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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">U.S. Foreign Policy</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">70,867 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>U.S. Foreign Policy</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/U.S._Foreign_Policy">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27166151" data-work_id="27166151" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27166151/Irreparable_Animosity_Centripetal_versus_Centrifugal_Force_in_South_Korea_Japan_Mutual_Perceptions_1998_2015">Irreparable Animosity? Centripetal versus Centrifugal Force in South Korea-Japan Mutual Perceptions, 1998-2015</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using the framework of centripetal and centrifugal force, this article analyzes alternating periods of peace and conflict in South Korea-Japan mutual perceptions since 1998 when the two nations took unprecedented conciliatory actions.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27166151" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using the framework of centripetal and centrifugal force, this article analyzes alternating periods of peace and conflict in South Korea-Japan mutual perceptions since 1998 when the two nations took unprecedented conciliatory actions. Centripetal force is comprised of political leaders' reconciliation initiatives, restrained historical/territorial disputes, and common security threats. Centrifugal force incorporates heated historical/territorial disputes, political leaders' use of those disputes for their political purposes, and divergent security priorities. This article suggests that top political leaders in both nations can play a significant role in improving or aggravating mutual perceptions between the two neighbors. However, political leaders' conciliatory initiatives are a necessary but insufficient condition in reconciling the two former adversary states.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27166151" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2047063ff62660bd6e6850461ada57e0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47413878,"asset_id":27166151,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47413878/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="650095" href="https://norwich.academia.edu/YangmoKu">Yangmo Ku</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="650095" type="text/json">{"id":650095,"first_name":"Yangmo","last_name":"Ku","domain_name":"norwich","page_name":"YangmoKu","display_name":"Yangmo Ku","profile_url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/YangmoKu?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/650095/2524758/2931033/s65_yangmo.ku.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27166151 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27166151"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27166151, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27166151", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27166151 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27166151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27166151"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27166151 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27166151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27166151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27166151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27166151").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27166151").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27166151"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3987" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory">History and Memory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3987" type="text/json">{"id":3987,"name":"History and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10370" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Politics">East Asian Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10370" type="text/json">{"id":10370,"name":"East Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Politics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34522" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korea_North_and_or_South_">Korea (North and/or South)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34522" type="text/json">{"id":34522,"name":"Korea (North and/or South)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korea_North_and_or_South_?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27166151]'), work: {"id":27166151,"title":"Irreparable Animosity? Centripetal versus Centrifugal Force in South Korea-Japan Mutual Perceptions, 1998-2015","created_at":"2016-07-21T15:29:18.297-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27166151/Irreparable_Animosity_Centripetal_versus_Centrifugal_Force_in_South_Korea_Japan_Mutual_Perceptions_1998_2015?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_27166151","summary":"Using the framework of centripetal and centrifugal force, this article analyzes alternating periods of peace and conflict in South Korea-Japan mutual perceptions since 1998 when the two nations took unprecedented conciliatory actions. Centripetal force is comprised of political leaders' reconciliation initiatives, restrained historical/territorial disputes, and common security threats. Centrifugal force incorporates heated historical/territorial disputes, political leaders' use of those disputes for their political purposes, and divergent security priorities. This article suggests that top political leaders in both nations can play a significant role in improving or aggravating mutual perceptions between the two neighbors. However, political leaders' conciliatory initiatives are a necessary but insufficient condition in reconciling the two former adversary states.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47413878,"asset_id":27166151,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":650095,"first_name":"Yangmo","last_name":"Ku","domain_name":"norwich","page_name":"YangmoKu","display_name":"Yangmo Ku","profile_url":"https://norwich.academia.edu/YangmoKu?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/650095/2524758/2931033/s65_yangmo.ku.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3987,"name":"History and Memory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Memory?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":10370,"name":"East Asian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Politics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":34522,"name":"Korea (North and/or South)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korea_North_and_or_South_?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":97402,"name":"East Asian Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Security?f_ri=36487"},{"id":973043,"name":"East Asian International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_International_Politics?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24853980" data-work_id="24853980" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24853980/Promoting_American_democracy">Promoting ‘American’ democracy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dating from the Reagan presidency’s ‘crusade for freedom’, democracy promotion has been a central pillar of US foreign policy. Whether claims by George H.W. Bush that ‘beyond containment lies democracy’, or by George W. Bush that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24853980" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dating from the Reagan presidency’s ‘crusade for freedom’, democracy promotion has been a central pillar of US foreign policy. Whether claims by George H.W. Bush that ‘beyond containment lies democracy’, or by George W. Bush that intervention into the Middle East promoted a ‘march to freedom in the Muslim world’, the importance of democracy to US foreign policy should not be underestimated. Far from promoting democracy, however, critics suggest that it is merely rhetorical cover for intervention and control, thus serving US rather than<br />local interests. While not discarding these insights, this paper suggests that while democracy promotion may support US self-interests, so too does it uphold a US self-image by acting as an ideal around which Washington constructs its identity and worldview. Explored in relation to Latin America, it is argued that US democracy promotion enabled by authoritarian representations of Venezuela is central to both a US-authored Latin American identity and, in contrast, integral to challenging it. While Venezuela acts as the reverse image of freedomloving<br />United States and a democratically abiding Latin America, Caracas also challenges US democratic pre-eminence by extending the very notion of democracy and thereby demonstrates how both democracy and US influence more broadly are increasingly sites of contestation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24853980" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="52af7ed33045eab62b70e20607078ada" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45177342,"asset_id":24853980,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45177342/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39400651" href="https://udlap.academia.edu/GuyEmerson">R. Guy Emerson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39400651" type="text/json">{"id":39400651,"first_name":"R. Guy","last_name":"Emerson","domain_name":"udlap","page_name":"GuyEmerson","display_name":"R. Guy Emerson","profile_url":"https://udlap.academia.edu/GuyEmerson?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39400651/12624647/14044422/s65_guy.emerson.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24853980 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24853980"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24853980, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24853980", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24853980 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24853980; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24853980"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24853980 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24853980"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24853980; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24853980]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24853980").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24853980").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24853980"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="388" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies">Latin American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="388" type="text/json">{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24853980]'), work: {"id":24853980,"title":"Promoting ‘American’ democracy","created_at":"2016-04-28T13:21:17.249-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24853980/Promoting_American_democracy?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_24853980","summary":"Dating from the Reagan presidency’s ‘crusade for freedom’, democracy promotion has been a central pillar of US foreign policy. Whether claims by George H.W. Bush that ‘beyond containment lies democracy’, or by George W. Bush that intervention into the Middle East promoted a ‘march to freedom in the Muslim world’, the importance of democracy to US foreign policy should not be underestimated. Far from promoting democracy, however, critics suggest that it is merely rhetorical cover for intervention and control, thus serving US rather than\nlocal interests. While not discarding these insights, this paper suggests that while democracy promotion may support US self-interests, so too does it uphold a US self-image by acting as an ideal around which Washington constructs its identity and worldview. Explored in relation to Latin America, it is argued that US democracy promotion \u0001 enabled by authoritarian representations of Venezuela \u0001is central to both a US-authored Latin American identity and, in contrast, integral to challenging it. While Venezuela acts as the reverse image of freedomloving\nUnited States and a democratically abiding Latin America, Caracas also challenges US democratic pre-eminence by extending the very notion of democracy and thereby demonstrates how both democracy and US influence more broadly are increasingly sites of contestation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45177342,"asset_id":24853980,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39400651,"first_name":"R. Guy","last_name":"Emerson","domain_name":"udlap","page_name":"GuyEmerson","display_name":"R. Guy Emerson","profile_url":"https://udlap.academia.edu/GuyEmerson?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39400651/12624647/14044422/s65_guy.emerson.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9973009" data-work_id="9973009" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9973009/_Aggravated_Homosexuality_US_Influence_in_Ugandas_Anti_Homosexuality_Bill">"Aggravated Homosexuality": US Influence in Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Bill</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Enacted February 24, 2014 and effective until August 1, 2014, Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality Act targeted Ugandans of minority sexual orientations and gender identities—many of whom self-identify as 'kuchu'—by imposing life sentences for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9973009" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Enacted February 24, 2014 and effective until August 1, 2014, Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality Act targeted Ugandans of minority sexual orientations and gender identities—many of whom self-identify as 'kuchu'—by imposing life sentences for homosexual sex and same-sex marriage. The original Anti-Homosexuality Bill introduced in 2009 promised even worse for kuchus: it would have mandated that all Ugandans report known homosexuals and threatened execution for serial offenders and other perpetrators of “aggravated homosexuality.” In the context of Ugandan political conflict, emerging international human rights norms, and global asymmetries of power, Uganda has become an ideological battlefront where competing actors—both US-based and Ugandan—advance their respective visions of a just and righteous global society. These factors mandate that US-based activists and organizations painstakingly consider how (or whether) they can advocate responsibly and effectively for international human rights related to gender identity and sexual orientation. Through interdisciplinary lenses and critical analysis, this paper explores three questions: <br /> <br />• How is Uganda distinct from other sites of antigay legislation? <br />• How have US-based organizations impacted Ugandan discourse and policy toward kuchus? <br />• How can US-based rights advocates and activists campaign for kuchus without doing them further harm?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9973009" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32268f8e7304d96a9a73e148dc56ce02" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57282256,"asset_id":9973009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57282256/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="690273" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/LeahEntenmann">Leah Entenmann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="690273" type="text/json">{"id":690273,"first_name":"Leah","last_name":"Entenmann","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"LeahEntenmann","display_name":"Leah Entenmann","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/LeahEntenmann?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/690273/357822/431928/s65_leah.kay.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9973009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9973009"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9973009, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9973009", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9973009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9973009; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9973009"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9973009 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9973009"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9973009; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9973009]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9973009").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9973009").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9973009"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="699" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies">Queer Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="699" type="text/json">{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9973009]'), work: {"id":9973009,"title":"\"Aggravated Homosexuality\": US Influence in Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Bill","created_at":"2015-01-01T14:42:57.703-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9973009/_Aggravated_Homosexuality_US_Influence_in_Ugandas_Anti_Homosexuality_Bill?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_9973009","summary":"Enacted February 24, 2014 and effective until August 1, 2014, Uganda’s Anti-Homosexuality Act targeted Ugandans of minority sexual orientations and gender identities—many of whom self-identify as 'kuchu'—by imposing life sentences for homosexual sex and same-sex marriage. The original Anti-Homosexuality Bill introduced in 2009 promised even worse for kuchus: it would have mandated that all Ugandans report known homosexuals and threatened execution for serial offenders and other perpetrators of “aggravated homosexuality.” In the context of Ugandan political conflict, emerging international human rights norms, and global asymmetries of power, Uganda has become an ideological battlefront where competing actors—both US-based and Ugandan—advance their respective visions of a just and righteous global society. These factors mandate that US-based activists and organizations painstakingly consider how (or whether) they can advocate responsibly and effectively for international human rights related to gender identity and sexual orientation. Through interdisciplinary lenses and critical analysis, this paper explores three questions:\r\n\r\n• How is Uganda distinct from other sites of antigay legislation?\r\n• How have US-based organizations impacted Ugandan discourse and policy toward kuchus?\r\n• How can US-based rights advocates and activists campaign for kuchus without doing them further harm?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57282256,"asset_id":9973009,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":690273,"first_name":"Leah","last_name":"Entenmann","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"LeahEntenmann","display_name":"Leah Entenmann","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/LeahEntenmann?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/690273/357822/431928/s65_leah.kay.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":798,"name":"Policy Analysis/Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_Policy_Studies?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2504,"name":"Research Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Ethics?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3114,"name":"Queer Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Theory?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3767,"name":"Law and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4714,"name":"Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexuality?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4801,"name":"Sexual Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_Violence?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=36487"},{"id":5276,"name":"Reflexivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reflexivity?f_ri=36487"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=36487"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=36487"},{"id":6580,"name":"Global Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Justice?f_ri=36487"},{"id":8827,"name":"East Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Africa?f_ri=36487"},{"id":8994,"name":"Social Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Activism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":12760,"name":"Postcolonial Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Feminism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":13995,"name":"Postcolonial Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Theory?f_ri=36487"},{"id":14998,"name":"Gender and Sexuality Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality_Studies?f_ri=36487"},{"id":23305,"name":"Transnational Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Feminism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":34327,"name":"Intersectionality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":43386,"name":"Advocacy and Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advocacy_and_Activism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":43521,"name":"Religious Fundamentalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Fundamentalism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":194399,"name":"Critical Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Policy_Studies?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7826157" data-work_id="7826157" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7826157/The_Global_Resurgence_of_Religion_and_the_Desecularization_of_American_Foreign_Policy_1990_2012">The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Desecularization of American Foreign Policy, 1990-2012</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7826157" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6c4bd17011416eda3c3b722c093de8ff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34327060,"asset_id":7826157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34327060/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1445143" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/GregorioBettiza">Gregorio Bettiza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1445143" type="text/json">{"id":1445143,"first_name":"Gregorio","last_name":"Bettiza","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"GregorioBettiza","display_name":"Gregorio Bettiza","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/GregorioBettiza?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1445143/518221/17292864/s65_gregorio.bettiza.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7826157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7826157"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7826157, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7826157", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7826157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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});</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7826157").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7826157"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy">Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6707" type="text/json">{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19283" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularisms_and_Secularities">Secularisms and Secularities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19283" type="text/json">{"id":19283,"name":"Secularisms and Secularities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularisms_and_Secularities?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7826157]'), work: {"id":7826157,"title":"The Global Resurgence of Religion and the Desecularization of American Foreign Policy, 1990-2012","created_at":"2014-07-30T19:18:29.740-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7826157/The_Global_Resurgence_of_Religion_and_the_Desecularization_of_American_Foreign_Policy_1990_2012?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_7826157","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34327060,"asset_id":7826157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1445143,"first_name":"Gregorio","last_name":"Bettiza","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"GregorioBettiza","display_name":"Gregorio Bettiza","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/GregorioBettiza?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1445143/518221/17292864/s65_gregorio.bettiza.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":19283,"name":"Secularisms and Secularities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularisms_and_Secularities?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":107205,"name":"Postsecularism and International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postsecularism_and_International_Relations?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35485760" data-work_id="35485760" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35485760/The_EUs_Global_Strategy_in_the_Age_of_Brexit_and_America_First">The EU's Global Strategy in the Age of Brexit and 'America First'</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In June 2016, the European Union launched its new ‘Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy’. In less unusual times, it would have been received as merely the latest iteration of the main tenets and ambitions of EU external action,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35485760" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In June 2016, the European Union launched its new ‘Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy’. In less unusual times, it would have been received as merely the latest iteration of the main tenets and ambitions of EU external action, this time with an enhanced dose of pragmatism to respond to a more challenging international environment. However, with the contours of ‘Brexit’ becoming clearer and the start of the Trump Presidency in the United States, the EU’s Global Strategy has acquired a whole new level of significance. This paper argues that while meant to express a largely uncontroversial consensus, it now needs to be recontextualized as a distinctive vision in the face of trends of anti-globalism and Euroscepticism. This concerns in particular its emphasis on rules-based global governance. Challenged by both President Trump ‘America First’ policy and the British government’s course for a ‘hard Brexit’, the Global Strategy represents a blueprint and rallying point for a continued pursuit of a liberal world order based on the rule of law.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35485760" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="242c3b829d29957e9d53f41057ef7024" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55348372,"asset_id":35485760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55348372/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="174606" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/JorisLarik">Joris Larik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="174606" type="text/json">{"id":174606,"first_name":"Joris","last_name":"Larik","domain_name":"leidenuniv","page_name":"JorisLarik","display_name":"Joris Larik","profile_url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/JorisLarik?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/174606/43551/6253766/s65_joris.larik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35485760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35485760"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35485760, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35485760", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35485760]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35485760").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35485760").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35485760"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">44</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35485760]'), work: {"id":35485760,"title":"The EU's Global Strategy in the Age of Brexit and 'America First'","created_at":"2017-12-21T06:02:06.154-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35485760/The_EUs_Global_Strategy_in_the_Age_of_Brexit_and_America_First?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_35485760","summary":"In June 2016, the European Union launched its new ‘Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy’. In less unusual times, it would have been received as merely the latest iteration of the main tenets and ambitions of EU external action, this time with an enhanced dose of pragmatism to respond to a more challenging international environment. However, with the contours of ‘Brexit’ becoming clearer and the start of the Trump Presidency in the United States, the EU’s Global Strategy has acquired a whole new level of significance. This paper argues that while meant to express a largely uncontroversial consensus, it now needs to be recontextualized as a distinctive vision in the face of trends of anti-globalism and Euroscepticism. This concerns in particular its emphasis on rules-based global governance. Challenged by both President Trump ‘America First’ policy and the British government’s course for a ‘hard Brexit’, the Global Strategy represents a blueprint and rallying point for a continued pursuit of a liberal world order based on the rule of law.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55348372,"asset_id":35485760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":174606,"first_name":"Joris","last_name":"Larik","domain_name":"leidenuniv","page_name":"JorisLarik","display_name":"Joris Larik","profile_url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/JorisLarik?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/174606/43551/6253766/s65_joris.larik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1911,"name":"International 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External Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_External_Relations?f_ri=36487"},{"id":247933,"name":"EU, EEAS, European diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_EEAS_European_diplomacy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":305567,"name":"Global Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Law?f_ri=36487"},{"id":418059,"name":"National security strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_security_strategy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1129197,"name":"High Representative of the Union for the Foreign affairs and security policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_the_Foreign_affairs_and_security_policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1186627,"name":"International trade agreements ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_trade_agreements?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1250479,"name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Donald_Trump?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1425002,"name":"Brexit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brexit?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2821035,"name":"EUGS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EUGS?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2847233,"name":"Global Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Britain?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2847234,"name":"America First","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/America_First?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38035592" data-work_id="38035592" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38035592/Enduring_Legacy_of_Realism_and_the_US_Foreign_Policy_Dynamics_of_Prudence_National_Interest_and_Balance_of_Power">Enduring Legacy of Realism and the US Foreign Policy: Dynamics of Prudence, National Interest and Balance of Power</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The United States pursuing the realist prescription during the cold war helped maintain the balance of power and thus 'peace' among the competing great powers. In the post-cold war era it divorced some of realist assumptions-most... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38035592" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The United States pursuing the realist prescription during the cold war helped maintain the balance of power and thus 'peace' among the competing great powers. In the post-cold war era it divorced some of realist assumptions-most importantly the prudential consideration-and pursued hegemonic policies which not only alienated its allies but also created apprehensions among other great powers about US ambitious grand designs. By pursuing such policies it has challenged not only the legitimacy of certain institutions established since Second World War (like United Nations), but also the institutions being established since Treaty of Westphalia (like state sovereignty). The study postulates that struggle for power and great power politics that had gone to the back-benches for some time during 1990s is very much alive and back in the post 9/11 era generally, and in the past decade specifically, establishing the prominence of enduring legacy of Realism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38035592" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="489a751aa831d64dc41b4fa876bd6666" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58059196,"asset_id":38035592,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58059196/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="556352" href="https://qau.academia.edu/DrMuhammadNadeemMirza">Dr Muhammad Nadeem Mirza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="556352" type="text/json">{"id":556352,"first_name":"Dr Muhammad Nadeem","last_name":"Mirza","domain_name":"qau","page_name":"DrMuhammadNadeemMirza","display_name":"Dr Muhammad Nadeem Mirza","profile_url":"https://qau.academia.edu/DrMuhammadNadeemMirza?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/556352/200966/60179770/s65_dr_muhammad_nadeem.mirza.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38035592 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38035592"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38035592, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38035592", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38035592]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38035592").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38035592").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38035592"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War">Cold War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5214" type="text/json">{"id":5214,"name":"Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24879" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegemony">Hegemony</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24879" type="text/json">{"id":24879,"name":"Hegemony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegemony?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38035592]'), work: {"id":38035592,"title":"Enduring Legacy of Realism and the US Foreign Policy: Dynamics of Prudence, National Interest and Balance of Power","created_at":"2018-12-24T23:05:53.912-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38035592/Enduring_Legacy_of_Realism_and_the_US_Foreign_Policy_Dynamics_of_Prudence_National_Interest_and_Balance_of_Power?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_38035592","summary":"The United States pursuing the realist prescription during the cold war helped maintain the balance of power and thus 'peace' among the competing great powers. In the post-cold war era it divorced some of realist assumptions-most importantly the prudential consideration-and pursued hegemonic policies which not only alienated its allies but also created apprehensions among other great powers about US ambitious grand designs. By pursuing such policies it has challenged not only the legitimacy of certain institutions established since Second World War (like United Nations), but also the institutions being established since Treaty of Westphalia (like state sovereignty). The study postulates that struggle for power and great power politics that had gone to the back-benches for some time during 1990s is very much alive and back in the post 9/11 era generally, and in the past decade specifically, establishing the prominence of enduring legacy of Realism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58059196,"asset_id":38035592,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":556352,"first_name":"Dr Muhammad Nadeem","last_name":"Mirza","domain_name":"qau","page_name":"DrMuhammadNadeemMirza","display_name":"Dr Muhammad Nadeem Mirza","profile_url":"https://qau.academia.edu/DrMuhammadNadeemMirza?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/556352/200966/60179770/s65_dr_muhammad_nadeem.mirza.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":5214,"name":"Cold 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u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11683812/Turkish_American_Relations_1800_1952">Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In her new book, Turkish-American Relations (1800-1952): Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent, Associate Prof. Şuhnaz Yılmaz of the Department of International Relations at Koç University, aims to take the reader on a fascinating... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11683812" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In her new book, Turkish-American Relations (1800-1952): Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent, Associate Prof. Şuhnaz Yılmaz of the Department of International Relations at Koç University, aims to take the reader on a fascinating journey along the intricate history of Turkish-American relations. The book critically examines how Turkish-American relations evolved from those of strangers into an occasionally troubled, yet resilient alliance. Through the extensive use of Turkish, American and British archival documents and numerous private paper and manuscript collections, the book examines Turkish-American relations from 1800 to 1952, starting with the earliest contacts and ending with the institutionalization of the alliance after Turkey’s entry into NATO. The book aims to provide a better understanding of the significant issues pertaining to Turkish-American relations, such as the impact of international developments on foreign policy decisions, the role of key figures and organizations in shaping the relations, the interaction of political, economic, cultural and military factors in policy formation, and the importance of mutual perceptions in shaping actual relations. This highly interdisciplinary study situated at the intersection of diplomatic history, foreign policy analysis and international relations, not only enhances our knowledge of Turkish-American relations for the period of 1800-1952, but also provides valuable insights for the relations during the Cold War and its aftermath, with significant implications for a turbulent region in constant transformation and change.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11683812" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c42c41004860ca3041afc5335e5ae804" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37132161,"asset_id":11683812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37132161/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28540234" href="https://ku.academia.edu/%C5%9EuhnazY%C4%B1lmaz">Şuhnaz Yılmaz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28540234" type="text/json">{"id":28540234,"first_name":"Şuhnaz","last_name":"Yılmaz","domain_name":"ku","page_name":"ŞuhnazYılmaz","display_name":"Şuhnaz Yılmaz","profile_url":"https://ku.academia.edu/%C5%9EuhnazY%C4%B1lmaz?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28540234/8094725/9062164/s65__uhnaz.y_lmaz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11683812 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11683812"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11683812, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11683812", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11683812]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11683812").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11683812").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11683812"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="138" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History">Diplomatic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="138" type="text/json">{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1483" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis">Foreign Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1483" type="text/json">{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11683812]'), work: {"id":11683812,"title":"Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952","created_at":"2015-03-27T06:02:04.579-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11683812/Turkish_American_Relations_1800_1952?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_11683812","summary":"In her new book, Turkish-American Relations (1800-1952): Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent, Associate Prof. Şuhnaz Yılmaz of the Department of International Relations at Koç University, aims to take the reader on a fascinating journey along the intricate history of Turkish-American relations. The book critically examines how Turkish-American relations evolved from those of strangers into an occasionally troubled, yet resilient alliance. Through the extensive use of Turkish, American and British archival documents and numerous private paper and manuscript collections, the book examines Turkish-American relations from 1800 to 1952, starting with the earliest contacts and ending with the institutionalization of the alliance after Turkey’s entry into NATO. The book aims to provide a better understanding of the significant issues pertaining to Turkish-American relations, such as the impact of international developments on foreign policy decisions, the role of key figures and organizations in shaping the relations, the interaction of political, economic, cultural and military factors in policy formation, and the importance of mutual perceptions in shaping actual relations. This highly interdisciplinary study situated at the intersection of diplomatic history, foreign policy analysis and international relations, not only enhances our knowledge of Turkish-American relations for the period of 1800-1952, but also provides valuable insights for the relations during the Cold War and its aftermath, with significant implications for a turbulent region in constant transformation and change.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37132161,"asset_id":11683812,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28540234,"first_name":"Şuhnaz","last_name":"Yılmaz","domain_name":"ku","page_name":"ŞuhnazYılmaz","display_name":"Şuhnaz Yılmaz","profile_url":"https://ku.academia.edu/%C5%9EuhnazY%C4%B1lmaz?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28540234/8094725/9062164/s65__uhnaz.y_lmaz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic 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u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39771004/The_great_delusion_liberal_dreams_and_international_realities">'The great delusion: liberal dreams and international realities'</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Review of Mearsheimer's latest</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39771004" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c249a59973edccbf657547085c500434" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59954146,"asset_id":39771004,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59954146/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="408150" href="https://uts.academia.edu/MarkBeeson">Mark Beeson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="408150" type="text/json">{"id":408150,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Beeson","domain_name":"uts","page_name":"MarkBeeson","display_name":"Mark Beeson","profile_url":"https://uts.academia.edu/MarkBeeson?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/408150/99958/5722517/s65_mark.beeson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39771004 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39771004"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39771004, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39771004", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39771004 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39771004; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39771004"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39771004 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39771004"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39771004; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39771004]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39771004").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39771004").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39771004"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory">International Relations Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166" type="text/json">{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4568" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism">Liberalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4568" type="text/json">{"id":4568,"name":"Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39771004]'), work: {"id":39771004,"title":"'The great delusion: liberal dreams and international realities'","created_at":"2019-07-07T22:01:45.312-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39771004/The_great_delusion_liberal_dreams_and_international_realities?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_39771004","summary":"Review of Mearsheimer's latest","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59954146,"asset_id":39771004,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":408150,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Beeson","domain_name":"uts","page_name":"MarkBeeson","display_name":"Mark Beeson","profile_url":"https://uts.academia.edu/MarkBeeson?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/408150/99958/5722517/s65_mark.beeson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations 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href="https://www.academia.edu/8776021/The_Snipers_Massacre_on_the_Maidan_in_Ukraine">The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8776021" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre. <br />              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre. <br />          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes. <br />            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8776021" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf445176493663e2fa03b6205e5ba06d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55794502,"asset_id":8776021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55794502/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="186256" href="https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski">Ivan Katchanovski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="186256" type="text/json">{"id":186256,"first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Katchanovski","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"IvanKatchanovski","display_name":"Ivan Katchanovski","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186256/93609/104202/s65_ivan.katchanovski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8776021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8776021"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8776021, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8776021", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8776021]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8776021").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8776021").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8776021"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">202</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="382" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies">Eastern European Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="382" type="text/json">{"id":382,"name":"Eastern European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8776021]'), work: {"id":8776021,"title":"The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine","created_at":"2014-10-14T09:29:14.360-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8776021/The_Snipers_Massacre_on_the_Maidan_in_Ukraine?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_8776021","summary":"The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre. \r\n The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre. \r\n The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes. \r\n This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55794502,"asset_id":8776021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":186256,"first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Katchanovski","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"IvanKatchanovski","display_name":"Ivan Katchanovski","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186256/93609/104202/s65_ivan.katchanovski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political 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South)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korea_North_and_or_South_?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71056" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_Asian_Security">Northeast Asian Security</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71056" type="text/json">{"id":71056,"name":"Northeast Asian Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_Asian_Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13572232]'), work: {"id":13572232,"title":"Making Sense of North Korea: How to Respond to Pyongyang's Charm Offensive","created_at":"2015-07-02T23:09:28.016-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13572232/Making_Sense_of_North_Korea_How_to_Respond_to_Pyongyangs_Charm_Offensive?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_13572232","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38077670,"asset_id":13572232,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32755197,"first_name":"Inwook","last_name":"Kim","domain_name":"sungkyunkwan","page_name":"InwookKim","display_name":"Inwook Kim","profile_url":"https://sungkyunkwan.academia.edu/InwookKim?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32755197/9765171/10878831/s65_inwook.kim.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":34522,"name":"Korea (North and/or 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37727855/When_the_World_Tried_to_Outlaw_War">When the World Tried to Outlaw War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The internationalists of the last century are, it turns out, quite relevant to our current crisis: they helped us get here, and they offer us no way out. A review of Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, The Internationalists: How A Radical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37727855" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The internationalists of the last century are, it turns out, quite relevant to our current crisis: they helped us get here, and they offer us no way out.<br /><br />A review of Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, The Internationalists: How A Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World (Simon & Schuster, 2017).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37727855" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text 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data-has-card-for-user="172843" href="https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/StephenWertheim">Stephen Wertheim</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="172843" type="text/json">{"id":172843,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Wertheim","domain_name":"carnegieendowment","page_name":"StephenWertheim","display_name":"Stephen Wertheim","profile_url":"https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/StephenWertheim?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/172843/98293/78919612/s65_stephen.wertheim.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37727855 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37727855"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37727855, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37727855", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37727855 InlineList-item 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data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37727855]'), work: {"id":37727855,"title":"When the World Tried to Outlaw War","created_at":"2018-11-08T08:21:53.758-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37727855/When_the_World_Tried_to_Outlaw_War?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_37727855","summary":"The internationalists of the last century are, it turns out, quite relevant to our current crisis: they helped us get here, and they offer us no way out.\n\nA review of Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, The Internationalists: How A Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World (Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2017).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57721511,"asset_id":37727855,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":172843,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Wertheim","domain_name":"carnegieendowment","page_name":"StephenWertheim","display_name":"Stephen Wertheim","profile_url":"https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/StephenWertheim?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/172843/98293/78919612/s65_stephen.wertheim.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4568,"name":"Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberalism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":6541,"name":"World History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_History?f_ri=36487"},{"id":6617,"name":"United Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Nations?f_ri=36487"},{"id":7560,"name":"Public International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_International_Law?f_ri=36487"},{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=36487"},{"id":13952,"name":"Global Leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Leadership?f_ri=36487"},{"id":26872,"name":"Internationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internationalism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":61132,"name":"The League of Nations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_League_of_Nations?f_ri=36487"},{"id":64446,"name":"Military Orders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Orders?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9847995" data-work_id="9847995" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9847995/When_Terrorism_and_Counterterrorism_Clash_The_War_on_Terrorism_and_the_Transformation_of_Terrorist_Activity">When Terrorism and Counterterrorism Clash: The War on Terrorism and the Transformation of Terrorist Activity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The impact of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), with its emphasis on preemptive military force, is a matter of considerable debate. This timely book employs a time series intervention approach to evaluate the extent to which the onset... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9847995" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The impact of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), with its emphasis on preemptive military force, is a matter of considerable debate. This timely book employs a time series intervention approach to evaluate the extent to which the onset of the GWOT (beginning with the invasion of Afghanistan) and related events (the invasion of Iraq, the capture of Saddam Hussein, and the release of photos from Abu Ghraib) are associated with changes in transnational terrorist activity. <br /> <br />Utilizing an extremely sophisticated statistical analysis of longitudinal data exploring the relationship between the U.S. "Global War on Terror" (GWOT) and the frequency and lethality of acts of transnational terrorism, this study has produced some counterintuitive findings which are now compatible with official thinking. <br /> <br />Highly readable with a rich quantitative analysis of the largest ever terrorism database constructed for the period 1992-2004, the results of the study are fascinating and have important implications for current U.S. foreign policy in the Global War on Terrorism. The author has painstakingly examined, with precise numbers, the impact of the use of preemptive force in the War on Terrorism in a way that has never been done before. <br /> <br />This is the first publication showcasing compelling data on the impact of the current war on terrorism on the level, lethality and frequency of transnational terrorist activity around the globe. With extremely current data, When Terrorism and Counterterrorism Clash is a critical reference to all in the fields of international relations and political science.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9847995" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cceda4dc44859ec7d9b5d95207624afe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36013627,"asset_id":9847995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36013627/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23860160" href="https://ubalt.academia.edu/IvanSaschaSheehan">Ivan Sascha Sheehan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23860160" type="text/json">{"id":23860160,"first_name":"Ivan Sascha","last_name":"Sheehan","domain_name":"ubalt","page_name":"IvanSaschaSheehan","display_name":"Ivan Sascha Sheehan","profile_url":"https://ubalt.academia.edu/IvanSaschaSheehan?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23860160/6440804/7285293/s65_ivan_sascha.sheehan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9847995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9847995"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9847995, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9847995", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9847995]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9847995").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9847995").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9847995"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2674" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence">Intelligence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2674" type="text/json">{"id":2674,"name":"Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9847995]'), work: {"id":9847995,"title":"When Terrorism and Counterterrorism Clash: The War on Terrorism and the Transformation of Terrorist Activity","created_at":"2014-12-20T15:01:00.949-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9847995/When_Terrorism_and_Counterterrorism_Clash_The_War_on_Terrorism_and_the_Transformation_of_Terrorist_Activity?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_9847995","summary":"The impact of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), with its emphasis on preemptive military force, is a matter of considerable debate. This timely book employs a time series intervention approach to evaluate the extent to which the onset of the GWOT (beginning with the invasion of Afghanistan) and related events (the invasion of Iraq, the capture of Saddam Hussein, and the release of photos from Abu Ghraib) are associated with changes in transnational terrorist activity.\r\n\r\nUtilizing an extremely sophisticated statistical analysis of longitudinal data exploring the relationship between the U.S. \"Global War on Terror\" (GWOT) and the frequency and lethality of acts of transnational terrorism, this study has produced some counterintuitive findings which are now compatible with official thinking.\r\n\r\nHighly readable with a rich quantitative analysis of the largest ever terrorism database constructed for the period 1992-2004, the results of the study are fascinating and have important implications for current U.S. foreign policy in the Global War on Terrorism. The author has painstakingly examined, with precise numbers, the impact of the use of preemptive force in the War on Terrorism in a way that has never been done before.\r\n\r\nThis is the first publication showcasing compelling data on the impact of the current war on terrorism on the level, lethality and frequency of transnational terrorist activity around the globe. With extremely current data, When Terrorism and Counterterrorism Clash is a critical reference to all in the fields of international relations and political science.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36013627,"asset_id":9847995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":36014787,"asset_id":9847995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23860160,"first_name":"Ivan Sascha","last_name":"Sheehan","domain_name":"ubalt","page_name":"IvanSaschaSheehan","display_name":"Ivan Sascha Sheehan","profile_url":"https://ubalt.academia.edu/IvanSaschaSheehan?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23860160/6440804/7285293/s65_ivan_sascha.sheehan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":2674,"name":"Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=36487"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":29841,"name":"Public Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=36487"},{"id":29881,"name":"9/11 Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/9_11_Literature?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":90706,"name":"Terrorism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism_Studies?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44807791" data-work_id="44807791" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44807791/Strengthening_the_Economic_Arsenal_Bolstering_the_Deterrent_and_Signaling_Effects_of_Sanctions">Strengthening the Economic Arsenal: Bolstering the Deterrent and Signaling Effects of Sanctions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Economic sanctions have become the tool of choice for U.S. policymakers to influence international affairs. On issues ranging from nuclear nonproliferation to human rights, the United States typically imposes sanctions with the goal of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44807791" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Economic sanctions have become the tool of choice for U.S. policymakers to influence international affairs. On issues ranging from nuclear nonproliferation to human rights, the United States typically imposes sanctions with the goal of inducing a government to change its behavior. Yet sanctions often have more potential to deter unwanted actions than to compel policy reversals, and the greatest impact of sanctions sometimes involves the signals they convey about likely future U.S. steps. Maximizing the overall effectiveness of U.S. economic pressure therefore requires concerted efforts by policymakers in the executive branch and Congress to make sanctions more effective instruments of deterrence and signaling. Doing this will also have positive knock-on effects, helping to limit the unintentional escalation of international competition and preserve the utility of sanctions as a vehicle for addressing security challenges and protecting universal norms. This report highlights several areas for action by U.S. policymakers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44807791" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a83ea30ac418045ec3e862998c0e3e02" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65306335,"asset_id":44807791,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65306335/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13243493" href="https://american.academia.edu/JordanTama">Jordan Tama</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13243493" type="text/json">{"id":13243493,"first_name":"Jordan","last_name":"Tama","domain_name":"american","page_name":"JordanTama","display_name":"Jordan Tama","profile_url":"https://american.academia.edu/JordanTama?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13243493/4836416/38493056/s65_jordan.tama.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44807791 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44807791"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44807791, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44807791", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44807791]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44807791").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44807791").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44807791"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4510" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deterrence">Deterrence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4510" type="text/json">{"id":4510,"name":"Deterrence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deterrence?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="316988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sanctions">Economic Sanctions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="316988" type="text/json">{"id":316988,"name":"Economic Sanctions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sanctions?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="495569" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signaling">Signaling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="495569" type="text/json">{"id":495569,"name":"Signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signaling?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44807791]'), work: {"id":44807791,"title":"Strengthening the Economic Arsenal: Bolstering the Deterrent and Signaling Effects of Sanctions","created_at":"2020-12-31T06:00:02.294-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44807791/Strengthening_the_Economic_Arsenal_Bolstering_the_Deterrent_and_Signaling_Effects_of_Sanctions?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_44807791","summary":"Economic sanctions have become the tool of choice for U.S. policymakers to influence international affairs. On issues ranging from nuclear nonproliferation to human rights, the United States typically imposes sanctions with the goal of inducing a government to change its behavior. Yet sanctions often have more potential to deter unwanted actions than to compel policy reversals, and the greatest impact of sanctions sometimes involves the signals they convey about likely future U.S. steps. Maximizing the overall effectiveness of U.S. economic pressure therefore requires concerted efforts by policymakers in the executive branch and Congress to make sanctions more effective instruments of deterrence and signaling. Doing this will also have positive knock-on effects, helping to limit the unintentional escalation of international competition and preserve the utility of sanctions as a vehicle for addressing security challenges and protecting universal norms. This report highlights several areas for action by U.S. policymakers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65306335,"asset_id":44807791,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13243493,"first_name":"Jordan","last_name":"Tama","domain_name":"american","page_name":"JordanTama","display_name":"Jordan Tama","profile_url":"https://american.academia.edu/JordanTama?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13243493/4836416/38493056/s65_jordan.tama.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4510,"name":"Deterrence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deterrence?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":316988,"name":"Economic Sanctions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sanctions?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":495569,"name":"Signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signaling?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":505098,"name":"Nuclear deterrence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_deterrence?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43597152" data-work_id="43597152" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43597152/Paying_Them_to_Hate_US_The_Effect_of_U_S_Military_Aid_on_Anti_American_Terrorism_1968_2014">Paying Them to Hate US: The Effect of U.S. Military Aid on Anti-American Terrorism, 1968-2014</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? To answer this question, we collect data on 173 countries between 1968 and 2014. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the global patterns of U.S. military aid, our paper is the first to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43597152" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? To answer this question, we collect data on 173 countries between 1968 and 2014. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the global patterns of U.S. military aid, our paper is the first to provide causal estimates of the effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism. We find that higher levels of military aid led to an increased likelihood of the recipient country to produce anti-American terrorism. For our preferred instrumental-variable specification, doubling U.S. military aid increases the risk of anti-American terrorism by 4.4 percentage points. Examining potential transmission channels, we find that more U.S. military aid leads to more corruption and exclusionary policies in recipient countries. Consistent with a theoretical argument developed in this paper, these results indicate that the inflow of military aid induces rent-seeking behavior, which in turn encourages terrorism by groups that suffer from reduced economic and political participation as a consequence of rent-seeking. These groups direct their dissatisfaction against the United States as the perceived linchpin of an unfavorable status quo in the recipient country.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43597152" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e34a4176853530c2c7b09bc7ad167a8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63900401,"asset_id":43597152,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63900401/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13391770" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/EugenDimant">Eugen Dimant</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13391770" type="text/json">{"id":13391770,"first_name":"Eugen","last_name":"Dimant","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"EugenDimant","display_name":"Eugen Dimant","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/EugenDimant?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13391770/3750464/8872870/s65_eugen.dimant.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43597152 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43597152"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43597152, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43597152", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43597152]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43597152").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43597152").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43597152"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="764" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="764" type="text/json">{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1720" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism">International Terrorism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1720" type="text/json">{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43597152]'), work: {"id":43597152,"title":"Paying Them to Hate US: The Effect of U.S. Military Aid on Anti-American Terrorism, 1968-2014","created_at":"2020-07-12T12:38:30.788-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43597152/Paying_Them_to_Hate_US_The_Effect_of_U_S_Military_Aid_on_Anti_American_Terrorism_1968_2014?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_43597152","summary":"Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? To answer this question, we collect data on 173 countries between 1968 and 2014. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the global patterns of U.S. military aid, our paper is the first to provide causal estimates of the effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism. We find that higher levels of military aid led to an increased likelihood of the recipient country to produce anti-American terrorism. For our preferred instrumental-variable specification, doubling U.S. military aid increases the risk of anti-American terrorism by 4.4 percentage points. Examining potential transmission channels, we find that more U.S. military aid leads to more corruption and exclusionary policies in recipient countries. Consistent with a theoretical argument developed in this paper, these results indicate that the inflow of military aid induces rent-seeking behavior, which in turn encourages terrorism by groups that suffer from reduced economic and political participation as a consequence of rent-seeking. These groups direct their dissatisfaction against the United States as the perceived linchpin of an unfavorable status quo in the recipient country.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63900401,"asset_id":43597152,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13391770,"first_name":"Eugen","last_name":"Dimant","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"EugenDimant","display_name":"Eugen Dimant","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/EugenDimant?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13391770/3750464/8872870/s65_eugen.dimant.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1720,"name":"International Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":3181,"name":"International Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Macroeconomics?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=36487"},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":13475,"name":"Foreign Aid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Aid?f_ri=36487"},{"id":19527,"name":"Global Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Terrorism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":95854,"name":"Critical Terrorism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Terrorism_Studies?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34196590" data-work_id="34196590" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34196590/Big_Bombs_and_Big_Egos_Pyongyang_and_Washington">Big Bombs and Big Egos: Pyongyang and Washington</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Of all the problems undermining the idea of a rules-based international order, none is more unpredictable, dangerous and alarming than what to do about North Korea.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" 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InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="408150" href="https://uts.academia.edu/MarkBeeson">Mark Beeson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="408150" type="text/json">{"id":408150,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Beeson","domain_name":"uts","page_name":"MarkBeeson","display_name":"Mark Beeson","profile_url":"https://uts.academia.edu/MarkBeeson?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/408150/99958/5722517/s65_mark.beeson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34196590 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34196590"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34196590, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34196590", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34196590 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34196590; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34196590"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34196590 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34196590"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34196590; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34196590]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34196590").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34196590").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34196590"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8223" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Studies">East Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8223" type="text/json">{"id":8223,"name":"East Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71057" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Korea_politics_and_society_">North Korea (politics and society)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71057" type="text/json">{"id":71057,"name":"North Korea (politics and society)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Korea_politics_and_society_?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34196590]'), work: {"id":34196590,"title":"Big Bombs and Big Egos: Pyongyang and Washington","created_at":"2017-08-10T17:49:01.547-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34196590/Big_Bombs_and_Big_Egos_Pyongyang_and_Washington?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_34196590","summary":"Of all the problems undermining the idea of a rules-based international order, none is more unpredictable, dangerous and alarming than what to do about North Korea.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54113388,"asset_id":34196590,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":408150,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Beeson","domain_name":"uts","page_name":"MarkBeeson","display_name":"Mark Beeson","profile_url":"https://uts.academia.edu/MarkBeeson?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/408150/99958/5722517/s65_mark.beeson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":8223,"name":"East Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/East_Asian_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":71057,"name":"North Korea (politics and society)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Korea_politics_and_society_?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1250479,"name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Donald_Trump?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38109007" data-work_id="38109007" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38109007/China_Israel_Relations_Growing_Cooperation_Amidst_Conflicting_Interests">China-Israel Relations: Growing Cooperation Amidst Conflicting Interests</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the past decade, relations between Israel and China have become closer, following a decision in Jerusalem to diversify and expand Israel’s ties with emerging powers and countries that do not belong to the European Union and are less... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38109007" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the past decade, relations between Israel and China have become closer, following a decision in Jerusalem to diversify and expand Israel’s ties with emerging powers and countries that do not belong to the European Union and are less identified with the American coalition. The visit to Israel by China’s vice president is evidence of the warming of relations between the two countries.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38109007" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="57967b623f0913a928e9657ca177a447" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58138067,"asset_id":38109007,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58138067/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13148359" href="https://biu.academia.edu/OmerDostri">Dr. Omer Dostri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13148359" type="text/json">{"id":13148359,"first_name":"Dr. Omer","last_name":"Dostri","domain_name":"biu","page_name":"OmerDostri","display_name":"Dr. Omer Dostri","profile_url":"https://biu.academia.edu/OmerDostri?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13148359/21808314/21105444/s65_omer.dostri.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38109007 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38109007"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38109007, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38109007", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38109007 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38109007; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38109007"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38109007 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38109007"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38109007; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38109007]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38109007").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38109007").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38109007"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38109007]'), work: {"id":38109007,"title":"China-Israel Relations: Growing Cooperation Amidst Conflicting Interests","created_at":"2019-01-08T01:41:25.511-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38109007/China_Israel_Relations_Growing_Cooperation_Amidst_Conflicting_Interests?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_38109007","summary":"In the past decade, relations between Israel and China have become closer, following a decision in Jerusalem to diversify and expand Israel’s ties with emerging powers and countries that do not belong to the European Union and are less identified with the American coalition. The visit to Israel by China’s vice president is evidence of the warming of relations between the two countries.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58138067,"asset_id":38109007,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13148359,"first_name":"Dr. Omer","last_name":"Dostri","domain_name":"biu","page_name":"OmerDostri","display_name":"Dr. Omer Dostri","profile_url":"https://biu.academia.edu/OmerDostri?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13148359/21808314/21105444/s65_omer.dostri.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":21814,"name":"Israel's Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israels_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":24550,"name":"Contemporary China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_China?f_ri=36487"},{"id":34642,"name":"Israel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":38204,"name":"China's foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinas_foreign_policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=36487"},{"id":108069,"name":"China and Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_and_Middle_East?f_ri=36487"},{"id":205373,"name":"The Rise of China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Rise_of_China?f_ri=36487"},{"id":368193,"name":"China's Energy Policy, Energy Security, China's Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinas_Energy_Policy_Energy_Security_Chinas_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":525559,"name":"Islamic republic of Iran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_republic_of_Iran?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1357018,"name":"China-Israel Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China-Israel_Relations?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44842406 coauthored" data-work_id="44842406" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44842406/Unpredictability_in_US_foreign_policy_and_the_regional_order_in_the_Middle_East_Reacting_vis_%C3%A0_vis_a_volatile_external_security_provider">Unpredictability in US foreign policy and the regional order in the Middle East: Reacting vis-à-vis a volatile external security provider</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article explores the impact of the US foreign policy’s predictability, or lack thereof, vis-à-vis the Middle Easter regional order. It lays out two main arguments. Firstly, since 2003, the US has undertaken some concrete actions... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44842406" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article explores the impact of the US foreign policy’s predictability, or lack thereof, vis-à-vis the Middle Easter regional order. It lays out two main arguments. Firstly, since 2003, the US has undertaken some concrete actions which have undermined former expectations of its behaviour among regional actors. By that, Washington distanced itself from open and predictable foreign policy that played a key role in maintaining the regional order, most concretely as an external security provider. US actions fostered a double-level uncertainty: amid a broader process of strategic disengagement from the region, the US’s level of intervention was not really predictable as in some occasions it adhered to its former responsibilities and opted either for direct intervention or offshore engagement, while in others it advanced in its disengagement by not intervening or doing less than expected by regional actors; additionally, in terms of the direction of its interventions, its policies fostered uncertainty as they fluctuated from some reinforcing the status to those disrupting it. Secondly, this uncertainty prompted regional actors to assume further security-oriented responsibilities, as shown by the renewed centrality of the Gulf Cooperation Council or the innovative Saudi foreign policy in Bahrain, Yemen or Qatar since 2011.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44842406" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="53fc87eb478cbae41821aa86a77c982c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65348993,"asset_id":44842406,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65348993/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25391279" href="https://ub.academia.edu/JORDIQUERO">Jordi Quero</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25391279" type="text/json">{"id":25391279,"first_name":"Jordi","last_name":"Quero","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"JORDIQUERO","display_name":"Jordi Quero","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/JORDIQUERO?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25391279/6926879/38574580/s65_jordi.quero.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44842406">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44842406"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://iai.academia.edu/AndreaDessi">Andrea Dessi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44842406'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44842406').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44842406 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44842406"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44842406; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44842406]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44842406").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44842406").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44842406"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1483" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis">Foreign Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1483" type="text/json">{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy">Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6707" type="text/json">{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44842406]'), work: {"id":44842406,"title":"Unpredictability in US foreign policy and the regional order in the Middle East: Reacting vis-à-vis a volatile external security provider","created_at":"2021-01-05T13:13:39.657-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44842406/Unpredictability_in_US_foreign_policy_and_the_regional_order_in_the_Middle_East_Reacting_vis_%C3%A0_vis_a_volatile_external_security_provider?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_44842406","summary":"This article explores the impact of the US foreign policy’s predictability, or lack thereof, vis-à-vis the Middle Easter regional order. It lays out two main arguments. Firstly, since 2003, the US has undertaken some concrete actions which have undermined former expectations of its behaviour among regional actors. By that, Washington distanced itself from open and predictable foreign policy that played a key role in maintaining the regional order, most concretely as an external security provider. US actions fostered a double-level uncertainty: amid a broader process of strategic disengagement from the region, the US’s level of intervention was not really predictable as in some occasions it adhered to its former responsibilities and opted either for direct intervention or offshore engagement, while in others it advanced in its disengagement by not intervening or doing less than expected by regional actors; additionally, in terms of the direction of its interventions, its policies fostered uncertainty as they fluctuated from some reinforcing the status to those disrupting it. Secondly, this uncertainty prompted regional actors to assume further security-oriented responsibilities, as shown by the renewed centrality of the Gulf Cooperation Council or the innovative Saudi foreign policy in Bahrain, Yemen or Qatar since 2011.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65348993,"asset_id":44842406,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25391279,"first_name":"Jordi","last_name":"Quero","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"JORDIQUERO","display_name":"Jordi Quero","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/JORDIQUERO?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25391279/6926879/38574580/s65_jordi.quero.png"},{"id":30040990,"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Dessi","domain_name":"iai","page_name":"AndreaDessi","display_name":"Andrea Dessi","profile_url":"https://iai.academia.edu/AndreaDessi?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30040990/68687573/57073343/s65_andrea.dessi.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":6707,"name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":98206,"name":"International Politics of the Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics_of_the_Middle_East?f_ri=36487"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44062012" data-work_id="44062012" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44062012/Washington_in_the_Mideast_A_Doctrine_a_Dilemma_and_Durable_Despotism">Washington in the Mideast: A Doctrine, a Dilemma, and Durable Despotism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Under the Bush administration, the US has aggressively promoted democracy in the Middle East and North Africa. By replacing repressive tyrants with moderate liberals and giving voice to hitherto suppressed social forces, US-backed... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44062012" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Under the Bush administration, the US has aggressively promoted democracy in the Middle East and North Africa.  By replacing repressive tyrants with moderate liberals and giving voice to hitherto suppressed social forces, US-backed democratization would drain the swamp of ideological extremism and reduce violent conflict, all while underscoring the role of America as a moral beacon of international enlightenment.  However, as this chapter argues, the project of encouraging Arab democracy faltered under a devastating self-contradiction. Democratization requires that autocratic incumbents surrender their monopolies over executive authority to legal opposition groups ensconced in parliaments and civic institutions. Yet, in the Arab world, this would likely bring into power Islamist groups that evoke fierce hostility toward Washington’s vital strategic interests. An Arab spring of democracy might thus result in a winter of discontent for U.S. policymakers bound by stringent imperatives, such as sponsoring Israeli policies and securing regional oil reserves. Such dissonance has exposed American democracy promotion as an ideological cloak for a darker agenda: paying lip service to gradual reform while quietly sustaining long-standing support for  autocratic allies. The theoretical lesson is stark: observers should expect not the imminent breakdown or even the slow erosion of Arab authoritarianism, but rather its renewed durability in an era of continuing patron-client ties.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44062012" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bf4626ac7104d8d7e142ac7f4fbb266e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64407752,"asset_id":44062012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64407752/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="169619981" href="https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom">Sean Yom</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="169619981" type="text/json">{"id":169619981,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Yom","domain_name":"temple","page_name":"SeanYom","display_name":"Sean Yom","profile_url":"https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/169619981/47346519/36299399/s65_sean.yom.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44062012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44062012"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44062012, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44062012", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44062012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44062012; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44062012"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44062012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44062012"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44062012; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44062012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44062012").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44062012").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44062012"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18623" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics">Middle East Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18623" type="text/json">{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18639" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dictatorships">Dictatorships</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18639" type="text/json">{"id":18639,"name":"Dictatorships","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dictatorships?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44062012]'), work: {"id":44062012,"title":"Washington in the Mideast: A Doctrine, a Dilemma, and Durable Despotism","created_at":"2020-09-10T15:53:16.864-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44062012/Washington_in_the_Mideast_A_Doctrine_a_Dilemma_and_Durable_Despotism?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_44062012","summary":"Under the Bush administration, the US has aggressively promoted democracy in the Middle East and North Africa. By replacing repressive tyrants with moderate liberals and giving voice to hitherto suppressed social forces, US-backed democratization would drain the swamp of ideological extremism and reduce violent conflict, all while underscoring the role of America as a moral beacon of international enlightenment. However, as this chapter argues, the project of encouraging Arab democracy faltered under a devastating self-contradiction. Democratization requires that autocratic incumbents surrender their monopolies over executive authority to legal opposition groups ensconced in parliaments and civic institutions. Yet, in the Arab world, this would likely bring into power Islamist groups that evoke fierce hostility toward Washington’s vital strategic interests. An Arab spring of democracy might thus result in a winter of discontent for U.S. policymakers bound by stringent imperatives, such as sponsoring Israeli policies and securing regional oil reserves. Such dissonance has exposed American democracy promotion as an ideological cloak for a darker agenda: paying lip service to gradual reform while quietly sustaining long-standing support for autocratic allies. The theoretical lesson is stark: observers should expect not the imminent breakdown or even the slow erosion of Arab authoritarianism, but rather its renewed durability in an era of continuing patron-client ties. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64407752,"asset_id":44062012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":169619981,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Yom","domain_name":"temple","page_name":"SeanYom","display_name":"Sean Yom","profile_url":"https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/169619981/47346519/36299399/s65_sean.yom.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":18639,"name":"Dictatorships","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dictatorships?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=36487"},{"id":34540,"name":"Democracy Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy_Promotion?f_ri=36487"},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36135,"name":"Authoritarian regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarian_regimes?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=36487"},{"id":49550,"name":"Arab world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_world?f_ri=36487"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War?f_ri=36487"},{"id":117183,"name":"Bush Doctrine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bush_Doctrine?f_ri=36487"},{"id":722107,"name":"Bush Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bush_Administration?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43392255" data-work_id="43392255" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43392255/Exit_Empire">Exit Empire</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Editorial for Middle East Report No. 294 Exit Empire – Imagining New Paths for US Policy.  Co-authored with Shana Marshall, Jacob Mundy and Pete Moore.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm 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class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6243771" href="https://alabama.academia.edu/WaleedHazbun">Waleed Hazbun</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6243771" type="text/json">{"id":6243771,"first_name":"Waleed","last_name":"Hazbun","domain_name":"alabama","page_name":"WaleedHazbun","display_name":"Waleed Hazbun","profile_url":"https://alabama.academia.edu/WaleedHazbun?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6243771/2582498/20204958/s65_waleed.hazbun.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43392255 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43392255"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ 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type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy">International Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6276" type="text/json">{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43392255]'), work: {"id":43392255,"title":"Exit Empire","created_at":"2020-06-20T06:48:02.537-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43392255/Exit_Empire?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_43392255","summary":"Editorial for Middle East Report No. 294 Exit Empire – Imagining New Paths for US Policy. 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Students will analyze the development of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43307219" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">| Website: <a href="https://cofc.academia.edu/BlakeScott" rel="nofollow">https://cofc.academia.edu/BlakeScott</a> Course Description This course explores U.S-Latin American relations, from the unique perspective of living and studying in Havana, Cuba. Students will analyze the development of inter-American relations over timefrom the age of revolutions in the late eighteenth century through the Cold War and rebellions of the 20th century to the present. Throughout the semester, we will guided by the following questions: what interests and objectives have shaped the history of U.S. policies and actions toward Latin America? Likewise, what interests and objectives have influenced Latin American approaches to dealing with the United States? Students will learn about the historical causes and consequences of U.S.-Latin American relations, while also considering current political, cultural, economic, and environmental issues. The course provides historical background on matters of crucial international importance and prepares students for further study of both Latin America and U.S. international relations. Course Learning Objectives 1. Understand the historical roots of U.S-Latin American relations, and compare this history to broader trends in international relations. 2. Identify theoretical and methodological tools associated with a holistic social science. 3. Develop critical analytical and writing skills through a close read of scholarly texts. 4. Formulate a research project that contributes to our understanding of how the past shapes present day issues in U.S.-Latin American relations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43307219" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="97856bdfa4d36ec728ba5d98945650be" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63587068,"asset_id":43307219,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63587068/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5443494" href="https://cofc.academia.edu/BlakeScott">Blake C Scott</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5443494" type="text/json">{"id":5443494,"first_name":"Blake","last_name":"Scott","domain_name":"cofc","page_name":"BlakeScott","display_name":"Blake C Scott","profile_url":"https://cofc.academia.edu/BlakeScott?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5443494/2390968/18450133/s65_blake.scott.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43307219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43307219"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43307219, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43307219", }); 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Understand the historical roots of U.S-Latin American relations, and compare this history to broader trends in international relations. 2. Identify theoretical and methodological tools associated with a holistic social science. 3. Develop critical analytical and writing skills through a close read of scholarly texts. 4. 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Israel's Campaign to Acquire Hawk Missiles, 1960-62</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16225789" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fadc87f1bd5fcf9f6432b27932781762" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38903470,"asset_id":16225789,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38903470/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14392246" href="https://sussex.academia.edu/dtal">david tal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14392246" type="text/json">{"id":14392246,"first_name":"david","last_name":"tal","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"dtal","display_name":"david tal","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/dtal?f_ri=36487","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16225789 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16225789"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16225789, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16225789", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_16225789 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16225789; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_16225789"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16225789 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16225789"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16225789; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16225789]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16225789").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16225789").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16225789"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2604" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Studies">Israel Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2604" type="text/json">{"id":2604,"name":"Israel Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16225789]'), work: {"id":16225789,"title":"Symbol not Substance? Israel's Campaign to Acquire Hawk Missiles, 1960-62","created_at":"2015-09-27T00:12:05.529-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16225789/Symbol_not_Substance_Israels_Campaign_to_Acquire_Hawk_Missiles_1960_62?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_16225789","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38903470,"asset_id":16225789,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14392246,"first_name":"david","last_name":"tal","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"dtal","display_name":"david tal","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/dtal?f_ri=36487","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2604,"name":"Israel Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 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data-has-card-for-user="12388165" href="https://wilkes.academia.edu/JohnHepp">John Hepp</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12388165" type="text/json">{"id":12388165,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Hepp","domain_name":"wilkes","page_name":"JohnHepp","display_name":"John Hepp","profile_url":"https://wilkes.academia.edu/JohnHepp?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12388165/17643446/17692115/s65_john.hepp.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37897440 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37897440"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37897440, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37897440", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37897440 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37897440]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37897440").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37897440").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37897440"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6541" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_History">World History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6541" type="text/json">{"id":6541,"name":"World History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_History">Cuban History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19088" type="text/json">{"id":19088,"name":"Cuban History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="187242" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="187242" type="text/json">{"id":187242,"name":"Neocolonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neocolonialism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37897440]'), work: {"id":37897440,"title":"Neo-colonialism and the Cuban Missile Crisis","created_at":"2018-12-02T15:04:26.822-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37897440/Neo_colonialism_and_the_Cuban_Missile_Crisis?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_37897440","summary":"This is a slideshow from my World since 1945 class.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57906886,"asset_id":37897440,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12388165,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Hepp","domain_name":"wilkes","page_name":"JohnHepp","display_name":"John Hepp","profile_url":"https://wilkes.academia.edu/JohnHepp?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12388165/17643446/17692115/s65_john.hepp.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6541,"name":"World History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":19088,"name":"Cuban History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":187242,"name":"Neocolonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neocolonialism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45569148" data-work_id="45569148" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45569148/Biden_s_Challenge_Kurdish_Autonomy_and_Turkish_Expansionism">Biden’s Challenge: Kurdish Autonomy and Turkish Expansionism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The United States wants to end “forever wars” in the Middle East, among them the war against ISIS in Syria and Iraq. Much to Turkey’s dismay, Kurdish forces were crucial on-the-ground allies in that pursuit. While the military battle is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45569148" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The United States wants to end “forever wars” in the Middle East, among them the war against ISIS in Syria and Iraq. Much to Turkey’s dismay, Kurdish forces were crucial on-the-ground allies in that pursuit. While the military battle is subsiding, the question has arisen of how the new US administration will politically approach its Kurdish allies and deal with Turkey’s expansionism in the future.<br /><br />Turkish expansionism worries the European Union and United States, despite it having been facilitated by them in the past: Both entities allowed Turkish president Erdoğan to expand militarily into Kurdish areas in Syria and Iraq without any political repercussions from his Western allies. Therefore, a currently untamed and unilaterally acting Turkey will be one of Biden’s greatest challenges in the region.<br /><br />Biden will campaign for an end to endless wars, as Trump did, but he also knows that an abrupt withdrawal of US forces is not a solution. Rather, a comprehensive post-war structure for Syria must be drafted, in which the Syrian Democratic Forces should play a crucial role. The main obstacle to such an encompassing agreement will be Turkey.<br /><br />The Kurdistan Region of Iraq represents a historical precedent that should not be copied. Since 2016, Turkey has increasingly and repeatedly targeted civilians there, even though the region’s Kurdish administration formally cooperates with Turkey. The short-sighted approach that the United States took vis-à-vis the Iraqi Kurds – only granting them autonomy if they agree to act as a proxy force for Turkey – has enabled this.<br /><br />Joe Biden as well as his secretaries of state and of defense, respectively Antony Blinken and Lloyd Austin, have much experience on the Kurdish question and, to some extent, strong pro-Kurdish records. They will likely push for a compromise between Kurdish actors and Turkey in the time to come.<br /><br />Policy Implications<br />To achieve long-lasting stability concerning the Kurdish question, Biden’s administration should design policies that aim to prevent Turkish unilateralism and facilitate peace talks between Ankara and especially the PKK leadership, in cooperation with partners in the European Union. Furthermore, the political recognition of the Kurds in Syria is central to defending the gains made against ISIS.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45569148" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1fd41a002f8a144839649af79180f76f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66043978,"asset_id":45569148,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66043978/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="64470305" href="https://giga-hamburg.academia.edu/DastanJasim">Dastan Jasim</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64470305" type="text/json">{"id":64470305,"first_name":"Dastan","last_name":"Jasim","domain_name":"giga-hamburg","page_name":"DastanJasim","display_name":"Dastan Jasim","profile_url":"https://giga-hamburg.academia.edu/DastanJasim?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64470305/17081519/17250840/s65_dastan.jasim.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45569148 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45569148"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45569148, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45569148", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45569148]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45569148").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45569148").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45569148"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10966" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey">Turkey</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10966" type="text/json">{"id":10966,"name":"Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11589" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq">Iraq</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11589" type="text/json">{"id":11589,"name":"Iraq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15391" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria">Syria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15391" type="text/json">{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45569148]'), work: {"id":45569148,"title":"Biden’s Challenge: Kurdish Autonomy and Turkish Expansionism","created_at":"2021-03-17T09:54:48.551-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45569148/Biden_s_Challenge_Kurdish_Autonomy_and_Turkish_Expansionism?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_45569148","summary":"The United States wants to end “forever wars” in the Middle East, among them the war against ISIS in Syria and Iraq. Much to Turkey’s dismay, Kurdish forces were crucial on-the-ground allies in that pursuit. While the military battle is subsiding, the question has arisen of how the new US administration will politically approach its Kurdish allies and deal with Turkey’s expansionism in the future.\n\nTurkish expansionism worries the European Union and United States, despite it having been facilitated by them in the past: Both entities allowed Turkish president Erdoğan to expand militarily into Kurdish areas in Syria and Iraq without any political repercussions from his Western allies. Therefore, a currently untamed and unilaterally acting Turkey will be one of Biden’s greatest challenges in the region.\n\nBiden will campaign for an end to endless wars, as Trump did, but he also knows that an abrupt withdrawal of US forces is not a solution. Rather, a comprehensive post-war structure for Syria must be drafted, in which the Syrian Democratic Forces should play a crucial role. The main obstacle to such an encompassing agreement will be Turkey.\n\nThe Kurdistan Region of Iraq represents a historical precedent that should not be copied. Since 2016, Turkey has increasingly and repeatedly targeted civilians there, even though the region’s Kurdish administration formally cooperates with Turkey. The short-sighted approach that the United States took vis-à-vis the Iraqi Kurds – only granting them autonomy if they agree to act as a proxy force for Turkey – has enabled this.\n\nJoe Biden as well as his secretaries of state and of defense, respectively Antony Blinken and Lloyd Austin, have much experience on the Kurdish question and, to some extent, strong pro-Kurdish records. They will likely push for a compromise between Kurdish actors and Turkey in the time to come.\n\nPolicy Implications\nTo achieve long-lasting stability concerning the Kurdish question, Biden’s administration should design policies that aim to prevent Turkish unilateralism and facilitate peace talks between Ankara and especially the PKK leadership, in cooperation with partners in the European Union. Furthermore, the political recognition of the Kurds in Syria is central to defending the gains made against ISIS.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66043978,"asset_id":45569148,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":64470305,"first_name":"Dastan","last_name":"Jasim","domain_name":"giga-hamburg","page_name":"DastanJasim","display_name":"Dastan Jasim","profile_url":"https://giga-hamburg.academia.edu/DastanJasim?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64470305/17081519/17250840/s65_dastan.jasim.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10966,"name":"Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":11589,"name":"Iraq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":39474,"name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kurdistan?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37671406" data-work_id="37671406" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37671406/Geoeconomics_and_US_leadership_in_Asia_The_rise_and_fall_of_the_Trans_Pacific_Partnership">Geoeconomics and US leadership in Asia: The rise and fall of the Trans Pacific Partnership</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button 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href="https://www.academia.edu/37262464/Dueling_with_Uncertainty_The_New_Logic_of_American_Military_Planning_1998_">Dueling with Uncertainty: The New Logic of American Military Planning (1998)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The article examines how new planning concepts and methods advanced by the RAND Corporation and adopted by the Pentagon during the 1990s served to inflate defense requirements. A version appeared in the March/April 1998 Bulletin of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37262464" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The article examines how new planning concepts and methods advanced by the RAND Corporation and adopted by the Pentagon during the 1990s served to inflate defense requirements. A version appeared in the March/April 1998 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists as “Inventing Threats.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37262464" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cc403978d384e2ca3a5cde59fedc11fc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57215535,"asset_id":37262464,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57215535/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24516633" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CConetta">Carl Conetta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24516633" type="text/json">{"id":24516633,"first_name":"Carl","last_name":"Conetta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CConetta","display_name":"Carl Conetta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CConetta?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24516633/20261418/19973840/s65_carl.conetta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37262464 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37262464"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37262464, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37262464", }); 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News articles that covered the prisoner... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10716652" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">On March 2014, in an Islamic-State-sponsored prisoner swap, Mohammed Haydar Zammar, the al-Qaeda operative jailed in Syria in 2001, was freed in exchange for Syrian army officers held by the IS. <br /> <br />News articles that covered the prisoner exchange did not bother to explain why the IS would go to such trouble to gain his release. However, analysts familiar with the history of Islamist movements knew why...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10716652" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b865c7120c649440d454cc50abb78ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37225797,"asset_id":10716652,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37225797/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22501857" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RachelEhrenfeld">Rachel Ehrenfeld</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22501857" type="text/json">{"id":22501857,"first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Ehrenfeld","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RachelEhrenfeld","display_name":"Rachel Ehrenfeld","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RachelEhrenfeld?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22501857/6459893/7306336/s65_rachel.ehrenfeld.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10716652 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10716652"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10716652, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10716652", }); 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class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9603543" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4b47d7054c2b296468b8f571f58a2046" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35811440,"asset_id":9603543,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35811440/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_Policy_Studies">Policy Analysis/Policy Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="798" type="text/json">{"id":798,"name":"Policy Analysis/Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_Policy_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49153" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libya">Libya</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49153" type="text/json">{"id":49153,"name":"Libya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libya?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9603543]'), work: {"id":9603543,"title":"Arab Spring, Libya, US Policy","created_at":"2014-12-02T21:32:17.125-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9603543/Arab_Spring_Libya_US_Policy?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_9603543","summary":"Policy Analysis on US policy concerning the 2011 Libyan crisis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35811440,"asset_id":9603543,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20607466,"first_name":"Pierre","last_name":"Roty","domain_name":"salve","page_name":"PierreRoty","display_name":"Pierre Roty","profile_url":"https://salve.academia.edu/PierreRoty?f_ri=36487","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":798,"name":"Policy Analysis/Policy 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11589" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq">Iraq</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11589" type="text/json">{"id":11589,"name":"Iraq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" 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u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29924062/Tomgram_Alfred_McCoy_Surveillance_State_U_S_A_November_12_2009_">Tomgram: Alfred McCoy, Surveillance State, U.S.A. (November 12, 2009)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29924062" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1267460f47f84b6be288fb112f536997" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50382594,"asset_id":29924062,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50382594/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54609288" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/AlfredMcCoy">Alfred W McCoy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54609288" type="text/json">{"id":54609288,"first_name":"Alfred","last_name":"McCoy","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"AlfredMcCoy","display_name":"Alfred W McCoy","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/AlfredMcCoy?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54609288/14401218/15315901/s65_alfred.mccoy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29924062 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29924062"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29924062, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29924062", }); 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(November 12, 2009)","created_at":"2016-11-17T13:12:54.420-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29924062/Tomgram_Alfred_McCoy_Surveillance_State_U_S_A_November_12_2009_?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_29924062","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50382594,"asset_id":29924062,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54609288,"first_name":"Alfred","last_name":"McCoy","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"AlfredMcCoy","display_name":"Alfred W McCoy","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/AlfredMcCoy?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54609288/14401218/15315901/s65_alfred.mccoy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":7480,"name":"Surveillance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":24892,"name":"Surveillance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43408289" data-work_id="43408289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43408289/Think_Again_9_11">Think Again: 9/11</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43408289" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact <a href="mailto:support@jstor.org" rel="nofollow">support@jstor.org</a>.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43408289" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6e6e1394390002575ca86d09a32bd28a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64017588,"asset_id":43408289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64017588/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="419344" href="https://umich.academia.edu/JuanCole">Juan Cole</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="419344" type="text/json">{"id":419344,"first_name":"Juan","last_name":"Cole","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JuanCole","display_name":"Juan Cole","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JuanCole?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/419344/21698664/21020931/s65_juan.cole.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43408289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43408289"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43408289, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43408289", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43408289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43408289").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43408289").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43408289"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5686" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism">Political Violence and Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5686" type="text/json">{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30456" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror">War on Terror</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30456" type="text/json">{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43408289]'), work: {"id":43408289,"title":"Think Again: 9/11","created_at":"2020-06-22T10:38:24.302-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43408289/Think_Again_9_11?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_43408289","summary":"JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64017588,"asset_id":43408289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":419344,"first_name":"Juan","last_name":"Cole","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JuanCole","display_name":"Juan Cole","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JuanCole?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/419344/21698664/21020931/s65_juan.cole.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War?f_ri=36487"},{"id":75977,"name":"Al Qaeda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Al_Qaeda?f_ri=36487"},{"id":123619,"name":"11 September Attacks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/11_September_Attacks?f_ri=36487"},{"id":131165,"name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/al-Qaeda?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44071828" data-work_id="44071828" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44071828/The_Dilemmas_of_American_Democracy_Promotion_in_the_Arab_World">The Dilemmas of American Democracy Promotion in the Arab World</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">American efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East under the Bush administration have floundered. This article explains why. First, American policymakers have proven unwilling to sponsor electoral openings that might favor the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44071828" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">American efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East under the Bush administration have floundered.  This article explains why.  First, American policymakers have proven unwilling to sponsor electoral openings that might favor the ascendance of potentially hostile Islamist groups. Second, they have refused to attach negative conditionality to reform demands made to strategic autocratic allies-that is, punishing noncompliance by withdrawing economic aid, military assistance,<br />and other forms of support. Both obstacles reflect the reality that America's overarching strategic goals, in particular the preservation of Israel's security<br />and regional hydrocarbon reserves, require a vision of regional stability that unpredictable regime shifts would endanger. Hence today's paradox of why the democratizing intentions of a unilateral superpower -- one with unmatched political and military power -- have been effectively stymied by its smaller, weaker, and poorer authoritarian allies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44071828" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cdc4eb6d80f2d588e2a399a9af3d242b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64415753,"asset_id":44071828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64415753/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="169619981" href="https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom">Sean Yom</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="169619981" type="text/json">{"id":169619981,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Yom","domain_name":"temple","page_name":"SeanYom","display_name":"Sean Yom","profile_url":"https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/169619981/47346519/36299399/s65_sean.yom.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44071828 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44071828"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44071828, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44071828", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44071828]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44071828").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44071828").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44071828"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990" type="text/json">{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44071828]'), work: {"id":44071828,"title":"The Dilemmas of American Democracy Promotion in the Arab World","created_at":"2020-09-12T00:36:11.395-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44071828/The_Dilemmas_of_American_Democracy_Promotion_in_the_Arab_World?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_44071828","summary":"American efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East under the Bush administration have floundered. This article explains why. First, American policymakers have proven unwilling to sponsor electoral openings that might favor the ascendance of potentially hostile Islamist groups. Second, they have refused to attach negative conditionality to reform demands made to strategic autocratic allies-that is, punishing noncompliance by withdrawing economic aid, military assistance,\nand other forms of support. Both obstacles reflect the reality that America's overarching strategic goals, in particular the preservation of Israel's security\nand regional hydrocarbon reserves, require a vision of regional stability that unpredictable regime shifts would endanger. Hence today's paradox of why the democratizing intentions of a unilateral superpower -- one with unmatched political and military power -- have been effectively stymied by its smaller, weaker, and poorer authoritarian allies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64415753,"asset_id":44071828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":169619981,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Yom","domain_name":"temple","page_name":"SeanYom","display_name":"Sean Yom","profile_url":"https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/169619981/47346519/36299399/s65_sean.yom.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":6184,"name":"Israel/Palestine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Palestine?f_ri=36487"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=36487"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=36487"},{"id":30457,"name":"George W Bush adminstration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_W_Bush_adminstration?f_ri=36487"},{"id":34540,"name":"Democracy Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy_Promotion?f_ri=36487"},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36135,"name":"Authoritarian regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarian_regimes?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":39787,"name":"International Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Affairs?f_ri=36487"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=36487"},{"id":49550,"name":"Arab world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_world?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37606987" data-work_id="37606987" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37606987/2019_Afghanistan_in_2018_Shifts_in_Domestic_Regional_and_Global_Dynamics_Asian_Survey_University_of_California_Press_59_1_pp_114_123_">2019 "Afghanistan in 2018: Shifts in Domestic, Regional, and Global Dynamics", Asian Survey (University of California Press), 59:1, pp.114-123 .</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There are three aspects that are symbolic of the state of affairs in and around Afghanistan in 2018, namely, the fragmentation of domestic political actors, the increasing desecuritization of rhetoric with respect to Afghanistan by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37606987" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There are three aspects that are symbolic of the state of affairs in and around Afghanistan in 2018, namely, the fragmentation of domestic political actors, the increasing desecuritization of rhetoric with respect to Afghanistan by neighbouring countries and the diversification of Afghanistan’s global partners. While the US strategy showed the signs of stalling in the conditions of increasing violence and fragmentation of local actors, there are changes in the attitude of neighbouring states in effort to turn Afghanistan into the new economic “frontier”. At the same time, 2018 also demonstrated increasing activity of Russia and China in Afghanistan signifying diversifying global partnerships for Afghanistan.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37606987" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f368e29955bf1e3c2280c09e47ea3493" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58509631,"asset_id":37606987,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58509631/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38179" href="https://tsukuba.academia.edu/TimurDadabaev">Timur Dadabaev</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38179" type="text/json">{"id":38179,"first_name":"Timur","last_name":"Dadabaev","domain_name":"tsukuba","page_name":"TimurDadabaev","display_name":"Timur Dadabaev","profile_url":"https://tsukuba.academia.edu/TimurDadabaev?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38179/12702/58629209/s65_timur.dadabaev.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37606987 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37606987"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37606987, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37606987", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37606987 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37606987; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37606987"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37606987 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37606987"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37606987; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37606987]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37606987").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37606987").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37606987"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5357" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5357" type="text/json">{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6032" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies">Central Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6032" type="text/json">{"id":6032,"name":"Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37606987]'), work: {"id":37606987,"title":"2019 \"Afghanistan in 2018: Shifts in Domestic, Regional, and Global Dynamics\", Asian Survey (University of California Press), 59:1, pp.114-123 .","created_at":"2018-10-18T08:52:43.770-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37606987/2019_Afghanistan_in_2018_Shifts_in_Domestic_Regional_and_Global_Dynamics_Asian_Survey_University_of_California_Press_59_1_pp_114_123_?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_37606987","summary":"There are three aspects that are symbolic of the state of affairs in and around Afghanistan in 2018, namely, the fragmentation of domestic political actors, the increasing desecuritization of rhetoric with respect to Afghanistan by neighbouring countries and the diversification of Afghanistan’s global partners. While the US strategy showed the signs of stalling in the conditions of increasing violence and fragmentation of local actors, there are changes in the attitude of neighbouring states in effort to turn Afghanistan into the new economic “frontier”. At the same time, 2018 also demonstrated increasing activity of Russia and China in Afghanistan signifying diversifying global partnerships for Afghanistan.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58509631,"asset_id":37606987,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38179,"first_name":"Timur","last_name":"Dadabaev","domain_name":"tsukuba","page_name":"TimurDadabaev","display_name":"Timur Dadabaev","profile_url":"https://tsukuba.academia.edu/TimurDadabaev?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38179/12702/58629209/s65_timur.dadabaev.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":6032,"name":"Central Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9508160" data-work_id="9508160" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9508160/Arbitrating_the_Israeli_Palestinian_territorial_dispute">Arbitrating the Israeli–Palestinian territorial dispute</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article presents the case for arbitrating the territorial dispute over the West Bank between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. After nearly two decades of intense intermediary activity but with still no signs of progress, and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9508160" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article presents the case for arbitrating the territorial dispute over the West Bank between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. After nearly two decades of intense intermediary activity but with still no signs of progress, and against the inability of the parties themselves to move towards reconciliation, the article argues that as a method of conflict resolution, mediation has exhausted its primary objective – namely the establishing of direct channels of communication between the disputants – and it is now time to examine <br />alternative methods to conflict resolution. The article debunks the myths surrounding the success of American mediation in the conflict, and uses the historical case of the Taba arbitration between Israel and Egypt to demonstrate under what terms the arbitration of the West Bank dispute might be presented,<br />while taking into consideration its advantages and drawbacks compared with the more established method of mediation in this conflict.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9508160" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e593bdfc36c8c8a20a8b09ee620c62b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35735626,"asset_id":9508160,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35735626/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22297614" href="https://bham.academia.edu/AsafSiniver">Asaf Siniver</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22297614" type="text/json">{"id":22297614,"first_name":"Asaf","last_name":"Siniver","domain_name":"bham","page_name":"AsafSiniver","display_name":"Asaf Siniver","profile_url":"https://bham.academia.edu/AsafSiniver?f_ri=36487","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9508160 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9508160"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9508160, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9508160", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9508160 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9508160; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9508160"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9508160 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9508160"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9508160; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9508160]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9508160").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9508160").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9508160"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Palestine">Israel/Palestine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6184" type="text/json">{"id":6184,"name":"Israel/Palestine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Palestine?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10174" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediation">Mediation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10174" type="text/json">{"id":10174,"name":"Mediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediation?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13614" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution">Conflict Resolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13614" type="text/json">{"id":13614,"name":"Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9508160]'), work: {"id":9508160,"title":"Arbitrating the Israeli–Palestinian territorial dispute","created_at":"2014-11-26T03:13:37.631-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9508160/Arbitrating_the_Israeli_Palestinian_territorial_dispute?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_9508160","summary":"This article presents the case for arbitrating the territorial dispute over the West Bank between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. After nearly two decades of intense intermediary activity but with still no signs of progress, and against the inability of the parties themselves to move towards reconciliation, the article argues that as a method of conflict resolution, mediation has exhausted its primary objective – namely the establishing of direct channels of communication between the disputants – and it is now time to examine \nalternative methods to conflict resolution. The article debunks the myths surrounding the success of American mediation in the conflict, and uses the historical case of the Taba arbitration between Israel and Egypt to demonstrate under what terms the arbitration of the West Bank dispute might be presented,\nwhile taking into consideration its advantages and drawbacks compared with the more established method of mediation in this conflict.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35735626,"asset_id":9508160,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":22297614,"first_name":"Asaf","last_name":"Siniver","domain_name":"bham","page_name":"AsafSiniver","display_name":"Asaf Siniver","profile_url":"https://bham.academia.edu/AsafSiniver?f_ri=36487","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6184,"name":"Israel/Palestine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Palestine?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":10174,"name":"Mediation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediation?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":13614,"name":"Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23177249" data-work_id="23177249" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23177249/Jonathan_V_Marshal_The_Lebanese_Connection_Corruption_Civil_War_and_the_International_Drug_Traffic_">Jonathan V. Marshal, "The Lebanese Connection: Corruption, Civil War, and the International Drug Traffic"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Review of Jonathan V. Marshall, The Lebanese Connection: Corruption, Civil War, and the International Drug Traffic (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012).</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23177249" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="30165021fc9dd42d53f0d3f913dc2dd1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52375356,"asset_id":23177249,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52375356/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39587244" href="https://bard.academia.edu/ZiadAbuRish">Ziad Abu-Rish</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39587244" type="text/json">{"id":39587244,"first_name":"Ziad","last_name":"Abu-Rish","domain_name":"bard","page_name":"ZiadAbuRish","display_name":"Ziad Abu-Rish","profile_url":"https://bard.academia.edu/ZiadAbuRish?f_ri=36487","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23177249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23177249"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23177249, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23177249", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23177249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23177249; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23177249"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23177249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23177249"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23177249; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23177249]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23177249").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23177249").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23177249"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6736" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6736" type="text/json">{"id":6736,"name":"Lebanon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanon?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57329" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Narcotics_and_Drugs">History of Narcotics and Drugs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="57329" type="text/json">{"id":57329,"name":"History of Narcotics and Drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Narcotics_and_Drugs?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23177249]'), work: {"id":23177249,"title":"Jonathan V. Marshal, \"The Lebanese Connection: Corruption, Civil War, and the International Drug Traffic\"","created_at":"2016-03-12T11:39:17.987-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23177249/Jonathan_V_Marshal_The_Lebanese_Connection_Corruption_Civil_War_and_the_International_Drug_Traffic_?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_23177249","summary":"Review of Jonathan V. Marshall, The Lebanese Connection: Corruption, Civil War, and the International Drug Traffic (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52375356,"asset_id":23177249,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39587244,"first_name":"Ziad","last_name":"Abu-Rish","domain_name":"bard","page_name":"ZiadAbuRish","display_name":"Ziad Abu-Rish","profile_url":"https://bard.academia.edu/ZiadAbuRish?f_ri=36487","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":6736,"name":"Lebanon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanon?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":57329,"name":"History of Narcotics and Drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Narcotics_and_Drugs?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":529372,"name":"International Anti-Narcotics Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Anti-Narcotics_Policy?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7887625" data-work_id="7887625" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7887625/Case_Study_United_States_Foreign_Policy_Failure_in_Afghanistan_implications_of_the_poppy_trade_for_the_Afghanistan_s_development">Case Study: United States Foreign Policy Failure in Afghanistan – implications of the poppy trade for the Afghanistan’s development.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This essay will discuss how the opium trade in Afghanistan has impacted on the country"s development. Firstly, the case study will provide a brief history of the country and its relations with the United States. It will then attempt to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7887625" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This essay will discuss how the opium trade in Afghanistan has impacted on the country"s development. Firstly, the case study will provide a brief history of the country and its relations with the United States. It will then attempt to outline and analyse the positive effects of the drug trade on Afghanistan"s economy and development. In contrast, the essay will then attempt to outline and analyse the negative effects of the drug trade on Afghanistan"s development and state building attempts. Finally, the essay will outline the implications of the drug trade for US Foreign Policy in Afghanistan and argue that after several years of reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan, the United States has failed in their goal of tackling the drug trade.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7887625" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="47d9a840bcadbb8e6cdb63c0eeee0806" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34401880,"asset_id":7887625,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34401880/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8430751" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/JamesFahey">James Fahey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8430751" type="text/json">{"id":8430751,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Fahey","domain_name":"ucd","page_name":"JamesFahey","display_name":"James Fahey","profile_url":"https://ucd.academia.edu/JamesFahey?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8430751/3859286/18567742/s65_james.fahey.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7887625 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7887625"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7887625, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7887625", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7887625 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7887625; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7887625"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7887625 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7887625"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7887625; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7887625]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7887625").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7887625").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7887625"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_And_Addiction">Drugs And Addiction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2484" type="text/json">{"id":2484,"name":"Drugs And Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_And_Addiction?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5357" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5357" type="text/json">{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23930" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taliban">Taliban</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23930" type="text/json">{"id":23930,"name":"Taliban","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taliban?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30457" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_W_Bush_adminstration">George W Bush adminstration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30457" type="text/json">{"id":30457,"name":"George W Bush adminstration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_W_Bush_adminstration?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7887625]'), work: {"id":7887625,"title":"Case Study: United States Foreign Policy Failure in Afghanistan – implications of the poppy trade for the Afghanistan’s development.","created_at":"2014-08-05T18:13:49.051-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7887625/Case_Study_United_States_Foreign_Policy_Failure_in_Afghanistan_implications_of_the_poppy_trade_for_the_Afghanistan_s_development?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_7887625","summary":"This essay will discuss how the opium trade in Afghanistan has impacted on the country\"s development. Firstly, the case study will provide a brief history of the country and its relations with the United States. It will then attempt to outline and analyse the positive effects of the drug trade on Afghanistan\"s economy and development. In contrast, the essay will then attempt to outline and analyse the negative effects of the drug trade on Afghanistan\"s development and state building attempts. Finally, the essay will outline the implications of the drug trade for US Foreign Policy in Afghanistan and argue that after several years of reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan, the United States has failed in their goal of tackling the drug trade.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34401880,"asset_id":7887625,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8430751,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Fahey","domain_name":"ucd","page_name":"JamesFahey","display_name":"James Fahey","profile_url":"https://ucd.academia.edu/JamesFahey?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8430751/3859286/18567742/s65_james.fahey.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2484,"name":"Drugs And Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_And_Addiction?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":23930,"name":"Taliban","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taliban?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":30457,"name":"George W Bush adminstration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_W_Bush_adminstration?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39127483" data-work_id="39127483" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39127483/Fareed_zakaria_post_american_world">Fareed zakaria post american world</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fareed Zakaria, comentarista internacional de CNN y columnista de la revista Time, con The Post-American World 2 , actualiza su libro del mismo nombre aparecido el año 2008. Tanto en su versión original como en ésta, puesta al día y... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39127483" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fareed Zakaria, comentarista internacional de CNN y columnista de la revista Time, con The Post-American World 2 , actualiza su libro del mismo nombre aparecido el año 2008. Tanto en su versión original como en ésta, puesta al día y ampliada 3 , realiza un análisis prospec-tivo del mundo durante el siglo XXI y del papel que van a desempe-ñar los EE.UU. y las potencias emergentes, en especial, China e India. Zakaria advierte que es un libro no tanto sobre el declive de los EE.UU. sino sobre el auge de los demás. Sostiene que este siglo va a ser post-americano, ya que el poder será más difuso en este nuevo orden mundial, debido a que la infl uencia de la, hasta ahora, super-potencia está decayendo y los poderes emergentes son más asertivos para hacer valer sus intereses. Al decir que es un mundo post-americano, Zakaria quiere expresar que el sistema internacional del siglo XXI en sus rasgos y característi-cas gruesas es un mundo made in USA, con primacía de valores como el liberalismo, las economías de mercado y el american way of life. EE.UU. seguirá teniendo un rol relevante a nivel mundial y compara su infl uencia a la ejercida por el Imperio Británico, luego de su retirada, en los países que recibieron su infl ujo, en especial, en sus ex colo-nias, que fueron hondamente marcados par su cultura, su lengua, su ética y su estilo de vida.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39127483" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0cb45a50b84cd1a7aa7746ba15060d2f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59248820,"asset_id":39127483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59248820/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="113115289" href="https://uchile.academia.edu/SergioCortesBeltranCortes">Sergio Cortes Beltran Cortes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="113115289" type="text/json">{"id":113115289,"first_name":"Sergio Cortes Beltran","last_name":"Cortes","domain_name":"uchile","page_name":"SergioCortesBeltranCortes","display_name":"Sergio Cortes Beltran Cortes","profile_url":"https://uchile.academia.edu/SergioCortesBeltranCortes?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113115289/27040104/25468780/s65_sergio_cortes_beltran.cortes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39127483 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39127483"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39127483, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39127483", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39127483]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39127483").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39127483").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39127483"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73261" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Politics">World Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="73261" type="text/json">{"id":73261,"name":"World Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Politics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="432164" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fareed_Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="432164" type="text/json">{"id":432164,"name":"Fareed Zakaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fareed_Zakaria?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39127483]'), work: {"id":39127483,"title":"Fareed zakaria post american world","created_at":"2019-05-14T09:31:27.248-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39127483/Fareed_zakaria_post_american_world?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_39127483","summary":"Fareed Zakaria, comentarista internacional de CNN y columnista de la revista Time, con The Post-American World 2 , actualiza su libro del mismo nombre aparecido el año 2008. Tanto en su versión original como en ésta, puesta al día y ampliada 3 , realiza un análisis prospec-tivo del mundo durante el siglo XXI y del papel que van a desempe-ñar los EE.UU. y las potencias emergentes, en especial, China e India. Zakaria advierte que es un libro no tanto sobre el declive de los EE.UU. sino sobre el auge de los demás. Sostiene que este siglo va a ser post-americano, ya que el poder será más difuso en este nuevo orden mundial, debido a que la infl uencia de la, hasta ahora, super-potencia está decayendo y los poderes emergentes son más asertivos para hacer valer sus intereses. Al decir que es un mundo post-americano, Zakaria quiere expresar que el sistema internacional del siglo XXI en sus rasgos y característi-cas gruesas es un mundo made in USA, con primacía de valores como el liberalismo, las economías de mercado y el american way of life. EE.UU. seguirá teniendo un rol relevante a nivel mundial y compara su infl uencia a la ejercida por el Imperio Británico, luego de su retirada, en los países que recibieron su infl ujo, en especial, en sus ex colo-nias, que fueron hondamente marcados par su cultura, su lengua, su ética y su estilo de vida.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59248820,"asset_id":39127483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":113115289,"first_name":"Sergio Cortes Beltran","last_name":"Cortes","domain_name":"uchile","page_name":"SergioCortesBeltranCortes","display_name":"Sergio Cortes Beltran Cortes","profile_url":"https://uchile.academia.edu/SergioCortesBeltranCortes?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113115289/27040104/25468780/s65_sergio_cortes_beltran.cortes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":73261,"name":"World Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Politics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":432164,"name":"Fareed Zakaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fareed_Zakaria?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7734857" data-work_id="7734857" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7734857/Estrategias_en_el_Sahel_de_EE_UU_Francia_e_instituciones_financieras_internacionales_BM_FMI_BAD_">Estrategias en el Sahel de EE. UU, Francia e instituciones financieras internacionales (BM, FMI, BAD)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7734857" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="567ae6856997585ff6f2a9504024a4c0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34256868,"asset_id":7734857,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34256868/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="217362" href="https://csic.academia.edu/CarlesPamies">Carles Pamies</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="217362" type="text/json">{"id":217362,"first_name":"Carles","last_name":"Pamies","domain_name":"csic","page_name":"CarlesPamies","display_name":"Carles Pamies","profile_url":"https://csic.academia.edu/CarlesPamies?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/217362/2630185/131442714/s65_carles.pamies.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7734857 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7734857"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7734857, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7734857", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7734857]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7734857").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7734857").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7734857"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13474" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank">World Bank</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13474" type="text/json">{"id":13474,"name":"World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Financial_Institutions">International Financial Institutions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37021" type="text/json">{"id":37021,"name":"International Financial Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Financial_Institutions?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="105569" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Institutions">Financial Institutions</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="105569" type="text/json">{"id":105569,"name":"Financial Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Institutions?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7734857]'), work: {"id":7734857,"title":"Estrategias en el Sahel de EE. UU, Francia e instituciones financieras internacionales (BM, FMI, BAD)","created_at":"2014-07-21T06:50:48.884-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7734857/Estrategias_en_el_Sahel_de_EE_UU_Francia_e_instituciones_financieras_internacionales_BM_FMI_BAD_?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_7734857","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34256868,"asset_id":7734857,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":217362,"first_name":"Carles","last_name":"Pamies","domain_name":"csic","page_name":"CarlesPamies","display_name":"Carles Pamies","profile_url":"https://csic.academia.edu/CarlesPamies?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/217362/2630185/131442714/s65_carles.pamies.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":13474,"name":"World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":37021,"name":"International Financial Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Financial_Institutions?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":105569,"name":"Financial Institutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Institutions?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":313586,"name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Monetary_Fund?f_ri=36487"},{"id":375440,"name":"French foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_foreign_policy?f_ri=36487"},{"id":920099,"name":"African Development Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Development_Bank?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39165003" data-work_id="39165003" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39165003/Degel_sous_les_tropiques_entre_Washington_et_La_Havane">Degel sous les tropiques entre Washington et La Havane</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">L’Union européenne a décidé de revoir sa « position commune » qui, depuis 1996, prévoit le gel de ses relations avec Cuba. Un mouvement similaire de détente vis-à-vis de l’île semble se dessiner de l’autre côté de l’Atlantique. Le 11... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39165003" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">L’Union européenne a décidé de revoir sa « position commune » qui, depuis 1996, prévoit le gel de ses relations avec Cuba. Un mouvement similaire de détente vis-à-vis de l’île semble se dessiner de l’autre côté de l’Atlantique. Le 11 octobre 2014, un éditorial du très influent « New York Times » enjoignait ainsi à Washington d’en finir avec l’embargo imposé à l’île depuis… 1962.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39165003" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="56be02a4879929fc880fb5fce6da92a8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59290319,"asset_id":39165003,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59290319/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3471561" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/howlettpatrick">Howlett-Martin Patrick</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3471561" type="text/json">{"id":3471561,"first_name":"Howlett-Martin","last_name":"Patrick","domain_name":"univ-paris1","page_name":"howlettpatrick","display_name":"Howlett-Martin Patrick","profile_url":"https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/howlettpatrick?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3471561/27188587/87838890/s65_howlett-martin.patrick.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39165003 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39165003"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39165003, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39165003", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39165003]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39165003").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39165003").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39165003"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41308" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41308" type="text/json">{"id":41308,"name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_Revolution?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39165003]'), work: {"id":39165003,"title":"Degel sous les tropiques entre Washington et La Havane","created_at":"2019-05-17T08:37:18.022-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39165003/Degel_sous_les_tropiques_entre_Washington_et_La_Havane?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_39165003","summary":"L’Union européenne a décidé de revoir sa « position commune » qui, depuis 1996, prévoit le gel de ses relations avec Cuba. Un mouvement similaire de détente vis-à-vis de l’île semble se dessiner de l’autre côté de l’Atlantique. Le 11 octobre 2014, un éditorial du très influent « New York Times » enjoignait ainsi à Washington d’en finir avec l’embargo imposé à l’île depuis… 1962.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59290319,"asset_id":39165003,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3471561,"first_name":"Howlett-Martin","last_name":"Patrick","domain_name":"univ-paris1","page_name":"howlettpatrick","display_name":"Howlett-Martin Patrick","profile_url":"https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/howlettpatrick?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3471561/27188587/87838890/s65_howlett-martin.patrick.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":41308,"name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_Revolution?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_298861" data-work_id="298861" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/298861/Economic_Reconstruction_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_The_Lost_Decade">Economic Reconstruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Lost Decade</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The article discusses the efforts to undertake economic reconstruction in Bosnia following the end of the war. It argues that, despite certain successes such as the rehabilitation of infrastructure and the privatization of the banking... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_298861" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The article discusses the efforts to undertake economic reconstruction in Bosnia following the end of the war. It argues that, despite certain successes such as the rehabilitation of <br />infrastructure and the privatization of the banking sector, overall progress has been below expectations. The study, accordingly, attempts to analyse the reasons behind the reconstruction <br />failure by grouping Bosnia’s problems into four different challenges for analytical purposes: the post-Dayton institutional deficiency; overcoming political fragmentation; creating appropriate conditions for economic revival; and graduating from dependency on foreign economic aid. In this respect, it is concluded that the intersection between the economic and political dimensions of post-conflict reconstruction has generated a paradox: while huge amounts of economic assistance have intended to facilitate political reconciliation, the nature of the administrative (political) structure that was established in the post-war period has in turn hindered economic <br />recovery and the creation of a unified economic space. Moreover, political fragmentation and slow progress in economic reconstruction have been in a mutually constitutive relationship in which the existence of the one has contributed to the sustenance of the other.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/298861" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d2094f616e507ec3a32295c31c4a4c57" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51462780,"asset_id":298861,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51462780/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="234081" href="https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis">Nikolaos Tzifakis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="234081" type="text/json">{"id":234081,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Tzifakis","domain_name":"uop-gr","page_name":"NikolaosTzifakis","display_name":"Nikolaos Tzifakis","profile_url":"https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/234081/158425/45729300/s65_nikolaos.tzifakis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_298861 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="298861"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 298861, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_298861", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=298861]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_298861").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_298861").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="298861"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">53</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="898" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="898" type="text/json">{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=298861]'), work: {"id":298861,"title":"Economic Reconstruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Lost Decade","created_at":"2010-08-16T21:37:49.194-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/298861/Economic_Reconstruction_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_The_Lost_Decade?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_298861","summary":"The article discusses the efforts to undertake economic reconstruction in Bosnia following the end of the war. It argues that, despite certain successes such as the rehabilitation of\r\ninfrastructure and the privatization of the banking sector, overall progress has been below expectations. The study, accordingly, attempts to analyse the reasons behind the reconstruction\r\nfailure by grouping Bosnia’s problems into four different challenges for analytical purposes: the post-Dayton institutional deficiency; overcoming political fragmentation; creating appropriate conditions for economic revival; and graduating from dependency on foreign economic aid. In this respect, it is concluded that the intersection between the economic and political dimensions of post-conflict reconstruction has generated a paradox: while huge amounts of economic assistance have intended to facilitate political reconciliation, the nature of the administrative (political) structure that was established in the post-war period has in turn hindered economic\r\nrecovery and the creation of a unified economic space. Moreover, political fragmentation and slow progress in economic reconstruction have been in a mutually constitutive relationship in which the existence of the one has contributed to the sustenance of the other.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51462780,"asset_id":298861,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":234081,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Tzifakis","domain_name":"uop-gr","page_name":"NikolaosTzifakis","display_name":"Nikolaos Tzifakis","profile_url":"https://uop-gr.academia.edu/NikolaosTzifakis?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/234081/158425/45729300/s65_nikolaos.tzifakis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2068,"name":"Ecotourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotourism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2256,"name":"Rehabilitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rehabilitation?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=36487"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3345,"name":"International organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_organizations?f_ri=36487"},{"id":3849,"name":"Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4071,"name":"Heritage Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Tourism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4424,"name":"Post-conflict Reconstruction and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-conflict_Reconstruction_and_Development?f_ri=36487"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable 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donors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_donors?f_ri=36487"},{"id":313056,"name":"Foreign assistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_assistance?f_ri=36487"},{"id":537676,"name":"Stabilization and Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stabilization_and_Reconstruction?f_ri=36487"},{"id":799124,"name":"Sustainable/Responsible Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Responsible_Tourism?f_ri=36487"},{"id":931864,"name":"Nomadic/Indigenous People","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nomadic_Indigenous_People?f_ri=36487"},{"id":931986,"name":"Post Conflict Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_Conflict_Issues?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1007829,"name":"Reconstruction Operations (SSTRO)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reconstruction_Operations_SSTRO_?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43247997" data-work_id="43247997" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43247997/Inter_American_Relations_in_the_Age_of_Trump_How_the_U_S_Is_Losing_Its_Grip_on_Its_Volatile_Backyard_">Inter-American Relations in the Age of Trump: How the U.S. Is Losing Its Grip on Its Volatile "Backyard"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Since the early 19 th century, the U.S. has exerted strong political and economic influence over Latin America. The painful experiences of the Cold War, when the U.S. supported military dictatorships across the region, and assisted... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43247997" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Since the early 19 th century, the U.S. has exerted strong political and economic influence over Latin America. The painful experiences of the Cold War, when the U.S. supported military dictatorships across the region, and assisted anti-communist forces in Central America, left deep scars in Latin America's collective memory. This article claims that while the Obama administration undertook a series of measures to re-establish some trust, Donald Trump's aggressive rhetoric against immigrants from Latin America, his Cuba Policy, and his threat of using military force in Venezuela have reinforced a negative image of the U.S. It also argues that threats of budget cuts for foreign aid and a protectionist trade policy are undermining the U.S. capacity to exert influence on its southern neighbours. This will most likely bring the region closer to China and other extra-regional powers, which have been increasing their profile there in recent years.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43247997" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b542885be0f1df4a53ea6ea4aaf81804" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63518731,"asset_id":43247997,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63518731/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="160000165" href="https://uniandes.academia.edu/NicolasAlexanderBeckmann">Nicolas Alexander Beckmann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="160000165" type="text/json">{"id":160000165,"first_name":"Nicolas Alexander","last_name":"Beckmann","domain_name":"uniandes","page_name":"NicolasAlexanderBeckmann","display_name":"Nicolas Alexander Beckmann","profile_url":"https://uniandes.academia.edu/NicolasAlexanderBeckmann?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/160000165/44839701/35164738/s65_nicolas_alexander.beckmann.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43247997 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43247997"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43247997, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43247997", }); 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The painful experiences of the Cold War, when the U.S. supported military dictatorships across the region, and assisted anti-communist forces in Central America, left deep scars in Latin America's collective memory. This article claims that while the Obama administration undertook a series of measures to re-establish some trust, Donald Trump's aggressive rhetoric against immigrants from Latin America, his Cuba Policy, and his threat of using military force in Venezuela have reinforced a negative image of the U.S. It also argues that threats of budget cuts for foreign aid and a protectionist trade policy are undermining the U.S. capacity to exert influence on its southern neighbours. This will most likely bring the region closer to China and other extra-regional powers, which have been increasing their profile there in recent years.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63518731,"asset_id":43247997,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":160000165,"first_name":"Nicolas Alexander","last_name":"Beckmann","domain_name":"uniandes","page_name":"NicolasAlexanderBeckmann","display_name":"Nicolas Alexander Beckmann","profile_url":"https://uniandes.academia.edu/NicolasAlexanderBeckmann?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/160000165/44839701/35164738/s65_nicolas_alexander.beckmann.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":11969,"name":"Venezuela","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Venezuela?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":56989,"name":"Latin America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_America?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":113361,"name":"War on Drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Drugs?f_ri=36487"},{"id":429690,"name":"Western Hemisphere","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Hemisphere?f_ri=36487"},{"id":1034627,"name":"U.S. Latin American Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Latin_American_Relations?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_749865" data-work_id="749865" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/749865/On_Moralism_and_Rwanda_A_Reply_to_Linda_Melvern">On Moralism and Rwanda: A Reply to Linda Melvern</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The important questions in politics are of probability, not possibility. What would the plausible and probable consequences of a particular intervention have been? What would have had to differ in order for successful intervention to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_749865" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The important questions in politics are of probability, not possibility. What would the plausible and probable consequences of a particular intervention have been? What would have had to differ in order for successful intervention to result? Only an anti-political ethical framework – a kind of crude deontology – could find overriding significance in the mere possibility that lives could have been saved.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/749865" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbfb5cb2e40ce9d019792a0321ab2467" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":4316110,"asset_id":749865,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4316110/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="172843" href="https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/StephenWertheim">Stephen Wertheim</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="172843" type="text/json">{"id":172843,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Wertheim","domain_name":"carnegieendowment","page_name":"StephenWertheim","display_name":"Stephen Wertheim","profile_url":"https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/StephenWertheim?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/172843/98293/78919612/s65_stephen.wertheim.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_749865 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="749865"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 749865, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_749865", }); 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What would the plausible and probable consequences of a particular intervention have been? What would have had to differ in order for successful intervention to result? Only an anti-political ethical framework – a kind of crude deontology – could find overriding significance in the mere possibility that lives could have been saved.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4316110,"asset_id":749865,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":172843,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Wertheim","domain_name":"carnegieendowment","page_name":"StephenWertheim","display_name":"Stephen Wertheim","profile_url":"https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/StephenWertheim?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/172843/98293/78919612/s65_stephen.wertheim.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":568,"name":"Military Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Ethics?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":2593,"name":"Humanitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarianism?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=36487"},{"id":8269,"name":"International Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Ethics?f_ri=36487"},{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=36487"},{"id":9818,"name":"Responsibility to Protect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsibility_to_Protect?f_ri=36487"},{"id":14605,"name":"Ethics and International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_International_Relations?f_ri=36487"},{"id":16502,"name":"History Of U.S. Foreign Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_U.S._Foreign_Relations?f_ri=36487"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=36487"},{"id":22074,"name":"Foreign policy and ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_policy_and_ideology?f_ri=36487"},{"id":22955,"name":"Rwanda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rwanda?f_ri=36487"},{"id":25512,"name":"U.S. Foreign Relations History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Relations_History?f_ri=36487"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7275218" data-work_id="7275218" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7275218/Review_of_Dennis_Merrill_s_Negotiating_Paradise_U_S_Tourism_and_Empire_in_Twentieth_Century_Latin_America_Caribbean_Studies_vol_38_no_2_December_2010">Review of Dennis Merrill’s Negotiating Paradise: U.S. Tourism and Empire in Twentieth-Century Latin America. Caribbean Studies, vol. 38, no. 2, December 2010.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7275218" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d3aebe329fd1de2d828eaacff63371b2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33912875,"asset_id":7275218,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33912875/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5443494" href="https://cofc.academia.edu/BlakeScott">Blake C Scott</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5443494" type="text/json">{"id":5443494,"first_name":"Blake","last_name":"Scott","domain_name":"cofc","page_name":"BlakeScott","display_name":"Blake C Scott","profile_url":"https://cofc.academia.edu/BlakeScott?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5443494/2390968/18450133/s65_blake.scott.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7275218 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7275218"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7275218, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7275218", }); 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Caribbean Studies, vol. 38, no. 2, December 2010.","created_at":"2014-06-06T03:24:02.352-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7275218/Review_of_Dennis_Merrill_s_Negotiating_Paradise_U_S_Tourism_and_Empire_in_Twentieth_Century_Latin_America_Caribbean_Studies_vol_38_no_2_December_2010?f_ri=36487","dom_id":"work_7275218","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33912875,"asset_id":7275218,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5443494,"first_name":"Blake","last_name":"Scott","domain_name":"cofc","page_name":"BlakeScott","display_name":"Blake C Scott","profile_url":"https://cofc.academia.edu/BlakeScott?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5443494/2390968/18450133/s65_blake.scott.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":1250,"name":"Latin American and Caribbean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_History?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54602476" data-work_id="54602476" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54602476/Eating_Identity_Theorizing_the_Everyday_Foreign_Policy_Assemblage">Eating Identity: Theorizing the Everyday Foreign Policy Assemblage</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">While everyday high-level practices have become an important area of study in foreign policy research, the every day of every (wo)man has been overlooked both in theoretical and empirical conceptualizations. Building on feminist,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54602476" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">While everyday high-level practices have become an important area of study in foreign policy research, the every day of every (wo)man has been overlooked both in theoretical and empirical conceptualizations. Building on feminist, sociological, and ethnographic research, this article argues that everyday foreign policy is an assemblage-a combination of physical and cultural practices that inhabit digital and bodily spaces. Following the feminist call to liberate international relations from the straitjacket of high politics, this article aims to contextualize foreign policy within daily practices of regular citizens, who enact foreign policy at home, at the supermarket, and online. In effect, everyday foreign policy is not just about discussing identity, it is also about embodying and literally eating it. This article focuses on the grassroots of foreign policy sanctions in Russia in the aftermath of the annexation of Crimea.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54602476" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b8bea4d72ef1996620568c5be5da9bff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70888319,"asset_id":54602476,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70888319/download_file?st=MTczMzkyMzA0MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20871488" href="https://rug.academia.edu/LisaGaufman">Lisa Gaufman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20871488" type="text/json">{"id":20871488,"first_name":"Lisa","last_name":"Gaufman","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"LisaGaufman","display_name":"Lisa Gaufman","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/LisaGaufman?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20871488/5927174/15175356/s65_lisa.gaufman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54602476 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54602476"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54602476, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54602476", }); 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Building on feminist, sociological, and ethnographic research, this article argues that everyday foreign policy is an assemblage-a combination of physical and cultural practices that inhabit digital and bodily spaces. Following the feminist call to liberate international relations from the straitjacket of high politics, this article aims to contextualize foreign policy within daily practices of regular citizens, who enact foreign policy at home, at the supermarket, and online. In effect, everyday foreign policy is not just about discussing identity, it is also about embodying and literally eating it. This article focuses on the grassroots of foreign policy sanctions in Russia in the aftermath of the annexation of Crimea.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70888319,"asset_id":54602476,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20871488,"first_name":"Lisa","last_name":"Gaufman","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"LisaGaufman","display_name":"Lisa Gaufman","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/LisaGaufman?f_ri=36487","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20871488/5927174/15175356/s65_lisa.gaufman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=36487","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International 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