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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_protocol_between_the_U.S._and_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_protocol_between_the_U.S._and_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_protocol_between_the_U.S._and_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine–American_War_(1899–1902)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine–American_War_(1899–1902)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Philippine–American War (1899–1902) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philippine–American_War_(1899–1902)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philippine–American War (1899–1902) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philippine–American_War_(1899–1902)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_civil_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Establishment of civil government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_civil_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_end_to_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_end_to_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Official end to the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_end_to_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1902_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1902_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Post-1902 hostilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1902_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Insular_Government"_(1900–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Insular_Government"_(1900–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 "Insular Government" (1900–1935) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Insular_Government"_(1900–1935)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle "Insular Government" (1900–1935) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-"Insular_Government"_(1900–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Independence missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Commonwealth_(1935–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Commonwealth_(1935–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Philippine Commonwealth (1935–1946) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Commonwealth_(1935–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II_(1941–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II_(1941–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Japanese occupation and World War II (1941–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_(1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_(1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Independence (1946) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_(1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_veteran_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_veteran_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 World War II veteran benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_veteran_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_U.S_Military_in_the_Philippines_Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_U.S_Military_in_the_Philippines_Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 The U.S Military in the Philippines Today </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_U.S_Military_in_the_Philippines_Today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The U.S Military in the Philippines Today subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_U.S_Military_in_the_Philippines_Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presence_of_the_U.S._military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_of_the_U.S._military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Presence of the U.S. military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_of_the_U.S._military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visiting_Forces_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visiting_Forces_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Visiting Forces Agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visiting_Forces_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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Filipines por Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ocupación de Filipines por Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_de_Filipinas" title="Ocupación estadounidense de Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación estadounidense de Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Filipina_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="Sejarah Filipina (1898–1946) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Filipina (1898–1946)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippine_statunitensi" title="Filippine statunitensi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filippine statunitensi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2_(1898%E5%B9%B4-1946%E5%B9%B4)" title="フィリピンの歴史 (1898年-1946年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピンの歴史 (1898年-1946年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estadunidense_das_Filipinas" title="Ocupação estadunidense das Filipinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:25em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:History of the Philippines">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/338px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistoric period</a> (pre-900)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Kalinga_artifacts_and_fossil_fauna_remains" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Early hominin activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Jade culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul> Events/Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Cordillera Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_grave_goods_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_beads_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric beads in the Philippines">Prehistoric beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_tools_in_the_Philippines" title="Shell tools in the Philippines">Shell tools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Precolonial period</a> (900–1565)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;">Historically documented states/polities (north to south) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Sultanates of Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li></ul> Events/Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">Batanes Ijang fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Golden Tara of Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;">Events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi#Expedition_to_the_Philippines" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Cebu" title="Blockade of Cebu">Blockade of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Spanish capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Revolts and uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">American capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li></ul> Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Baybayin_Documents" title="University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents">UST Baybayin Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American colonial period</a> (1898–1946)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Negros Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Zamboanga Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Post-independence</a> (1946–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos era</a> (1965–1986)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#Martial_law_(1972–1981)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981–1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Contemporary period</a> (1986–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Philippine_campaign_against_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front">2000 campaign against the MILF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">2nd People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_III" title="EDSA III">EDSA III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Oakwood mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Territorial disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Siege of Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Ancient religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Philippine_consorts" title="List of ancient Philippine consorts">Queen consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence_of_agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Emergence of agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines#History" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="List of conflicts in the Philippines">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">Cultural achievements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Filipino_diet_and_health" title="Ancient Filipino diet and health">Diet and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines#History" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="History of medicine in the Philippines">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" 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.sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-history-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline and periods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">history of the Philippines</a> from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American colonial period, and began with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>, and concluded when the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">formally recognized the independence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a> on July 4, 1946. With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> on December 10, 1898, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">ceded</a> the Philippines to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Avalon2008-1">[1]</a> The interim <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands</a> experienced a period of great political turbulence, characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. Beginning in 1906, the military government was replaced by a civilian government—the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a>—with <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> serving as its first <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">governor-general</a>. A series of <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgent</a> governments that lacked significant international and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> also existed between 1898 and 1904.<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> Following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Philippine Independence Act</a> in 1934, a <a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">Philippine presidential election</a> was held in 1935. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> was elected and inaugurated as the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president of the Philippines</a> on November 15, 1935. The Insular Government was dissolved and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a>, intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence in 1946, was brought into existence.<a href="#cite_note-CJ2014-3">[2]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines campaign (1941–42)">Japanese invasion</a> in 1941 and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">occupation of the Philippines</a>, the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military completed the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines campaign (1944–45)">recapture</a> of the Philippines after <a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">Japan's surrender</a> and spent nearly a year dealing with Japanese troops who were not aware of the war's end,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> leading up to <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">U.S. recognition of Philippine independence</a> on July 4, 1946. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine_Revolution_and_the_Spanish–American_War">Philippine Revolution and the Spanish–American War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philippine Revolution and the Spanish–American War">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> began in August 1896. The <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> between the Spanish colonial governor-general <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Primo_de_Rivera,_1st_Marquis_of_Estella" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella">Fernando Primo de Rivera</a> and the revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> that was signed on December 15, 1897. The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> to surrender. <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Other revolutionary leaders</a> were given <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> and a monetary <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a> by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">go into exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aguinaldo1899-1-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aguinaldo1899-2-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927p92-94-7">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Manila_Bay_by_W._G._Wood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Battle_of_Manila_Bay_by_W._G._Wood.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Manila_Bay_by_W._G._Wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Battle_of_Manila_Bay_by_W._G._Wood.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Manila_Bay_by_W._G._Wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Battle_of_Manila_Bay_by_W._G._Wood.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Manila_Bay_by_W._G._Wood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></figcaption></figure> Concurrently, the failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a> as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> issued an ultimatum to Spain on April 19, 1898. Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe, but nevertheless <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a>; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who was at that time <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a>, had ordered Commodore <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron" title="Asiatic Squadron">Asiatic Squadron</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, to Hong Kong before the declaration of war. From there, Dewey's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines, reaching <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> on the evening of April 30.<a href="#cite_note-Howland1921-10">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> took place on May 1, 1898, with American victory being achieved in a matter of hours.<a href="#cite_note-nhs-faq-BMB-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-WTJ2003-12">[11]</a> The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-nhs-faq-BMB-11">[10]</a> While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps, Dewey dispatched the <a href="/wiki/Naval_cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval cutter">cutter</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">USRC</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_McCulloch_(1897)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS McCulloch (1897)">McCulloch</a> to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. On May 24, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorial government</a> with himself as dictator, saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo's return. Many Filipino enlisted men <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed, capturing many cities and some entire provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo1990ch11pp192-194-14">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pic_geo_photos_-_ph%3Dcavite%3Dkawit%3Daguinaldo_shrine_-_front_view_-philippines--2015-0611--ls-_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pic_geo_photos_-_ph%3Dcavite%3Dkawit%3Daguinaldo_shrine_-_front_view_-philippines--2015-0611--ls-_%281%29.JPG/220px-Pic_geo_photos_-_ph%3Dcavite%3Dkawit%3Daguinaldo_shrine_-_front_view_-philippines--2015-0611--ls-_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pic_geo_photos_-_ph%3Dcavite%3Dkawit%3Daguinaldo_shrine_-_front_view_-philippines--2015-0611--ls-_%281%29.JPG/330px-Pic_geo_photos_-_ph%3Dcavite%3Dkawit%3Daguinaldo_shrine_-_front_view_-philippines--2015-0611--ls-_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pic_geo_photos_-_ph%3Dcavite%3Dkawit%3Daguinaldo_shrine_-_front_view_-philippines--2015-0611--ls-_%281%29.JPG/440px-Pic_geo_photos_-_ph%3Dcavite%3Dkawit%3Daguinaldo_shrine_-_front_view_-philippines--2015-0611--ls-_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_Shrine" title="Aguinaldo Shrine">Aguinaldo Shrine</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">flag of the Philippines</a> was raised during the declaration of independence from Spain</figcaption></figure> On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">proclaimed the independence of the Philippines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_Shrine" title="Aguinaldo Shrine">his house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Cavite El Viejo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pinas-16">[15]</a> The "Acta de la Proclamacion de Independencia del Pueblo Filipino" in <a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Rianzares_Bautista" title="Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista">Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">penmanship</a> was signed by 98 natives on June 12, 1898, thereat. The only copy thereof, "The Birth Certificate of the Filipino Nation" is <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwritten</a> by Lt. Col. Jose Bañuelo.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines">a revolutionary government</a> (and naming himself as president).<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927appC-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> On July 15, Aguinaldo issued three <a href="/wiki/Organic_law" title="Organic law">organic decrees</a> assuming civil authority of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch7p154-21">[20]</a> The first contingent of American troops arrived on June 30 under the command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Anderson" title="Thomas M. Anderson">Thomas McArthur Anderson</a>. Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo, requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p57-22">[21]</a> Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson, but saying nothing about military cooperation. General Anderson did not renew the request.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p57-22">[21]</a> American generals suspected Aguinaldo was attempting to take Manila without American assistance, had restricted supplies to American forces, and was secretly negotiating with Spanish authorities while informing them of American troop movements.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p60-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p61-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p63-25">[24]</a> Aguinaldo warned that American troops should not disembark in places conquered by the Filipinos without first communicating in writing, and did not offer his full service to arriving American forces.<a href="#cite_note-halstead1898ch10p97-26">[25]</a> By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless secret agreement with acting governor-general <a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_J%C3%A1udenes" title="Fermín Jáudenes">Fermín Jáudenes</a>, staging a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city.<a href="#cite_note-karnow1990p123-27">[26]</a> On the evening of August 12, the Americans notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila without American permission.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p55-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1990p196-29">[28]</a> On August 13, unaware of the peace protocol signing,<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p55-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Library_of_Congress-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> U.S. forces began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">Battle of Manila</a> by capturing Spanish positions in the city. While the plan was for a mock battle and simple surrender, the insurgents made an independent attack of their own, which led to confrontations with the Spanish in which some American soldiers were killed and wounded.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p55-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch10p105-33">[32]</a> The Spanish formally surrendered Manila to U.S. forces.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of the city,<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p69-35">[34]</a> however U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p77-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_protocol_between_the_U.S._and_Spain">Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg/170px-Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg/255px-Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg/340px-Felipe_Agoncillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Agoncillo" title="Felipe Agoncillo">Felipe Agoncillo</a> was the Filipino representative to the negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> that led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. He has been referred to as the "outstanding first Filipino diplomat."</figcaption></figure> On August 12, 1898, a <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">peace protocol</a> was signed in Washington between the U.S. and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: "The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines."<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch15p177-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> General Merritt received news of the peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila.<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch10p108-40">[39]</a> Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the president of the United States had directed that the United States should have full control over Manila, with no joint occupation permissible.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p69-35">[34]</a> After further negotiations, insurgent forces withdrew from the city on September 15.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch3p79-41">[40]</a> The Battle of Manila marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-lac126-42">[41]</a> On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">established a military government in the Philippines</a>, with General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a> acting as military governor.<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch11pp110-112-43">[42]</a> During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Otis1899-44">[43]</a> After the appointment of a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">civil governor-general</a>, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilians.<a href="#cite_note-46">[b]</a> The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil governor-general became the sole executive authority in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-End-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmnestyProc-48">[46]</a> Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court;<a href="#cite_note-Otis1899-44">[43]</a> and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in <a href="/wiki/Baliuag,_Bulacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baliuag, Bulacan">Baliuag, Bulacan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch21p279-49">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_Malolos_Congress_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 Philippine Malolos Congress election">Elections</a> were held by the revolutionary government between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of a legislature known as the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a>. In a session between September 15 and November 13, 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> was adopted. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> with Emilio Aguinaldo as president.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> While the initial instructions of the American commission undertaking peace negotiators with Spain was to seek only <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, which could serve as harbours and communication links,<a href="#cite_note-miller1984p20-51">[49]</a> President McKinley later wired instructions to demand the entire archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-miller1984p24-52">[50]</a> The resultant <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>, signed in December 1898, formally ended the Spanish–American War. Its provisions included the cession of the archipelago to the United States, for which $20 million would be paid as compensation.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927:430-445-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> This agreement was clarified through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1900)" title="Treaty of Washington (1900)">Treaty of Washington of 1900</a>, which stated that Spanish territories in the archipelago which lay outside the geographical boundaries noted in the Treaty of Paris were also ceded to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> On December 21, 1898, President McKinley proclaimed a policy of <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_assimilation" title="Benevolent assimilation">benevolent assimilation</a> with regards to the Philippines. This was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. Under this policy, the Philippines was to come under the sovereignty of the United States, with American forces instructed to declare themselves as friends rather than invaders.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine–American_War_(1899–1902)">Philippine–American War (1899–1902)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philippine–American War (1899–1902)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_tensions_and_war">Rising tensions and war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rising tensions and war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">Battle of Manila (1899)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops,_around_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/220px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/330px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/440px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> and his troops in 1898</figcaption></figure> On December 21, 1898, President McKinley issued a <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_assimilation" title="Benevolent assimilation">proclamation of benevolent assimilation</a>. General Otis delayed its publication until January 4, 1899, then publishing an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms "sovereignty", "protection", and "right of cessation" which were present in the unabridged version.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Meanwhile, on December 26, 1898, the Spanish yielded <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a> to the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> American forces under General <a href="/wiki/Marcus_P._Miller" title="Marcus P. Miller">Marcus P. Miller</a> arriving in Iloilo were refused permission to land by the insurgents, who stated that landing required "express orders from the central government of Luzon".<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p316-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-miller1984p51-61">[59]</a> Unknown to Otis, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> had also sent a copy of McKinley's proclamation to General Miller in Iloilo who, unaware that a politically <a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">bowdlerized</a> version had been sent to Aguinaldo, published it in both Spanish and Tagalog.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy he had received from Otis, he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to "Military Governor of the Philippines" from "... in the Philippines". Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration, which Otis had made without authorization from Washington.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> On January 5, Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation summarizing American violations of the ethics of friendship, and stated that a takeover of the Visayas by the Americans would lead to hostilities. Within the same day Aguinaldo replaced this proclamation with another that directly protested American infringement on "the sovereignty of these islands".<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Otis took these two proclamations as a call to arms, and as tensions increased 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within 15 days.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Agoncillo" title="Felipe Agoncillo">Felipe Agoncillo</a>, who had been commissioned by the Philippine revolutionary government as minister plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments, filed a request in Washington for an interview with the president to discuss affairs in the Philippines. At the same time Aguinaldo protested against General Otis styling himself "Military Governor of the Philippines", and Agoncillo, along with Filipino committees in London, Paris, and Madrid, issued statements to the United States noting a refusal for the Philippines to come under American sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Halstead1898ch28p316-60">[58]</a> Filipino forces were ready to assume the offensive, but instead sought to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch4p93-66">[64]</a> On January 31, 1899, The Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic, Teodoro Sandiko, signed a decree saying that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for the people, in view of impending war with the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines,_Manila,_1899-_U.S._soldiers_and_insurrecto_prisoners_at_the_cathedral,_Walled_City_LCCN2005691616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Philippines%2C_Manila%2C_1899-_U.S._soldiers_and_insurrecto_prisoners_at_the_cathedral%2C_Walled_City_LCCN2005691616.jpg/220px-Philippines%2C_Manila%2C_1899-_U.S._soldiers_and_insurrecto_prisoners_at_the_cathedral%2C_Walled_City_LCCN2005691616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Philippines%2C_Manila%2C_1899-_U.S._soldiers_and_insurrecto_prisoners_at_the_cathedral%2C_Walled_City_LCCN2005691616.jpg/330px-Philippines%2C_Manila%2C_1899-_U.S._soldiers_and_insurrecto_prisoners_at_the_cathedral%2C_Walled_City_LCCN2005691616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Philippines%2C_Manila%2C_1899-_U.S._soldiers_and_insurrecto_prisoners_at_the_cathedral%2C_Walled_City_LCCN2005691616.jpg/440px-Philippines%2C_Manila%2C_1899-_U.S._soldiers_and_insurrecto_prisoners_at_the_cathedral%2C_Walled_City_LCCN2005691616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Philippines, Manila, 1899– U.S. soldiers and insurrecto prisoners</figcaption></figure> An outbreak of gunfire between an insurgent patrol and an American outpost on February 4 set off open hostilities between the two forces.<a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch4p96-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-taylor1907p5-69">[67]</a> On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic issued a declaration of war on the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927:199-200-70">[68]</a> As before when fighting the Spanish, the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field. Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31, 1899, and were driven into northern Luzon. Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo's cabinet failed in May when the American commander, General Ewell Otis, demanded an unconditional surrender. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States, marking one end to the war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Casualties during the war were much greater among Filipinos than among Americans. Almost 4,000 American soldiers died, out of about 125,000 that fought on the island.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[69]</a> About 20,000 Filipino soldiers combatants died, as well as 250,000 to a million non-combatants.<a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[70]</a> Causes of non-combatant deaths included a cholera epidemic as well as killings by the United States military, including specific attacks on civilians and the creation of concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Philippine_Commission">First Philippine Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First Philippine Commission">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Schurman_Commission" title="Schurman Commission">Schurman Commission</a></div> President McKinley had appointed a five-person group on January 20, 1899, to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations. The three civilian members of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission" title="Philippine Commission">Philippine Commission</a> arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899, a month after the Battle of Manila which had begun armed conflict between U.S. and revolutionary Filipino forces. After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives, the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan. McKinley authorized an offer of a government consisting of "a Governor-General appointed by the President; cabinet appointed by the Governor-General; [and] a general advisory council elected by the people."<a href="#cite_note-golay1997p49-73">[71]</a> The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace and, on May 8, the revolutionary cabinet headed by <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a> was replaced by a new "peace" cabinet headed by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno">Pedro Paterno</a>. At this point, General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a> arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet, returning Mabini and his cabinet to power. After this, the commission concluded that "... The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation, but only a collection of different peoples."<a href="#cite_note-golay1997pp50-51-74">[72]</a> Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a>, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools.<a href="#cite_note-Seekins1993US-Rule-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Philippine_Commission">Second Philippine Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Philippine Commission">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a></div> The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900, and headed by <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927appFp453-76">[74]</a> On September 1, the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch24p280-77">[75]</a> Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws, established a judicial system, including a supreme court, drew up a legal code, and organized a civil service.<a href="#cite_note-chronphil-78">[76]</a> The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected provincial governors.<a href="#cite_note-Seekins1993US-Rule-75">[73]</a> During these period, U.S., Spanish, and Mexican monies were all in local circulation. Commonwealth Act No. 1045 was promulgated in order to provide parity between these.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_civil_government">Establishment of civil government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Establishment of civil government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/220px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/330px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg/440px-Taft_Addressing_First_Philippine_Assembly_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Governor General <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> addressing the audience at the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Grand_Opera_House" title="Manila Grand Opera House">Manila Grand Opera House</a></figcaption></figure> On March 3, 1901, the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing (along with the <a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> on Cuba) the <a href="/wiki/Spooner_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Spooner Amendment">Spooner Amendment</a> which provided the president with legislative authority to establish a civil government in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Piedad-Pugay-80">[78]</a> Up until this time, the president had been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers.<a href="#cite_note-Jernegan2009pp57-58-81">[79]</a> On July 1, 1901, civil government was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the civil governor. Later, on February 3, 1903, the U.S. Congress would change the title of Civil Governor to Governor-General.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch21p281-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gates-83">[81]</a> A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901, using English as the medium of instruction. This created a heavy shortage of teachers, and the Philippine Commission authorized the secretary of public instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.—the so-called <a href="/wiki/Thomasites" title="Thomasites">Thomasites</a>. Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed. An anti-sedition law was established in 1901, followed by an anti-brigandage law in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-Hernandez-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_end_to_the_war">Official end to the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Official end to the war">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Philippine Organic Act</a> of July 1902 approved, ratified, and confirmed McKinley's executive order establishing the Philippine Commission, and also stipulated that the bicameral <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legislature" title="Philippine Legislature">Philippine Legislature</a> would be established composed of an elected lower house, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a>, and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house. The act also provided for extending the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bill of Rights">U.S. Bill of Rights</a> to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Seekins1993US-Rule-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> On July 2, 1902, the secretary of war telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end, and provincial civil governments having been established, the office of military governor was terminated.<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyProc-48">[46]</a> On July 4, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who had succeeded to the U.S. presidency on September 14, 1901, after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination of President McKinley</a>, proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyProc-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-worcester1914ch9p180-87">[85]</a> An estimated 250,000 to 1 million civilians died during the war, mostly due to famine and disease.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> On April 9, 2002, Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a>, and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the province of <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> and in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Batangas_City" title="Batangas City">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipa,_Batangas" title="Lipa, Batangas">Lipa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanauan,_Batangas" title="Tanauan, Batangas">Tanauan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kiram%E2%80%93Bates_Treaty" title="Kiram–Bates Treaty">Kiram–Bates Treaty</a> secured the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bates-90">[88]</a> American forces also established control over interior mountainous areas that had resisted Spanish conquest.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1902_hostilities">Post-1902 hostilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-1902 hostilities">edit</a>]</div> Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade, since bands of guerrillas, quasi-religious armed groups and other resistance groups continued to roam the countryside, still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols. American troops and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Some of this resistance was from <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sakay" title="Tagalog Republic">a claimed successor</a> to the Philippines Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Duka-93">[91]</a>: 200–202 <a href="#cite_note-antonio_abad-94">[92]</a> A 1907 law prohibited the display of flags and other symbols "used during the late insurrection in the Philippine Islands".<a href="#cite_note-Hernandez-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of the war.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Insular_Government"_(1900–1935)">"Insular Government" (1900–1935)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Insular Government" (1900–1935)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Sebastian_Calle_Hidalgo_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Calle_Sebastian_Calle_Hidalgo_Manila.jpg/220px-Calle_Sebastian_Calle_Hidalgo_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Calle_Sebastian_Calle_Hidalgo_Manila.jpg/330px-Calle_Sebastian_Calle_Hidalgo_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Calle_Sebastian_Calle_Hidalgo_Manila.jpg/440px-Calle_Sebastian_Calle_Hidalgo_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tranv%C3%ADa" title="Tranvía">tranvía</a> line in Manila during the American Era with <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a> houses. Calle San Sebastian, present-day Felix Hidalgo St.</figcaption></figure> The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government, as the U.S. civil administration was known. This was a form of territorial government that reported to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Bureau of Insular Affairs">Bureau of Insular Affairs</a>. The act provided for a governor-general appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a>. It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion. The U.S. government, in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican. The church agreed to sell the friars' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904, the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners.<a href="#cite_note-Seekins1993US-Rule-75">[73]</a> Under the Treaty of Paris, the U.S. agreed to respect existing property rights. They introduced a <a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a> system to track ownership in 1902, and in 1903 passed the Public Lands Act which modeled the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> of the United States, and allowed individuals to claim land on the basis of a five-year residency. Both of these systems benefited larger landowners who were more able to take advantage of the bureaucracy, and only one tenth of homestead claims were ever approved.<a href="#cite_note-Franco-98">[96]</a> While Philippine ports remained open to Spanish ships for a decade following the war, the U.S. began to integrate the Philippine economy with its own.<a href="#cite_note-Franco-98">[96]</a> In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. The 1909 U.S. <a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a> provided for free trade with the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> from all causes, including various <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">tropical diseases</a>, to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a> were suppressed but not entirely extinguished.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cultural developments strengthened the continuing development of a national identity,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> and Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-103">[101]</a>: 121  Two years after completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a>, with the Philippine Commission as the upper house. Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence. Philippine nationalists led by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States, since they feared that too-rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The law, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a>, served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines. Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the establishment of a stable government. The law maintained the governor-general of the Philippines, appointed by the president of the United States, but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly (lower house); it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission (upper house) with an elected senate.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch24pp312-106">[104]</a> On March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature passed a "Declaration of Purposes", which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign. A Commission of Independence was created to study ways and means of attaining liberation ideal. This commission recommended the sending of an independence mission to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch24pp312-313-107">[105]</a> The "Declaration of Purposes" referred to the Jones Law as a veritable pact, or covenant, between the American and Filipino peoples whereby the United States promised to recognize the independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government should be established. U.S. Governor-General of the Philippines <a href="/wiki/Francis_Burton_Harrison" title="Francis Burton Harrison">Francis Burton Harrison</a> had concurred in the report of the Philippine legislature as to a stable government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_missions">Independence missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Independence missions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jones_Bridge_over_the_Pasig_River,_Manila,_Philippines,_c1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jones_Bridge_over_the_Pasig_River%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_c1930s.jpg/220px-Jones_Bridge_over_the_Pasig_River%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_c1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jones_Bridge_over_the_Pasig_River%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_c1930s.jpg/330px-Jones_Bridge_over_the_Pasig_River%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_c1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jones_Bridge_over_the_Pasig_River%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_c1930s.jpg/440px-Jones_Bridge_over_the_Pasig_River%2C_Manila%2C_Philippines%2C_c1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Urban design plans were made for Manila by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a>, who was part of the <a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a>. They sought inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Bay of Naples</a>, the winding river of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and the canals of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919. The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton D. Baker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch24p313-108">[106]</a> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, in his 1921 farewell message to Congress, certified that the Filipino people had performed the condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence, declaring that, this having been done, the duty of the U.S. was to grant the Philippines independence.<a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1921pp144-146-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> then controlled Congress, and the recommendation of the outgoing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> president was not heeded.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch24p313-108">[106]</a> After the first independence mission, public funding of such missions was ruled illegal. Subsequent independence missions in 1922, 1923, 1930, 1931, 1932, and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions. Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress, which passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill on December 30, 1932. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, and the <a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Hawes%E2%80%93Cutting_Act" title="Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act">Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act</a> became U.S. law. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. The law also required the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Senate">Philippine Senate</a> to ratify the law. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did. Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a> of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act except in minor details. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate. The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch24pp314-315-110">[108]</a> The Tydings–McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a <a href="/wiki/1935_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Constitution of the Philippines">constitution</a>, for a 10-year "transitional period" as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> before the granting of <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">Philippine independence</a>. On May 5, 1934, the Philippine legislature passed an act setting the election of convention delegates. Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> designated July 10 as the election date, and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30. The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935, approved by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> on March 23, and ratified by popular vote on May 14. The first election under the constitution was held on September 17, and on November 15, 1935, the commonwealth was put into place.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch24pp315-319-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine_Commonwealth_(1935–1946)">Philippine Commonwealth (1935–1946)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Philippine Commonwealth (1935–1946)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quezon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quezon.jpg/170px-Quezon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quezon.jpg/255px-Quezon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quezon.jpg/340px-Quezon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>, once the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">president of the Senate of the Philippines</a> (and the first to hold that office), was elected to become the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president of the Philippines</a> during the Commonwealth era.</figcaption></figure> It was planned that the period 1935–1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence, a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime. Instead there was war with Japan,<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> which postponed any plans for Philippine independence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On May 14, 1935, an election to fill the newly created office of president of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> was won by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>),<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>. The commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive, a unicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">national assembly</a>, and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901. Quezon's priorities were defense, social justice, inequality and economic diversification, and national character.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Tagalog was designated the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">national language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_women%27s_suffrage_plebiscite" title="1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite">women's suffrage was introduced</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> and land reform mooted.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manapat,_Carlos_2010-118">[116]</a> The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense, greater control over the economy, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the colonization of the island of Mindanao, and the promotion of local capital and industrialization. The commonwealth however, was also faced with agrarian unrest, an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines. Amid growing landless peasant unrest in the late 1930s, the Commonwealth opened public lands in Mindanao and northeastern Luzon for resettlement.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> In 1939–1940, the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore a bicameral Congress, and permit the re-election of President Quezon, previously restricted to a single, six-year term. From 1940 to 1941, Philippine authorities, with the support of American officials, removed from office several mayors in Pampanga who were in favor of land reform. Following the 1946 election, some legislators who opposed giving the United States special economic treatment were prevented from taking office.<a href="#cite_note-Franco-98">[96]</a> During the commonwealth years, the Philippines sent one elected <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioners_from_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioners from the Philippines">resident commissioner</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> currently does today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II_(1941–1945)">Japanese occupation and World War II (1941–1945)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation and World War II (1941–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Military history of the Philippines during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington,_D.C._Representatives_of_26_United_Nations_at_Flag_day_ceremonies_in_the_White_House_to_reaffirm_their_pact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Washington%2C_D.C._Representatives_of_26_United_Nations_at_Flag_day_ceremonies_in_the_White_House_to_reaffirm_their_pact.jpg/220px-Washington%2C_D.C._Representatives_of_26_United_Nations_at_Flag_day_ceremonies_in_the_White_House_to_reaffirm_their_pact.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Washington%2C_D.C._Representatives_of_26_United_Nations_at_Flag_day_ceremonies_in_the_White_House_to_reaffirm_their_pact.jpg/330px-Washington%2C_D.C._Representatives_of_26_United_Nations_at_Flag_day_ceremonies_in_the_White_House_to_reaffirm_their_pact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Washington%2C_D.C._Representatives_of_26_United_Nations_at_Flag_day_ceremonies_in_the_White_House_to_reaffirm_their_pact.jpg/440px-Washington%2C_D.C._Representatives_of_26_United_Nations_at_Flag_day_ceremonies_in_the_White_House_to_reaffirm_their_pact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="3535" /></a><figcaption>Exiled Philippine president Quezon sitting (second from the right) beside U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>, with representatives of 26 United Nations at Flag day ceremonies in the White House to reaffirm their pact 1942.</figcaption></figure> A few hours after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and U.S. military installations in the Philippines on December 8, and on December 10, the first Japanese troops <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">landed in Northern Luzon</a>. Filipino pilot Captain <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_A._Villamor" title="Jesús A. Villamor">Jesús A. Villamor</a>, leading a flight of three <a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">P-26</a> "Peashooter" fighters of the 6th Pursuit Squadron, distinguished himself by attacking two enemy formations of 27 planes each and downing a much-superior Japanese <a href="/wiki/A6M_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="A6M Zero">Zero</a>, for which he was awarded the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a>. The two other planes in that flight, flown by Lieutenants <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Basa" title="César Basa">César Basa</a> and Geronimo Aclan, were shot down.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch25p325-120">[118]</a> As the Japanese forces advanced, Manila was declared an <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a> to prevent it from destruction, meanwhile, the government was moved to <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a>. In March 1942, General MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country. Guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could, and on Luzon native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island. General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), was forced to retreat to Bataan. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. The fall of Bataan was on April 9, 1942, with <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor Island</a>, at the mouth of Manila Bay, surrendering on May 6.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch25pp329-331-121">[119]</a> Atrocities and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">war crimes</a> were committed during the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_B_Vargas_and_Homma_Masaharu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jorge_B_Vargas_and_Homma_Masaharu.jpg/170px-Jorge_B_Vargas_and_Homma_Masaharu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jorge_B_Vargas_and_Homma_Masaharu.jpg/255px-Jorge_B_Vargas_and_Homma_Masaharu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jorge_B_Vargas_and_Homma_Masaharu.jpg/340px-Jorge_B_Vargas_and_Homma_Masaharu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="3467" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas" title="Jorge B. Vargas">Jorge B. Vargas</a>, chair of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Executive_Commission" title="Philippine Executive Commission">Philippine Executive Commission</a>, and Homma Masaharu, a General Lieutenant of the Imperial Japanese Army on February, 20th 1943</figcaption></figure> The commonwealth government by then had <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile_of_the_Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines">exiled itself</a> to Washington, DC, upon the invitation of President Roosevelt; however many politicians stayed behind and collaborated with the occupying Japanese. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth Army">Philippine Commonwealth Army</a> continued to fight the Japanese in a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> war and were considered auxiliary units of the U.S. Army. Several Philippine Commonwealth military awards, such as the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Defense_Medal" title="Philippine Defense Medal">Philippine Defense Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independence_Medal" title="Philippine Independence Medal">Independence Medal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Liberation_Medal" title="Philippine Liberation Medal">Liberation Medal</a>, were awarded to both the United States and Philippine Armed Forces. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a>, was established as a puppet state.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> From 1942 the Japanese occupation of the Philippines was <a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">opposed</a> by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines#Resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">underground guerrilla activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McAAE-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a>, a communist guerilla movement formed by peasant farmers in Central Luzon, did most of the fighting. The Hukbalahap, also known as Huks, resisted invaders and punished the people who collaborated with the Japanese, but did not have a well-disciplined organization, and were later seen as a threat to the Manila government.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Before MacArthur came back, the effectiveness of the guerilla movement had decimated Japanese control, limiting it to only 12 out of the 48 provinces. In October 1944, MacArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">retaking of the Philippines</a>, landing with <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> who had assumed the presidency after Quezon's death. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> went on active service under the Philippine Commonwealth Army on October 28, 1944, during liberation under the commonwealth regime. The largest naval battle in history, according to gross tonnage sunk, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, occurred when Allied forces began liberating the Philippines from the Japanese Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Woodward1947-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Battles on the islands entailed long fierce fighting and some of the Japanese continued to fight after the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Zaide1994ch25pp323-335-132">[130]</a> After their landing, Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Huk movement</a>, which was founded to fight the Japanese Occupation. The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high-ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party. While these incidents happened, there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and, despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk, they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese. Allied troops <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–45)">defeated the Japanese</a> in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos (including regular and constable soldiers, recognized guerrillas and non-combatant civilians) died during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Rottman-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The 1947 final report of the High Commissioner to the Philippines documents massive damage to most coconut mills and sugar mills; inter-island shipping had all been destroyed or removed; concrete highways had been broken up for use on military airports; railways were inoperative; Manila was 80 percent destroyed, Cebu 90 percent, and Zamboanga 95 percent.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_(1946)">Independence (1946)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Independence (1946)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Independence,_July_4_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/170px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/255px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/340px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Philippine Independence, July 4, 1946. The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised.</figcaption></figure> On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">founding members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bühler-137">[135]</a> On July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent nation through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a> between the governments of the United States and the Philippine islands, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bühler-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Treaty_of_Manila-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands.<a href="#cite_note-UN254-140">[138]</a> From 1946 to 1961, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">Independence Day</a> was observed on July 4. On May 12, 1962, President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, proclaiming Tuesday, June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-bibingka-jun12-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> In 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day.<a href="#cite_note-RA4166-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_veteran_benefits">World War II veteran benefits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World War II veteran benefits">edit</a>]</div> During World War II, over 200,000 Filipinos fought in defense of the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific theater of military operations, where more than half died. As a commonwealth of the United States before and during the war, Filipinos were legally American nationals. With American nationality, Filipinos were promised all the benefits afforded to those serving in the armed forces of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-pbspage-144">[142]</a> In 1946, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Rescission_Act_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescission Act of 1946">Rescission Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Title_38_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 38 of the United States Code">38 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/38/107">§ 107</a>), which stripped Filipinos of the benefits that they had been promised.<a href="#cite_note-pbspage-144">[142]</a> Since the passage of the Rescission Act, many Filipino veterans have traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for the benefits promised to them for their service and sacrifice. Over 30,000 of such veterans live in the United States today, with most being United States citizens. Sociologists introduced the phrase "Second Class Veterans" to describe the plight of these Filipino Americans. In 1993, numerous bills titled <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Veterans_Fairness_Act" title="Filipino Veterans Fairness Act">Filipino Veterans Fairness Act</a> began to be introduced in Congress to return the benefits taken away from these veterans, but the bills only died in committee. The <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, signed into law on February 17, 2009, included provisions to pay benefits to the 15,000 remaining veterans.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> On January 6, 2011 <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Speier" title="Jackie Speier">Jackie Speier</a> (D-CA), U.S. Representative for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">California's 12th congressional district</a>, serving since 2008, introduced a bill seeking to make Filipino World War II veterans eligible for the same benefits available to U.S. veterans. In a news conference to outline the bill, Speier estimated that approximately 50,000 Filipino veterans were alive.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_U.S_Military_in_the_Philippines_Today">The U.S Military in the Philippines Today</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The U.S Military in the Philippines Today">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subic_Bay_Deactivation_Ceremony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Subic_Bay_Deactivation_Ceremony.png/220px-Subic_Bay_Deactivation_Ceremony.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Subic_Bay_Deactivation_Ceremony.png/330px-Subic_Bay_Deactivation_Ceremony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Subic_Bay_Deactivation_Ceremony.png/440px-Subic_Bay_Deactivation_Ceremony.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Marine color guard at Subic Bay</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presence_of_the_U.S._military">Presence of the U.S. military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Presence of the U.S. military">edit</a>]</div> A heavy presence of American soldiers is still present in the Philippines in modern times. Many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] argue that a good relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Philippine government</a> and the U.S. military remains the only chance to lift the quality of life for Filipinos in poverty. There have been no-less than twenty three U.S. <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military bases</a> in the Philippines since the passing of the Military Bases Agreement act in 1947. In addition to this, the U.S. has used the Philippines as landing area for intervention in wars in Asia such as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visiting_Forces_Agreement">Visiting Forces Agreement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Visiting Forces Agreement">edit</a>]</div> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_Visiting_Forces_Agreement" title="Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement">Visiting Forces Agreement</a> permitted American forces in the Philippines for training exercises and returned former U.S. Army bases such as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay" title="U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay">Subic Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark</a>, and other smaller outposts under U.S. jurisdiction. The VFA legally protects American soldiers who commit <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">crimes</a> of Philippine soil. In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine">U.S. Marine</a> was sentenced to 40 years in Philippine prison after the <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> of a Filipino woman. The guilty Marine was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Manila" title="Embassy of the United States, Manila">American Embassy</a> then released three years after.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines">List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Unrecognized insurgent governments (1898–1904): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government of the Philippines</a> (May 24, 1898 – June 23, 1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary Government of the Philippines</a> (June 23, 1898 – January 23, 1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> (January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a> (1902–1904)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">military government</a> held governmental authority until the appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a> on September 1, 1900. In his instructions to the commission, President McKinley made it clear that the commission had the authority to exercise civil authority and to determine at what point civil administration could safely be undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Avalon2008-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Avalon2008_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp">"Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">The Avalon Project</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Goldman_Law_Library" title="Lillian Goldman Law Library">Lillian Goldman Law Library</a>, Yale Law School. 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace+Between+the+United+States+and+Spain%3B+December+10%2C+1898&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fsp1898.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJ2014-3"><a href="#cite_ref-CJ2014_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorpus_Juris2014" class="citation cs2">Corpus Juris (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/item/tydings-mcduffie-act.html">"Tydings-McDuffie Act"</a>, Constitutions, Manila, Philippines: Corpus Juris, retrieved June 11, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutions&rft.atitle=Tydings-McDuffie+Act&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Corpus+Juris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecorpusjuris.com%2Flaws%2Fconstitutions%2Fitem%2Ftydings-mcduffie-act.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur1994" class="citation book cs1">MacArthur, Douglas (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch14.htm#b7">"Japan's Surrender"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1/index.htm">Reports of General MacArthur</a>. United States Army. p. 465. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66-60005">66-60005</a>. Retrieved August 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Surrender&rft.btitle=Reports+of+General+MacArthur&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66-60005&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FMacArthur%2520Reports%2FMacArthur%2520V1%2Fch14.htm%23b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguinaldo1899-1-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Aguinaldo1899-1_5-0">^</a> <a href="#Aguinaldo1899-1">Aguinaldo 1899</a> Ch.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Aguinaldo1899-2-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Aguinaldo1899-2_6-0">^</a> <a href="#Aguinaldo1899-2">Aguinaldo 1899</a> Ch.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaw1927p92-94-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927p92-94_7-0">^</a> <a href="#Kalaw1927ch5">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=112">92–94</a>Ch.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrask1996">Trask 1996</a>, pp. 56–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeede1994">Beede 1994</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-Howland1921-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Howland1921_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland1921" class="citation book cs1">Howland, Harold (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdA6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA245">Theodore Roosevelt and his times: a chronicle of the progressive movement</a>. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1279815199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1279815199"><bdi>978-1279815199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+his+times%3A+a+chronicle+of+the+progressive+movement&rft.pages=245&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-1279815199&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdA6AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhs-faq-BMB-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhs-faq-BMB_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhs-faq-BMB_11-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq84-1.htm">Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114162746/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq84-1.htm">Archived</a> January 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of the Navy — Naval Historical Center. 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July 4, 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=GENERAL+AMNESTY+FOR+THE+FILIPINOS%3B+Proclamation+Issued+by+the+President&rft.date=1902-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1902%2F07%2F04%2F101957581.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaide1994ch21p279-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Zaide1994ch21p279_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaide1994">Zaide 1994</a>, p. 279Ch.21 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1927" class="citation book cs1">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17">The Development of Philippine Politics</a>. Oriental commercial. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001/152">132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+Politics&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Dafj2233.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller1984p20-51"><a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p20_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-miller1984p24-52"><a href="#cite_ref-miller1984p24_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1984">Miller 1984</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaw1927:430-445-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalaw1927:430-445_53-0">^</a> <a href="#Kalaw1927appD">Kalaw 1927</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=450">430–445</a>Appendix D </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1899" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Andrew Sloan (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170">The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government</a>. Silver, Burdett. pp. 170–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722278932" title="Special:BookSources/9780722278932"><bdi>9780722278932</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rescue+of+Cuba%3A+An+Episode+in+the+Growth+of+Free+Government&rft.pages=170-172&rft.pub=Silver%2C+Burdett&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=9780722278932&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD8OAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantina2006" class="citation book cs1">Fantina, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA83">Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-454-9"><bdi>978-0-87586-454-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desertion+and+the+American+Soldier%2C+1776%E2%80%932006&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-454-9&rft.aulast=Fantina&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAD0B560nGVIC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014901/http://law.upd.edu.ph/plj/images/files/PLJ%20volume%2060/PLJ%20Volume%2060%20supplemental%20issue%20-012-%20Treaty%20between%20spain%20and%20the%20United%20States.pdf">"Treaty Between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines"</a> (PDF). University of the Philippines. November 7, 1900. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.upd.edu.ph/plj/images/files/PLJ%20volume%2060/PLJ%20Volume%2060%20supplemental%20issue%20-012-%20Treaty%20between%20spain%20and%20the%20United%20States.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+Between+Spain+and+the+United+States+for+Cession+of+Outlying+Islands+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1900-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.upd.edu.ph%2Fplj%2Fimages%2Ffiles%2FPLJ%2520volume%252060%2FPLJ%2520Volume%252060%2520supplemental%2520issue%2520-012-%2520Treaty%2520between%2520spain%2520and%2520the%2520United%2520States.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresident_William_McKinley1898" class="citation cs2">President William McKinley (December 21, 1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/benevolent.html">McKinley's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation</a>, msc.edu.ph, retrieved February 10, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McKinley%27s+Benevolent+Assimilation+Proclamation&rft.pub=msc.edu.ph&rft.date=1898-12-21&rft.au=President+William+McKinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.edu.ph%2Fcentennial%2Fbenevolent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The text of the amended version published by General Otis is quoted in its entirety in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Roca_de_Togores_y_SaraviaRemigio_GarciaNational_Historical_Institute_(Philippines)2003" class="citation book cs1">José Roca de Togores y Saravia; Remigio Garcia; National Historical Institute (Philippines) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhZ3AAAAMAAJ">Blockade and siege of Manila</a>. National Historical Institute. pp. 148–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-538-167-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-538-167-3"><bdi>978-971-538-167-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blockade+and+siege+of+Manila&rft.pages=148-50&rft.pub=National+Historical+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-971-538-167-3&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Roca+de+Togores+y+Saravia&rft.au=Remigio+Garcia&rft.au=National+Historical+Institute+%28Philippines%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhZ3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> See also <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_from_E.S._Otis_to_the_inhabitants_of_the_Philippine_Islands,_January_4,_1899" class="extiw" title="s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899">s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._President1900" class="citation book cs1">United States. President (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6YXAQAAMAAJ">The Abridgment: Containing Messages of the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress with Reports of Departments and Selections from Accompanying Papers</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1001. 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Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429965623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429965623"><bdi>978-0429965623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+With+Development%3A+The+Politics+Of+Hunger+And+Gender+In+The+Philippines&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0429965623&rft.aulast=Kwiatkowski&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI__EDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manapat,_Carlos_2010-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Manapat,_Carlos_2010_118-0">^</a> Manapat, Carlos, et al. Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform. 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L. Vellut, "Japanese reparations to the Philippines," Asian Survey 3 (Oct. 1993): 496–506. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091121135646/https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml">"Founding Member States"</a>. United Nations. 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(English translation by Sulpicio Guevara.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Agoncillo1990ch11" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal</a> (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/187">"11. The Revolution Second Phase"</a>, History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), University of the Philippines, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/187">187–198</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/971-8711-06-6"><bdi>971-8711-06-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+The+Revolution+Second+Phase&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pages=187-198&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=971-8711-06-6&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+Andal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffilipin00teod%2Fpage%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1997" class="citation cs2">Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnxvAAAACAAJ">Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic</a>, University of the Philippines Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-096-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-096-9"><bdi>978-971-542-096-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malolos%3A+The+Crisis+of+the+Republic&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-542-096-9&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+Andal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnxvAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeede1994" class="citation cs2">Beede, Benjamin R. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC">The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia</a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-5624-7"><bdi>978-0-8240-5624-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898%2C+and+U.S.+interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-5624-7&rft.aulast=Beede&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48g116X9IIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, Henry William</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VryhDTRVClcC">Bound to empire: the United States and the Philippines</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507104-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507104-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bound+to+empire%3A+the+United+States+and+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507104-7&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=Henry+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVryhDTRVClcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Burns, Adam D. "Adapting to Empire: William H. Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Philippines, 1900-08," Comparative American Studies 11 (Dec. 2013), 418–33.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantino1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Constantino, Renato</a> (1975), The Philippines: A Past Revisited, Renato Constantino, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-8958-00-2"><bdi>971-8958-00-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited&rft.pub=Renato+Constantino&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=971-8958-00-2&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1917" class="citation cs2">Elliott, Charles Burke (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qff9SZ8NUgC">The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+To+the+End+of+the+Commission+Government%2C+a+Study+in+Tropical+Democracy&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Charles+Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qff9SZ8NUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolay1997" class="citation cs2">Golay, Frank H. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=up5KPgAACAAJ">Face of empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898–1946</a>, Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-254-2"><bdi>978-971-550-254-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Face+of+empire%3A+United+States-Philippine+relations%2C+1898%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-550-254-2&rft.aulast=Golay&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dup5KPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Halstead1898ch10" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Murat_Halstead" title="Murat Halstead">Halstead, Murat</a> (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC&pg=PA137">"X. Official History of the Conquest of Manila"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC">The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=X.+Official+History+of+the+Conquest+of+Manila&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Philippines+and+Our+New+Possessions%2C+Including+the+Ladrones%2C+Hawaii%2C+Cuba+and+Porto+Rico&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIQcwt7g2wkC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Halstead1898ch11" class="citation cs2">Halstead, Murat (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC&pg=PA160">"XI. The Administration of General Merrit"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC">The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XI.+The+Administration+of+General+Merrit&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Philippines+and+Our+New+Possessions%2C+Including+the+Ladrones%2C+Hawaii%2C+Cuba+and+Porto+Rico&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIQcwt7g2wkC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Halstead1898ch15" class="citation cs2">Halstead, Murat (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC&pg=PA202">"XV. Events of the Spanish-American War."</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC">The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XV.+Events+of+the+Spanish-American+War.&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Philippines+and+Our+New+Possessions%2C+Including+the+Ladrones%2C+Hawaii%2C+Cuba+and+Porto+Rico&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIQcwt7g2wkC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Halstead1898ch28" class="citation cs2">Halstead, Murat (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPNAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA407">"XXVIII. Battles with the Filipinos before Manila"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPNAAQAAMAAJ">The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXVIII.+Battles+with+the+Filipinos+before+Manila&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Philippines+and+Our+New+Possessions%2C+Including+the+Ladrones%2C+Hawaii%2C+Cuba+and+Porto+Rico&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbPNAAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJernegan2009" class="citation cs2">Jernegan, Prescott F (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=70XqApkaZ7YC">The Philippine Citizen</a>, BiblioBazaar, LLC, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-115-97139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-115-97139-3"><bdi>978-1-115-97139-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Citizen&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-115-97139-3&rft.aulast=Jernegan&rft.aufirst=Prescott+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70XqApkaZ7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kalaw1921" class="citation cs2">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_62j7vjAqsC">The Present Government of the Philippines</a>, Oriental commercial, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-4636-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-4636-3"><bdi>1-4067-4636-3</bdi></a>, retrieved March 12, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Present+Government+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=1-4067-4636-3&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_62j7vjAqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988">(Note: 1. The book cover incorrectly lists author as "Maximo M Lalaw", 2. Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co., Manila)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kalaw1927ch5" class="citation cs2">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=89">"V. The Katipunan revolt under Bonifacio and Aguinaldo"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17">The Development of Philippine Politics</a>, Oriental commercial, pp. 69–98, retrieved February 7, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+The+Katipunan+revolt+under+Bonifacio+and+Aguinaldo&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+Politics&rft.pages=69-98&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Dafj2233.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kalaw1927ch6" class="citation cs2">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=119">"VI. The Revolutionary Government"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17">The Development of Philippine Politics</a>, Oriental commercial, pp. 99–163, retrieved February 7, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI.+The+Revolutionary+Government&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+Politics&rft.pages=99-163&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Dafj2233.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kalaw1927ch7" class="citation cs2">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=89">"VII. The Opposition to American Sovereignty (1898–1901)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17">The Development of Philippine Politics</a>, Oriental commercial, pp. 99–163, retrieved February 7, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII.+The+Opposition+to+American+Sovereignty+%281898%E2%80%931901%29&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+Politics&rft.pages=99-163&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Dafj2233.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kalaw1927appA" class="citation cs2">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=89">"Appendix A. 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The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17">The Development of Philippine Politics</a>, Oriental commercial, pp. 430–445, retrieved February 7, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+D.+The+Political+Constitution+of+the+Philippine+Republic&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+Politics&rft.pages=430-445&rft.pub=Oriental+commercial&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%26cc%3Dphilamer%26idno%3Dafj2233.0001.001%26frm%3Dframeset%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"> (English translation by the author. 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Kramer dated December 8, 2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="worcester1914ch2" class="citation cs2">Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#ch02">"II. Was independence promised?"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12077">The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)</a>, Macmillan, pp. 39–43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X"><bdi>1-4191-7715-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+Was+independence+promised%3F&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+Past+and+Present+%28vol.+1+of+2%29&rft.pages=39-43&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=1-4191-7715-X&rft.aulast=Worcester&rft.aufirst=Dean+Conant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F12077%2F12077-h%2F12077-h.htm%23ch02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="worcester1914ch3" class="citation cs2">Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#ch03">"III. Insurgent "Coöperation""</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12077">The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)</a>, Macmillan, pp. 43–74, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X"><bdi>1-4191-7715-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+Insurgent+%22Co%C3%B6peration%22&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+Past+and+Present+%28vol.+1+of+2%29&rft.pages=43-74&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=1-4191-7715-X&rft.aulast=Worcester&rft.aufirst=Dean+Conant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F12077%2F12077-h%2F12077-h.htm%23ch03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="worcester1914ch4" class="citation cs2">Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#ch04">"IV. The Premeditated Insurgent Attack"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12077">The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)</a>, Macmillan, pp. 75–89, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X"><bdi>1-4191-7715-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV.+The+Premeditated+Insurgent+Attack&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+Past+and+Present+%28vol.+1+of+2%29&rft.pages=75-89&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=1-4191-7715-X&rft.aulast=Worcester&rft.aufirst=Dean+Conant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F12077%2F12077-h%2F12077-h.htm%23ch04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="worcester1914ch9" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dean_Conant_Worcester" title="Dean Conant Worcester">Worcester, Dean Conant</a> (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#ch09">"IX, The conduct of the war"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12077">The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)</a>, Macmillan, pp. 168–184, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-7715-X"><bdi>1-4191-7715-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX%2C+The+conduct+of+the+war&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+Past+and+Present+%28vol.+1+of+2%29&rft.pages=168-184&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=1-4191-7715-X&rft.aulast=Worcester&rft.aufirst=Dean+Conant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F12077%2F12077-h%2F12077-h.htm%23ch09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide1994" class="citation cs2">Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YMsNgAACAAJ">The Philippines: A Unique Nation</a>, All-Nations Publishing Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-642-071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-642-071-5"><bdi>978-971-642-071-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.pub=All-Nations+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-642-071-5&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YMsNgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2005" class="citation cs2">Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC">State and Society in the Philippines</a>, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, U.S.: Rowman and Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1024-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1024-7"><bdi>0-7425-1024-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Philippines%3A+Anvil+Publishing%2C+U.S.%3A+Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7425-1024-7&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=Patricio+N.&rft.au=Amoroso%2C+Donna+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiOQdEzgP9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo1974" class="citation cs2">Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal (1974), Introduction to Filipino History, Garotech publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8711-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/971-8711-05-8"><bdi>971-8711-05-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Filipino+History&rft.pub=Garotech+publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=971-8711-05-8&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+Andal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcantra2002" class="citation cs2">Alcantra, Teresita A. (2002), Arcella, Lydia (ed.), Views on Philippine Revolution, vol. I, Quezon City: University of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92410-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-92410-1-2"><bdi>971-92410-1-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+on+Philippine+Revolution&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=971-92410-1-2&rft.aulast=Alcantra&rft.aufirst=Teresita+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcantra2002" class="citation cs2">Alcantra, Teresita A. (2002), Arcella, Lydia (ed.), Views on Philippine Revolution, vol. II, Quezon City: University of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92410-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-92410-1-2"><bdi>971-92410-1-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+on+Philippine+Revolution&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=971-92410-1-2&rft.aulast=Alcantra&rft.aufirst=Teresita+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcilla1994" class="citation cs2">Arcilla, José S. (1994), An introduction to Philippine history (Fourth, enlarged ed.), Atoneo De Mamila University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-261-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-261-X"><bdi>971-550-261-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Philippine+history&rft.edition=Fourth%2C+enlarged&rft.pub=Atoneo+De+Mamila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-261-X&rft.aulast=Arcilla&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1985" class="citation cs2">Gates, John M. (Summer 1985), "The Official Historian and the Well-Placed Critic: James A. LeRoy's Assessment of John R. M. Taylor's "The Philippine Insurrection against the United States"", The Public Historian, 7 (3): 57–67, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3377127">10.2307/3377127</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3377127">3377127</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Historian&rft.atitle=The+Official+Historian+and+the+Well-Placed+Critic%3A+James+A.+LeRoy%27s+Assessment+of+John+R.+M.+Taylor%27s+%22The+Philippine+Insurrection+against+the+United+States%22&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-67&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3377127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3377127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_W._Stewart2005" class="citation cs2">Richard W. Stewart, ed. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227060017/http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V1/">"16. Change, and the Road to war, 1902–1917"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V1/">American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917</a>, Center of Military History, United States Army, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072362-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-072362-0"><bdi>0-16-072362-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V1/ch16.htm">the original</a> on December 27, 2011, retrieved October 5, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16.+Change%2C+and+the+Road+to+war%2C+1902%E2%80%931917&rft.btitle=American+Military+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+United+States+Army+and+the+Forging+of+a+Nation%2C+1775%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-16-072362-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FAMH-V1%2Fch16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuletaNebres2007" class="citation cs2">Zuleta, Francisco M.; Nebres, Abriel M. (2007), Philippine History and Government Through the Years, National Bookstore, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-08-6344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-08-6344-0"><bdi>978-971-08-6344-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+and+Government+Through+the+Years&rft.pub=National+Bookstore&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-08-6344-0&rft.aulast=Zuleta&rft.aufirst=Francisco+M.&rft.au=Nebres%2C+Abriel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippines._Civil_Service_Board1906" class="citation book cs1">Philippines. Civil Service Board (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JK4yAQAAMAAJ">Annual Report of the Philippine Civil Service Board to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, Issue 5</a>. Contributors United States. Philippine Commission (1900–1916), United States. Bureau of Insular Affairs. Bureau of Public Printing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9715501680" title="Special:BookSources/9715501680"><bdi>9715501680</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Philippine+Civil+Service+Board+to+the+Civil+Governor+of+the+Philippine+Islands%2C+Issue+5&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Public+Printing&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=9715501680&rft.au=Philippines.+Civil+Service+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJK4yAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/">"The Philippines, 1898-1946"</a>. history.house.gov. History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=The+Philippines%2C+1898-1946&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FExhibitions-and-Publications%2FAPA%2FHistorical-Essays%2FExclusion-and-Empire%2FThe-Philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Philippines+%281898%E2%80%931946%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines" title="Category:Philippines">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898–1946)&oldid=1258589613">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898–1946)&oldid=1258589613</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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