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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stipulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stipulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stipulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stipulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary_of_contents_of_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_contents_of_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Summary of contents of treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_contents_of_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_Amnesty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_Amnesty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Declaration of Amnesty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_Amnesty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conspiracy theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Lausanne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معاهدة لوزان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهدة لوزان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trat%C3%A1u_de_Lausana" title="Tratáu de Lausana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tratáu de Lausana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozanna_m%C3%BCqavil%C9%99si_(1923)" title="Lozanna müqaviləsi (1923) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lozanna müqaviləsi (1923)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لوزان آندلاشماسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوزان آندلاشماسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লোজান চুক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোজান চুক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Лозанна тыныслыҡ килешеүе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лозанна тыныслыҡ килешеүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Лазанскі мірны дагавор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лазанскі мірны дагавор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лязанская мірная дамова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лязанская мірная дамова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Лозански договор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лозански договор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feur-emglev_Lausanne_(1923)" title="Feur-emglev Lausanne (1923) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Feur-emglev Lausanne (1923)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Lausana" title="Tractat de Lausana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de Lausana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausannsk%C3%A1_smlouva" title="Lausannská smlouva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lausannská smlouva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytundeb_Lausanne" title="Cytundeb Lausanne – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cytundeb Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-traktaten" title="Lausanne-traktaten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lausanne-traktaten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Lausanne" title="Vertrag von Lausanne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertrag von Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne%27i_rahu" title="Lausanne'i rahu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lausanne'i rahu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CF%89%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Συνθήκη της Λωζάνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνθήκη της Λωζάνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Lausana" title="Tratado de Lausana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Lausana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktato_de_La%C5%ADzano" title="Traktato de Laŭzano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Traktato de Laŭzano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanako_Hitzarmena" title="Lausanako Hitzarmena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lausanako Hitzarmena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیمان لوزان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان لوزان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Lausanne_(1923)" title="Traité de Lausanne (1923) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Lausanne (1923)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Lausana" title="Tratado de Lausana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tratado de Lausana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%9E%94_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="로잔 조약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로잔 조약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Լոզանի պայմանագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոզանի պայմանագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="लुसाने की संधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुसाने की संधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktato_di_Lausanne" title="Traktato di Lausanne – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Traktato di Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Lausanne" title="Perjanjian Lausanne – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Losanna_(1923)" title="Trattato di Losanna (1923) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Losanna (1923)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הסכם לוזאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכם לוזאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ლოზანის საზავო ხელშეკრულება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოზანის საზავო ხელშეკრულება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BC_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Лозанна бітім шарты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лозанна бітім шарты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peymana_Lozan%C3%AA" title="Peymana Lozanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peymana Lozanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Лозанна тынчтык келишими – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лозанна тынчтык келишими" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pactum_Lausannense" title="Pactum Lausannense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pactum Lausannense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozannas_miera_l%C4%ABgums" title="Lozannas miera līgums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lozannas miera līgums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne-i_b%C3%A9keszerz%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Lausanne-i békeszerződés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lausanne-i békeszerződés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Лозански договор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лозански договор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Lausanne" title="Perjanjian Lausanne – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perjanjian Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrede_van_Lausanne_(1923)" title="Vrede van Lausanne (1923) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vrede van Lausanne (1923)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8C%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="ローザンヌ条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローザンヌ条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausannetraktaten" title="Lausannetraktaten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lausannetraktaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Lausana" title="Tractat de Lausana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tractat de Lausana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozanna_shartnomasi" title="Lozanna shartnomasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lozanna shartnomasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معاہدہ لوزان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معاہدہ لوزان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_w_Lozannie" title="Traktat w Lozannie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Traktat w Lozannie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Lausanne" title="Tratado de Lausanne – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Lausanne" title="Tratatul de la Lausanne – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tratatul de la Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_(1923)" title="Лозаннский мирный договор (1923) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лозаннский мирный договор (1923)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktati_i_Lozan%C3%ABs" title="Traktati i Lozanës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Traktati i Lozanës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Treaty of Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozanski_sporazum" title="Lozanski sporazum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lozanski sporazum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پەیمانی لۆزان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانی لۆزان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_1923." title="Лозански мир 1923. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лозански мир 1923." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugovor_iz_Lausanne" title="Ugovor iz Lausanne – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugovor iz Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausannen_sopimus" title="Lausannen sopimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lausannen sopimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausannefreden" title="Lausannefreden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lausannefreden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สนธิสัญญาโลซาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนธิสัญญาโลซาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozan_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Lozan Antlaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lozan Antlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozen_%C5%9Fertnamasy" title="Lozen şertnamasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Lozen şertnamasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80_(1923)" title="Лозаннський мирний договір (1923) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лозаннський мирний договір (1923)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معاہدہ لوزان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاہدہ لوزان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Lausanne" title="Hiệp ước Lausanne – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệp ước Lausanne" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%A1%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%EF%BC%881923%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89" title="洛桑条约（1923年） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="洛桑条约（1923年）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%A1%91%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="洛桑條約 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洛桑條約" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%A1%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6_(1923%E5%B9%B4)" title="洛桑条约 (1923年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洛桑条约 (1923年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Treaty of Lausanne (disambiguation)">Treaty of Lausanne (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Treaty of Lausanne</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Treaty of Peace and Exchange of War Prisoners with Turkey Signed at Lausanne<br /> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Accord relatif à la restitution réciproque des internés civils et à l'échange des prisonniers de guerre, signé à Lausanne</i></span><br /> </p> <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Lozan'da Türkiye ile Barış ve Savaş Esirlerinin Değişimi üzerine İmzalanan Antlaşma</i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png/300px-Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png/450px-Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png/600px-Turkey-Greece-Bulgaria_on_Treaty_of_Lausanne.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="324" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Borders of Turkey set by the Treaty of Lausanne.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1923</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Following ratification by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and any three of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, the treaty would come into force for those "high contracting parties" and thereafter for each additional signatory upon deposit of <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratification</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Yugoslavia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a></span></li></ul> <hr width="50%" /> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Turkey</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Treaty of Lausanne</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Traité de Lausanne</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Lozan Antlaşması</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> negotiated during the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923</a> and signed in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Rumine" title="Palais de Rumine">Palais de Rumine</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty officially resolved the conflict that had initially arisen between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the Allied <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> since the outset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original text of the treaty is in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emerged as a second attempt at peace after the failed and unratified <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, which had sought to partition Ottoman territories. The earlier treaty, signed in 1920, was later rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> which <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">actively opposed</a> its terms. As a result of Greek defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a>, Turkish forces recaptured <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a> was signed in October 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This armistice provided for the <a href="/wiki/Greek-Turkish_population_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek-Turkish population exchange">exchange of Greek-Turkish populations</a> and allowed unrestricted civilian, non-military passage through the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>. </p><p>Turkey <a href="/wiki/Ratification#Ratification_of_an_international_treaty" title="Ratification">ratified</a> the treaty on 23 August 1923,<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lonoj_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonoj-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all other signatories did so by 16 July 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, a declaration of amnesty was issued, granting immunity for crimes committed between 1914 and 1922, including the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Hans-Lukas Kieser</a> asserts that "Lausanne tacitly endorsed comprehensive policies of expulsion and extermination of hetero-ethnic and hetero-religious groups".<sup id="cite_ref-Kieser_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieser-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–23">Lausanne Conference of 1922–23</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SevresTreaty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SevresTreaty.png/300px-SevresTreaty.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SevresTreaty.png/450px-SevresTreaty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/SevresTreaty.png/600px-SevresTreaty.png 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Borders of Turkey according to the unratified <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> (1920) which was annulled and replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the withdrawal of the Greek forces in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the expulsion of the Ottoman Sultan by the Turkish army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Kemalist government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> rejected the territorial losses imposed by the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, previously signed by the Ottoman Empire but remaining unratified. Britain had sought to undermine Turkish influence in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> by seeking the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> state in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a>. Secular Kemalist rhetoric relieved some of the international concerns about the future of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> who had survived the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, and support for Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self determination</a> similarly declined. Under the Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, Eastern Anatolia became part of modern-day Turkey, in exchange for Turkey's relinquishing Ottoman-era claims to the oil-rich Arab lands.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negotiations were undertaken during the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–23">Conference of Lausanne</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> was the chief negotiator for Turkey. <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">British Foreign Secretary</a> of that time, was the chief negotiator for the Allies, while <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a> negotiated on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a>. The negotiations took many months. On 20 November 1922, the peace conference was opened; the treaty was signed on 24 July after eight months of arduous negotiation, punctuated by several Turkish withdrawals. The Allied delegation included U.S. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mark_L._Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark L. Bristol">Mark L. Bristol</a>, who served as the United States High Commissioner and supported Turkish efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stipulations">Stipulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stipulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treaty was composed of 143 articles with major sections including:<sup id="cite_ref-Mango_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mango-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Treaty </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parts </th></tr> <tr> <td>Convention on the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trade (<a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">abolition of capitulations</a>) – Article 28 provided: "Each of the High Contracting Parties hereby accepts, in so far as it is concerned, the complete abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Capitulations in Turkey</a> in every respect."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agreements </td></tr> <tr> <td>Binding letters </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greek Orthodox Christian minority in Turkey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority in Greece</a>. However, most of the Christian population of Turkey and the Muslim population of Greece had already been deported under the earlier <a href="/wiki/Convention_Concerning_the_Exchange_of_Greek_and_Turkish_Populations_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations (1923)">Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations</a> signed by Greece and Turkey. Only the Greek Orthodox of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a> (about 270,000 at that time),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Muslim population of <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a> (about 129,120 in 1923) were excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a> (Gökçeada) and Tenedos (Bozcaada) "<a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">special administrative organisation</a>", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. Turkey also formally accepted the loss of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (which had been leased to the British Empire following the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> in 1878, but <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> remained an Ottoman territory until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>). The fate of the province of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> was left to be determined through the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. Turkey also explicitly renounced all claims to the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Islands">Dodecanese Islands</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> had been obliged to return to Turkey according to Article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ouchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ouchy">Treaty of Ouchy</a> in 1912 following the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–1912).<sup id="cite_ref-Ouchy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouchy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_contents_of_treaty">Summary of contents of treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Summary of contents of treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Lausanne Treaty I. Treaty of Peace<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parts </th> <th>Sections </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Preamble </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part I </td> <td>Political Clauses </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part II </td> <td>Financial Clauses </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part III. </td> <td>Economic clauses </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part IV </td> <td>Communications and Sanitary Questions </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part V. </td> <td>Miscellaneous Provisions   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part IV. </td> <td>Convention respecting conditions of Residence and Business and Jurisdiction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part V </td> <td>Commercial Convention </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part VI </td> <td>Convention concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part VII </td> <td>Agreement between Greece and Turkey respecting the reciprocal restitution of interned civilians and the exchange of prisoners of war </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part VIII </td> <td>Declaration relating to the Amnesty  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part IX </td> <td>Declaration relating to Muslim properties in Greece </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part X </td> <td>Declaration relating to sanitary matters in Turkey; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part XI </td> <td>Declaration relating to the administration of justice; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part XII </td> <td>Protocol relation to certain concessions granted </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part XIII </td> <td>Protocol relating to the accession of Belgium and Portugal to contain provisions and instruments signed at Lausanne </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part XIV </td> <td>Protocol relating to the evacuation of the Turkish territory occupied by the British, French and Italian forces </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part XV </td> <td>Protocol relative to the <a href="/wiki/Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_Edirne" title="Karaağaç, Edirne">Karagatch</a> territory and the Islands of Imbros and Tenedos  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part XVI </td> <td>Protocol relative to the Treaty concluded at Sèvres between the principal Allied Powers and Greece on 10 August 1920, concerning the protection of minorities in Greece, and the Treaty concluded on the same day between the same Powers relating to Thrace.  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part XVII </td> <td>Protocol relating to signature by the Serb-Croat-Slovene State </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borders">Borders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Kaleh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ada_Kaleh.jpg/250px-Ada_Kaleh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ada_Kaleh.jpg/375px-Ada_Kaleh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ada_Kaleh.jpg/500px-Ada_Kaleh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ada_Kaleh" title="Ada Kaleh">Adakale Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">River Danube</a> was forgotten during the peace talks at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> in 1878, which allowed it to remain a <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> Ottoman territory and the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdülhamid II</a>'s private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> until <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1919 and further strengthened this claim with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> in 1920.)<sup id="cite_ref-Adakale_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adakale-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was submerged during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_I_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station">Iron Gates hydroelectric plant</a> in 1970, which also removed the possibility of a potential legal claim by the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The treaty delimited the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Specifically, the treaty provisioned that all the islands, islets and other territories in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean in the original text) beyond three miles from the Turkish shores were ceded to Greece, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tav%C5%9Fan_Islands,_%C3%87anakkale" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavşan Islands, Çanakkale">Rabbit islands</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne/Part_I" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Lausanne/Part I">Articles 6 and 12</a>). There is a special notation in both articles, that, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise, the Turkish sovereignty extends three miles from Asia Minor shores. The Greek population of Imbros and Tenedos was not included in the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange</a> and would be protected under the stipulations of the protection of the minorities in Turkey (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne/Part_I" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Lausanne/Part I">Article 38</a>). </p><p>The major issue of the war reparations, demanded from Greece by Turkey, was abandoned after Greece agreed to cede <a href="/wiki/Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_Edirne" title="Karaağaç, Edirne">Karaağaç</a> to Turkey. </p><p>Turkey also formally ceded all claims on the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Islands">Dodecanese Islands</a> (Article 15); <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (Article 20);<sup id="cite_ref-Xypolia_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xypolia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> (Article 17); <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate of Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq_(Mandate_administration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)">Iraq</a> (Article 3); and (along with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a>) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territories to the south of Syria and Iraq on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, which still remained under Turkish control when the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed on 30 October 1918, were not explicitly identified in the text of the treaty. However, the definition of Turkey's southern border in Article 3 also meant that Turkey officially ceded them. These territories included the <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asir" title="Asir">Asir</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> like the city of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" title="Siege of Medina">Medina</a>. They were held by Turkish forces until 23 January 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey officially ceded <a href="/wiki/Ada_Kaleh" title="Ada Kaleh">Adakale Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> by formally recognizing the related provisions in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> of 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adakale_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adakale-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a>, the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>Turkey also renounced its privileges in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> which were defined by Article 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ouchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ouchy">Treaty of Ouchy</a> in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.)<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreements">Agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Chester_concession" title="Chester concession">Chester concession</a>. In the United States, the treaty was opposed by several groups, including the Committee Opposed to the Lausanne Treaty (COLT), and on 18 January 1927, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> refused to ratify the treaty by a vote of 50–34, six votes short of the two-thirds required by the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Turkey annulled the concession.<sup id="cite_ref-Mango_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mango-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides, Turkey was obliged to instate four European advisors on juridical matters for five years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advisors were to observe a juridical reform in Turkey. The advisors contract could be renewed if the suggested reforms would not have taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Turkey worked on and announced a new <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">Turkish constitution</a> and reformed the Turkish justice system by including the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Civil_Code" title="Swiss Civil Code">Swiss Civil code</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Code_of_Criminal_Procedure" title="Italian Code of Criminal Procedure">Italian criminal law</a> and the German Commercial law before completion of the five years in question.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declaration_of_Amnesty">Declaration of Amnesty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Declaration of Amnesty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Lausanne_Declaration_of_Amnesty.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Treaty_of_Lausanne_Declaration_of_Amnesty.pdf/page1-150px-Treaty_of_Lausanne_Declaration_of_Amnesty.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Treaty_of_Lausanne_Declaration_of_Amnesty.pdf/page1-225px-Treaty_of_Lausanne_Declaration_of_Amnesty.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Treaty_of_Lausanne_Declaration_of_Amnesty.pdf/page1-300px-Treaty_of_Lausanne_Declaration_of_Amnesty.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1497" /></a><figcaption>Declaration of Amnesty</figcaption></figure> <p>Annex VIII to the treaty, called "Declaration of Amnesty", granted immunity to the perpetrators of any crimes "connected to political events" committed between 1914 and 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty thus put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Ottoman_war_criminals_after_World_War_I" title="Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals after World War I">effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals</a> for crimes such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and codified <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a> for these crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dadrian_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dadrian-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lausanne_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/200px-Lausanne_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/300px-Lausanne_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/400px-Lausanne_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Turkish delegation after having signed the Treaty of Lausanne. The delegation was led by <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> (in the middle).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As result of the Treaty, the Ottoman public debt was divided between Turkey and the countries which emerged from the former Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention on the <a href="/wiki/Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits">Straits</a> lasted for thirteen years and was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits</a> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The customs limitations in the treaty were shortly after reworked. </p><p>For Greece, the treaty brought to an end the impetus behind the <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, the notion that modern Greece should encompass those territories in Asia Minor which had been populated with Greek speakers for up to 3000 years and which also formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a> remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria">French Mandate of Syria</a> according to the Treaty of Lausanne, but in 1938 gained its independence as the <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a>, which later joined Turkey after a referendum in 1939. Political amnesty was given to opponents of the new Turkish regime but the government reserved the right to make 150 exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/150_personae_non_gratae_of_Turkey" title="150 personae non gratae of Turkey">150 personae non gratae of Turkey</a> (mostly descendants of the Ottoman dynasty) slowly acquired citizenship – the last one in 1974.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> declared the treaty an "abject, cowardly and infamous surrender".<sup id="cite_ref-Dadrian_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dadrian-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Norman Naimark</a> states, "The Lausanne Treaty served as a pivotal international precedent for transferring populations against their will throughout the twentieth century."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Ronald Grigor Suny</a> states that the treaty "essentially confirmed the effectiveness of deportations or even murderous ethnic cleansing as a potential solution to population problems".<sup id="cite_ref-Suny_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Hans-Lukas Kieser</a> states, "Lausanne tacitly endorsed comprehensive policies of expulsion and extermination of hetero-ethnic and hetero-religious groups, with fatal attraction for German revisionists and many other nationalists".<sup id="cite_ref-Kieser_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieser-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Treaty of Lausanne has given rise to a number of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">conspiracy theories in Turkey</a> to defame the post-<a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">war</a> Turkish secular nationalist rule of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it has been claimed that the treaty was signed to be effective for a century and there are "secret articles" in the treaty regarding Turkey's mining of natural resources. One conspiracy theory that had following in the 2010s held that the treaty would expire in 2023 and Turkey would be allowed to mine <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greek_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of Greek genocide">Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Conspiracy theories in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">Greek refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greeks in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_Monument_and_Museum" title="Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum">Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_Edirne" title="Karaağaç, Edirne">Karaağaç, Edirne</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Turks of the Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Turks of Western Thrace</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKieser2023" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2023). <i>When Democracy Died: The Middle East's Enduring Peace of Lausanne</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316516423" title="Special:BookSources/9781316516423"><bdi>9781316516423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Democracy+Died%3A+The+Middle+East%27s+Enduring+Peace+of+Lausanne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781316516423&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTusan2023" class="citation book cs1">Tusan, Michelle (2023). <i>The Last Treaty: Lausanne and the End of the First World War in the Middle East</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009371087" title="Special:BookSources/9781009371087"><bdi>9781009371087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Treaty%3A+Lausanne+and+the+End+of+the+First+World+War+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009371087&rft.aulast=Tusan&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59901">online book review</a></li> <li>Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "The Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat’s Assassination," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 59: No. 3, Article 4. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlin2023" class="citation book cs1">Conlin, Jonathan (2023). <i>They All Made Peace – What is Peace?</i>. Gingko. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-914983-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-914983-05-4"><bdi>978-1-914983-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+All+Made+Peace+%E2%80%93+What+is+Peace%3F&rft.pub=Gingko&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-914983-05-4&rft.aulast=Conlin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidy-archives.lausanne.ch/uploads/r/archives-de-la-ville-de-lausanne/e/3/3/e337dc8394f8b9d486a585c9cb97e3e62527a392d1d6bf51d8fc346fd4f13edd/AVL_ADM_B1_224_10_2_89_9.pdf">Archives de la Ville de Lausanne</a> (consulté le 22.07.23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/switzerland/lausanne/attractions/palais-de-rumine/a/poi-sig/1439510/360822">"Palais de Rumine"</a>. <i>www.lonelyplanet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914000817/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/switzerland/lausanne/attractions/palais-de-rumine/a/poi-sig/1439510/360822">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lonelyplanet.com&rft.atitle=Palais+de+Rumine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fswitzerland%2Flausanne%2Fattractions%2Fpalais-de-rumine%2Fa%2Fpoi-sig%2F1439510%2F360822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myswitzerland.com/en-us/mice/palais-de-rumine-musee-cantonal-des-beaux-arts.html">"Palais de Rumine & Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts"</a>. <i>MySwitzerland.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MySwitzerland.com&rft.atitle=Palais+de+Rumine+%26+Mus%C3%A9e+cantonal+des+Beaux-Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myswitzerland.com%2Fen-us%2Fmice%2Fpalais-de-rumine-musee-cantonal-des-beaux-arts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXypolia2021" class="citation journal cs1">Xypolia, Ilia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2021.1996711">"Imperial Bending of Rules: The British Empire, the Treaty of Lausanne, and Cypriot Immigration to Turkey"</a>. <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 674–691. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2021.1996711">10.1080/09592296.2021.1996711</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F18252">2164/18252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246234931">246234931</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114142612/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2021.1996711">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Imperial+Bending+of+Rules%3A+The+British+Empire%2C+the+Treaty+of+Lausanne%2C+and+Cypriot+Immigration+to+Turkey&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=674-691&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F18252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246234931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2021.1996711&rft.aulast=Xypolia&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2021.1996711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne"><i>Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland, 24 July 1923, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112221242/http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Peace+with+Turkey+signed+at+Lausanne&rft.place=Lausanne%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=1923-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FTreaty_of_Lausanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armistice-of-Mudanya">"Armistice of Mudanya"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202225224/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armistice-of-Mudanya">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armistice+of+Mudanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArmistice-of-Mudanya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Lawrence1924" class="citation book cs1">Martin Lawrence (1924). <i>Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923</i>. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. p. lxxvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaties+of+Peace%2C+1919%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=lxxvii&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Martin+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lonoj-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lonoj_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Official Journal, October 1924". <i>League of Nations Official Journal</i>. <b>4</b>: 1292. October 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=League+of+Nations+Official+Journal&rft.atitle=Official+Journal%2C+October+1924&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=1292&rft.date=1924-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1924/jul/16/treaty-of-lausanne-ratification#S5CV0176P0_19240716_HOC_53">House of Commons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018131357/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1924/jul/16/treaty-of-lausanne-ratification#S5CV0176P0_19240716_HOC_53">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 July 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieser-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieser_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieser_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2010" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203837443.ch3">"Germany and the Armenian Genocide of 1915–17"</a>. In Friedman, Jonathan C. (ed.). <i>The Routledge History of the Holocaust</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203837443.ch3">10.4324/9780203837443.ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87060-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87060-6"><bdi>978-1-136-87060-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213120747/https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203837443.ch3">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany+and+the+Armenian+Genocide+of+1915%E2%80%9317&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203837443.ch3&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87060-6&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledgehandbooks.com%2Fdoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203837443.ch3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarren_L._Logan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Darren L. Logan (2009). "Thoughts on Iraqi Kurdistan: Present Realities, Future Hope". <i>Iran & the Caucasus</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 161–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F160984909X12476379008205">10.1163/160984909X12476379008205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597401">25597401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+Iraqi+Kurdistan%3A+Present+Realities%2C+Future+Hope&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-186&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F160984909X12476379008205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25597401%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Darren+L.+Logan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgenthau, Henry, <i>Ambassador Morgenthau's Story</i>, (Detroit: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>, 2003), 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mango-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mango_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mango_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango,_Andrew2002" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Andrew (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr/page/388"><i>Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Overlook_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Overlook Press">Overlook Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr/page/388">388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-334-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-334-X"><bdi>1-58567-334-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ataturk%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Founder+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58567-334-X&rft.au=Mango%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fataturk00andr%2Fpage%2F388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to Turkey, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> were parties to the Treaty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm">The Greek minority of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192959/http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Hellenic Resources Network</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖksüz2004" class="citation cs2">Öksüz, Hikmet (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azinlikca.net/pdfs/thesis/The_Reasons_for_immigration_from_Western_Thrace_to_Turkey.pdf"><i>The Reasons for Immigration from Western Thrace to Turkey (1923–1950)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, p. 255</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reasons+for+Immigration+from+Western+Thrace+to+Turkey+%281923%E2%80%931950%29&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Turkish+Review+of+Balkan+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=%C3%96ks%C3%BCz&rft.aufirst=Hikmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azinlikca.net%2Fpdfs%2Fthesis%2FThe_Reasons_for_immigration_from_Western_Thrace_to_Turkey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ouchy-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ouchy_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025183004/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm">"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm">the original</a> on 25 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Lausanne%2C+October%2C+1912.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fboshtml%2Fbos142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Barros, <i>The Corfu Incident of 1923: Mussolini and The League of Nations</i>, Princeton University Press, 1965 (reprinted 2015), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400874610" title="Special:BookSources/1400874610">1400874610</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.tr/lausanne-peace-treaty.en.mfa">"Treaty Summary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226233527/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/lausanne-peace-treaty.en.mfa">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tr%2Flausanne-peace-treaty.en.mfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adakale-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adakale_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adakale_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexisphoenix.org/adakaleh.php">"Adakale Island in River Danube"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000112/http://alexisphoenix.org/adakaleh.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adakale+Island+in+River+Danube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falexisphoenix.org%2Fadakaleh.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xypolia-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xypolia_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXypolia2011" class="citation journal cs1">Xypolia, Ilia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bujournal.boun.edu.tr/docs/13330942935.pdf">"Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bogazici Journal</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 109–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21773%2Fboun.25.2.6">10.21773/boun.25.2.6</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602043648/http://www.bujournal.boun.edu.tr/docs/13330942935.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bogazici+Journal&rft.atitle=Cypriot+Muslims+among+Ottomans%2C+Turks+and+British&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-120&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21773%2Fboun.25.2.6&rft.aulast=Xypolia&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bujournal.boun.edu.tr%2Fdocs%2F13330942935.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/affairs/affairs_a1.html">"Arabia (Yemen–Hejaz) Front Side"</a>. <i>www.osmanli700.gen.tr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807132822/http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/affairs/affairs_a1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osmanli700.gen.tr&rft.atitle=Arabia+%28Yemen%E2%80%93Hejaz%29+Front+Side&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osmanli700.gen.tr%2Fenglish%2Faffairs%2Faffairs_a1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/olaylar/olaya1.html">"Arabistan Cephesi – Osmanlı Web Sitesi – Forsnet"</a>. <i>www.osmanli700.gen.tr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124940/http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/olaylar/olaya1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osmanli700.gen.tr&rft.atitle=Arabistan+Cephesi+%E2%80%93+Osmanl%C4%B1+Web+Sitesi+%E2%80%93+Forsnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osmanli700.gen.tr%2Folaylar%2Folaya1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1971" class="citation book cs1">Trask, Roger R. (1971). "Rejection of the Lausanne Treaty and Resumption of Diplomatic Relations, 1923–1927". <i>The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914–1939</i>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 37–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-3717-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-3717-5"><bdi>978-1-4529-3717-5</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1252066">chapter 1252066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rejection+of+the+Lausanne+Treaty+and+Resumption+of+Diplomatic+Relations%2C+1923%E2%80%931927&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Response+to+Turkish+Nationalism+and+Reform%2C+1914%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=37-64&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-3717-5&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=Roger+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liebisch-Gümüş, Carolin (6 July 2020). p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American Journal of International Law</i>, Vol. 18., No. 2, Supplement:Official Documents (Apr. 1924), pp. 92–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharf1996" class="citation journal cs1">Scharf, Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=lcp">"The Letter of the Law: The Scope of the International Legal Obligation to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes"</a>. <i>Law and Contemporary Problems</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 41–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1192189">10.2307/1192189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-9186">0023-9186</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1192189">1192189</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719183245/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=lcp">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Initially, the Allied Powers sought the prosecution of those responsible for the massacres. The Treaty of Sevres, which was signed on August 10, 1920, would have required the Turkish Government to hand over those responsible to the Allied Powers for trial. Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Sevres], art. 230, at 235, Aug. 10, 1920, reprinted in 15 AM. J. INT'L L. 179 (Supp 1921). "The Treaty of Sevres was, however, not ratified and did not come into force. It was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne, which not only did not contain provisions respecting the punishment of war crimes, but was accompanied by a 'Declaration of Amnesty' of all offenses committed between 1914 and 1922." Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Lausanne], July 24, 1923, League of Nations Treaty Series 11, reprinted in 18 AM. J. INT'L L. 1 (Supp. 1924). 99.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Contemporary+Problems&rft.atitle=The+Letter+of+the+Law%3A+The+Scope+of+the+International+Legal+Obligation+to+Prosecute+Human+Rights+Crimes&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=41-61&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0023-9186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1192189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1192189&rft.aulast=Scharf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1015%26context%3Dlcp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattanzi2018" class="citation book cs1">Lattanzi, Flavia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-78169-3_3">"The Armenian Massacres as the Murder of a Nation?"</a>. <i>The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later</i>. Studies in the History of Law and Justice. Vol. 15. Springer International Publishing. pp. 27–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-78169-3_3">10.1007/978-3-319-78169-3_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78169-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78169-3"><bdi>978-3-319-78169-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321220531/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-78169-3_3">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Massacres+as+the+Murder+of+a+Nation%3F&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Massacres+of+1915%E2%80%931916+a+Hundred+Years+Later&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Law+and+Justice&rft.pages=27-104&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-78169-3_3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78169-3&rft.aulast=Lattanzi&rft.aufirst=Flavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-78169-3_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchesi2018" class="citation book cs1">Marchesi, Antonio (2018). "Metz Yeghern and the Origin of International Norms on the Punishment of Crimes". <i>The Armenian Massacres of 1915–1916 a Hundred Years Later: Open Questions and Tentative Answers in International Law</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. 143–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78169-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78169-3"><bdi>978-3-319-78169-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metz+Yeghern+and+the+Origin+of+International+Norms+on+the+Punishment+of+Crimes&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Massacres+of+1915%E2%80%931916+a+Hundred+Years+Later%3A+Open+Questions+and+Tentative+Answers+in+International+Law&rft.pages=143-160&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-78169-3&rft.aulast=Marchesi&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dadrian-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dadrian_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dadrian_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadrian1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dadrian, Vahakn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjil/vol23/iss2/5/">"The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice"</a>. <i>Yale Journal of International Law</i>. <b>23</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0889-7743">0889-7743</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203160836/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjil/vol23/iss2/5/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>After expunging all references to Armenian massacres (and, indeed, to Armenia itself) from the draft version, they signed the Lausanne Peace Treaty, thus helping to codify impunity by ignoring the Armenian genocide. The international law flowing from this treaty, while a sham in reality, lent an aura of respectability to impunity because the imprimatur of a peace conference was attached to it. A French jurist observed that the treaty was an "assurance" for impunity for the crime of massacre; indeed, it was a "glorification" of the crime in which an entire race, the Armenians, was "systematically exterminated." For his part, David Lloyd George, wartime Prime Minister of Great Britain, found it appropriate to vent his ire when he was out of power: He declared the Western Allies' conduct at the Lausanne Conference to be "abject, cowardly and infamous." A creature of political deal-making, the Lausanne Treaty was a triumph of the principle of impunity over the principle of retributive justice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Historical+and+Legal+Interconnections+Between+the+Armenian+Genocide+and+the+Jewish+Holocaust%3A+From+Impunity+to+Retributive+Justice&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0889-7743&rft.aulast=Dadrian&rft.aufirst=Vahakn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fyjil%2Fvol23%2Fiss2%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2010" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter V. (2010). <i>Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789–2007</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 224–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Islam%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Modernity%3A+A+History%2C+1789%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=224-226&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15260-9&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebisch-Gümüş2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liebisch-Gümüş, Carolin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NlWxQEACAAJ"><i>Verflochtene Nationsbildung: Die Neue Türkei und der Völkerbund</i></a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter GmbH">Walter de Gruyter GmbH</a>. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-064341-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-064341-1"><bdi>978-3-11-064341-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114142648/https://books.google.com/books?id=-NlWxQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verflochtene+Nationsbildung%3A+Die+Neue+T%C3%BCrkei+und+der+V%C3%B6lkerbund&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-064341-1&rft.aulast=Liebisch-G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Carolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NlWxQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zürcher Erik Jan. <i>Turkey: a Modern History</i>. 4th ed. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8lDwAAQBAJ&q=%22abject,+cowardly+and+infamous%22&pg=PA231"><i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-53386-3"><bdi>978-1-317-53386-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114142650/https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8lDwAAQBAJ&q=%22abject,+cowardly+and+infamous%22&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-53386-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKC8lDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522abject%2C%2Bcowardly%2Band%2Binfamous%2522%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/ethnic-cleansing-0.html">"Ethnic Cleansing | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche"</a>. <i>ethnic-cleansing-0.html</i> (in French). 16 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511072630/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/ethnic-cleansing-0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethnic-cleansing-0.html&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+%7C+Sciences+Po+Violence+de+masse+et+R%C3%A9sistance+%E2%80%93+R%C3%A9seau+de+recherche&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Ffr%2Fdocument%2Fethnic-cleansing-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suny_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else"><i><span></span>'They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else': A History of the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 367–368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%27%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=367-368&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Lay summary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/armenian_genocide">"Armenian Genocide"</a>. <i>1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=1914%E2%80%931918-online.+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.au=Ronald+Grigor+Suny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Farmenian_genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702083157/https://www.skeptic.org.uk/2023/03/in-turkey-conspiracy-theories-about-the-peace-treaty-of-lausanne-run-riot/">"In Turkey, conspiracy theories about the Peace Treaty of Lausanne run riot"</a>. <i>The Skeptic</i>. 29 March 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skeptic.org.uk/2023/03/in-turkey-conspiracy-theories-about-the-peace-treaty-of-lausanne-run-riot/">the original</a> on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptic&rft.atitle=In+Turkey%2C+conspiracy+theories+about+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Lausanne+run+riot&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeptic.org.uk%2F2023%2F03%2Fin-turkey-conspiracy-theories-about-the-peace-treaty-of-lausanne-run-riot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806150445/https://yalansavar.org/2023/07/25/lozan-antlasmasinin-100-yilinda-komplo-teorileri-ve-gizli-maddelerin-izinde/">"Lozan Antlaşması'nın 100. Yılında Komplo Teorileri ve Gizli Maddelerin İzinde"</a>. <i>Yalansavar</i> (in Turkish). 25 July 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalansavar.org/2023/07/25/lozan-antlasmasinin-100-yilinda-komplo-teorileri-ve-gizli-maddelerin-izinde/">the original</a> on 6 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yalansavar&rft.atitle=Lozan+Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1%E2%80%99n%C4%B1n+100.+Y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda+Komplo+Teorileri+ve+Gizli+Maddelerin+%C4%B0zinde&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalansavar.org%2F2023%2F07%2F25%2Flozan-antlasmasinin-100-yilinda-komplo-teorileri-ve-gizli-maddelerin-izinde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanforth2014" class="citation news cs1">Danforth, Nick (2 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/02/notes-on-a-turkish-conspiracy/">"Notes on a Turkish Conspiracy"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509194015/https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/02/notes-on-a-turkish-conspiracy/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+Turkish+Conspiracy&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.aulast=Danforth&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2014%2F10%2F02%2Fnotes-on-a-turkish-conspiracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Lausanne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Treaty_of_Lausanne" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne">Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/sh/141111,144625">Newspaper clippings about Treaty of Lausanne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">"War guilt" clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_Commission" title="Reparation Commission">Reparation Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Possible cause of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsequent treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Responsibilities" title="Commission of Responsibilities">Commission of Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="List of participants in the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">List of participants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_Conference_at_the_Quai_d%27Orsay" title="A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay">A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors" title="The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors">The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Unknown_British_Soldier_in_France" title="To the Unknown British Soldier in France">To the Unknown British Soldier in France</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I_treaties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_World_War_treaties" title="Template:First World War treaties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_World_War_treaties" title="Template talk:First World War treaties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_World_War_treaties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First World War treaties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I_treaties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> treaties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="During_the_war" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:#ddf;text-align:left;">During the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">St.-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">London</a></li> <li>Bucharest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Acroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Buftea" title="Treaty of Buftea">Buftea</a></li> <li>Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany" title="Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Austria-Hungary_and_Finland" title="Treaty of Peace between Austria-Hungary and Finland">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Batum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paris_Peace_Conference" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:#ddf;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Sèvres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Rapallo (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Estonia%E2%80%93Russia)" title="Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia)">Tartu (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian%E2%80%93Soviet_Peace_Treaty" title="Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty">Riga (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Agreement" title="Suwałki Agreement">Suwałki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Riga (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Finland%E2%80%93Russia)" title="Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia)">Tartu (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Kars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1922)">Rapallo (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_between_the_Allied_and_Associated_Powers_with_Regard_to_the_Contribution_to_the_Cost_of_Liberation_of_the_Territories_of_the_Former_Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" title="Agreement between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Contribution to the Cost of Liberation of the Territories of the Former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Austro-Hungarian reparation payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_the_Allied_and_Associated_Powers_with_Regard_to_the_Italian_Reparation_Payments" title="Agreement Between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Italian Reparation Payments">Italian reparation payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Regarding_the_Restoration_of_the_State_of_Peace_between_Germany_and_China_(1921)" title="Agreement Regarding the Restoration of the State of Peace between Germany and China (1921)">Sino-German Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)">U.S.–German Peace Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Montreux</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Regime of the Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Abolition_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt">Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Denmark_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Denmark Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Greece_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1920)" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Greece Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1920)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Norway_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Norway Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Sweden_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1921)" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Sweden Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_between_Great_Britain_and_Portugal_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement between Great Britain and Portugal Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National<br />awakening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol_society" title="Karakol society">Karakol society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanahmet_demonstrations" title="Sultanahmet demonstrations">Sultanahmet demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Circular" title="Amasya Circular">Amasya Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Congress" title="Erzurum Congress">Erzurum Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal%C4%B1kesir_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balıkesir Congress (page does not exist)">Balıkesir Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir_Congress" title="Alaşehir Congress">Alaşehir Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">Sivas Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Ottoman_general_election" title="1919 Ottoman general election">Ottoman Parliament (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly_election" title="1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election">Grand National Assembly (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Turkish_general_election" title="1923 Turkish general election">Grand National Assembly (1923)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States during the Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">Bombardment of Samsun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Manisa" title="Fire of Manisa">Fire of Manisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Malta exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="List of media during the Turkish War of Independence">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemen_massacre" title="Menemen massacre">Menemen massacre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/150_personae_non_gratae_of_Turkey" title="150 personae non gratae of Turkey">Personae non gratae</a></i></li> <li>Ankara Government and Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_deportations" title="Samsun deportations">Samsun deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Peninsula_massacres" title="Yalova Peninsula massacres">Yalova Peninsula massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts#1919_Kurdish_revolt" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ta%C5%9Fl%C4%B1ca_(1919)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Taşlıca (1919) (page does not exist)">Taşlıca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Afar_uprising" title="Tal Afar uprising">Tal Afar uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baba%C3%A7i%C3%A7ek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Babaçiçek (page does not exist)">Battle of Babaçiçek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zdemir_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Özdemir Operation (page does not exist)">Özdemir Operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_K%C3%B6ysancak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Köysancak (page does not exist)">Köysancak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Eskişehir (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_clashes_(1920)" title="Samsun clashes (1920)">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzadeba%C5%9F%C4%B1_raid" title="Şehzadebaşı raid">Şehzadebaşı raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akba%C5%9F_arms_depot_raid" title="Akbaş arms depot raid">Akbaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Summer Offensive of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanak_crisis" title="Chanak crisis">Chanak crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Istanbul (page does not exist)">Liberation of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_rebellion" title="Konya rebellion">Konya rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Inzibatiye" title="Kuva-yi Inzibatiye">Kuva-yi Inzibatiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geyve" title="Battle of Geyve">Battle of Geyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ahmet_Anzavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur">Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87apano%C4%9Flu_Uprising" title="Çapanoğlu Uprising">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oltu" title="Battle of Oltu">Oltu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish_(1920)" title="Battle of Sarikamish (1920)">Sarıkamış</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1920)" title="Battle of Kars (1920)">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandropol" title="Battle of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash" title="Battle of Marash">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urfa" title="Battle of Urfa">Urfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aintab" title="Siege of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1_ambush" title="Karboğazı ambush">Karboğazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kovanba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Battle of Kovanbaşı">Kovanbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanl%C4%B1_Ge%C3%A7it" title="Battle of Kanlı Geçit">Kanlıgeçit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fad%C4%B1l" title="Battle of Fadıl">Fadıl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alemdar_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemdar Incident (page does not exist)">Alemdar Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_landing_at_Smyrna" title="Greek landing at Smyrna">Smyrna, 1919</a> (<a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Occupation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urla_Clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urla Clashes">Urla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malga%C3%A7_Raid" title="Malgaç Raid">Malgaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergama" title="Battle of Bergama">Bergama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erbeyli" title="Raid on Erbeyli">Erbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Erikli" title="Raid on Erikli">Erikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellidede" title="Battle of Tellidede">Tellidede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Battle of Aydın">Aydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Summer_Offensive" title="Greek Summer Offensive">Summer Offensive of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gediz" title="Battle of the Gediz">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">1st İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">2nd İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Liberation of Balıkesir">Liberation of Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_capture_of_Smyrna" title="Turkish capture of Smyrna">Capture of Smyrna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">U.S.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">Bombardment of Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Istanbul (page does not exist)">Liberation of Istanbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artvin" title="Battle of Artvin">Artvin (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish-Georgian_War_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish-Georgian War (1921) (page does not exist)">Artvin (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish-Georgian_War_(1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish-Georgian War (1921) (page does not exist)">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batumi" title="Battle of Batumi">Batumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misak-%C4%B1_Mill%C3%AE" title="Misak-ı Millî">Misak-ı Millî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">National<br />Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Conference of London of 1921–1922">Conference of London (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Conference of Lausanne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence">Timeline</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Treaties_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treaties_of_Turkey" title="Template:Treaties of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treaties_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Treaties of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treaties_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treaties of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Treaties_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_Turkey" title="List of treaties of Turkey">Treaties of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">During the<br />War of Independence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol (Gyumri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MfaLogoTR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MfaLogoTR.svg/64px-MfaLogoTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MfaLogoTR.svg/96px-MfaLogoTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MfaLogoTR.svg/128px-MfaLogoTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">After Proclamation<br />of the Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Turkish_Friendship_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greco-Turkish Friendship Agreement (page does not exist)">Greco-Turkish Friendship Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1926)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1926)">Treaty of Ankara (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saadabad" title="Treaty of Saadabad">Treaty of Saadabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_and_London_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich and London Agreement">Zürich and London Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Agreement" title="Ankara Agreement">Ankara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Strategic_Partnership_and_Mutual_Support" title="Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support">Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_treaties" title="Template:Ottoman treaties">Treaties of the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Straits_Question" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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