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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C_%ED%8C%8C%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="페드로 파테르노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페드로 파테르노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="پيدرو پاتيرنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پيدرو پاتيرنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Патерно, Педро Алехандро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патерно, Педро Алехандро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pedro Paterno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%BA" title="佩德罗·帕特诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佩德罗·帕特诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of the Philippines in 1899</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Paterno</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> de Vera Ignacio</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Pedro Alejandro Paterno</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Alejandro_Paterno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pedro_Alejandro_Paterno.jpg/220px-Pedro_Alejandro_Paterno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pedro_Alejandro_Paterno.jpg/330px-Pedro_Alejandro_Paterno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Pedro_Alejandro_Paterno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime Minister of the Philippines</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 8, 1899 – November 13, 1899</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Pardo_de_Tavera" title="Trinidad Pardo de Tavera">Trinidad Pardo de Tavera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i> (Next held by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 15, 1898 – November 13, 1899</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benito_Legarda" title="Benito Legarda">Benito Legarda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> as Speaker of the Philippine Assembly)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a> from <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">La Laguna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Laguna%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Laguna's 1st congressional district">1st</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 16, 1907 – May 20, 1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>District established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Potenciano Malvar</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 15, 1898 – November 13, 1899</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera Ignacio</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1857-02-27</span>)</span>February 27, 1857<br /><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 26, 1911<span style="display:none">(1911-04-26)</span> (aged 54)<br /><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Manila_North_Cemetery" title="Manila North Cemetery">Manila North Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a> (1907–1911)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalista_Party" title="Federalista Party">Federalista</a> (1900–1907)<br /><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1898–1900)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Luisa Pineyro y Merino</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1890; died 1897)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revista_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo Municipal de Manila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Central Madrid University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">DCL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law_(Catholic_Church)" title="Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)">JCD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Poet, novelist</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera Ignacio</b><sup id="cite_ref-Revista_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (February 27, 1857 – April 26, 1911)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Filipino politician infamous for being a <a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">turncoat</a>. He was also a <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mojares_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojares-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His intervention on behalf of the Spanish led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> on December 14, 1897, an account of which he published in 1910. Among his other works include the first novel written by a native Filipino, <i><a href="/wiki/Ninay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninay">Ninay</a></i> (1885), and the first Filipino collection of poems in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sampaguitas_y_otras_poes%C3%ADas_varias" title="Sampaguitas y otras poesías varias">Sampaguitas y otras poesías varias</a></i> ("Jasmines and Other Various Poems"), published in Madrid in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-OcampoNinay_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OcampoNinay-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paterno was born on February 17, 1857. He was a "child of privilege in a society of limited opportunities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojares20064_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojares20064-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of 13 children born to Don Máximo Paterno and his second wife, Doña Carmen de Vera Ignacio. Máximo was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (then also part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>) for ten years following the <a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a> and died on July 26, 1900, leaving behind considerable wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 411–412">: 411–412 </span></sup> </p><p>Paterno finished <i>Bachiller en Artes</i> at <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo Municipal de Manila</a> and gained fame with his conclusion. At the age of 14, he was sent to study in Spain, where he spent the next 11 years at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> and then the Central University of Madrid (now the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 412">: 412 </span></sup> At Salamanca, he took courses in Philosophy and Theology, while at Madrid, he graduated with an expertise in law as a Doctor of Civil and Canon Law in 1880. </p><p>In 1876, he wrote his first opus entitled <i>Influencia Social del Cristanismo</i> wherein it shows how he consciously located himself in the metropolitan stream of Spanish Culture. It also unveiled the major themes of Paterno's works to come: law of social evolution, value of reason, human perfectability, and a synthesis of an essentialized "Orient" and "Occident" in Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojares20069_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojares20069-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterno19175_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterno19175-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 412">: 412 </span></sup> In March 1894, he was appointed as the Director of Museo Biblioteca de Filipinas (now <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a>); he was the first Filipino to hold that position.<sup id="cite_ref-Revista_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revista-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biak-na-Bato">Biak-na-Bato</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biak-na-Bato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the trial of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> in 1896, it was suggested that Paterno, along with Rizal, had incited the Katipunan because they had both written about pre-Spanish Philippine history. As evidence for their complicity, the Spanish prosecution cited Paterno's earlier work <i>Antigua Civilización</i> as promoting ideas which had "consequences both erroneous and injurious to Spanish sovereignty". Nobody moved against Paterno, however, because he was close to a significant number of Spanish officials – both military and civilian – who could vouch for him. Thus, Paterno, like many others of the Manila elite, distanced himself from the events of the Katipunan revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-mojares_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojares-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897, the Philippine revolutionary forces led by General Emilio Aguinaldo had been driven out of <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> and retreated northwards from town to town until they finally settled in the village of Biak-na-Bato, in the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Bulacan" title="San Miguel, Bulacan">San Miguel de Mayumo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>. Here, they established what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late July 1897, Paterno presented himself to <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Fernando Primo de Rivera">Fernando Primo de Rivera</a>, whom he had known while living in Spain, and offered his services as a mediator.<sup id="cite_ref-mojares_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojares-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because many highly placed Spaniards of the time thought Paterno held great sway over the natives, Primo de Rivera accepted Paterno's offer. He called for a truce, explaining his decision to the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a>: "I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion."<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paterno left Manila on August 4, 1897, and found Aguinaldo five days later. This began a three-month-long series of talks which saw Paterno constantly traveling between Manila, Biak-na-Bato, and some areas in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luzon">Southern Luzon</a> where a number of revolutionary chiefs held sway. During the negotiations, Paterno's wife Luisa died on November 27, 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-mojares_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojares-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ceremonies from December 14 to 15 that year, Aguinaldo signed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a>. He later proclaimed the official end of the Philippine Revolution on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Christmas Day</a> and left for <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> via the port of <a href="/wiki/Dagupan" title="Dagupan">Dagupan</a> on December 27.<sup id="cite_ref-aguinaldo_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Paterno returned to Manila on January 11, 1898, amidst great celebration, but was spurned by Primo de Rivera and other authorities when he asked to be recompensed by being granted a dukedom, a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Spanish Senate</a>, and payment for his services in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican dollars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mojares_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojares-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/250px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/375px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG/500px-Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato_Filipino_negotiators.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>The Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Seated from left to right: Paterno and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> with five companions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paterno was elected a delegate from <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a> and President of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines">Malolos Congress</a> in September 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 469">: 469 </span></sup> He served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">prime minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> in the middle of 1899, and served as head of the country's assembly, and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">cabinet</a>. Paterno was captured by the Americans in April 1900 in Antomoc, <a href="/wiki/Benguet" title="Benguet">Benguet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 504">: 504 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_colonial_period">American colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilio55jf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emilio55jf.JPG/220px-Emilio55jf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emilio55jf.JPG/330px-Emilio55jf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emilio55jf.JPG/440px-Emilio55jf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> and Pedro A. Paterno miniature model at <a href="/wiki/Barasoain_Church" title="Barasoain Church">Barasoain Church</a> (in the horse carriage-parade for Aguinaldo's oath-taking as Philippine President on January 23, 1899).</figcaption></figure> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1898, he was among the most prominent Filipinos who joined the American side and advocated the incorporation of the Philippines into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. As the editor and proprietor of the newspaper <i>La Patria</i>, he supported American dominion and gratitude towards Spain, from whence "the Filipinos derived their civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 412–413">: 412–413 </span></sup> Paterno was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a> in <a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a>, representing the province of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">La Laguna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Laguna%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Laguna's 1st congressional district">1st district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1st_Philippine_Legislature" title="1st Philippine Legislature">1st Philippine Legislature</a>. He would serve until his term expired in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> on April 26, 1911. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_notoriety">Legacy and notoriety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy and notoriety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_paterno_PG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pedro_paterno_PG.jpg/200px-Pedro_paterno_PG.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pedro_paterno_PG.jpg/300px-Pedro_paterno_PG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Pedro_paterno_PG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Pedro Paterno</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite Paterno's prominence in the many upheavals that defined the birth of the Philippine nation during his lifetime, Paterno's legacy is largely infamous among Philippine historians and nationalists. </p><p>Philippine historian <a href="/wiki/Resil_Mojares" class="mw-redirect" title="Resil Mojares">Resil Mojares</a> notes that: </p> <i><blockquote><p>History has not been kind to Pedro Paterno. A century ago, he was one of the country's premier intellectuals, blazing trails in Philippine letters. Today he is ignored in many of the fields in which he once held forth with much eminence, real and imagined. No full length biography or extended review of his corpus of writings has been written, and no one reads him today.<sup id="cite_ref-mojares_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojares-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></i> <p>Mojares also indicated that his sarcastic and flamboyant attitude, wherein he seeks a high regard in the social hierarchy wherever he goes, invited the criticisms he received.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojares200611_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojares200611-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_N._Schumacher" title="John N. Schumacher">John Schumacher</a> dismissed Paterno's works as "scholarly" in nature. He remarked that: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Paterno's "eccentric and ingenious lucubrations" on Philippine civilization undermined the national cause. "Reconstructing a Filipino past, however glorious in appearance, on false pretenses can do nothing to build a sense of national identity, much less offer guidance for the present or the future."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumacher1991204_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumacher1991204-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Much of this is attributed to Paterno's penchant for turncoatism, as described by historian <a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth Ocampo</a>, who sums up his career thus: </p> <i><blockquote><p>Remember, Paterno was one of the greatest "balimbing" (<a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">turncoat</a>) in history (perhaps he was the original "balimbing" in Philippine political history). He was first on the Spanish side, then when the declaration of independence was made in 1898, he "wormed his way to power" and became president of the Malolos Congress in 1899, then sensing the change in political winds after the establishment of the American colonial government, he became a member of the First Philippine Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-OcampoNinay_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OcampoNinay-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></i> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Influencia Social del Cristianismo</i>, 1876 pamphlet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sampaguitas_y_otras_poes%C3%ADas_varias" title="Sampaguitas y otras poesías varias">Sampaguitas y otras poesías varias</a></i>, 1880 anthology of poems</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninay">Ninay</a></i>, 1885 novel</li> <li><i>Magdapio</i>, 1903 four-part opera</li> <li><i>Aurora social</i>, 1910–11 collection of novellas</li> <li><i>Los ultimos romanticos: en la erupción del Volcán de Taal</i>, 1911</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_portrayals">Media portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Media portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Yul_Servo" title="Yul Servo">Yul Servo</a> in the film, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Presidente_(film)" title="El Presidente (film)">El Presidente</a></i> (2012).</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Martinez" title="Leo Martinez">Leo Martinez</a> in the film, <i><a href="/wiki/Heneral_Luna" title="Heneral Luna">Heneral Luna</a></i> (2015), and its sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Goyo:_Ang_Batang_Heneral" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral">Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral</a></i> (2018).</li> <li>Portrayed by JV Ibesate in the hit musical of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanghalang_Pilipino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanghalang Pilipino (page does not exist)">Tanghalang Pilipino</a>, <i>Mabining Mandirigma</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Paterno" title="Dolores Paterno">Dolores Paterno</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled Pedro Alejandro Paterno y <i>Debera</i> Ignacio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some references, the birth date is February 27, 1858, while the death date is March 11, 1911.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2022" class="citation news cs1">Gonzalez, Augusto Marcelino III (August 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/08/03/22/pedro-paterno-and-the-fab-life-of-a-super-rich-filipino">"Pedro Paterno's life is a picture of what it's like to be a super rich Pinoy during Rizal's time"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Pedro+Paterno%27s+life+is+a+picture+of+what+it%27s+like+to+be+a+super+rich+Pinoy+during+Rizal%27s+time&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Augusto+Marcelino+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fancx%2Fculture%2Fspotlight%2F08%2F03%2F22%2Fpedro-paterno-and-the-fab-life-of-a-super-rich-filipino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revista-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revista_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revista_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revista_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Castellón" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García Castellón, Manuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revista.carayanpress.com/paterno1.html">"Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera-Ignacio (Manila, 1858 - 1911)"</a>. <i>Revisita Filipina</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revisita+Filipina&rft.atitle=Pedro+Alejandro+Paterno+y+de+Vera-Ignacio+%28Manila%2C+1858+-+1911%29&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Castell%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revista.carayanpress.com%2Fpaterno1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA465"><i>The Encyclopedia of Spanish-American and Philippine-merican Wars: a political, social, and military history, Volume 1</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099511" title="Special:BookSources/9781851099511"><bdi>9781851099511</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-merican+Wars%3A+a+political%2C+social%2C+and+military+history%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781851099511&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span>, 993 pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mojares-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mojares_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mojares_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mojares_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mojares_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mojares_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mojares_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojares2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Resil_Mojares" class="mw-redirect" title="Resil Mojares">Mojares, Resil</a> (2006). "Pedro Paterno". <i>Brains of the Nation: Pedro Paterno, T.H. Pardo de Tavera, Isabelo de los Reyes, and the Production of Modern Knowledge</i>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 1–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-496-5" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-496-5"><bdi>971-550-496-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pedro+Paterno&rft.btitle=Brains+of+the+Nation%3A+Pedro+Paterno%2C+T.H.+Pardo+de+Tavera%2C+Isabelo+de+los+Reyes%2C+and+the+Production+of+Modern+Knowledge&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=1-118&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=971-550-496-5&rft.aulast=Mojares&rft.aufirst=Resil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OcampoNinay-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OcampoNinay_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OcampoNinay_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (December 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403200709/http://www.inquirer.net/globalnation/col_lob/2005/jan10.htm">"Looking Back: "Looking Back: The First Filipino Novel"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inquirer.net/globalnation/col_lob/2005/jan10.htm">the original</a> on April 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Looking+Back%3A+%22Looking+Back%3A+The+First+Filipino+Novel%22&rft.date=2005-12-04&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.net%2Fglobalnation%2Fcol_lob%2F2005%2Fjan10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojares20064-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojares20064_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMojares2006">Mojares 2006</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreman, J., 1906, The Philippine Islands, A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojares20069-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojares20069_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMojares2006">Mojares 2006</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterno19175-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterno19175_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterno1917">Paterno 1917</a>, p. 5.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPaterno1917 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leon-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leon_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leon-gallery.com/pdf/paterno.pdf">"The Ilustrado Trove"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Leon Art Gallery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leon+Art+Gallery&rft.atitle=The+Ilustrado+Trove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleon-gallery.com%2Fpdf%2Fpaterno.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aguinaldo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Aguinaldo1899ch3" class="citation book cs1">Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-4.html">"Chapter III. Negotiations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.html"><i>True Version of the Philippine Revolution</i></a>. Authorama: Public Domain Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III.+Negotiations&rft.btitle=True+Version+of+the+Philippine+Revolution&rft.pub=Authorama%3A+Public+Domain+Books&rft.date=1899&rft.au=Don+Emilio+Aguinaldo+y+Famy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Ftrue-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrep-website.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/download/docs/roster-legislators.pdf">"ROSTER of Philippine Legislators (from 1907 to 2019)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>House of Representatives of the Philippines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Representatives+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=ROSTER+of+Philippine+Legislators+%28from+1907+to+2019%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrep-website.s3.ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com%2Fdownload%2Fdocs%2Froster-legislators.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMojares200611-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMojares200611_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMojares2006">Mojares 2006</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumacher1991204-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumacher1991204_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchumacher1991">Schumacher 1991</a>, p. 204.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchumacher1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaide,_Gregorio_F.1984" class="citation book cs1">Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). <i>Philippine History and Government</i>. National Bookstore Printing Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+and+Government&rft.pub=National+Bookstore+Printing+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Zaide%2C+Gregorio+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APedro+Paterno" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Paterno&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pedro_Alejandro_Paterno" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pedro Alejandro Paterno">Pedro Alejandro Paterno</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/pa990602.html">Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War on June 2, 1899</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filipiniana.net/readbook_content.jsp?filename=PL0000000004">Ninay</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> The first Filipino novel written by Pedro Paterno published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/">Filipiniana.net</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime Minister of the Philippines</a> </b><br />1899–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Position abolished</div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime Minister of the Philippines</a> </b></i><br />1899 - April 1, 1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas" title="Jorge B. Vargas">Jorge B. Vargas</a><br /><small>(Ministries involved)</small></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_Revolution" title="Template:Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_Revolution" title="Template talk:Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippine_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Philippine_Revolution" title="Template:Campaignbox Philippine Revolution">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Category:People of the Philippine Revolution">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Pre-revolutionary revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmero_Conspiracy" title="Palmero Conspiracy">Palmero Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacio Plan">Bonifacio Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Bonifacio" title="Tagalog Republic">Katagalugan (Bonifacio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga_in_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution">Kapampangan Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imus_Assembly" title="Imus Assembly">Imus Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1897_Philippine_Supreme_Council_elections" title="1897 Philippine Supreme Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Hong Kong Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_the_Visayas" title="Federal State of the Visayas">Federal State of the Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epilogue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sakay" title="Tagalog Republic">Katagalugan (Sakay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">American Anti-Imperialist League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Iglesia Filipina Independiente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(faction)" title="Magdalo (faction)">Magdalo faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(faction)" title="Magdiwang (faction)">Magdiwang faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Philippine Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulahan" title="Pulahan">Pulajanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kartilya_ng_Katipunan" title="Kartilya ng Katipunan">Kartilya ng Katipunan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mi_%C3%BAltimo_adi%C3%B3s" title="Mi último adiós">Mi último adiós</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Flags of the Philippine Revolution">Flags of the Philippine Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Philippine_Flag" title="Evolution of the Philippine Flag">"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag of the Philippines</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Marcha nacional filipina</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Prime ministers of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime ministers of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pedro Paterno</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas" title="Jorge B. Vargas">Jorge B. Vargas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Virata" title="Cesar Virata">Cesar E. A. Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador H. Laurel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines_from_Laguna" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laguna_House_Representatives" title="Template:Laguna House Representatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laguna_House_Representatives" title="Template talk:Laguna House Representatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laguna_House_Representatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laguna House Representatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines_from_Laguna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Laguna</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laguna%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Laguna's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paterno</a></li> <li>Malvar</li> <li>Paulino</li> <li>Platón</li> <li>Gómez</li> <li>Ocampo</li> <li>Dizon</li> <li>Gesmundo</li> <li>Gómez</li> <li>Almazán</li> <li>Dizon</li> <li>Potenciano</li> <li>Barretto</li> <li>Concordia</li> <li>Gonzales</li> <li>J. Chipeco</li> <li>Concordia</li> <li>J. Chipeco</li> <li>N. Joaquin</li> <li>Almoro</li> <li>N. Joaquin</li> <li>U. Joaquin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Fernandez" title="Danilo Fernandez">D. Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlene_B._Arcillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlene B. Arcillas">Arcillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Fernandez" title="Danilo Fernandez">D. Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Matibag" title="Ann Matibag">Matibag</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Seal_of_the_Philippine_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Philippine_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Seal_of_the_Philippine_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Philippine_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Seal_of_the_Philippine_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Philippine_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="490" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laguna%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Laguna's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisp%C3%ADn_Oben" title="Crispín Oben">Oben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Guevara" title="Pedro Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li>Guysayko</li> <li>Benítez</li> <li>Palileo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_Laico" title="Ananias Laico">Laico</a></li> <li>Bonifacio</li> <li>Untivero</li> <li>Bonifacio</li> <li>Guysayko</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Fernandez" title="Estanislao Fernandez">E. Fernandez</a></li> <li>Baes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estanislao_Fernandez" title="Estanislao Fernandez">E. Fernandez</a></li> <li>Lagumbay</li> <li>Palacol</li> <li>de Leon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Chipeco" title="Jun Chipeco">Chipeco Jr.</a></li> <li>Tingzon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Chipeco" title="Jun Chipeco">Chipeco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timmy_Chipeco" title="Timmy Chipeco">J.M. Chipeco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Chipeco" title="Jun Chipeco">Chipeco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mariano-Hernandez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Mariano-Hernandez">Mariano-Hernandez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laguna%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Laguna's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aquino</li> <li>Bueser</li> <li>Arago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Aragones" title="Sol Aragones">Aragones</a></li> <li>Amante</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laguna%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Laguna's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Palacol</li> <li>R. San Luis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Agarao_Jr." title="Benjamin Agarao Jr.">Agarao Jr.</a></li> <li>E. San Luis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Agarao_Jr." title="Benjamin Agarao Jr.">Agarao Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Agarao" title="Jam Agarao">Agarao-Oloroso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Laguna#At-large_(defunct)" title="Legislative districts of Laguna">At-large<br />(defunct)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1898-1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Benitez</li> <li>Cordero</li> <li>Sityar</li> <li>Ilagan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1943–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Zorilla</li> <li>Bautista</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984–1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Brion" title="Arturo Brion">Brion</a></li> <li>de los Reyes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslao_Lagumbay" title="Wenceslao Lagumbay">Lagumbay</a></li> <li>Yulo</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Other districts within Laguna: (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Bi%C3%B1an_House_Representatives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Biñan House Representatives (page does not exist)">Biñan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Calamba_House_Representatives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Calamba House Representatives (page does not exist)">Calamba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Santa_Rosa_House_Representatives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Santa Rosa House Representatives (page does not exist)">Santa Rosa</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946237#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946237#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946237#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117708740">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/75758749">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1664309/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymDXfw9WXrp7tq3Q4H4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/143185861">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006221496">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1366507">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1577381">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p307936716">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1305157">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/100571395">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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