlooking the site of the battle</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9 September 1513</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Near <a href="/wiki/Branxton,_Northumberland" title="Branxton, Northumberland">Branxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> English victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Earl of Surrey</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Lord Thomas Howard</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Lord Edmund Howard</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dacre,_2nd_Baron_Dacre" title="Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre">Baron Dacre</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Monteagle" title="Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle">Baron Monteagle</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">King James IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Home,_3rd_Lord_Home" title="Alexander Home, 3rd Lord Home">Lord Home</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Graham,_1st_Earl_of_Montrose" title="William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose">Earl of Montrose</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hepburn,_2nd_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell">Earl of Bothwell</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart,_2nd_Earl_of_Lennox" title="Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_2nd_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll">Earl of Argyll</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 26,000 men</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 30,000–40,000 men</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,500–1,700 killed<a href="#cite_note-Paterson147-1">[1]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 5,000–14,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-Elliot117-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elliot118-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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conquest of Iberian Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mathieu" title="Battle of Saint-Mathieu">Saint-Mathieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1513)" title="Battle of Novara (1513)">Novara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs" title="Battle of the Spurs">Guinegate/The Spurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dijon" title="Siege of Dijon">Dijon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flodden Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Motta_(1513)" title="Battle of La Motta (1513)">La Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Marignano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Scottish_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Scottish_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Anglo-Scottish Wars">Anglo-Scottish Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duns" title="Battle of Duns">Duns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1385)">1385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melrose_(1378)" title="Battle of Melrose (1378)">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otterburn" title="Battle of Otterburn">Otterburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1400)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1400)">1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulhope_Law" title="Battle of Fulhope Law">Fulhope Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesbit_Moor_(1402)" title="Battle of Nesbit Moor (1402)">Nesbit Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Homildon_Hill" title="Battle of Homildon Hill">Homildon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yeavering" title="Battle of Yeavering">Yeavering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9" title="Battle of Baugé">Baugé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cravant" title="Battle of Cravant">Cravant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil" title="Battle of Verneuil">Verneuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Siege of Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings" title="Battle of the Herrings">Herrings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meung-sur-Loire" title="Battle of Meung-sur-Loire">Meung-sur-Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_(1429)" title="Battle of Beaugency (1429)">Beaugency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patay" title="Battle of Patay">Patay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piperdean" title="Battle of Piperdean">Piperdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sark" title="Battle of Sark">Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Roxburgh_(1460)" title="Capture of Roxburgh (1460)">Roxburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1482)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1482)">Berwick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flodden Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hornshole" title="Battle of Hornshole">Hornshole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haddon_Rig" title="Battle of Haddon Rig">Haddon Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss" title="Battle of Solway Moss">Solway Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh" title="Burning of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ancrum_Moor" title="Battle of Ancrum Moor">Ancrum Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie" title="Battle of Pinkie">Pinkie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Inchkeith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Inchkeith (page does not exist)">Inchkeith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drumlanrig" title="Battle of Drumlanrig">Drumlanrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haddington" title="Siege of Haddington">Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughty_Castle#The_Rough_Wooing" title="Broughty Castle">Broughty Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leith" title="Siege of Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_the_Redeswire" title="Raid of the Redeswire">Redeswire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Flodden, Flodden Field, or occasionally Branxton or Brainston Moor<a href="#cite_note-HenryVIII-4">[4]</a> was fought on 9 September 1513 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> and resulted in an English victory. The battle was fought near <a href="/wiki/Branxton,_Northumberland" title="Branxton, Northumberland">Branxton</a>, in the county of <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, in northern England, between an invading Scots army under King <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a> and an English army commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Earl of Surrey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In terms of troop numbers, it was the largest battle ever fought between the two kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Seventy-6">[6]</a> After besieging and capturing several English border castles, James encamped his invading army on a commanding hilltop position at Flodden, awaited the English force that had been sent against him and declined a challenge to fight in an open field. Surrey's army, therefore, carried out a circuitous march to position themselves in the rear of the Scottish camp. The Scots countered that by abandoning their camp and occupying the adjacent Branxton Hill and denying it to the English. The battle began with an artillery duel followed by a downhill advance by Scottish infantry armed with pikes. Unknown to the Scots, an area of marshy land lay in their path, which had the effect of breaking up their formations. That gave the English troops the chance to bring about a close-quarter battle for which they were better equipped. James IV was killed in the fighting and became the last monarch from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to die in battle. That and the loss of a large proportion of the nobility led to a political crisis in Scotland. British historians sometimes use the Battle of Flodden to mark the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>; another candidate is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> in 1485. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Centuries of intermittent warfare between England and Scotland had been formally brought to an end by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perpetual_Peace" title="Treaty of Perpetual Peace">Treaty of Perpetual Peace</a> which was signed in 1502.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> However, relations were soon soured by repeated cross-border raids, rivalry at sea leading to the death of the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Barton_(privateer)" title="Andrew Barton (privateer)">Andrew Barton</a> and the capture of his ships in 1511,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and increasingly bellicose rhetoric by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> in claiming to be the overlord of Scotland. Conflict began when <a href="/wiki/James_IV,_King_of_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV, King of Scots">James IV, King of Scots</a>, declared war on England to honour the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> with France by diverting Henry's English troops from their campaign against the French king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a>. At this time, England was involved as a member of the "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(Italian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic League (Italian)">Catholic League</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a>, defending Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> from the French, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, already a signatory to the anti-French <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mechlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Mechlin">Treaty of Mechlin</a>, sent a letter to James threatening him with ecclesiastical censure for breaking his peace treaties with England on 28 June 1513, and subsequently James was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a>. James also summoned sailors and sent the Scottish navy, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a>, to join the ships of Louis XII of France.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The fleet of twenty-two vessels commanded by <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran">James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran</a>, departed from the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> on 25 July accompanied by James as far as the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_May" title="Isle of May">Isle of May</a>, intending to pass around the north of Scotland and create a diversion in Ireland before joining the French at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, from where it might cut the English line of communication across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. However, the fleet was so badly delayed that it played no part in the war; unfortunately, James had sent most of his experienced artillerymen with the expedition, a decision which was to have unforeseen consequences for his land campaign.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Henry was in France with the <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Maximilian</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinegate_(1513)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Guinegate (1513)">siege of Thérouanne</a>. The Scottish <a href="/wiki/Lyon_King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon King of Arms">Lyon King of Arms</a> brought James IV's letter of 26 July<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> to him. James asked him to desist from attacking France in breach of their treaty. Henry's exchange with <a href="/wiki/Islay_Herald" title="Islay Herald">Islay Herald</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lyon_King_of_Arms" title="Lord Lyon King of Arms">Lyon King</a> on 11 August at his tent at the siege was recorded. The Herald declared that Henry should abandon his efforts against the town and go home. Angered, Henry said that James had no right to summon him, and ought to be England's ally, as James was married to his (Henry's) sister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret</a>. He declared:<blockquote>And now, for a conclusion, recommend me to your master and tell him if he be so hardy to invade my realm or cause to enter one foot of my ground I shall make him as weary of his part as ever was man that began any such business. And one thing I ensure him by the faith that I have to the Crown of England and by the word of a King, there shall never King nor Prince make peace with me that ever his part shall be in it. Moreover, fellow, I care for nothing but for misentreating of my sister, that would God she were in England on a condition she cost the Schottes King not a penny.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></blockquote> Henry also replied by letter on 12 August, writing that James was mistaken and that any of his attempts on England would be resisted.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Using the pretext of revenge for the murder of Robert Kerr, a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Marches" title="Lord Warden of the Marches">Warden</a> of the Scottish East March who had been killed by John "The Bastard" Heron in 1508, James invaded England with an army of about 30,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-Seventy-6">[6]</a> However, both sides had been making lengthy preparations for this conflict. Henry VIII had already organised an army and artillery in the north of England to counter the expected invasion. Some of the guns had been returned to use against the Scots by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Savoy" title="Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy">Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy</a>. A year earlier, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey</a>, had been appointed Lieutenant-General of the army of the north and was issued with banners of the <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">Cross of St George</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Red Dragon of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Only a small number of the light horsemen of the Scottish border had been sent to France. A northern army was maintained with artillery and its expense account started on 21 July. The first captains were recruited in Lambeth. Many of these soldiers wore green and white Tudor colours. Surrey marched to Doncaster in July and then Pontefract, where he assembled more troops from northern England.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Ill_Raid"">"Ill Raid"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Ill Raid"">edit</a>]</div> On 5 August, a force estimated at up to 7,000 Scottish <a href="/wiki/Border_reivers" title="Border reivers">border reivers</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Home,_3rd_Lord_Home" title="Alexander Home, 3rd Lord Home">Lord Home</a>, crossed into <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and began to pillage farms and villages, taking anything of value before burning the houses. Surrey had taken the precaution of sending Sir William Bulmer north with 200 mounted archers, which Bulmer augmented with locally levied men to create a force approaching 1,000 in strength. On 13 August, they prepared an ambush for the Scots as they returned north laden with the spoils of their looting, by hiding in the <a href="/wiki/Common_broom" class="mw-redirect" title="Common broom">broom</a> bushes that grew shoulder-high on <a href="/wiki/Milfield" title="Milfield">Milfield Plain</a>. Surprising the Scots with a sudden volley of arrows, the English killed as many as 600 of the Scots before they were able to escape, leaving their booty and the Home family banner behind them.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Although the "Ill Raid" had little effect on the forthcoming campaign, it may have influenced James's decision not to fight an open battle against Surrey on the same ground.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Whether the raid was undertaken solely on Lord Home's initiative, or whether it had been authorised by James is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invasion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_1544.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edinburgh_1544.png/220px-Edinburgh_1544.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edinburgh_1544.png/330px-Edinburgh_1544.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edinburgh_1544.png/440px-Edinburgh_1544.png 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Edinburgh in 1544 looking south, detail showing the Netherbow Port</figcaption></figure> On 18 August, five cannons brought down from <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_town_walls" title="Edinburgh town walls">Netherbow Port at St Mary's Wynd</a> for the invasion set off towards England dragged by borrowed oxen. On 19 August two gross <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverins</a>, four culverins pickmoyance and six <a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">(mid-sized) culverins moyane</a> followed with the gunner Robert Borthwick and master carpenter <a href="/wiki/John_Drummond_of_Milnab" title="John Drummond of Milnab">John Drummond</a>. The king himself set off that night with two hastily prepared standards of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">St Margaret</a> and St Andrew.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> was regent in England. On 27 August, she issued warrants for the property of all Scotsmen in England to be seized.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On hearing of the invasion on 3 September, she ordered <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Thomas Lovell</a> to raise an army in the <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands, England">Midland counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> She prepared banners for an army, including her heraldry, in case she herself was called north.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In keeping with his understanding of the medieval code of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, King James sent notice to the English, one month in advance, of his intent to invade. This gave the English time to gather an army.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> After a muster on the <a href="/wiki/Burgh_Muir" title="Burgh Muir">Burgh Muir</a> of Edinburgh, the Scottish host moved to Ellemford, to the north of <a href="/wiki/Duns,_Scottish_Borders" title="Duns, Scottish Borders">Duns, Scottish Borders</a>, and camped to wait for <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus">Angus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Home,_3rd_Lord_Home" title="Alexander Home, 3rd Lord Home">Home</a>. The Scottish army, numbering some 42,000 men, crossed the <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a> into England near <a href="/wiki/Coldstream" title="Coldstream">Coldstream</a>;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> the exact date of the crossing is not recorded, but is generally accepted to have been 22 August.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Scottish troops were unpaid and were only required by <a href="/wiki/Feudal_obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal obligation">feudal obligation</a> to serve for forty days. Once across the border, a detachment turned south to attack <a href="/wiki/Wark_on_Tweed_Castle" title="Wark on Tweed Castle">Wark on Tweed Castle</a>, while the bulk of the army followed the course of the Tweed downstream to the northeast to invest the remaining border castles.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norham_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Norham_Castle.jpg/220px-Norham_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Norham_Castle.jpg/330px-Norham_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Norham_Castle.jpg/440px-Norham_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle" title="Norham Castle">Norham Castle</a>, which fell to the Scots on 29 August after a six-day bombardment by James's artillery.</figcaption></figure> On 24 August, James IV held a council or parliament at <a href="/wiki/Twizell_Castle" title="Twizell Castle">Twiselhaugh</a> and made a proclamation for the benefit of the heirs of anyone killed during this invasion.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> By 29 August after a siege of six days, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall" title="Thomas Ruthall">Thomas Ruthall</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle" title="Norham Castle">Norham Castle</a> was taken and partly demolished after the Scottish heavy artillery had breached the recently refurbished outer walls.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Scots then moved south, capturing the castles of <a href="/wiki/Etal_Castle" title="Etal Castle">Etal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Castle" title="Ford Castle">Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1899644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ford_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1899644.jpg/220px-Ford_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1899644.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ford_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1899644.jpg/330px-Ford_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1899644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ford_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1899644.jpg/440px-Ford_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1899644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>James IV captured <a href="/wiki/Ford_Castle" title="Ford Castle">Ford Castle</a> from Lady Heron</figcaption></figure> A later Scottish chronicle writer, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lindsay_of_Pitscottie" title="Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie">Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie</a>, tells the story that James wasted valuable time at Ford enjoying the company of Elizabeth, Lady Heron and her daughter.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hall" title="Edward Hall">Edward Hall</a> says that Lady Heron was a prisoner (in Scotland), and negotiated with James IV and the Earl of Surrey her own release and that Ford Castle would not be demolished for an exchange of prisoners. The English herald, <a href="/wiki/Rouge_Croix_Pursuivant" title="Rouge Croix Pursuivant">Rouge Croix</a>, came to Ford to appoint a place for battle on 4 September, with extra instructions that any Scottish <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">heralds</a> who were sent to Surrey were to be met where they could not view the English forces.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Raphael Holinshed</a>'s story is that a part of the Scottish army returned to Scotland, and the rest stayed at Ford waiting for Norham to surrender and debating their next move. James IV wanted to fight and considered moving to assault <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>, but the Earl of Angus spoke against this and said that Scotland had done enough for France. James sent Angus home, and according to Holinshed, the Earl burst into tears and left, leaving his two sons, the <a href="/wiki/George_Douglas,_Master_of_Angus" title="George Douglas, Master of Angus">Master of Angus</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Glenbervie" title="William Douglas of Glenbervie">Glenbervie</a>, with most of the Douglas kindred to fight.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In the meantime, Surrey was reluctant to commit his army too early, since once in the field they had to be paid and fed at enormous expense. From his encampment at <a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a>, he issued an order for forces raised in the northern counties to assemble at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_on_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle on Tyne">Newcastle on Tyne</a> on 1 September. Surrey had 500 soldiers with him and was to be joined at Newcastle by 1,000 experienced soldiers and sailors with their artillery, who would arrive by sea under the command of Surrey's son, also called <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of England">Lord High Admiral of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> By 28 August, Surrey had arrived at <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> where he was presented with the banner of Saint <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a>, which had been carried by the English in victories against the Scots in 1138 and 1346.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On 3 September, Surrey moved his advanced guard to <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a> while he awaited the completion of the muster and the arrival of the Lord Admiral whose ships had been delayed by storms.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrey's_challenge">Surrey's challenge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surrey's challenge">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flodden_Hill_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95487.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flodden_Hill_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95487.jpg/220px-Flodden_Hill_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95487.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flodden_Hill_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95487.jpg/330px-Flodden_Hill_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95487.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flodden_Hill_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95487.jpg/440px-Flodden_Hill_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_95487.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A view of Flodden Hill which shows its steep gradient. The crest of the hill was without trees at the time of the battle.</figcaption></figure> On Sunday 4 September, James and the Scottish army had taken up a position at Flodden Edge, a hill to the south of Branxton. This was an immensely strong natural feature since the flanks were protected by marshes on one side and steep slopes on the other, leaving only a direct approach.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The amount of fortification which James constructed on the hill is disputed; several <a href="/wiki/Antiquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquary">antiquaries</a> had mapped supposed <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">ramparts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> there over the centuries, but excavations conducted between 2009 and 2015 found no trace of 16th century work and concluded that James may have reused some features of an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Earl of Surrey, writing at <a href="/wiki/Wooler" title="Wooler">Wooler</a> Haugh on Wednesday 7 September, compared this position to a fortress in a challenge sent to James IV by his herald, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hawley" title="Thomas Hawley">Thomas Hawley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rouge_Croix_Pursuivant" title="Rouge Croix Pursuivant">Rouge Croix Pursuivant</a>. Surrey complained that James had sent his <a href="/wiki/Islay_Herald" title="Islay Herald">Islay Herald</a>, agreeing that they would join in battle on Friday between 12 noon and 3 pm, and asked that James would face him on the plain at <a href="/wiki/Milfield" title="Milfield">Milfield</a> as appointed.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> James had no intention of leaving his carefully prepared position, perhaps recalling the fate of the Ill Raid on the same plain; he replied to Surrey that it was "not fitting for an Earl to seek to command a King".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> This put Surrey in a difficult position; the choice was to make a frontal attack on Flodden Edge, uphill in the face of the Scottish guns in their prepared position and in all probability be defeated, or to refuse battle, earning disgrace and the anger of King Henry.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Waiting for James to make a move was not an option because his 20,000-26,000 strong army desperately needed resupply, the convoy of wagons bringing food and beer for the troops from Newcastle having been ambushed and looted by local Englishmen.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>During a council of war on Wednesday evening, an ingenious alternative plan was devised, advised by "the Bastard" Heron, who had intimate local knowledge and had recently arrived at the English camp.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_manoeuvres">Initial manoeuvres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initial manoeuvres">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twizel_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_78955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Twizel_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_78955.jpg/220px-Twizel_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_78955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Twizel_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_78955.jpg/330px-Twizel_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_78955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Twizel_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_78955.jpg/440px-Twizel_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_78955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Twizell_Bridge" title="Twizell Bridge">Twizell (or Twizel) Bridge</a>, which allowed the English artillery to cross the <a href="/wiki/River_Till,_Northumberland" title="River Till, Northumberland">River Till</a> and outflank the Scottish Army.</figcaption></figure> On Thursday, 8 September, Surrey moved his army from Wooler Haugh and instead of heading northwest towards Flodden, he turned east across the <a href="/wiki/River_Till,_Northumberland" title="River Till, Northumberland">River Till</a>. From there, the English picked up the old <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Causeway" title="Devil's Causeway">Devil's Causeway</a> and headed north, making camp at Barmoor, near <a href="/wiki/Lowick,_Northumberland" title="Lowick, Northumberland">Lowick</a>. James may have assumed that Surrey was heading for Berwick-upon-Tweed for resupply, but he was actually intending to outflank the Scots and either attack or blockade them from the rear.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> At 5 am on the morning of Friday, 9 September, after a damp night on short rations and having to drink water from streams because the beer had run out, Surrey's men set off westwards to complete their manoeuvre. Their objective was Branxton Hill, lying less than 2 miles (3.2 km) north of James's camp at Flodden. To re-cross the River Till, the English army split into two; one force under Surrey crossed several <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">fords</a> near <a href="/wiki/Heaton_Castle" title="Heaton Castle">Heaton Castle</a>, while a larger <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">vanguard</a> numbering some 15,000 commanded by the Lord Admiral and including the artillery train, crossed at <a href="/wiki/Twizell_Bridge" title="Twizell Bridge">Twizell Bridge</a> downstream.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Flodden_Field_1859.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_Flodden_Field_1859.png/220px-Map_of_Flodden_Field_1859.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_Flodden_Field_1859.png/330px-Map_of_Flodden_Field_1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_Flodden_Field_1859.png/440px-Map_of_Flodden_Field_1859.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>A map published in 1859, showing the features of the battlefield at Flodden.</figcaption></figure> Pitscottie says the vanguard crossed the bridge at 11 am and that James would not allow the Scots artillery to fire on the vulnerable English during this manoeuvre.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This is not credible, since the bridge is some 6 miles (9.7 km) distant from Flodden, but James's scouts must have reported their approach. James quickly saw the threat and ordered his army to break camp and move to Branxton Hill, a commanding position which would deny the feature to the English and still give his pike formations the advantage of a downhill attack if the opportunity arose. The disadvantage was that the Scots were moving onto ground that had not been reconnoitred. The Lord Admiral, arriving with his vanguard at Branxton village, was unaware of the new Scottish position which was obscured by smoke from burning rubbish; when he finally caught sight of the Scottish army arrayed on Branxton Hill, he sent a messenger to his father urging him to hurry and also sending his <a href="/wiki/Agnus_Dei" title="Agnus Dei">Agnus Dei</a> pendant to underline the gravity of his situation. In the meantime, he positioned his troops on the dead ground from where he hoped that the Scots could not assess the size of his force. James declined to attack the vulnerable vanguard, reportedly saying that he was "determined to have them all in front of me on one plain field and see what all of them can do against me".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opposing forces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrangement_of_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Flodden_1859.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Arrangement_of_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Flodden_1859.png/220px-Arrangement_of_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Flodden_1859.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Arrangement_of_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Flodden_1859.png/330px-Arrangement_of_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Flodden_1859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Arrangement_of_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Flodden_1859.png/440px-Arrangement_of_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Flodden_1859.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>A diagram published in 1859, showing the arrangement of opposing forces at the Battle of Flodden. An error is that Edward Stanley's force is shown incorporated into the left of the English line, when in fact he arrived on the Scottish flank late in the battle.</figcaption></figure> James' army, somewhat reduced from the original 42,000 by sickness and desertion, still amounted to about 34,000, outnumbering the English force by 8,000. The Scottish army was organised into four divisions or <a href="/wiki/Battle_(formation)" title="Battle (formation)">battles</a>. That on the left wing was commanded by the Lord Home and the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon,_3rd_Earl_of_Huntly" title="Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly">Earl of Huntly</a> and consisted of a combination of Borderers and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlanders</a>. Next in the line was the battle commanded by the Earls of <a href="/wiki/William_Hay,_4th_Earl_of_Erroll" title="William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll">Erroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay,_6th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="John Lindsay, 6th Earl of Crawford">Crawford</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Graham,_1st_Earl_of_Montrose" title="William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose">Montrose</a> composed of men from the northeast of Scotland. The third was commanded by James himself together with his son Alexander and the Earls of Cassillis, Rothes and Caithness. On the right, the Earls of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_2nd_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll">Argyll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart,_2nd_Earl_of_Lennox" title="Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox">Lennox</a> commanded a force drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a>. Some sources state that there was a fifth battle acting as a reserve, perhaps commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hepburn,_2nd_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell">Earl of Bothwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The Scottish infantry had been equipped with 18 feet (5.5 m) long <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a> by their French allies; a new weapon which had proved devastating in continental Europe, but required training, discipline and suitable terrain to use effectively.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The Scottish artillery, consisting mainly of heavy <a href="/wiki/Siege_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege gun">siege guns</a>, included five great curtals and two great <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverins</a> (known as "the Seven Sisters"), together with four <a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">sakers</a>, and six great serpentines.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> These modern weapons fired an iron ball weighing up to 66 pounds (30 kg) to a range of 2,000 yards (1,800 m). However, the heaviest of these required a team of 36 oxen to move each one and were only able to fire once every twenty minutes at the most.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> They were commanded by the king's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Paniter" title="Patrick Paniter">Patrick Paniter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> an able diplomat, but who had no artillery experience.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Upon Surrey's arrival, he deployed his troops on the forward slope of Piper Hill to match the Scottish dispositions. On his right, facing Hume and Huntly, was a battle composed of men from Cheshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire, commanded by Surrey's third son, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Lord Edmund Howard</a>. Of the central battles, one was commanded by the Lord Admiral and the other by Surrey himself.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Stanley">Sir Edward Stanley</a>'s force of cavalry and archers had been the last to leave Barmoor and would not arrive on the left flank until later in the day.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A reserve of mounted Borderers commanded by Thomas, <a href="/wiki/Baron_Dacre" title="Baron Dacre">Baron Dacre</a> were positioned to the rear. The English infantry was equipped with traditional <a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">polearms</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">bills</a> which were their favoured weapon. There was also a large contingent of well-trained <a href="/wiki/Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer">archers</a> armed with the <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The English artillery consisted of light <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> of rather old-fashioned design, typically firing a ball of only about 1 pound (0.45 kg), but they were easily handled and capable of rapid fire.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flodden_Field_(Braxton)_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg/220px-Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg/330px-Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg/440px-Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The western side of the battlefield, looking south-south-east from the monument erected in 1910. towards Branxton Hill on the skyline. The Scottish army advanced down the ploughed field, the English down the grassy field in the foreground. The modern boundary between the two fields marks the position of the marsh encountered by the Scots.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engagement">Engagement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Engagement">edit</a>]</div> At about 4 pm on Friday in wet and windy weather, James began the battle with an artillery duel, but his big guns did not perform as well as he had hoped. Contemporary accounts put this down to the difficulty for the Scots of shooting downhill, but another factor must have been that their guns had been poorly sited instead of being carefully emplaced, which was usually required for such heavy weapons, further slowing their ponderous rate of fire. This may explain English claims that the Scottish guns were destroyed by return fire, when in fact they were captured undamaged after the battle. The apparent silence of the Scottish artillery allowed the light English guns to turn a rapid fire on the massed ranks of infantry, although the effectiveness of this bombardment is difficult to assess.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The next phase started when Home and Huntly's battle on the Scottish left advanced downhill towards the opposite troops commanded by Edmund Howard. They advanced, according to the English, "in good order, after the Alamayns [i.e. German] manner, without speaking a word".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Scots had placed their most heavily armoured men in the front rank so that the English archers had little impact. The outnumbered English battle was forced back and elements of it began to run off. Surrey saved his son from disaster by ordering the intervention of Dacre's light horsemen, who were able to approach unobserved in the dead ground that had been exploited earlier by the vanguard. The eventual result was a stalemate in which both sides stood off from each other and played no further part in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> According to later accounts, when Huntly suggested that they rejoin the fighting, Home replied: "the man does well this day who saves himself: we fought those who were opposed to us and beat them; let our other companies do the same!".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Scene,_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Battle_Scene%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/220px-Battle_Scene%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Battle_Scene%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/330px-Battle_Scene%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Battle_Scene%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/440px-Battle_Scene%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>An early 16th century depiction of pikemen in close combat with <a href="/wiki/Halbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Halbert">halbediers</a>; the fighting at Flodden must have had a similar appearance.</figcaption></figure> In the meantime, James had observed Home and Huntly's initial success and ordered the advance of the next battle in line, commanded by Errol, Crawford and Montrose. At the foot of Branxton Hill, they encountered an unforeseen obstacle, an area of marshy ground, identified by modern <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologists</a> as a groundwater seepage zone, made worse by days of heavy rain.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> As they struggled to cross the waterlogged ground, the Scots lost the cohesion and momentum on which pike formations depended for success. Once the line was disrupted, the long pikes became an unwieldy encumbrance, and the Scots began to drop them "so that it seemed as if a wood were falling down" according to a later English poem. Reaching for their side-arms of swords and axes, they found themselves outreached by the English bills in the close-quarter fighting that developed.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Flodden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Battle_of_Flodden.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Flodden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Battle_of_Flodden.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Flodden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Battle_of_Flodden.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Flodden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>An 1873 <a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_impression" title="Artist's impression">artist's impression</a> of the hand-to-hand fighting at the height of the battle.</figcaption></figure> It is unclear whether James had seen the difficulty encountered by the battle of the three earls, but he followed them down the slope regardless, making for Surrey's formation. James has been criticised for placing himself in the front line, thereby putting himself in personal danger and losing his overview of the field. He was, however, well-known for taking risks in battle and it would have been out of character for him to stay back. Encountering the same difficulties as the previous attack, James's men nevertheless fought their way to Surrey's bodyguard but no further. The final uncommitted Scottish formation, Argyll and Lennox's Highlanders held back, perhaps awaiting orders.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The last English formation to engage was Stanley's force which, after following a circuitous route from Barmoor, finally arrived on the right of the Scottish line. They loosed volleys of arrows into Argyll and Lennox's battle, whose men lacked armour or any other effective defence against the archers. After suffering heavy casualties the Highlanders scattered.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The fierce fighting continued, centred on the contest between Surrey and James. As other English formations overcame the Scottish forces they had initially engaged, they moved to reinforce their leader. An instruction to English troops that no prisoners were to be taken explains the exceptional mortality amongst the Scottish nobility.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> James himself was killed in the final stage of the battle; his body was found surrounded by the corpses of his bodyguard of the Archers' Guard, recruited from the <a href="/wiki/Selkirkshire" title="Selkirkshire">Forest of Ettrick</a> and known as "the Flowers of the Forest".<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Despite having the finest armour available, the king's corpse was found to have two arrow wounds, one in the jaw, and wounds from bladed weapons to the neck and wrist.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> He was the last monarch to die in battle in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. Home, Huntly and his troops were the only formation to escape intact; others escaped in small groups, closely pursued by the English.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics_and_aftermath">Tactics and aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tactics and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> Soon after the battle, the council of Scotland decided to send for help from <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a>. The Scottish ambassador, Andrew Brounhill, was given instructions to explain "how this cais is hapnit."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Brounhill's instructions blame James IV for moving down the hill to attack the English on marshy ground from a favourable position, and credits the victory to Scottish inexperience rather than English valour. The letter also mentions that the Scots placed their officers in the front line in medieval style, where they were vulnerable, contrasting this loss of the nobility with the English great men who took their stand with the reserves and at the rear.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The English generals stayed behind the lines in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> style. The loss of so many Scottish officers meant there was no one to coordinate a retreat.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, according to contemporary English reports, Thomas Howard marched on foot leading the English vanguard to the foot of the hill. Howard was moved to dismount and do this by taunts of cowardice sent by James IV's heralds, apparently based on his role at sea and the death two years earlier of the Scottish naval officer Sir <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Barton_(privateer)" title="Andrew Barton (privateer)">Andrew Barton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A version of Howard's declaration to James IV that he would lead the vanguard and take no prisoners was included in later English chronicle accounts of the battle. Howard claimed his presence in "proper person" at the front was his <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat</a> for Barton's death.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaponry">Weaponry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Weaponry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Bill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/English_Bill.jpg/220px-English_Bill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/English_Bill.jpg/330px-English_Bill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/English_Bill.jpg/440px-English_Bill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3254" /></a><figcaption>English <a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">bill</a>, reputed to have been used at Flodden.</figcaption></figure> Flodden was essentially a victory of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">bill</a> used by the English over the <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a> used by the Scots. The pike was an effective weapon only in a battle of movement, especially to withstand a cavalry charge. The Scottish pikes were described by the author of the Trewe Encounter as "keen and sharp spears 5 yards long".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Although the pike had become a Swiss weapon of choice and represented modern warfare, the hilly terrain of Northumberland, the nature of the combat, and the slippery footing did not allow it to be employed to the best effect.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall" title="Thomas Ruthall">Bishop Ruthall</a> reported to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>, 'the bills disappointed the Scots of their long spears, on which they relied.'<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The infantrymen at Flodden, both Scots and English, had fought essentially like their ancestors, and Flodden has been described as the last great medieval battle in the British Isles. This was the last time that bill and pike would come together as equals in battle. Two years later <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> defeated the Swiss pikemen at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Battle of Marignano</a>, using a combination of heavy cavalry and artillery, ushering in a new era in the history of war. An official English diplomatic report issued by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Tuke" title="Brian Tuke">Brian Tuke</a> noted the Scots' iron spears and their initial "very good order after the German fashion", but concluded that "the English halberdiers decided the whole affair, so that in the battle the bows and ordnance were of little use."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Despite Tuke's comment (he was not present), this battle was one of the first major engagements in the British Isles where artillery was significantly deployed. <a href="/wiki/John_Lesley" title="John Lesley">John Lesley</a>, writing sixty years later, noted that the Scottish bullets flew over the English heads while the English cannon was effective: the one army placed so high and the other so low.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Scots' advance down the hill was resisted by a hail of arrows, an incident celebrated in later English ballads. Hall says that the armoured front line was mostly unaffected; this is confirmed by the ballads which note that some few Scots were wounded in the scalp and, wrote Hall, James IV sustained a significant arrow wound.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Many of the archers were recruited from <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>. Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Assheton_of_Middleton" title="Richard Assheton of Middleton">Richard Assheton</a> raised one such company from <a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Middleton, Greater Manchester">Middleton</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. He rebuilt his parish church <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Leonard,_Middleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Leonard, Middleton">St. Leonard's, Middleton</a>, which contains the unique "Flodden Window." It depicts and names the archers and their priest in stained glass. The window has been called the oldest known war memorial in the UK. The success of the Cheshire yeomanry, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cholmondeley" title="Richard Cholmondeley">Richard Cholmeley</a>, led to his later appointment as Lieutenant of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_arms_(augmented).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Howard_arms_%28augmented%29.svg/170px-Howard_arms_%28augmented%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Howard_arms_%28augmented%29.svg/255px-Howard_arms_%28augmented%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Howard_arms_%28augmented%29.svg/340px-Howard_arms_%28augmented%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk</a> was given an augmentation of honour to commemorate the Battle of Flodden</figcaption></figure> As a reward for his victory, Thomas Howard was subsequently restored to the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a>, lost by his father's support for <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a>. The arms of the Dukes of Norfolk still carry an <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">augmentation of honour</a> awarded on account of their ancestor's victory at Flodden, a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">Royal coat of arms of Scotland</a> with the lower half of the lion removed and an arrow through the lion's mouth. At <a href="/wiki/Framlingham_Castle" title="Framlingham Castle">Framlingham Castle</a> the Duke kept two silver-gilt cups engraved with the arms of James IV, which he bequeathed to <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Wolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Wolsey">Cardinal Wolsey</a> in 1524.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Duke's descendants presented the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> with a sword, a dagger and a turquoise ring in 1681. The family tradition was either that these items belonged to James IV or were arms carried by Thomas Howard at Flodden. The sword blade is signed by the maker Maestre Domingo of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> There is some doubt whether the weapons are of the correct period.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_21st_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel">Earl of Arundel</a> was painted by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Fruytiers" title="Philip Fruytiers">Philip Fruytiers</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>'s 1639 composition, with his ancestor's sword, gauntlet and helm from Flodden.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Darcy,_1st_Baron_Darcy_de_Darcy" title="Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy">Thomas Lord Darcy</a> retrieved a powder flask belonging to James IV and gave it to Henry VIII. A cross with rubies and sapphires with a gold chain worn by James and a hexagonal table salt with the figure of St Andrews on the lid were given to Henry by <a href="/wiki/James_Stanley_(bishop)" title="James Stanley (bishop)">James Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely" title="Bishop of Ely">Bishop of Ely</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends_of_a_lost_king">Legends of a lost king</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legends of a lost king">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dacre,_2nd_Baron_Dacre" title="Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre">Lord Dacre</a> discovered the body of James IV on the battlefield. He later wrote that the Scots "love me worst of any Englishman living, by reason that I fande the body of the King of Scots."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The chronicle writer <a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a> gave a location for the king's death; "Pipard's Hill," now unknown, which may have been the small hill on Branxton Ridge overlooking Branxton church.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Dacre took the body to Berwick-upon-Tweed, where according to Hall's Chronicle, it was viewed by the captured Scottish courtiers William Scott and John Forman who acknowledged it was the king's. (Forman, the king's sergeant-porter, had been captured by Richard Assheton of Middleton.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>) The body was then embalmed and taken to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> From <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, a city that James had promised to capture before <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> the body was brought to <a href="/wiki/Sheen_Priory" title="Sheen Priory">Sheen Priory</a> near London.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> A payment of £12-9s-10d was made for the "sertying ledying and sawdryng of the ded course of the King of Scottes" and carrying it York and to Windsor.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> James's banner, sword and his <a href="/wiki/Cuisses" title="Cuisses">cuisses</a> (thigh-armour), were taken to the shrine of Saint Cuthbert at Durham Cathedral.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Much of the armour of the Scottish casualties was sold on the field, and 350 suits of armour were taken to <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Castle" title="Nottingham Castle">Nottingham Castle</a>. A list of horses taken at the field runs to 24 pages.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Thomas Hawley, the Rouge Croix pursuivant, was first with news of the victory. He brought the "rent surcoat of the King of Scots stained with blood" to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a>. She sent news of the victory to Henry VIII at <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> with Hawley, and then sent John Glyn on 16 September with James's coat (and <a href="/wiki/Gauntlet_(glove)" title="Gauntlet (glove)">iron gauntlets</a>) and a detailed account of the battle written by Lord Howard. Brian Tuke mentioned in his letter to Cardinal Bainbridge that the coat was lacerated and chequered with blood.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Catherine suggested Henry should use the coat as his battle-banner, and wrote she had thought to send him the body too, as Henry had sent her the <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_duc_de_Longueville" title="Louis I d'Orléans, duc de Longueville">Duke of Longueville</a>, his prisoner from Thérouanne, but "Englishmen's hearts would not suffer it."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In addition to these relics, the gold crucifix worn by James IV on the field of battle, set with three balas rubies and three sapphires and containing a fragment of the True Cross, was listed in the jewel book inventory of Henry VIII in the chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Soon after the battle, there were legends that James IV had survived. A Scottish merchant at Tournai in October claimed to have spoken with him,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and Lindsay of Pitscottie records two myths: "thair cam four great men upon hors, and every ane of thame had ane wisp upoun thair spear headis, quhairby they might know one another and brought the king furth of the feild, upoun ane dun hackney," and also that the king escaped from the field but was killed between Duns and Kelso.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Similarly, John Lesley adds that the body taken to England was "my lord Bonhard" and James was seen in Kelso after the battle and then went secretly on pilgrimage in far nations.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> reported a rumour that James IV had escaped the field, leaving his Squire of Attendance, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Elphinstone,_1st_Lord_Elphinstone" title="Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone">Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone</a> to fight on, and that the English may have mistaken Elphinstone's body for the king.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> A legend arose that James had been warned against invading England by supernatural powers. While he was praying in St Michael's Kirk at <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow" title="Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a>, a man strangely dressed in blue had approached his <a href="/wiki/Prie-dieu" title="Prie-dieu">desk</a> saying his mother had told him to say James should not go to war or take the advice of women. Then before the king could reply, the man vanished. <a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay_of_the_Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lindsay of the Mount">David Lindsay of the Mount</a> and John Inglis could find no trace of him. The historian R. L. Mackie wondered if the incident really happened as a masquerade orchestrated by an anti-war party: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Macdougall" title="Norman Macdougall">Norman Macdougall</a> doubts if there was a significant anti-war faction.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Three other portents of disaster were described by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a> in 1549 and repeated in John Polemon's 1578 account of the battle. When James was in council at the camp at Flodden Edge, a <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a> ran out of his tent and escaped the weapons of his knights; it was found that mice had gnawed away the strings and buckle of the king's helmet; and in the morning his tent was spreckled with a bloody dew.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland_after_Flodden">Scotland after Flodden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scotland after Flodden">edit</a>]</div> The wife of James IV, Queen Margaret Tudor, is said to have awaited news of her husband at <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a>, where a room at the top of a tower is called 'Queen Margaret's bower'. Ten days after the Battle of Flodden, the Lords of Council met at <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a> on 19 September, and set up a General Council of the Realm "to sit upon the daily council for all matters occurring in the realm" of thirty-five lords including clergymen, lords of parliament, and two of the minor barons, the lairds of <a href="/wiki/The_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bass">The Bass</a> and Inverrugy. This committee was intended to rule in the name of Margaret Tudor and her son <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a>. The full <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> met at <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a> on 21 October, where the 17-month-old King was crowned in the Chapel Royal. The General Council of Lords made special provisions for the heirs of those killed at Flodden, following a declaration made by James IV at Twiselhaugh, and protection for their widows and daughters.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Margaret Tudor remained guardian or 'tutrix' of the King, but was not made <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Regent of Scotland">Regent of Scotland</a>. The French soldier <a href="/wiki/Antoine_d%27Arces" title="Antoine d'Arces">Antoine d'Arces</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Castle</a> in November with a shipload of armaments which were transported to Stirling. The English already knew the details of this planned shipment from a paper found in a bag at Flodden field.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Now that James IV was dead, Antoine d'Arces promoted the appointment of <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="John Stewart, Duke of Albany">John Stewart, Duke of Albany</a>, a grandson of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a> as Regent to rule Scotland instead of Margaret and her son. Albany, who lived in France, came to Scotland on 26 May 1515.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> By that date Margaret had given birth to James's posthumous son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross">Alexander</a> and married the <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_6th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus">Earl of Angus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> A later sixteenth-century Scottish attitude to the futility of the battle was given by Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, in words that he attributed to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lindsay,_4th_Lord_Lindsay" title="Patrick Lindsay, 4th Lord Lindsay">Patrick Lord Lindsay</a> at council before the engagement. Lord Lindsay advised the King to withdraw, comparing their situation to an honest merchant playing dice with a trickster, and wagering a gold <a href="/wiki/Noble_(English_coin)" title="Noble (English coin)">rose-noble</a> against a bent halfpenny. Their King was the gold piece, England the trickster, and Thomas Howard the halfpenny.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flodden_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flodden_memorial.jpg/220px-Flodden_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flodden_memorial.jpg/330px-Flodden_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flodden_memorial.jpg/440px-Flodden_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>The Flodden memorial cross, erected in 1910, contemplated by the Tudor historian <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a>.</figcaption></figure> Surrey's army lost 1,500 men killed in battle.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson147-1">[1]</a> There were various conflicting accounts of the Scottish loss. A contemporary account produced in French for the Royal Postmaster of England, in the immediate aftermath of the battle, states that about 10,000 Scots were killed,<a href="#cite_note-Elliot118-3">[3]</a> a claim repeated by Henry VIII on 16 September while he was still uncertain of the death of James IV. William Knight sent the news from <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> to Rome on 20 September, claiming 12,000 Scots had died, with fewer than 500 English casualties.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Italian newsletters put the Scottish losses at 18,000 or 20,000 and the English at 5,000. Brian Tuke, the English Clerk of the Signet, sent a newsletter stating 10,000 Scots killed and 10,000 escaped the field. Tuke reckoned the total Scottish invasion force to have been 60,000 and the English army at 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> wrote in his History of Scotland (published in 1582) that, according to the lists that were compiled throughout the counties of Scotland, there were about 5,000 killed.<a href="#cite_note-Elliot117-2">[2]</a> A plaque on the monument to the 2nd Duke of Norfolk (as the Earl of Surrey became in 1514) at <a href="/wiki/Thetford" title="Thetford">Thetford</a> put the figure at 17,000.<a href="#cite_note-Elliot117-2">[2]</a> Edward Hall, thirty years after, wrote in his Chronicle that "12,000 at the least of the best gentlemen and flower of Scotland" were slain.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> As the nineteenth-century antiquarian <a href="/wiki/John_Riddell_(genealogist)" title="John Riddell (genealogist)">John Riddell</a> supposed, nearly every noble family in Scotland would have lost a member at Flodden.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The dead are remembered by the song (and pipe tune) "<a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Forest" title="Flowers of the Forest">Flowers of the Forest</a>": <dl><dd><dl><dd>We'll hae nae mair lilting, at the yowe-milking,</dd> <dd>Women and bairns are dowie and wae.</dd> <dd>Sighing and moaning, on ilka green loaning,</dd> <dd>The flowers of the forest are all wede away.</dd></dl></dd></dl> Contemporary English ballads also recalled the significance of the Scottish losses: <dl><dd><dl><dd>To tell you plaine, twelve thousand were slaine,</dd> <dd>that to the fight did stand;</dd> <dd>And many prisoners tooke that day,</dd> <dd>the best in all Scotland.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>That day made many a fatherlesse childe,</dd> <dd>and many a widow poore;</dd> <dd>And many a Scottish gay Lady,</dd> <dd>sate weeping in her bowre.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> A legend grew that while the artillery was being prepared in Edinburgh before the battle, a demon called Plotcock had read out the names of those who would be killed at the <a href="/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh" title="Mercat Cross, Edinburgh">Mercat Cross</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a>. According to Pitscottie, a former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lord_Provosts_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lord Provosts of Edinburgh">Provost of Edinburgh</a>, Richard Lawson, who lived nearby, threw a coin at the Cross to appeal against this summons and survived the battle.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Branxton Church was the site of some burials from the Battle of Flodden.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> After Flodden, many Scottish nobles are believed to have been brought to <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Yetholm" title="Kirk Yetholm">Yetholm</a> for interment, as being the nearest consecrated ground in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Scotsmen_who_died">Notable Scotsmen who died</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable Scotsmen who died">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Flodden">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Flodden%22">"Battle of Flodden"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Flodden%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Flodden%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Flodden%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Flodden%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Flodden%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Royalty <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV, King of Scots</a> (1473–1513, r. 1488–1513)<a href="#cite_note-HenryVIII-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScotsPeer1-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a>: 21–22 </li></ul> Clergy <ul><li>William Bunche, <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Kilwinning" title="Abbot of Kilwinning">Abbot of Kilwinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hepburn_(bishop)" title="George Hepburn (bishop)">George Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_the_Isles" title="Bishop of the Isles">Bishop of the Isles</a> and commendator of <a href="/wiki/Arbroath_Abbey" title="Arbroath Abbey">Arbroath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iona_Abbey" title="Iona Abbey">Iona</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Sir William Knollys, <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Lord St. John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Treasurer of Scotland">Lord High Treasurer of Scotland</a>, prior of <a href="/wiki/Torphichen_Preceptory" title="Torphichen Preceptory">Torphichen Preceptory</a>.</li> <li>Laurence Oliphant, <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Inchaffray" title="Abbot of Inchaffray">Abbot of Inchaffray</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews" title="Archbishop of St Andrews">Archbishop of St Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor of Scotland</a>, illegitimate son of James IV<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li></ul> Earls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_2nd_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll">Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Morton" title="John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton">John Douglas, 2nd Earl of Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham,_1st_Earl_of_Montrose" title="William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose">William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hay,_4th_Earl_of_Erroll" title="William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll">William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_Scotland" title="Lord High Constable of Scotland">Lord High Constable of Scotland</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hepburn,_2nd_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell">Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral of Scotland</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kennedy,_1st_Earl_of_Cassilis" title="David Kennedy, 1st Earl of Cassilis">David Kennedy, 1st Earl of Cassilis</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leslie,_3rd_Earl_of_Rothes" title="William Leslie, 3rd Earl of Rothes">William Leslie, 3rd Earl of Rothes</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay,_6th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="John Lindsay, 6th Earl of Crawford">John Lindsay, 6th Earl of Crawford</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sinclair,_2nd_Earl_of_Caithness" title="William Sinclair, 2nd Earl of Caithness">William Sinclair, 2nd Earl of Caithness</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart,_2nd_Earl_of_Lennox" title="Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox">Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li></ul> Lords of Parliament <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Borthwick,_3rd_Lord_Borthwick" title="William Borthwick, 3rd Lord Borthwick">William Borthwick, 3rd Lord Borthwick</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Elphinstone,_1st_Lord_Elphinstone" title="Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone">Alexander Elphinstone, 1st Lord Elphinstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Erskine,_4th_Lord_Erskine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Erskine, 4th Lord Erskine (page does not exist)">Robert Erskine, 4th Lord Erskine</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>John Hay, 2nd Lord Hay of Yester<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell,_4th_Lord_Maxwell" title="John Maxwell, 4th Lord Maxwell">John Maxwell, 4th Lord Maxwell</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross,_2nd_Lord_Ross" title="John Ross, 2nd Lord Ross">John Ross, 2nd Lord Ross</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sempill,_1st_Lord_Sempill" title="John Sempill, 1st Lord Sempill">John Sempill, 1st Lord Sempill</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Seton,_5th_Lord_Seton" title="George Seton, 5th Lord Seton">George Seton, 5th Lord Seton</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sinclair,_4th_Lord_Sinclair" title="Henry Sinclair, 4th Lord Sinclair">Henry Sinclair, 4th Lord Sinclair</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stewart,_1st_Lord_Avondale_(second_creation)" title="Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale (second creation)">Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Stewart,_2nd_Lord_Innermeath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Stewart, 2nd Lord Innermeath (page does not exist)">Thomas Stewart, 2nd Lord Innermeath</a></li></ul> Other chieftains, nobles and knights <ul><li>Abercromby of Ley.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Robert Arnot of Woodmill. <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_of_Scotland" title="Comptroller of Scotland">Comptroller of Scotland</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>John Balfour of <a href="/wiki/Denmylne_Castle" title="Denmylne Castle">Denmilne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Blackadder of <a href="/wiki/Blackadder_House" title="Blackadder House">Blackadder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Boswell of Balmuto.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Boswell of <a href="/wiki/Auchinleck_House" title="Auchinleck House">Auchinleck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Duncan_Campbell_of_Glenorchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy (page does not exist)">Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>John Carnegie of <a href="/wiki/Kinnaird_Castle,_Brechin" title="Kinnaird Castle, Brechin">Kinnaird</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Alan Cathcart, Master of <a href="/wiki/Cathcart_Castle" title="Cathcart Castle">Cathcart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a> <ul><li>Robert, brother of above<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>John, brother of above<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li></ul></li> <li>William Carr.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Robert Colville, Master of <a href="/wiki/Ochiltree" title="Ochiltree">Ochiltree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Sir William Cockburn of Langton and his eldest son and heir Alexander<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Sir Robert Colville of <a href="/wiki/Ochiltree_Castle,_East_Ayrshire" title="Ochiltree Castle, East Ayrshire">Ochiltree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Robert Crawford of Auchinames.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>John Crawford of Ardagh.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Sir Robert Crawford of <a href="/wiki/Barony_and_Castle_of_Kilbirnie" title="Barony and Castle of Kilbirnie">Kilbirnie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Cunningham,_1st_Laird_of_Craigends&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Cunningham, 1st Laird of Craigends (page does not exist)">William Cunningham, 1st Laird of Craigends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Douglas,_Master_of_Angus" title="George Douglas, Master of Angus">George Douglas, Master of Angus</a></li> <li>Sir William Douglas 6th of Drumlanrig<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Douglas_of_Glenbervie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie">Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie</a></li> <li>Sir John Douglas, 5th of Mains.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Sir John Dunbar.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Robert Elliot, 13th Chief of Clan Elliot<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>Nicolas Fotheringham of <a href="/wiki/Powrie_Castle" title="Powrie Castle">Powrie</a></li> <li>Archibald Graham, 3rd of Garvock – King James' cousin<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>George Graham, 1st of Calendar.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum, and his son David<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>James Henderson of <a href="/wiki/Fordell_Castle" title="Fordell Castle">Fordell</a>, Fife; <a href="/wiki/Lord_Justice_Clerk" title="Lord Justice Clerk">Lord Justice Clerk</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hepburn_of_Craggis" title="Adam Hepburn of Craggis">Adam Hepburn of Craggis</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Sir David Home of Wedderburn.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Cuthbert Home, of <a href="/wiki/Fast_Castle" title="Fast Castle">Fast Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hoppringill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hoppringill (page does not exist)">William Hoppringill</a>, 1st Laird of <a href="/wiki/Torwoodlee" class="mw-redirect" title="Torwoodlee">Torwoodlee</a></li> <li>Sir Patrick Houston.<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hunter_14th_Laird_of_Hunterston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hunter 14th Laird of Hunterston (page does not exist)">John Hunter 14th Laird of Hunterston</a></li> <li>William Keith<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lauder_of_Blyth" title="Alexander Lauder of Blyth">Alexander Lauder of Blyth</a>, Provost of Edinburgh</li> <li>David, William, and George Lyon. All three brothers-in-law of Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchtred_MacDowall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchtred MacDowall (page does not exist)">Uchtred MacDowall</a>, Lord of Garthland</li> <li>Sir William M'Clellan of Bomby. A personal friend of King James IV</li> <li>Gilbert M'Clellan of Balmangan</li> <li>Patrick M'Clellan of Gelstoun</li> <li>Sir Iain (John) MacFarlane 11th Baron of Arrochar, 8th Chief of Clan MacFarlane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Maclean,_10th_Chief" title="Lachlan Maclean, 10th Chief">Lachlan MacLean</a>, 10th Chief of <a href="/wiki/Clan_Maclean" title="Clan Maclean">Clan Maclean</a></li> <li>Thomas Maule of <a href="/wiki/Panmure_Castle" title="Panmure Castle">Panmure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>John Muirhead, Laird of Muirhead<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Archibald Napier of Edinbellie.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant,_3rd_Lord_Oliphant" title="Laurence Oliphant, 3rd Lord Oliphant">Colin Oliphant, Master of Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Ramsay_of_Dalhousie_(d._1513)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie (d. 1513) (page does not exist)">Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay,_1st_Lord_Bothwell" title="John Ramsay, 1st Lord Bothwell">Sir John Ramsay of Trarinzeane</a></li> <li>Sir William Seton, grandson of <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Somerville" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Somerville">Sir John Somerville</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambusnethan" title="Cambusnethan">Cambusnethan</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>William Wallace 11th of <a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Craigie" class="mw-redirect" title="Barony of Craigie">Craigie</a>, 16th of <a href="/wiki/Riccarton,_Ayrshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Riccarton, Ayrshire">Riccarton</a><a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li> <li>David Wemyss of Wemyss<a href="#cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_of_Scottish_casualties_from_property_records">Names of Scottish casualties from property records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Names of Scottish casualties from property records">edit</a>]</div> A number of subsequent property transactions give names of the fallen. A register of royal charters was kept and published as the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland. The battle was mentioned because of the declaration James IV had made at Twiselhaugh respecting the heritage of the heirs of potential casualties, which waived feudal fees. Some of the lands noted were those held under Matthew, Earl of Lennox, who died in the battle of Flodden Field, "in campo bellico de Flodoun" (in the field of war at Flodden). Other great seal charters mentioned an altar dedicated for remembrance at <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles', Edinburgh</a> and the effect of the battle on <a href="/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders" title="Selkirk, Scottish Borders">Selkirk</a>, a border town.<a href="#cite_note-GreatSeal-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> These names include Adam Hacket, husband of Helen Mason.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Rolls_of_Scotland" title="Exchequer Rolls of Scotland">Exchequer Rolls of Scotland</a>, a record of royal income, also gives names of the fallen. These were feudal tenants who held their lands from the King and would pay their dues directly to the exchequer. The names of landless men or those who held their lands from a landlord would not appear in this record. The preface to the published volume of the Exchequer Rolls gives this explanation and guide to the variety of Latin phrases used to describe deaths in the campaign; <blockquote>The usual form of entry is "qui obiit in bello" (who died in the war), "in campo bellico" (in field of war), or "in campo" (in the field); but the forms also occur "qui obiit sub vixillo regis", (who died under the king's banner), which probably denotes that the fallen man was killed at Flodden, or "qui obiit in exercitu in Northumberland" (who died in the army in Northumberland), which perhaps indicates that the death occurred elsewhere than at Flodden, or that the place of death was unknown. In the Responde Books the earlier Sasines (property documents) are silent as to the campaign. The later Sasines refer to it as "bellum", or "campus bellicus," and it is not till 1518 that Flodden is named, and then only about half-a-dozen times. ..., It must be borne in mind that it is only the King's vassals or tenants who left heirs in lands in the comparatively small portion of Scotland then held by the King, whose names can be expected to appear in the present Accounts. Besides the names in the following list, there are many other instances of Sasines taken in favour of the heirs of persons whom we know from other sources to have died at Flodden. p.clxii<a href="#cite_note-ExchRolls-129">[129]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_soldiers_knighted_at_Flodden">English soldiers knighted at Flodden</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: English soldiers knighted at Flodden">edit</a>]</div> Around forty-five English soldiers were knighted by the Earl of Surrey after the battle.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Edward Hall mentions some of their positions in the army's advance from Newcastle.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Lord Scrope of <a href="/wiki/Upsall_Castle" title="Upsall Castle">Upsall</a>, forward in army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Edmund Howard</a>, right-wing, and Marshall of Horse</li> <li>George Darcy, (son of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Darcy,_1st_Baron_Darcy_de_Darcy" title="Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy">Thomas Darcy</a>), rear ward or guard.</li> <li>William Gascoigne, junior, rearward</li> <li>William Middleton</li> <li>William Mauleverer, of <a href="/wiki/Arncliffe,_North_Yorkshire" title="Arncliffe, North Yorkshire">Arncliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Berkeley" title="Baron Berkeley">Thomas Berkeley</a>, rearward</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Constable_(died_1545)" title="Marmaduke Constable (died 1545)">Marmaduke Constable, junior</a>, left-hand wing</li> <li>Christopher Dacre</li> <li>John Howthom</li> <li>Nicholas Appleyard, forward</li> <li>Edward Gorges, (nephew of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Earl of Surrey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellerker" title="Ralph Ellerker">Ralph Ellerker</a>, junior</li> <li>John Willoughby, rearward</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Echyngham" title="Edward Echyngham">Edward Etchingham</a>, forward</li> <li>William Pennington</li> <li>John Stanley, rearward</li> <li>Walter Stonor</li> <li>Ninian Markenfield of Markington (d. 1527), rearward</li> <li>Thomas Burgh</li> <li>Ralph Bowes, (father of <a href="/wiki/George_Bowes_(rebel)" title="George Bowes (rebel)">George Bowes</a>)</li> <li>William Roos</li> <li>Bryan Stapleton of <a href="/wiki/Wighill" title="Wighill">Wyghall</a>, rear guard.</li> <li>William Newton</li> <li>Thomas Newton</li> <li>Guy Dawnay, rearward.</li> <li>Roger Grey</li> <li>Ralph Salvayne</li> <li>Roger Collingwood</li> <li>Richard Mauleverer</li> <li>William Mauleverer</li> <li>Roger Farewell</li> <li>William Constable of <a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Hatfield, East Riding of Yorkshire">Hatfield (in Holderness)</a>, right wing.</li> <li>William Constable of <a href="/wiki/Carthorpe" title="Carthorpe">Carthorpe</a></li> <li>Thomas Stranguishe</li> <li>John Bulmer, (uncle of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bulmer_(soldier)" title="Ralph Bulmer (soldier)">Ralph Bulmer</a>)</li> <li>Christopher Danby, of <a href="/wiki/Thorp_Perrow_Arboretum" title="Thorp Perrow Arboretum">Thorp Perrow</a>, (father of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Danby" title="Christopher Danby">Christopher Danby</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Walsingham" title="Edmund Walsingham">Edmund Walsingham</a></li> <li>Thomas Conyers</li> <li>Roger Fenwick, Constable of Newcastle</li> <li>Edward Musgrave, of <a href="/wiki/Hartley,_Cumbria" title="Hartley, Cumbria">Hartley</a></li> <li>William Percy</li> <li>Christopher Pickering of Killington (d. 1519)</li> <li>Henry Thwaites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumley_Castle" title="Lumley Castle">John Lumley, (Lord Lumley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Ogle" title="Baron Ogle">Roger Ogle, (Lord Ogle)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battlefield_today">Battlefield today</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battlefield today">edit</a>]</div> The battlefield still looks much as it probably did at the time of the battle, but the <a href="/wiki/Burn_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn (topography)">burn</a> and marsh which so badly hampered the Scots advance is now drained. A monument, erected in 1910, is easily reached from Branxton village by following the road past St Paul's Church. There is a small car park and a clearly marked and signposted battlefield trail with interpretive boards which make it easy to visualise the battle. Only the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a> arch remains of the medieval church where James IV's body was said to have rested after the battle – the rest is Victorian, dating from 1849 in the "Norman" style. Each year, the neighbouring Scottish town of Coldstream marks the Battle of Flodden with a traditional horse ride to the battlefield and then having a service to mark all those who perished during the fight during the town's "<a href="/wiki/Common_Riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Riding">Civic Week</a>" – held in the first week of August. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flodden_commemoration,_Edinburgh_Cross,_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flodden_commemoration%2C_Edinburgh_Cross%2C_2013.JPG/220px-Flodden_commemoration%2C_Edinburgh_Cross%2C_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flodden_commemoration%2C_Edinburgh_Cross%2C_2013.JPG/330px-Flodden_commemoration%2C_Edinburgh_Cross%2C_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flodden_commemoration%2C_Edinburgh_Cross%2C_2013.JPG/440px-Flodden_commemoration%2C_Edinburgh_Cross%2C_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>On the 500th anniversary of the battle a minute's silence for the town's dead was observed at the <a href="/wiki/Mercat_Cross,_Edinburgh" title="Mercat Cross, Edinburgh">Mercat Cross</a> in Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> The stained-glass Flodden Window in <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_Church,_Middleton" title="St Leonard's Church, Middleton">St Leonard's Church, Middleton</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, reputedly houses the oldest war memorial in Great Britain, constructed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Assheton" title="Richard Assheton">Richard Assheton</a> in memory of the Battle of Flodden and the archers from <a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Middleton, Greater Manchester">Middleton</a> who fought in it.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quincentennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincentennial">Quincentennial</a> of the battle in 2013 was commemorated by a programme of projects and events bringing together communities from both sides of the border.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A number were funded by an £887,300 <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Lottery Fund">Heritage Lottery Fund</a> grant<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> including the expansion of the Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum and archaeology, <a href="/wiki/Documentary_research" title="Documentary research">documentary research</a> and education projects, exhibitions and a solemn commemoration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmion_(poem)" title="Marmion (poem)">Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field</a> (1808), an epic poem in six cantos by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>The Battle of Flodden Field, told from several different perspectives, is the subject of the novel, Flodden Field, by Elisabeth McNeill, published in 2007.</li> <li>Flodden from the perspective of a Yorkshire archer is the subject of the novel Tom Fleck, by Harry Nicholson, published in 2011.</li> <li>The Flowers of the Forest, a historical novel by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Byrd" title="Elizabeth Byrd">Elizabeth Byrd</a>, chronicles the life of Queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a> of Scotland and culminates in the Battle of Flodden.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> wrote an overture, his Overture Marmion (1867), inspired by the Scott poem.</li> <li>Sunset at Noon by Jane Oliver (1955) is a fictional account of the life of James IV.</li> <li>There is no historical record of anyone from the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Munro" title="Clan Munro">Clan Munro</a> taking part in the Battle of Flodden Field; however, there is an old tradition that the Munros of Argyll are descended from a Flodden survivor. One of these descendants was <a href="/wiki/Neil_Munro_(writer)" title="Neil Munro (writer)">Neil Munro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film_and_television">In film and television</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In film and television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Flodden">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The British documentary series <a href="/wiki/Two_Men_in_a_Trench" title="Two Men in a Trench">Two Men in a Trench</a> also featured the battle in its first season, giving an accurate picture of what occurred and explaining the battle dynamics, showing the weakness and strong points of weapons used, etc.</li> <li>The second season of the <a href="/wiki/Starz" title="Starz">Starz</a> television series <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Princess" title="The Spanish Princess">The Spanish Princess</a> featured the battle. The depiction was fictionalized in certain respects, for example by having the title character, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, on the battlefield at the head of the English troops while heavily pregnant. The filming location was the <a href="/wiki/Mendip_Hills" title="Mendip Hills">Mendip Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Folio" title="Percy Folio">Percy Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders#Traditions" title="Selkirk, Scottish Borders">Selkirk Common Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teribus_ye_teri_odin" title="Teribus ye teri odin">Teribus ye teri odin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Paterson147-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson147_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson147_1-1">b</a> Paterson, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliot117-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot117_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot117_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot117_2-2">c</a> Elliot, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliot118-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot118_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot118_3-1">b</a> Elliot, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-HenryVIII-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HenryVIII_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HenryVIII_4-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=102696">Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII</a>, Vol. 1: 1509–1514: Archaeologia Aeliana or Miscellaneous Tracts Vol. 6 (1862) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flodden.net/pages/map">"Remembering Flodden | Map of the Battle"</a>. Flodden.net. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remembering+Flodden+%26%23124%3B+Map+of+the+Battle&rft.pub=Flodden.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flodden.net%2Fpages%2Fmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seventy-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seventy_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seventy_6-1">b</a> The Seventy Greatest Battles of All Time. Published by Thames & Hudson Ltd. 2005. 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href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, Tuckwell (1997), pp. 274–275 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, Tuckwell (1997), 274–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912), 407, (translated from Latin). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Lesley, John, Cody ed., Dalrymple trans., Historie of Scotland 1578, vol. 2, Scottish Text Society (1895), 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Benson, Joseph, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t18CAAAAQAAJ">The Battle of Flodden Field, (1805)</a>, pp. 102–103: Hall, Chronicle, (1809), pp. 562, 564 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamley2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chamley, Benson (June 2003). "Sir Richard Cholmondeley, Cheshire's most famous unknown". The Family History Society of Cheshire Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Family+History+Society+of+Cheshire+Magazine&rft.atitle=Sir+Richard+Cholmondeley%2C+Cheshire%27s+most+famous+unknown&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Chamley&rft.aufirst=Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Ridgard, John, ed., Medieval Framlingham, Suffolk Record Society 27 (1985), pp. 6, 153, inventory of 1524; plate gilt;, "ii grett pottis with the scottishe kingis armys on the hed of theym, 300 ounces.": Green, R., History, Topography, and Antiquities of Framlingham and Saxsted, London (1834), p. 68, will. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkroAAAAMAAJ">Archaeologia, vol. 33 (1849)</a>, pp. 335–341 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/SwordDaggerRing.html">College of Arms website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315033322/http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/SwordDaggerRing.html">Archived</a> 15 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: see linked report by Ralph Moffat </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3_7sK682K0C">White, Christopher, Anthony van Dyck, and the Earl of Arundel (1995)</a>, pp. 3–4, 64: Fruytier's picture is at <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Castle" title="Arundel Castle">Arundel Castle</a>, Van Dyck's work does not survive; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npgprints.com/image/410215/john-thane-george-vertue-sir-anthony-van-dyck-the-howard-family">18th-century print, National Portrait Gallery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081634/http://www.npgprints.com/image/410215/john-thane-george-vertue-sir-anthony-van-dyck-the-howard-family">Archived</a> 29 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> A. Jefferies Collins, Jewels and Plate of Elizabeth I (London, 1955), 101–102, see <a href="/wiki/Inventory_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventory of Elizabeth I of England">Inventory of Elizabeth I of England</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Mackie, R. L., King James IV (Oliver & Boyd, 1958), p. 269: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2193. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Mackie, R. L., King James IV (Oliver & Boyd, 1958), pp. 258–259, with map, the suggested hill is location of the 1910 monument: Stow, John, Chronicles (London, 1580), p. 901 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Remains Historical and Literary connected with Lancaster and Chester: Visitation of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1533, vol. 98 (Chetham Society, 1876), p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Hall, (1809), 564. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> See L&P, vol. 1 no. 2313 & CSP Venice, vol. 2, no. 341, 29 September 1513: "Cadaver Scotorum Regis adductum est Eboratum, ideo quod venit ante festum divi Michaelis civitatem Eboracensem (York), quam dixerat se capturum." </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2313: Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 1st series, vol. 1, London (1824), 88: Aikman, James, Buchanan's History of Scotland, vol. 2 (1827), 259 note, quoting Stow's Survey of London on St Michael, Cripplegate ward. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> J. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden', in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society vol. 8 (Edinburgh 1951), p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2283, no. 2287. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2325, no. 2460. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=92282">Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (London, 1912) p. 408 no. 660</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=94191">CSP Venice, vol. 2 (London, 1867) no. 316</a>, Brian Tuke to Richard Pace, Bainbridge's secretary, 22 September 1513, lacerata paludamenta Regis Scotorum hue missa fuerunt, tincta sanguine et variegatijs (sic) more nostro. (the lacerated cloak of the Scottish king was sent here (Tournai), chequered in our (English) manner and dyed with blood): Ellis, Henry, ed., (1846), p. 164, has majesta regia accepit paludamentum eius, the queen was sent his coat. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 1st Series, vol. 1 (Richard Bentley, London, 1825), pp. 82–84, 88–89: Calendar State Papers, Venice, vol. 2 (1867), no. 316 (news sent to Duke of Ferrara): Letters & Papers, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2261, (written before news of the battle) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Rosalind K. Marshall, 'The Jewellery of James V, King of Scots', Jewellery Studies, 7 (1996), p. 79: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportspapersofa17asso/page/162/mode/2up">'Jewel book of Henry VIII', Reports and papers of the architectural and archaeological societies of the counties of Lincoln and Northampton (1884), p. 163</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912), 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Lindsay of Pitscottie, Robert, History of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1814), p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Lesley, John, Cody ed., Dalrymple trans., Historie of Scotland 1578, vol. 2 (Scottish Text Society: Edinburgh, 1895), p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> William Hepburn, The Household and Court of James IV of Scotland (Boydell, 2023), p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> James Aikman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b29334299_0002/page/198/mode/2up">History of Scotland by George Buchanan, vol. 2 (Glasgow, 1848), pp. 198–199</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of, The History and Chronicles of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1814), pp. 264–265: MacDougall, Norman, James IV (Tuckwell, 1997), pp. 265–266, 303: Mackie, R.L., James IV (1958), pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Polemon, John, All the Famous Battels (London, 1578), p. 69: Giovio, Paolo, Pauli Jovii historiarum sui temporis (1549), p. 517. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Hannay, R.K., editor, Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs 1501–1554, Edinburgh (1932) pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912), p. 407: Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs 1501–1554, Edinburgh (1932) p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Start, Marie W., The Scot who was a Frenchman, the Duke of Albany, (1940), pp. 30–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Bingham, Caroline, James V, King of Scots, Collins, (1971), 27–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Pitscottie, Robert, History of Scotland, Edinburgh (1778), p. 180 "gleed half-penny", "common hazarder." </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Ellis, Henry, ed., (1846), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912), 397, 404, 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Hall (1809), p. 563, with 1,500 English killed. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> A number of names collected from the manuscript Acts of the Lords of Council and other sources are printed in The Scottish Antiquary, or, Northern Notes and Queries, vol. 13 no. 51 (January 1899), pp. 101–111, quotes Riddell, and, vol. 13, no. 52 (April 1899), pp. 168–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Published in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Deloney" title="Thomas Deloney">Thomas Deloney</a>, The Pleasant Historie of Jack of Newbery London (1626), chapter 2, as a song made by the commons of England and "to this day not forgotten of many." </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_James_George_Mackay" title="Aeneas James George Mackay">Aeneas Mackay</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/publications-by-scottish-clubs/archive/107424839">Historie and Cronicles of Scotland, by Robert Lindesay of Pitscottie, vol. 1 (STS: Edinburgh, 1899), p. 260</a>: MacDougall, Norman, James IV (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1997), p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905074511/http://www.flodden1513.com/index.php/site/subpage/introduction/Branxton">"Branxton Introduction"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Influence+of+the+pre-reformation+church+on+Scottish+place-names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924028080566%23page%2Fn150%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScotsPeer1-119"><a href="#cite_ref-ScotsPeer1_119-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun01pauluoft#page/n11/mode/2up">Scots Peerage</a>, Vol. I, ed. Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Balfour_Paul" title="James Balfour Paul">James Balfour Paul</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElliotFlodden-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElliotFlodden_120-54">bc</a> Elliot, Fitzwilliam, Battle of Flodden and the Raids of 1513, Edinburgh, Andrew Elliot, 1911, Appendix III, pp. 204–207 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ageneralandhera01burkgoog#page/n491/mode/1up/search/Flodden">A general & heraldic dictionary of the Peerage & Baronetage of the British Empire</a> Vol. I, 4th edit. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Source: Way, George and Squire, Romily, Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia, 1994, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Bernard Burke, Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 643–644. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Walter Scott, The Laird of Muirhead, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1908), p. 466 no. 2984. </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatSeal-126"><a href="#cite_ref-GreatSeal_126-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/registrummagnisi03scot#page/986/mode/1up">Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, AD 1513–1546</a>, vol. 3 (1883), see index p. 986 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/registrummagnisi04scot/registrummagnisi04scot_djvu.txt">no deaths</a> in vol. 4 Great Seal of Scotland </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, AD 1513–1546, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1883), pp. 428–429. </li> <li id="cite_note-ExchRolls-129"><a href="#cite_ref-ExchRolls_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rotuliscaccariir14grea">"Rotuli scaccarii regum Scotorum = The Exchequer rolls of Scotland"</a>. Edinburgh : H.M. General Register House. 24 June 1878 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotuli+scaccarii+regum+Scotorum+%3D+The+Exchequer+rolls+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+%3A+H.M.+General+Register+House&rft.date=1878-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frotuliscaccariir14grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7032788M/A_book_of_Knights_banneret_Knights_of_the_bath_and_Knights_bachelor_made_between_the_fourth_year_of_King_Henry_VI_and_the_restoration_of_King_Charles_II_..._and_knights_made_in_Ireland_between_the_years_1566_and_1698_together_with_an_index_of_names.">Metcalfe, Walter Charles, ed., Book of Knights Banneret, Knights of the Bath et., IV Henry VI to 1660, London (1885)</a>, pp. 56–57: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920), no. 2246 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Hall, Edward, Union Lancaster and York, (1809), 557–558, 564: additional details from C. H. Browning, Americans of Royal Descent, (1911) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/worlds-oldest-war-memorial-nears-1043273">"World's oldest war memorial nears milestone"</a>. Manchester Evening News. 7 September 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+war+memorial+nears+milestone&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fworlds-oldest-war-memorial-nears-1043273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flodden1513.com">"Flodden 1513 Website Home Page"</a>. Flodden1513.com. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flodden+1513+Website+Home+Page&rft.pub=Flodden1513.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flodden1513.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130205164656mp_/http://www.hlf.org.uk/news/Pages/TheFlodden500Project.aspx#.Ufg2k6zL58E">"Heritage Lottery Fund"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marmion%3A+A+Tale+of+Flodden+Field&rft.pub=FullTextArchive.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulltextarchive.com%2Fpage%2FMarmion--A-Tale-of-Flodden-Field1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReelig1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ian_Fraser" title="Charles Ian Fraser">Reelig, Charles Ian Fraser of</a> (1954). The Clan Munro (Clan an Rothaich): A Beacon Ablaze. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717945351" title="Special:BookSources/9780717945351"><bdi>9780717945351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clan+Munro+%28Clan+an+Rothaich%29%3A+A+Beacon+Ablaze&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9780717945351&rft.aulast=Reelig&rft.aufirst=Charles+Ian+Fraser+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> The earliest accounts of the battle are English. These contemporary sources include; the Articles of the Bataill bitwix the Kinge of Scottes and therle of Surrey in Brankstone Field said to be a field despatch; Brian Tuke's news-letter to Cardinal Bainbridge; an Italian poem, La Rotta de Scosesi in part based on Tuke's letters; a news-sheet printed in London, The Trewe Encountre; another lost news-sheet printed by Richard Pynson which was the source used in Edward Hall's Chronicle. These sources are compared in the 1995 <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> report. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grafton" title="Richard Grafton">Grafton, Richard</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graftonschronicl02grafuoft">Grafton's Chronicle, or History of England: The Chronicle at Large, 1569, vol. 2, London (1809)</a> pp. 268–277</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hall" title="Edward Hall">Hall, Edward</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hallschronicleco00halluoft">Chronicle of England, (1809)</a> pp. 561–565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Giovio, Paolo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INJJ14l9qFUC">Pauli Jovii historiarum sui temporis, (1549)</a>, pp. 505–528 (Latin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/croniclesscotla01lindgoog">Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of, The History and Chronicles of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1814)</a> pp. 264–282.</li> <li>The Trewe Encountre or Batayle Lately Don Between England and Scotland etc., Flaque (1513) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_007/7_141_152.pdf">Petrie, George, 'Account of Floddon in the 'Trewe Encountre' manuscript', Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Scotland, vol. 7, Edinburgh (1866–7), 141–152</a></li> <li>Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol.1, (1920) for the Articles of Batail and Tuke's letter, Calendar State Papers Venice, vol. 2 (1867) and see Calendar State Papers Milan, vol. 1 (1912)</li> <li>La Rotta de Scosesi, in, Mackay Mackenzie, W., The Secret of Flodden, (1931)</li> <li>Barr, N., Flodden 1513, 2001.</li> <li>Barret, C. B., Battles and Battlefields in England, 1896.</li> <li>Bingham, C., "Flodden and its Aftermath", in The Scottish Nation, ed. G. Menzies, 1972.</li> <li>Burke's Landed Gentry of Scotland under Henderson of Fordell</li> <li>Caldwell, D. H., Scotland's Wars and Warriors, Edinburgh TSO (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-495786-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-495786-X">0-11-495786-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliot1911" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, Fitzwilliam (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleoffloddenr00elliuoft">The Battle of Flodden and the Raids of 1513</a>. Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Flodden+and+the+Raids+of+1513&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Andrew+Elliot&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Fitzwilliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleoffloddenr00elliuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a633nPiVUpoC">Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 1st Series, vol. 1, Richard Bentley, London (1825)</a> pp. 82–99, Catherine of Aragon's letters.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originalletters22elligoog">Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 3rd Series, vol.1, Richard Bentley, London (1846)</a> pp. 163–164, Dr. William Knight to Cardinal Bainbridge, 20 September 1513, Lille (Latin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/f-j/flodden.pdf">English Heritage Battlefield Report: Flodden, (1995), 13 pp</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2013" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, George (2013). Fatal Rivalry: Flodden 1513. Phoenix (Orion Books Ltd). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78022-136-6"><bdi>978-1-78022-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Rivalry%3A+Flodden+1513&rft.pub=Phoenix+%28Orion+Books+Ltd%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78022-136-6&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1988" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Frank (1988). Famous Northern Battles. Butler Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946928-21-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-946928-21-5"><bdi>0-946928-21-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Northern+Battles&rft.pub=Butler+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-946928-21-5&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrummit2018" class="citation journal cs1">Grummit, DAvid (January 2018). "Flodden 1513: Re-examining British Warfare at the End of the Middle Ages". The Journal of Military History. 82 (1): 9–28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Flodden+1513%3A+Re-examining+British+Warfare+at+the+End+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-28&rft.date=2018-01&rft.issn=0899-3718&rft.aulast=Grummit&rft.aufirst=DAvid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallam-Baker2012" class="citation book cs1">Hallam-Baker, Clive (2012). The Battle of Flodden: How and Why. The Remembering Floden Project. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9573313-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9573313-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9573313-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Flodden%3A+How+and+Why&rft.pub=The+Remembering+Floden+Project&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9573313-0-3&rft.aulast=Hallam-Baker&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hodgkin, T., "The Battle of Flodden", in Arcaeologia Aeliania, vol. 16, 1894.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKightly1975" class="citation book cs1">Kightly, Charles (1975). Flodden: The Anglo-Scottish War of 1513. Almark Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85524-219-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85524-219-0"><bdi>978-0-85524-219-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flodden%3A+The+Anglo-Scottish+War+of+1513&rft.pub=Almark+Publishing&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85524-219-0&rft.aulast=Kightly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Leather, G. F. T., "The Battle of Flodden", in History of the Berwickshire Naturalists Club, vol. 25, 1933.</li> <li>Macdougall, N., James IV, 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Mackie" class="mw-redirect" title="J. D. Mackie">Mackie, J. D.</a>, "The English Army at Flodden", in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, vol. 8 1951.</li> <li>Mackie, J.D., "The Auld Alliance and the Battle of Flodden", in Transactions of the Franco-Scottish Society, 1835.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1997" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Raymond Campbell (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mywoundisdeephis0000pate">My Wound is Deep: A History of the Later Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380–1560</a>. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-465-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-465-6"><bdi>0-85976-465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Wound+is+Deep%3A+A+History+of+the+Later+Anglo-Scottish+Wars%2C+1380%E2%80%931560&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-85976-465-6&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmywoundisdeephis0000pate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese2003" class="citation book cs1">Reese, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLC8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT85">Flodden: A Scottish Tragedy</a>. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78027-171-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78027-171-2"><bdi>978-1-78027-171-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flodden%3A+A+Scottish+Tragedy&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-78027-171-2&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLC8BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseMather2012" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Edward P. F.; Mather, J. D., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6WR5ud5_stwC&pg=PA20">Military Aspects of Hydrogeology</a>. London: The Geological Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-340-0"><bdi>978-1-86239-340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Aspects+of+Hydrogeology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Geological+Society&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-340-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WR5ud5_stwC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2012" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Erik (2012). With a Bended Bow: Archery in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6355-1"><bdi>978-0-7524-6355-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+a+Bended+Bow%3A+Archery+in+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Europe&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=The+History+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6355-1&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sadler, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503020153/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/store/Flodden-1513_9781841769592">Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a> (May 2006), Campaign Series 168; 96 pages; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-959-2">978-1-84176-959-2</a>.</li> <li>Stephen, Rev. W.M. (1921), Story of Inverkeithing & Rosyth. Brit.Lib. No. 0190370.f.78</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Ashworth_Taylor" title="Ida Ashworth Taylor">Taylor, Ida Ashworth</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjamesivwit00tayluoft/page/250/mode/2up">The Life of James IV</a>. London: Hutchinson & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+James+IV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ida+Ashworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjamesivwit00tayluoft%2Fpage%2F250%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Flodden" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tucker, Melvin J. (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/life-Thomas-Howard-1443-1524-European/dp/B0007IWJD6">The Life of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk, 1443–1524</a>. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.</li> <li>White, R. H. (1859), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/archaeologiaaeli03sociuoft#page/196/mode/2up">The Battle of Flodden</a>, in Archaeologia Aeliania, vol. 3, 1859</li> <li>White, R. H. (1862) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-3433-1/dissemination/AASeries2/AA206new/archael206-000-000-PDFs/archael206-047-094-1861part2.pdf">White's List</a> in Archaeologia Aeliana or Miscellaneous Tracts: Volume 6 (1862) pp. 69–79.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Flodden_Field" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Flodden Field">Battle of Flodden Field</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Edinburgh_after_Flodden" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Edinburgh after Flodden">Edinburgh after Flodden</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121128163830/http://195.153.34.9/onlinecatalogue/results.aspx?st=1&tc=y&tl=n&tn=n&tp=n&k=Flodden&ko=a&r=&ro=s&df=&dt=&di=y">National Archives of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227045328/http://www.ourpasthistory.com/England/the-battle-of-flodden-field-or-branxton-moor">An account of the battle, from Our Past History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Skelton_(poet)" title="John Skelton (poet)">John Skelton</a>'s Flodden poem, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminarium.org/editions/skeltonbalade.htm">A Ballade of the Scottyshe Kynge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coldstreamcivicweek.com/">Coldstream civic week. Annual event with commemorative rideout to the Flodden Memorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929121550/http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1096">A monument of the Battle of Flodden, Pastscape</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gVEbAgAAQBAJ&dq=laird+of+muirhead+sir+walter+scott&pg=PT11878">Sir Walter Scott's account of the Laird of Muirhead's role protecting James IV in the Battle of Flodden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flodden_500th_anniversary_projects">Flodden 500th anniversary projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flodden&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Flodden 500th anniversary projects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flodden1513.com/">Flodden 1513 communities Ecomuseum project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flodden.net">Flodden 1513, the remembering Flodden project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805065141/http://iflodden.info/">Flodden 500 years anniversary (2013): Follow the community archaeological project excavating in and around Flodden battlefield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greentrax.com/music/product/the-battle-of-flodden">The Flooers O’ The Forest</a> Greentrax Recordings compilation CD of songs and music of Flodden.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805065141/http://iflodden.info/">www.iFlodden.info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.heritagearchaeology.com.au/history-kirkcudbright.html">[1]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Flodden&params=55.62693_N_2.1753_W_type:event_region:GB">55°37′37″N 2°10′31″W / 55.62693°N 2.1753°W / 55.62693; 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