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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CDC 160 series</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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searchaux" style="display:none">Minicomputer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">CDC 160</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Control_Data_160-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Control_Data_160-A.jpg/220px-Control_Data_160-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Control_Data_160-A.jpg/330px-Control_Data_160-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Control_Data_160-A.jpg/440px-Control_Data_160-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="3974" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">CDC 160-A with close-up of control panel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">1960<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1960</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introductory price</th><td class="infobox-data">$100,000 equivalent to $1,062,880 in 2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Units shipped</th><td class="infobox-data">400</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Storage</th><td class="infobox-data">4096 words of magnetic core</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">115 V, 12 A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>29 by <span class="frac">61<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> by 30 inches (740 mm × 1,560 mm × 760 mm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data">810 lb (370 kg)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series" title="CDC 6000 series">CDC 6000 series</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>CDC 160 series</b> was a series of <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a>. The CDC 160 and CDC 160-A were 12-bit minicomputers<sup id="cite_ref-160-isa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160-isa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160-a-isa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160-a-isa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built from 1960 to 1965; the CDC 160G was a 13-bit minicomputer, with an extended version of the CDC 160-A instruction set, and a compatibility mode in which it did not use the 13th bit.<sup id="cite_ref-160g-isa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160g-isa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 160 was designed by <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a> - reportedly over a long three-day weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-UMN.P2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMN.P2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It fit into the desk where its operator sat. </p><p>The 160 architecture uses <a href="/wiki/Ones%27_complement" title="Ones' complement">ones' complement</a> arithmetic with <a href="/wiki/End-around_carry" class="mw-redirect" title="End-around carry">end-around carry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Cash_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cash Register">NCR</a> joint-marketed the 160-A under its own name for several years in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Flamm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flamm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_160_series&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A publishing company that purchased a CDC 160-A described it as "a single user machine with no batch processing capability. Programmers and/or users would go to the computer room, sit at the console, load the paper tape bootstrap and start up a program."<sup id="cite_ref-PClark_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PClark-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CDC 160-A was a simple piece of hardware, and yet provided a variety of features which were scaled-down capabilities found only on larger systems. It was therefore an ideal platform for introducing neophyte programmers to the sophisticated concepts of low-level <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O) and <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> systems. </p><p>All 160 systems had a <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">paper-tape</a> reader, and a punch, and most had an <a href="/wiki/IBM_Electric_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Electric typewriter">IBM Electric typewriter</a> modified to act as a <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">computer terminal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memory on the 160 was 4096 12-bit words. The CPU had a 12-bit <a href="/wiki/Ones%27_complement" title="Ones' complement">ones' complement</a> accumulator but no multiply or divide. There was a full complement of instructions and several addressing modes. Indirect addressing was almost as good as index registers. The instruction set supported both relative (to the current P register) and absolute. The original instruction set did not have a subroutine call instruction and could only address one bank of memory.<sup id="cite_ref-160-isa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160-isa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 160-A model, a "return jump" and a memory bank-switch instruction was added. Return-jump allowed simple subroutine calls and <a href="/wiki/Bank_switching" title="Bank switching">bank switching</a> allowed other 4K banks of memory to be addressed, albeit clumsily, up to a total of 32,768 words.<sup id="cite_ref-160-a-isa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160-a-isa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extra memory was expensive and had to be contained in a separate box as large as the 160 itself. The 160-A model could also accept a multiply/divide unit, which was another large and expensive peripheral box. </p><p>In the 160 and 160-A, the memory cycle time was 6.4 microseconds. An add took two cycles. The average instruction took 15 microseconds, for a processing rate of 67,000 instructions per second.<sup id="cite_ref-160-isa_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160-isa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160-a-isa_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160-a-isa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 160G model extended the registers and memory words to 13 bits; in G mode, all 13 bits were used, while in A mode, only the lower 12 bits were used, for binary compatibility with the 160-A. The 160G added some instructions, including built-in multiply and divide instructions, and some additional addressing modes.<sup id="cite_ref-160g-isa_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160g-isa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low-level I/O allowed control of devices, interfacing for determining device status, and for reading and writing data as either single bytes, or as blocks. I/O could be completed to a register, or to memory, or via a <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a> (DMA) channel. The distinction between these I/O types was that regular I/O would 'hang' the CPU until the I/O operation completed, but DMA I/O allowed the CPU to proceed with instruction execution concurrently with the data transfer. The interrupt system was purely based on IO, meaning that all interrupts were generated externally. Interrupts were introduced to neophytes as being the alert mechanism by which a program could be informed that a previously initiated DMA I/O operation was completed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_areas">Application areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_160_series&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Application areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_Museum_of_America_(37).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Computer_Museum_of_America_%2837%29.jpg/220px-Computer_Museum_of_America_%2837%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Computer_Museum_of_America_%2837%29.jpg/330px-Computer_Museum_of_America_%2837%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Computer_Museum_of_America_%2837%29.jpg/440px-Computer_Museum_of_America_%2837%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>CDC 160 panel</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Real-time applications</li> <li>Off-line data conversion</li> <li>Scientific data processing</li> <li>Commercial data processing</li> <li>Data acquisition and reduction</li> <li>Engineering problem solving</li> <li>Communications and telemetering systems</li> <li>Control Data's Satellite Computer System<sup id="cite_ref-cdc160_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc160-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peripherals">Peripherals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_160_series&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peripherals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>163 or 164 Magnetic tape systems</li> <li>161 Typewriter unit</li> <li>1610 Card read and punch system</li> <li>1612 Line printer</li> <li>165 Plotter</li> <li>166 Buffered line printer</li> <li>167 Card reader</li> <li>168 Arithmetic unit</li> <li>169 Auxiliary memory unit</li> <li>350 Paper tape reader</li> <li>Model BRPE-11 Teletype paper punch tape punch</li> <li>603 Magnetic tape transport<sup id="cite_ref-cdc160_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc160-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successors">Successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_160_series&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 160 architecture was modified to become the basis of the <i><a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series#Peripheral_processors" title="CDC 6000 series">peripheral processors</a></i> (PPs) in the <a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series" title="CDC 6000 series">CDC 6000 series</a> mainframe computers and its successors.<sup id="cite_ref-UMN.P2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMN.P2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large parts of the 160 instruction set were unchanged in the peripheral processors. However, there were changes to incorporate the 6000 data channel programming, and control of the <i>central processor</i>. In the early days of the 6000s, almost the entire <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> ran in the PPs. This left the central processor unencumbered by operating system demands and available for user programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_160_series&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a>, desk scientific computer from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> released in 1959</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAB_500" title="CAB 500">CAB 500</a>, desk scientific computer from <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9lectronique_et_d%27automatisme" title="Société d'électronique et d'automatisme">SEA</a> released in 1960</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_160_series&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-160-isa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-160-isa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-160-isa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-160-isa_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/160/023a_160_Computer_Programming_Manual_1960.pdf"><i>160 Computer Programming Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Control Data Corporation. 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=160+Computer+Programming+Manual&rft.pub=Control+Data+Corporation&rft.date=1960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F160%2F023a_160_Computer_Programming_Manual_1960.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160-a-isa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-160-a-isa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-160-a-isa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-160-a-isa_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/160/145e_CDC160A_ProgMan_Mar63.pdf"><i>Control Data 160-A Computer Programming Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Control Data Corporation. March 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Data+160-A+Computer+Programming+Manual&rft.pub=Control+Data+Corporation&rft.date=1963-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F160%2F145e_CDC160A_ProgMan_Mar63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160g-isa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-160g-isa_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-160g-isa_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/160/G02000c_160G_Programming_May65.pdf"><i>Control Data 160G Programming Reference Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Control Data Corporation. May 11, 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Data+160G+Programming+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=Control+Data+Corporation&rft.date=1965-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F160%2FG02000c_160G_Programming_May65.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMN.P2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UMN.P2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UMN.P2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Liddiard1986" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence Liddiard (May 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/159477/ACSS_May_1986.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Seymour Cray's Machines (Part 2)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>The CDC 160, rumored to have been designed over a weekend by Cray, was CDC's first $60,000 <i>desk</i> (not <i>desktop</i>) computer that became the prototype I/O processor for the peripheral processors surrounding the CDC 6600 and 7600.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seymour+Cray%27s+Machines+%28Part+2%29&rft.date=1986-05&rft.au=Lawrence+Liddiard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F159477%2FACSS_May_1986.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/cdc160/man/index.html">"A Programmer's Reference Manual for the CDC-160"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_W._Jones" title="Douglas W. Jones">Douglas W. Jones</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flamm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flamm_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlamm1988" class="citation book cs1">Flamm, Kenneth (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6S9WOniQN4C&dq=%22NCR+315%22&pg=PA118"><i>Creating the computer: government, industry, and high technology</i></a>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815728506" title="Special:BookSources/0815728506"><bdi>0815728506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+the+computer%3A+government%2C+industry%2C+and+high+technology&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0815728506&rft.aulast=Flamm&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6S9WOniQN4C%26dq%3D%2522NCR%2B315%2522%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PClark-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PClark_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Clark1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Peter Clark (July 1982). "DEC TIMESHARING (1965)". <i>The DEC Professional</i>. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+DEC+Professional&rft.atitle=DEC+TIMESHARING+%281965%29&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1982-07&rft.au=Peter+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/160/073e_161_Typewriter_Unit_Dec62.pdf"><i>Control Data 160 Typewriter Unit</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Control Data Corporation. December 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Data+160+Typewriter+Unit&rft.pub=Control+Data+Corporation&rft.date=1962-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F160%2F073e_161_Typewriter_Unit_Dec62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/160/CDC_160_Brochure_Aug61.pdf"><i>Control Data 160 Computer</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Control Data Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Data+160+Computer&rft.pub=Control+Data+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F160%2FCDC_160_Brochure_Aug61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/160/160-A_Peripheral_Brochure_Nov62.pdf"><i>Control Data 160-A Computer</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Control Data Corporation. November 1962<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Data+160-A+Computer&rft.pub=Control+Data+Corporation&rft.date=1962-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F160%2F160-A_Peripheral_Brochure_Nov62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/160/CDC_160G_Brochure_Feb64.pdf">"Control Data 160G Computer System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Control Data Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Control+Data+160G+Computer+System&rft.pub=Control+Data+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F160%2FCDC_160G_Brochure_Feb64.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc160-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdc160_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc160_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/160/CDC_160_Brochure_Aug61.pdf">"Control Data 160 Computer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. August 1961<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Control+Data+160+Computer&rft.date=1961-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F160%2FCDC_160_Brochure_Aug61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+160+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_160_series&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/CDC/CDC.160A.1962.102646114.pdf">Control Data 160-A Overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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id="Control_Data_Corporation105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CDC logo"><img alt="CDC logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CDC-Logo.svg/150px-CDC-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CDC-Logo.svg/225px-CDC-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CDC-Logo.svg/300px-CDC-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_1604" title="CDC 1604">CDC 1604</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CDC 160 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_1700" title="CDC 1700">CDC 1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_3000_series" title="CDC 3000 series">CDC 3000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series" title="CDC 6000 series">CDC 6000 series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_7600" title="CDC 7600">CDC 7600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_8600" title="CDC 8600">CDC 8600</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vector27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_STAR-100" title="CDC STAR-100">CDC STAR-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber_200" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC Cyber 200">CDC Cyber 200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber" title="CDC Cyber">CDC Cyber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O26_(text_editor)" title="O26 (text editor)">026</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Languages: <ul><li><a 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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