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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1918 treaty between Finland and Germany</div> <p>The <b>Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called the <b>Berlin Peace Treaty</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-LACUOF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LACUOF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> on 7 March 1918 ended the state of war that existed between <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Verosta_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verosta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It paved the way for German intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%85land" title="Invasion of Åland">invasion of Åland</a>. </p><p>According to one negative assessment, it placed Finland "firmly within the German orbit", rendering it "merely an economic satellite".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany's declaration of war on Russia</a> on 1 August 1914. </p><p>In 1917, Russia experienced two revolutions. In the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, the empire was overthrown and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">a provisional government</a> established. In the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the provisional government was deposed and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> established. On 6 December 1917, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">Finland declared its independence</a>, which Russia recognized on 31 December.<sup id="cite_ref-LACUOF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LACUOF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland nevertheless remained in the same state of war with the Central Powers (Germany, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) as it had been when a part of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Uotila_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uotila-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish overtures to Germany began even before the declaration of independence. In November 1917 the Finnish prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a>, requested military assistance from Germany and the Germans landed 62 <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_Movement" title="Jäger Movement">Finnish Jägers</a> with equipment in <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(region)" title="Ostrobothnia (region)">Ostrobothnia</a>. On 15 December, the Russian government signed an <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">armistice with the Central Powers</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Immanuel_Hjelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edvard Immanuel Hjelt">Edvard Immanuel Hjelt</a>, the Finnish representative in Berlin, requested a German expeditionary force be landed in Finland, he was told that he would have to await the outcome of the Russian peace conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 January 1918, a workers' uprising sparked the Finnish Civil War and the establishment a few days later of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a>. More Jägers and equipment arrived from Germany to bolster the anti-socialist Finnish forces on 17 and 25 February.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armistice with the Central Powers <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">expired on 18 February</a>, and Soviet Russia and the Finnish workers' republic signed a treaty of friendship on 1 March 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Verosta_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verosta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, on 3 March Russia signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> and made peace with the Central Powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiation_and_signing">Negotiation and signing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Negotiation and signing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 February, while the armistice was still in effect, the German <a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">Supreme Army Command</a> asked Hjelt to renew his request of December 1917 for German troops. This he did and on 21 February he met with Generals <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kreuznach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreuznach">Kreuznach</a>. On the same day the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, Major Werner Crantz, the German representative to the Finnish government represented by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Finland" title="Senate of Finland">Senate of Finland</a> (as opposed to the workers' republic allied with Russia), announced that the expeditionary force was ready to sail.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finno-German negotiations for a treaty of commerce and navigation began on 23 February. Formal negotiations for the peace treaty began on 28 February at the <i><a href="/wiki/Ausw%C3%A4rtiges_Amt" class="mw-redirect" title="Auswärtiges Amt">Auswärtiges Amt</a></i> (Foreign Office) in Berlin. The German negotiators were the under-secretary of foreign affairs, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Stumm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Stumm (page does not exist)">Wilhelm von Stumm</a>; the future first German ambassador to Finland, <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_von_Br%C3%BCck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August von Brück (page does not exist)">August von Brück</a>; the privy councillor <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Simson" title="Ernst von Simson">Ernst von Simson</a>; the Foreign Office's eastern expert, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Nadolny" title="Rudolf Nadolny">Rudolf Nadolny</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Trautmann" title="Oskar Trautmann">Oskar Trautmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finns were represented by Edvard Hjelt and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Waldemar_Erich" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Waldemar Erich">Rafael Waldemar Erich</a>, vice chancellor and professor, respectively, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>. </p><p>The Finno-German peace treaty was signed four days after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The signatories of the treaty were Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a> for Germany and Hjelt and Erich for Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-GPO_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treaty contains eleven chapters and 32 articles. The text of the treaty is in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin on 25 June 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-GPO_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the treaty, both parties waived any claims to war damages, but provided for compensation to civilians who suffered war-related losses.<sup id="cite_ref-LACUOF_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LACUOF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both also restored private property rights. Confiscated merchant ships and cargoes were to be returned. Germany also undertook to "work for the recognition by all states of Finland's independence", which almost gave the peace treaty the nature of a treaty of alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Verosta_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verosta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 18 mandated the exchange of <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> with an exception for prisoners who did not want to be exchanged: "German prisoners of war in Finland and Finnish prisoners of war in Germany shall be exchanged as soon as possible ... unless they, with the consent of the capturing state, desire to remain with the latter's territory or betake themselves into another country."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, which had been demilitarised in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a>, Article 30 stated that "the contracting parties are agreed that the forts built upon the Åland Islands [by Russia] are to be removed as soon as possible, and that the permanent non-fortified character of these islands ... shall be settled by agreement between Germany, Finland, Russia and Sweden."<sup id="cite_ref-GPO_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After signing the peace treaty, Finland and Germany also signed a treaty of commerce and navigation<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a supplementary protocol to both treaties<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also subsequently exchanged notes to clarify the commerce treaty (7 March) and the peace treaty (11 March).<sup id="cite_ref-GPO_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Holsti" title="Rudolf Holsti">Rudolf Holsti</a>, the Finnish representative in London, wrote in his report to the Senate on 27 March 1918 that "the German promise to guarantee the approval of Finnish independence has caused bad blood" in the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>, where it was interpreted as a threat towards those <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied powers</a> that had not yet recognized Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of the German guarantee, the Senate requested and received German assistance against the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic, which was substantially defeated by the end of April. The Senate then opted to turn Finland into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">a kingdom with a German king</a>, but owing to Germany's defeat in the world war the modern republic was created instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Verosta_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verosta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Finno-Bulgarian_peace_treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finno-Bulgarian peace treaty (page does not exist)">Finno-Bulgarian peace treaty</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also signed at Berlin on 21 May 1918<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian%E2%80%93Finnish_peace_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian–Finnish peace treaty">Austro-Hungarian–Finnish peace treaty</a> was signed in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> on 29 May 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Verosta_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verosta-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement may also have been reached with the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Uotila_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uotila-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Treaty_Series" title="Consolidated Treaty Series">CTS</a>, Vol. 223, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CTS, Vol. 223, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CTS, Vol. 223, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CTS, Vol. 223, p. 372.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LACUOF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LACUOF_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LACUOF_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LACUOF_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall Lesaffer and Mieke van der Linden, "Peace Treaties after World War I", in Frauke Lachenmann and Rudiger Wolfrum (eds.), <i>The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: Articles from The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</i> (Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. 910–919, at 911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verosta-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verosta_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verosta_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verosta_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verosta_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verosta_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan Verosta, "Peace Treaties after World War I", in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Public International Law 4: Use of Force – War and Neutrality – Peace Treaties (N–Z)</i> (North Holland, 1982), pp. 110–117, at 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Salmon, <i>Scandinavia and the Great Powers, 1890–1940</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uotila-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uotila_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uotila_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaakko Uotila, <i>The Finnish Legal System</i> (Suomen lakimiesliiton kustannus, 1966), p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Hampden Jackson, "German Intervention in Finland, 1918", <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i> 18:52 (1939), pp. 93–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pauli Kruhse (trans.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histdoc.net/history/muistio.html">Memorandum of Rafael Erich to the Senate</a> (undated), found in a typewritten manuscript in the archive of Edvard Hjelt, now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Finland" title="National Archives of Finland">National Archives of Finland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPO-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPO_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPO_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPO_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPO_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027837396/page/n835"><i>Texts of the Finland "Peace": With Map</i></a> (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), pp. 13–26 (German text as published in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Reichsanzeiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutscher Reichsanzeiger (page does not exist)">Deutscher Reichsanzeiger</a></i> on 8 March 1918 with English translation).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heike Niebergall-Lackner, <i>Status and Treatment of Deserters in International Armed Conflicts</i> (Leiden: Brill, 2016), pp. 128–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:oht/law-oht-223-CTS-127.regGroup.1/law-oht-223-CTS-127?rskey=p0UQsP&result=2&prd=OHT">Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Finland and Germany, signed at Berlin, 7 March 1918</a>, Oxford Historical Treaties, Oxford Public International Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:oht/law-oht-223-CTS-142.regGroup.1/law-oht-223-CTS-142?rskey=p0UQsP&result=1&prd=OHT">Additional Protocol to the Treaties of Peace and Commerce and Navigation between Finland and Germany, signed at Berlin, 7 March 1918</a>, Oxford Historical Treaties, Oxford Public International Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. G. Kirby (ed.), <i>Finland and Russia, 1808–1920: From Autonomy to Independence (A Selection of Documents)</i> (Macmillan, 1975), pp. 234–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:oht/law-oht-223-CTS-372.regGroup.1/law-oht-223-CTS-372?rskey=mGlFZn&result=5&prd=OHT">Treaty of Peace and Amity between Bulgaria and Finland, signed at Berlin, 21 May 1918</a>, Oxford Historical Treaties, Oxford Public International Law.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histdoc.net/history/153_1C.html">Text of the treaty</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histdoc.net/history/muistio.html">Erich's memorandum to the Senate</a> (in English)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&oldid=1062670559">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany&oldid=1062670559</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_treaties" title="Category:World War I treaties">World War I treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_concluded_in_1918" title="Category:Treaties concluded in 1918">Treaties concluded in 1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_entered_into_force_in_1918" title="Category:Treaties entered into force in 1918">Treaties entered into force in 1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_of_Finland" title="Category:Peace treaties of Finland">Peace treaties of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_World_War_I_in_Finland" title="Category:Aftermath of World War I in Finland">Aftermath of World War I in Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_in_Finland" title="Category:1918 in Finland">1918 in Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_of_Germany" title="Category:Peace treaties of Germany">Peace treaties of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finland%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Category:Finland–Germany relations">Finland–Germany relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_German_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the German Empire">Treaties of the German Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:March_1918_events" title="Category:March 1918 events">March 1918 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_in_Germany" title="Category:1918 in Germany">1918 in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 December 2021, at 21:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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