CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>CDC 6000 series - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6307ed74-bc86-4a2e-bc28-3f0141e92dfb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"CDC_6000_series","wgTitle":"CDC 6000 series","wgCurRevisionId":1261576119,"wgRevisionId":1261576119,"wgArticleId":4120803,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2022","All articles with bare URLs for citations","Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024","Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing German-language text","Webarchive template wayback links", "Control Data Corporation hardware","Supercomputers","60-bit computers","12-bit computers","Control Data Corporation mainframe computers","Transistorized computers","Control Data Corporation","Computer-related introductions in 1964"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"CDC_6000_series","wgRelevantArticleId":4120803,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3957729","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg/1200px-CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg/800px-CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg/640px-CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="CDC 6000 series - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_6000_series"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_6000_series"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-CDC_6000_series rootpage-CDC_6000_series skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=CDC+6000+series" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=CDC+6000+series" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=CDC+6000+series" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=CDC+6000+series" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_memory_(CM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_memory_(CM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Central memory (CM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_memory_(CM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_Core_Storage_(ECS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_Core_Storage_(ECS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Extended Core Storage (ECS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_Core_Storage_(ECS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_processor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_processor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Central processor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_processor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripheral_processors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripheral_processors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Peripheral processors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripheral_processors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Data channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_console" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_console"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Display console</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_console-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimum_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimum_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Minimum configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimum_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripherals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripherals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Peripherals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripherals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Versions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_6600" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_6600"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The 6600</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_6600-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_6400" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_6400"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The 6400</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_6400-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_CPU_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_CPU_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dual CPU systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_CPU_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_6500" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_6500"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>The 6500</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_6500-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_6700" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_6700"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>The 6700</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_6700-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CDC 6000 series</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_CDC_6000" title="Serie CDC 6000 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Serie CDC 6000" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3957729#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:CDC_6000_series" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CDC_6000_series"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/CDC_6000_series" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/CDC_6000_series" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&oldid=1261576119" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=CDC_6000_series&id=1261576119&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCDC_6000_series"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCDC_6000_series"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=CDC_6000_series&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3957729" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of 1960s mainframe computers</div> <p>The <b>CDC 6000 series</b> is a discontinued family of <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-MMTO.Grish_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMTO.Grish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of the CDC 6200,<sup id="cite_ref-CW.export_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW.export-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CDC 6300, <a href="#Versions">CDC 6400</a>, <a href="#Versions">CDC 6500</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a> and <a href="#Versions">CDC 6700</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> computers, which were all extremely rapid and efficient for their time. Each is a large, <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid-state</a>, general-purpose, digital computer that performs scientific and business data processing as well as <a href="/wiki/Multiprogramming" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprogramming">multiprogramming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_Job_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Job Entry">Remote Job Entry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">data management</a> tasks under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> called <a href="/wiki/CDC_SCOPE" title="CDC SCOPE">SCOPE</a> (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution).<sup id="cite_ref-CDCmanual_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCmanual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thelen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thelen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michigan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michigan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1970<sup id="cite_ref-HistLine_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistLine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there also was a time-sharing oriented operating system named KRONOS.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were part of the first generation of <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-purduesupercomputer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purduesupercomputer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6600 was the flagship of Control Data's 6000 series.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VidHist_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VidHist-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg/220px-CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg/330px-CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg/440px-CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><b>CDC 6600</b> computer. Display console shown in the foreground, main system cabinet in background, with memory/logic/wiring to the left and middle, and power/cooling generation and control to the right.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CDC 6000 series computers are composed of four main functional devices: </p> <ul><li>the central memory</li> <li>one or two high-speed central processors</li> <li>ten<sup id="cite_ref-SuperArc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuperArc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> peripheral processors (<a href="#Peripheral_processors">Peripheral Processing Unit</a>, or PPU)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HW6000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW6000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p. 1–11">: p. 1–11 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HW6000_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW6000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.2-2">: p.2-2 </span></sup> and</li> <li>a display console.</li></ul> <p>The 6000 series has a distributed architecture. </p><p>The family's members differ primarily by the number and kind of central processor(s):<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The CDC 6600 is a single CPU with 10 functional units that can operate in parallel, each working on an instruction at the same time.</li> <li>The CDC 6400 is a single CPU with an identical instruction set, but with a single unified arithmetic function unit that can only do one instruction at a time.</li> <li>The CDC 6500 is a dual-CPU system with two 6400 central processors</li> <li>The CDC 6700 is also a dual-CPU system, with a 6600 and a 6400 central processor.</li></ul> <p>Certain features and nomenclature had also been used in the earlier <a href="/wiki/CDC_3000_series" title="CDC 3000 series">CDC 3000</a> series: </p> <ul><li>Arithmetic was ones complement.</li> <li>The name <a href="/wiki/COMPASS" title="COMPASS">COMPASS</a> was used by CDC for the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly languages</a> on both families.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The name <a href="/wiki/CDC_SCOPE" title="CDC SCOPE">SCOPE</a> was used for its operating system implementations on the <a href="/wiki/CDC_3000_series" title="CDC 3000 series">3000</a> and 6000 series.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOPE.3000_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOPE.3000-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The only currently (as of 2018) running CDC 6000 series machine, a 6500, has been restored by <a href="/wiki/Living_Computers:_Museum_%2B_Labs" title="Living Computers: Museum + Labs">Living Computers: Museum + Labs</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built in 1967 and used by <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> until 1989 when it was decommissioned and then given to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chippewa_Falls_Museum_of_Industry_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chippewa Falls Museum of Industry and Technology (page does not exist)">Chippewa Falls Museum of Industry and Technology</a> before being purchased by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a> for LCM+L.<sup id="cite_ref-LCM1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCM1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first member of the CDC 6000 series was the <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_E._Thornton" title="James E. Thornton">James E. Thornton</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Falls,_Wisconsin" title="Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin">Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin</a>. It was introduced in September 1964 and performs up to three million instructions per second, three times faster than the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Stretch" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Stretch">IBM Stretch</a>, the speed champion for the previous couple of years.<sup id="cite_ref-AcadBook_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AcadBook-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained the fastest machine for five years until the <a href="/wiki/CDC_7600" title="CDC 7600">CDC 7600</a> was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-X7600_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-X7600-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The machine is cooled by <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a> refrigerant. </p><p>Control Data manufactured about 100 machines of this type,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selling for $6 to $10 million each. </p><p>The next system to be introduced was the <a href="#The_6400">CDC 6400</a>, delivered in April 1966. The 6400 central processor is a slower, less expensive implementation with serial processing, rather than the 6600's parallel functional units. All other aspects of the 6400 are identical to the 6600. Then followed a machine with dual 6400-style central processors, the CDC 6500, designed principally by James E. Thornton, in October 1967. And finally, the CDC 6700, with both a 6600-style CPU and a 6400-style CPU, was released in October 1969. </p><p>Subsequent special edition options were custom-developed for the series, including: </p> <ul><li>Attaching a second system configured without a Central Processor (numbered 6416 and identified as "Augmented I/O Buffer and Control)<sup id="cite_ref-HW6000_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW6000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Appendix A">: Appendix A </span></sup> to the first; the combined total effectively was 20 peripheral and control processors with 24 channels, and the purpose was to support additional peripherals and "significantly increase the multiprogramming and batch job processing of the 6000 series." (A 30-PPU, 36 channel 6600 machine was operated by Control Data's Software Research Lab during 1971–1973 as the Minneapolis Cybernet host, but this version was never sold commercially.)</li> <li>Control Data also marketed a CDC 6400 with a smaller number of peripheral processors:<sup id="cite_ref-HW6000_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW6000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Appendix E">: Appendix E </span></sup> <ul><li>CDC 6415–7 with seven peripheral processors</li> <li>CDC 6415–8 with eight peripheral processors</li> <li>CDC 6415–9 with nine peripheral processors</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_memory_(CM)"><span id="Central_memory_.28CM.29"></span>Central memory (CM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central memory (CM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all the CDC 6000 series computers, the central processor communicates with around seven simultaneously active programs (<a href="/wiki/Job_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (software)">jobs</a>), which reside in central memory. Instructions from these programs are read into the central processor registers and are executed by the central processor at scheduled intervals. The results are then returned to central memory. </p><p>Information is stored in central memory in the form of words. The length of each word is 60 <a href="/wiki/Binary_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary digit">binary digits</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a>). The highly efficient address and data control mechanisms involved permit a word to be moved into or out of central memory in as little as 100 nanoseconds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_Core_Storage_(ECS)"><span id="Extended_Core_Storage_.28ECS.29"></span>Extended Core Storage (ECS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extended Core Storage (ECS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An extended core storage unit (ECS) provides additional memory storage and enhances the powerful computing capabilities of the CDC 6000 series computers. The unit contains interleaved core banks, each one ECS word (488 bits) wide and an 488 bit buffer for each bank. While nominally slower than CM, ECS included a buffer (cache) that in some applications gave ECS better performance than CM. However, with a more common reference pattern the CM was still faster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_processor">Central processor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Central processor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <caption>Exchange Jump Package </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td width="30px" bgcolor="grey"></td> <td width="90px"><b>P</b></td> <td width="90"><b>A0</b></td> <td width="90"><b>B0</b> = 0 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="30px" bgcolor="grey"></td> <td width="90px"><b>RA</b> <small>(CM)</small></td> <td width="90"><b>A1</b></td> <td width="90"><b>B1</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="30px" bgcolor="grey"></td> <td width="90px"><b>FL</b> <small>(CM)</small></td> <td width="90"><b>A2</b></td> <td width="90"><b>B2</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="30px" bgcolor="grey"></td> <td width="90px"><b>EM</b></td> <td width="90"><b>A3</b></td> <td width="90"><b>B3</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="120px" colspan="2"><b>RA</b> <small>(ECS)</small></td> <td width="90"><b>A4</b></td> <td width="90"><b>B4</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="120px" colspan="2"><b>FL</b> <small>(ECS)</small></td> <td width="90"><b>A5</b></td> <td width="90"><b>B5</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="120px" colspan="2" bgcolor="grey"></td> <td width="90"><b>A6</b></td> <td width="90"><b>B6</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="120px" colspan="2" bgcolor="grey"></td> <td width="90"><b>A7</b></td> <td width="90"><b>B7</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="300px" colspan="4"><b>X0</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="300px" colspan="4"><b>X1</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="300px" colspan="4"><b>X2</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="300px" colspan="4"><b>X3</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="300px" colspan="4"><b>X4</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="300px" colspan="4"><b>X5</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="300px" colspan="4"><b>X6</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="300px" colspan="4"><b>X7</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="300px" colspan="4"> <p><i>Legend</i>: </p> <ul><li><b>P</b>: Program Address (18 bits)</li> <li><b>RA</b>: Reference Address</li> <li><b>FL</b>: Field Length</li> <li><small>CM</small>: Central Memory (18 bits)</li> <li><small>ECS</small>: Extended Core Storage (24 bits)</li> <li><b>EM</b>: Exit Mode (18 bits)</li> <li><b>A0</b>-<b>A7</b>: Address registers (18 bits)</li> <li><b>B1</b>-<b>B7</b>: Increment registers (18 bits)</li> <li><b>X0</b>-<b>X7</b>: Operand registers (60 bits)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The central processor is the high-speed arithmetic unit that functions as the workhorse of the computer. It performs the addition, subtraction, and logical operations and all of the multiplication, division, incrementing, indexing, and branching instructions for user programs. Note that in the CDC 6000 architecture, the central processing unit performs no <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O) operations. Input/Output is totally asynchronous, and performed by peripheral processors. </p><p>A 6000 series CPU contains 24 operating <a href="/wiki/Processor_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="Processor registers">registers</a>, designated X0–X7, A0–A7, and B0–B7. The eight X registers are each <a href="/wiki/60-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="60-bit">60 bits</a> long, and used for most data manipulation—both integer and floating point. The eight B registers are <a href="/wiki/18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18 bits</a> long, and generally used for indexing and address storage. Register B0 is hard-wired to always return 0. By software convention, register B1 is generally set to 1. (This often allows the use of <a href="/w/index.php?title=15-bit_computing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15-bit computing (page does not exist)">15-bit</a> instructions instead of <a href="/w/index.php?title=30-bit_computing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="30-bit computing (page does not exist)">30-bit</a> instructions.) The eight 18-bit A registers are 'coupled' to their corresponding X registers: setting an address into any of registers A1 through A5 causes a memory load of the contents of that address into the corresponding X registers. Likewise, setting an address into registers A6 and A7 causes a memory store into that location in memory from X6 or X7. Registers A0 and X0 are not coupled in this way, so can be used as scratch registers. However A0 and X0 are used when addressing CDCs Extended Core Storage (ECS). </p><p>Instructions are either 15 or 30 bits long, so there can be up to four instructions per <a href="/wiki/60-bit_computing" title="60-bit computing">60-bit</a> word. A 60-bit word can contain any combination of 15-bit and 30-bit instructions that fit within the word, but a 30-bit instruction can not wrap to the next word. The <a href="/wiki/Op_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Op code">op codes</a> are six bits long. The remainder of the instruction is either three three-bit register fields (two operands and one result), or two registers with an 18-bit <a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode#Immediate.2Fliteral" title="Addressing mode">immediate constant</a>. All instructions are 'register to register'. For example, the following <a href="/wiki/COMPASS" title="COMPASS">COMPASS</a> (assembly language) code loads two values from memory, performs a 60-bit integer add, then stores the result: </p> <pre>SA1 X SET REGISTER A1 TO ADDRESS OF X; LOADS X1 FROM THAT ADDRESS SA2 Y SET REGISTER A2 TO ADDRESS OF Y; LOADS X2 FROM THAT ADDRESS IX6 X1+X2 LONG INTEGER ADD REGISTERS X1 AND X2, RESULT INTO X6 SA6 A1 SET REGISTER A6 TO (A1); STORES X6 TO X; THUS, X += Y </pre> <p>The central processor used in the CDC 6400 series contains a <i>unified arithmetic element</i> which performs one machine instruction at a time. Depending on instruction type, an instruction can take anywhere from five <a href="/wiki/Clock_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock cycle">clock cycles</a> for 18-bit integer arithmetic to as many as 68 clock cycles (60-bit population count). The CDC 6500 is identical to the 6400, but includes two identical 6400 CPUs. Thus the CDC 6500 can nearly double the computational throughput of the machine, although the I/O throughput is still limited by the speed of external I/O devices served by the same 10 PPs/12 Channels. Many CDC customers worked on compute-bound problems. </p><p>The CDC 6600 computer, like the CDC 6400, has just one central processor. However, its central processor offers much greater efficiency. The processor is divided into 10 individual <i>functional units</i>, each of which was designed for a specific type of operation. All 10 functional units can operate simultaneously, each working on their own operation. The function units provided are: branch, Boolean, shift, long integer add, <a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> add, floating-point divide, two floating-point multipliers, and two <i>increment</i> (18-bit integer add) units. Functional unit latencies are between three clock cycles for increment add and 29 clock cycles for floating-point divide. </p><p>The 6600 processor can issue a new instruction every clock cycle, assuming that various processor (functional unit, register) resources were available. These resources are tracked by a <i>scoreboard</i> mechanism. Also contributing to keeping the issue rate high is an <i>instruction stack</i>, which <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caches</a> the contents of eight instruction words (32 short instructions or 16 long instructions, or a combination). Small loops can reside entirely within the stack, eliminating memory latency from instruction fetches. </p><p>Both the 6400 and 6600 CPUs have a cycle time of 100 ns (10<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz). Due to the serial nature of the 6400 CPU, its exact speed is heavily dependent on instruction mix, but generally around 1 <a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">MIPS</a>. Floating-point additions are fairly fast at 11 clock cycles, however floating-point multiplication is very slow at 57 clock cycles. Thus its floating-point speed will depend heavily on the mix of operations and can be under 200 <a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">kFLOPS</a>. The 6600 is faster. With good compiler instruction scheduling, the machine can approach its theoretical peak of 10 MIPS. Floating-point additions take four clock cycles, and floating-point multiplications take 10 clocks (but there are two multiply functional units, so two operations can be processing at the same time.) The 6600 can therefore have a peak floating-point speed of 2-3 MFLOPS. </p><p>The CDC 6700 computer combines features of the other three computers. Like the CDC 6500, it has two central processors. One is a CDC 6400/CDC 6500 central processor with the unified arithmetic section; the other is the more efficient CDC 6600 central processor. The combination makes the CDC 6700 the fastest and the most powerful of the CDC 6000 series. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Architecture of CDC 6000 series </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">6000 series<br />Computer </th> <th rowspan="2">Input/Output<br />Channels </th> <th rowspan="2">Peripheral<br />Processors </th> <th rowspan="2">Central<br />Memory </th> <th colspan="2">Central Processor </th></tr> <tr> <th>Operating<br />Registers </th> <th>Functional Unit </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">CDC 6400</td> <td>12</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td>24</td> <td align="left">Unified Arithmetic Section </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left" rowspan="2">CDC 6500</td> <td rowspan="2">12</td> <td rowspan="2">10</td> <td rowspan="2">1</td> <td>24</td> <td align="left">Unified Arithmetic Section </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>24</td> <td align="left">Unified Arithmetic Section </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">CDC 6600</td> <td>12</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td>24 </td> <td align="left">Add, Multiply (2x), Divide, Long add, Shift, Boolean, Increment (2x), Branch </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left" rowspan="2">CDC 6700</td> <td rowspan="2">12</td> <td rowspan="2">10</td> <td rowspan="2">1</td> <td>24</td> <td align="left">Unified Arithmetic Section </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>24</td> <td align="left">Add, Multiply (2x), Divide, Long add, Shift, Boolean, Increment (2x), Branch </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripheral_processors">Peripheral processors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peripheral processors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The central processor shares access to central memory with up to ten peripheral processors (PPs). Each peripheral processor is an individual computer with its own 1 μs memory of 4K 12-bit words.<sup id="cite_ref-HW6000_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW6000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.4-2">: p.4-2 </span></sup> (They are somewhat similar to <a href="/wiki/CDC_160A" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC 160A">CDC 160A</a> minicomputers, sharing the 12-bit word length and portions of the instruction set.) </p><p>While the PPs were designed as an interface to the 12 I/O <a href="/wiki/Channel_I/O" title="Channel I/O">channels</a>, portions of the <a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Operating_System" title="Chippewa Operating System">Chippewa Operating System</a> (COS), and systems derived from it, e.g., <a href="/wiki/CDC_SCOPE#SCOPE_for_the_CDC_6000_series" title="CDC SCOPE">SCOPE</a>, MACE, <a href="/wiki/CDC_Kronos" title="CDC Kronos">KRONOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOS_(operating_system)" title="NOS (operating system)">NOS</a>, and NOS/BE, run on the PPs. Only the PPs have access to the channels and can perform input/output: the transfer of information between central memory and peripheral devices such as <a href="/wiki/Disk_storage" title="Disk storage">disks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> units. They relieve the central processor of all input/output tasks, so that it can perform calculations while the peripheral processors are engaged in input/output and operating system functions. This feature promotes rapid overall processing of user programs. Much of the operating system ran on the PPs,<sup id="cite_ref-Zephyr_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zephyr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus leaving the full power of the Central Processor available for user programs. </p><p>Each peripheral processor can add, subtract, and perform logical operations. Special instructions perform data transfer between processor memory and, via the channels, peripheral devices at up to 1 μs per word. The peripheral processors are collectively implemented as a <a href="/wiki/Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">barrel processor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each executes routines independently of the others. They are a loose predecessor of bus mastering or <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a>. </p><p>Instructions use a six-bit op code, thus leaving six bits for an operand. It is also possible to combine the next word's 12 bits, to form an 18-bit address (the size needed to access the full 131,072 words of Central Memory).<sup id="cite_ref-HW6000_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW6000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.4–6">: p.4–6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_channels">Data channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Data channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For input or output, each peripheral processor accesses a peripheral device over a communication link called a data channel. One peripheral device can be connected to each data channel; however, a channel can be modified with hardware to service more than one device. The data channels have no access to either central or peripheral memory, and rely on programs running in a peripheral processor to access memory or to chain operations. </p><p>Each peripheral processor can communicate with any peripheral device if another peripheral processor is not using the data channel connected to that device. In other words, only one peripheral processor at a time can use a particular data channel to communicate to a peripheral device. However, a peripheral processor may write data to a channel that a different peripheral processor is reading. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_console">Display console</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Display console"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_6600_console.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CDC_6600_console.JPG/220px-CDC_6600_console.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CDC_6600_console.JPG/330px-CDC_6600_console.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CDC_6600_console.JPG/440px-CDC_6600_console.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Console for CDC 6600</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to communication between peripheral devices and peripheral processors, communication takes place between the computer operator and the operating system. This is made possible by the <a href="/wiki/System_console" class="mw-redirect" title="System console">computer console</a>, which had two <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">CRT</a> screens. </p><p>This display console was a significant departure from conventional computer consoles of the time, which contained hundreds of blinking lights and switches for every state bit in the machine. (See <i><a href="/wiki/Front_panel" title="Front panel">front panel</a></i> for an example.) By comparison, the 6000 series console is an elegant design: simple, fast and reliable. </p><p>The console screens are <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">calligraphic</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster</a> based. Analog circuitry steers the electron beams to draw the individual characters on the screen. One of the peripheral processors runs a dedicated program called "DSD" (Dynamic System Display), which drives the console. Coding in DSD needs to be fast as it needs to continually redraw the screen quickly enough to avoid visible flicker. </p><p>DSD displays information about the system and the jobs in process. The console also includes a keyboard through which the operator can enter requests to modify stored programs and display information about jobs in or awaiting execution. </p><p>A full-screen editor, called <a href="/wiki/O26_(text_editor)" title="O26 (text editor)">O26</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> model 026 <a href="/wiki/Key_punch" class="mw-redirect" title="Key punch">key punch</a>, with the first character made alphabetic due to operating system restrictions), can be run on the operator console. This <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a> appeared in 1967—which made it one of the first full-screen editors. (Unfortunately, it took CDC another 15 years to offer FSE, a full-screen editor for normal <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> users on CDCs Network Operating System.) </p><p>There are also a variety of games that were written using the operator console. These included BAT (a baseball game), KAL (a <a href="/wiki/Kaleidoscope" title="Kaleidoscope">kaleidoscope</a>), DOG (<a href="/wiki/Snoopy" title="Snoopy">Snoopy</a> flying his doghouse across the screens), ADC (<a href="/wiki/Andy_Capp" title="Andy Capp">Andy Capp</a> strutting across the screens), EYE (changes the screens into giant eyeballs, then winks them), PAC (a <a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a>-like game), a lunar lander simulator, and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimum_configuration">Minimum configuration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Minimum configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The minimum hardware requirements of a CDC 6000 series computer system consists of the computer, including 32,768 words of central memory storage, any combination of disks, disk packs, or drums to provide 24 million characters of mass storage, a <a href="/wiki/Card_reader" title="Card reader">punched card reader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Card_punch" class="mw-redirect" title="Card punch">punched card punch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printer</a> with controllers, and two seven-track magnetic tape units. </p><p>Larger systems could be obtained by including optional equipment such as additional central memory,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HW6000_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HW6000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extended core storage (ECS), additional disk or drum units, card readers, punches, printers, and tape units. Graphic <a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">plotters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> recorders were also available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripherals">Peripherals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peripherals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>CDC 405 Card Reader - Unit reads 80-column cards at 1200 cards a minute and 51-column cards at 1600 cards per minute. Each tray holds 4000 cards to reduce the rate of required loading.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CDC 6602/6612 Console Display</li> <li>CDC 6603 Disk System</li> <li>CDC 606 Magnetic Tape Transports (7-track, IBM compatible)</li> <li>CDC 626 Magnetic Tape Transports (14-track)</li> <li>CDC 6671 Communications Multiplexer - supported up to 16 synchronous data connections up to 4800 <a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units" title="Data-rate units">bit/s</a> each for <a href="/wiki/Remote_Job_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Job Entry">Remote Job Entry</a></li> <li>CDC 6676 Communications Multiplexer - supported up to 64 asynchronous data connections up to 300 bit/s each for <a href="/wiki/Timesharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timesharing">timesharing</a> access.</li> <li>CDC 6682/6683 Satellite Coupler</li> <li>CDC 6681 Data Channel Converter<sup id="cite_ref-CDCmanual_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCmanual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CDC 6400" redirects here. Likewise: CDC 6500, and CDC 6700.<br />"<a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a>" has its own article.</div> <p>The CDC 6600 was the flagship. The CDC 6400 was a slower, lower-performance CPU that cost significantly less. </p><p>The CDC 6500 was a dual CPU 6400, with two CPUs but only one set of I/O PPs, designed for computation-bound problems. The CDC 6700 was also a dual CPU machine, which had one 6600 CPU and one 6400 CPU. The CDC 6415 was an even cheaper and slower machine; it had a 6400 CPU but was available with only seven, eight, or nine <a href="#Peripheral_processors">PPUs</a> instead of the normal ten. The CDC 6416 was an upgrade that could be added to a 6000 series machine; it added an extra PPU bank, giving a total of 20 PPUs and 24 channels, designed for significantly improved I/O performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_6600">The 6600</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The 6600"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a></div> <p>The <b>CDC 6600</b> is the flagship <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> of the 6000 series of computer systems manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a>. Generally considered to be the first successful <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a>, it outperformed its fastest predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a>, by a factor of three. With performance of up to three <a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">megaFLOPS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CDC 6600, of which about 100 were sold,<sup id="cite_ref-FiveYears_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FiveYears-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the world's fastest computer from 1964 to 1969, when it relinquished that status to its successor, the <a href="/wiki/CDC_7600" title="CDC 7600">CDC 7600</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-X7600_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-X7600-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CDC 6600 anticipated the <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a> design philosophy and, unusually, employed a <a href="/wiki/Ones%27_complement" title="Ones' complement">ones'-complement</a> representation of integers. Its successors would continue the architectural tradition for more than 30 years until the late 1980s, and were the last chips designed with ones'-complement integers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CDC 6600 was also the first widespread computer to include a <a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">load–store architecture</a>, with the writing to its address registers triggering memory load or store of data from its data registers. </p><p>The first CDC 6600s were delivered in 1965 to the Livermore and Los Alamos National Labs (managed by the University of California). Serial #4 went to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences <a href="/wiki/Courant_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Courant Institute">Courant Institute</a> at NYU in Greenwich Village, New York CIty. The first delivery outside the US went to <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> laboratory near <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was used to analyse the two to three million photographs of <a href="/wiki/Bubble_chamber" title="Bubble chamber">bubble-chamber</a> tracks that CERN experiments were producing every year. In 1966 another CDC 6600 was delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Radiation_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Radiation Laboratory">Lawrence Radiation Laboratory</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>, where it was used for the analysis of nuclear events photographed inside the Alvarez bubble chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> had one delivered for its Computer Science and Mathematics Departments, and installed underground on its main campus, tucked into a hillside with one side exposed, for cooling efficiency. </p><p>A CDC 6600 is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_6400">The 6400</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The 6400"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>CDC 6400</b>, a member of the CDC 6000 series, is a mainframe computer made by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s. The central processing unit was architecturally compatible with the <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a>. In contrast to the 6600, which had 10 parallel functional units which could work on multiple instructions at the same time, the 6400 had a unified arithmetic unit, which could only work on a single instruction at a time. This resulted in a slower, lower-performance CPU, but one that cost significantly less. Memory, peripheral processor-based <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O), and peripherals were otherwise identical to the 6600. </p><p>In December 1966, at <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, a CDC 6400 system was put into operation as an academic computing system (December 1966 to August 1982).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the Computing Center (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Rechenzentrum</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen University</a> acquired a CDC 6400, the first <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_supercomputing" title="History of supercomputing">supercomputer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the second one in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> after the <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a> (CERN). It served the entire university also by 64 remote-line <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teletypes</a> (TTY) until it was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber#Cyber_70_and_170_series" title="CDC Cyber">CDC Cyber 175</a> computer in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-rza_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rza-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0011,_Aachen,_Technische_Hochschule,_Rechenzentrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Operator console of the CDC 6400 with four magnetic tape memory units in the background with a magnetic tape controller unit in front of them at the Rechenzentrum (Computer Center) of RWTH Aachen University, Germany (1970)."><img alt="Operator console of the CDC 6400 with four magnetic tape memory units in the background with a magnetic tape controller unit in front of them at the Rechenzentrum (Computer Center) of RWTH Aachen University, Germany (1970)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0011%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0011%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0011%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0011%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0011%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0011%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Operator console of the CDC 6400 with four magnetic tape memory units in the background with a magnetic tape controller unit in front of them at the Rechenzentrum (Computer Center) of <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (1970).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0012,_Aachen,_Technische_Hochschule,_Rechenzentrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seven-track magnetic tape memory units (CDC 604) at the Rechenzentrum (Computer Center) of RWTH Aachen University, Germany (1970)"><img alt="Seven-track magnetic tape memory units (CDC 604) at the Rechenzentrum (Computer Center) of RWTH Aachen University, Germany (1970)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0012%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0012%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0012%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0012%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0012%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031433-0012%2C_Aachen%2C_Technische_Hochschule%2C_Rechenzentrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seven-track magnetic tape memory units (CDC 604) at the Rechenzentrum (Computer Center) of RWTH Aachen University, Germany (1970)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_6400_US_Navy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="CDC 6400 used by the US Navy"><img alt="CDC 6400 used by the US Navy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/CDC_6400_US_Navy.jpg/120px-CDC_6400_US_Navy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/CDC_6400_US_Navy.jpg/180px-CDC_6400_US_Navy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/CDC_6400_US_Navy.jpg/240px-CDC_6400_US_Navy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CDC 6400 used by the US Navy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_CPU_systems">Dual CPU systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dual CPU systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_6500">The 6500</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The 6500"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">CDC 6500</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC_6500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CDC_6500.jpg/220px-CDC_6500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CDC_6500.jpg/330px-CDC_6500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CDC_6500.jpg/440px-CDC_6500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Open panels of the CDC 6500 undergoing restoration at <a href="/wiki/Living_Computers:_Museum_%2B_Labs" title="Living Computers: Museum + Labs">Living Computers: Museum + Labs</a> in Seattle.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data">Seymour Cray</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Product family</th><td class="infobox-data">CDC 6000 series</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Supercomputer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introductory price</th><td class="infobox-data">$8 million ~ equivalent to $81,107,296 in 2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CDC_SCOPE" title="CDC SCOPE">SCOPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOS_(operating_system)" title="NOS (operating system)">NOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dual 6400, up to 40 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">65,000 60-bit words</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Display</th><td class="infobox-data">DD60</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data">from 10,000 pounds (5.0 short tons; 4.5 t).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">IBM 7030 Stretch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">CDC 7600</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>CDC 6500</b>, which features a dual CPU 6400,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the third supercomputer in the 6000 series manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> and designed by <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LCM1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCM1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 6500 was announced in 1964 and was delivered in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It includes twelve different independent computers. Ten are peripheral and control processors, each of which have a separate memory and can run programs separately from each other and the two 6400 central processors.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCmanual_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCmanual-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of being air-cooled, it has a liquid refrigeration system and each of the three bays of the computer has its own cooling unit.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDC 6500 systems were installed at: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> - installed in 1967 at the oldest Computer Science department in the country, established in 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> - bought in 1968, meant to replace its <a href="/wiki/CDC_3000_series" title="CDC 3000 series">CDC 3600</a>, and it was the only academic mainframe on campus.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> - upgraded from a 6400 to a 6500 in April 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the technical lab at the <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Air Force Base">Patrick Air Force Base</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Laboratory of Computing Techniques and Automation in the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> (USSR) - originally bought CDC 6200 in 1972, later upgraded to 6500, retired in 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LCM_-_CDC_501_printer_and_other_equipment_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="CDC 6500 (right) and other equipment"><img alt="CDC 6500 (right) and other equipment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LCM_-_CDC_501_printer_and_other_equipment_-_01.jpg/120px-LCM_-_CDC_501_printer_and_other_equipment_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LCM_-_CDC_501_printer_and_other_equipment_-_01.jpg/180px-LCM_-_CDC_501_printer_and_other_equipment_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LCM_-_CDC_501_printer_and_other_equipment_-_01.jpg/240px-LCM_-_CDC_501_printer_and_other_equipment_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CDC 6500 (right) and other equipment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detailed image of the CDC 6500 at LCM+L"><img alt="Detailed image of the CDC 6500 at LCM+L" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_02.jpg/80px-LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_02.jpg/119px-LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_02.jpg/159px-LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detailed image of the CDC 6500 at <a href="/wiki/Living_Computers:_Museum_%2B_Labs" title="Living Computers: Museum + Labs">LCM+L</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detailed image of the CDC 6500 at LCM+L"><img alt="Detailed image of the CDC 6500 at LCM+L" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_01.jpg/80px-LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_01.jpg/119px-LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_01.jpg/159px-LCM_-_CDC_6500_detail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detailed image of the CDC 6500 at <a href="/wiki/Living_Computers:_Museum_%2B_Labs" title="Living Computers: Museum + Labs">LCM+L</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_6700">The 6700</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The 6700"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composed of a 6600 and a 6400, the <b>CDC 6700</b> was the most powerful of the 6000 series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber" title="CDC Cyber">CDC Cyber</a> - contained the successors to the 6000 series computers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MMTO.Grish-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMTO.Grish_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cholla.mmto.org/computers/firstcdc.html">"My first computer - CDC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+first+computer+-+CDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcholla.mmto.org%2Fcomputers%2Ffirstcdc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW.export-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CW.export_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vFqlMpnlXH0C">"Controversy over export license"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. September 12, 1977. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Controversy+over+export+license&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1977-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFqlMpnlXH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLath_Carlson2016" class="citation web cs1">Lath Carlson (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Zt03YsMyW4">"CDC 6500 supercomputer at the Living Computers Museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/4Zt03YsMyW4">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=CDC+6500+supercomputer+at+the+Living+Computers+Museum&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.au=Lath+Carlson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4Zt03YsMyW4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0783945">"Partitioned-Data-Set Utility Routines for the Control Data CDC-6700"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partitioned-Data-Set+Utility+Routines+for+the+Control+Data+CDC-6700&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdocs%2Fcitations%2FAD0783945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCmanual-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDCmanual_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCmanual_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCmanual_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ygdes.com/CDC/60100000D_6600refMan_Feb67.pdf"><i>6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Control Data Corporation. 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=6400%2F6500%2F6600+Computer+Systems+Reference+Manual&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Control+Data+Corporation&rft.date=1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fygdes.com%2FCDC%2F60100000D_6600refMan_Feb67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thelen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thelen_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/vs-cdc-6600.html">"Control Data Corporation, CDC-6600 & 7600"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Control+Data+Corporation%2C+CDC-6600+%26+7600&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fed-thelen.org%2Fcomp-hist%2Fvs-cdc-6600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michigan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michigan_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://60bits.net/msu/mycomp/cdc6000/65hist.htm">"CDC 6000s at Michigan State University"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+6000s+at+Michigan+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F60bits.net%2Fmsu%2Fmycomp%2Fcdc6000%2F65hist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistLine-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistLine_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbi.umn.edu/collections/cdc/histtimeline.html">"CDC Historical Timeline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+Historical+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbi.umn.edu%2Fcollections%2Fcdc%2Fhisttimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoeNutt1971" class="citation book cs1">Noe, J. D.; Nutt, G. J. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1478969">"Validation of a trace-driven CDC 6400 simulation"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the November 16-18, 1971, fall joint computer conference on - AFIPS '71 (Fall)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">749–</span>757. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1478873.1478969">10.1145/1478873.1478969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450379090" title="Special:BookSources/9781450379090"><bdi>9781450379090</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10937665">10937665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Validation+of+a+trace-driven+CDC+6400+simulation&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+November+16-18%2C+1971%2C+fall+joint+computer+conference+on+-+AFIPS+%2771+%28Fall%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E749-%3C%2Fspan%3E757&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10937665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1478873.1478969&rft.isbn=9781450379090&rft.aulast=Noe&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Nutt%2C+G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1478969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purduesupercomputer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-purduesupercomputer_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourier" class="citation web cs1">Courier, Hayleigh Colombo Journal &. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/museum-restoring-purdue-s-st-supercomputer/article_7671cc5a-81c6-11e3-ac34-001a4bcf6878.html">"Museum restoring Purdue's 1st supercomputer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+restoring+Purdue%27s+1st+supercomputer&rft.aulast=Courier&rft.aufirst=Hayleigh+Colombo+Journal+%26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbendtribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmuseum-restoring-purdue-s-st-supercomputer%2Farticle_7671cc5a-81c6-11e3-ac34-001a4bcf6878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaytonSissonZacher2006" class="citation book cs1">Cayton, Andrew R. L.; Sisson, Richard; Zacher, Chris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0253003490"><i>The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253003492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253003492"><bdi>978-0253003492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Midwest%3A+An+Interpretive+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0253003492&rft.aulast=Cayton&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.+L.&rft.au=Sisson%2C+Richard&rft.au=Zacher%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0253003490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VidHist-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VidHist_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videogamehistorian.wordpress.com/tag/cdc-6600">"CDC 6600 - Historical Interlude: From the Mainframe to the Minicomputer Part 2, IBM and the Seven Dwarfs - They Create Worlds"</a>. November 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+6600+-+Historical+Interlude%3A+From+the+Mainframe+to+the+Minicomputer+Part+2%2C+IBM+and+the+Seven+Dwarfs+-+They+Create+Worlds&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvideogamehistorian.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fcdc-6600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SuperArc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SuperArc_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_B._Schneck2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul B. Schneck (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1461579570"><i>Supercomputer Architecture</i></a>. Springer. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461579571" title="Special:BookSources/978-1461579571"><bdi>978-1461579571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supercomputer+Architecture&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1461579571&rft.au=Paul+B.+Schneck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1461579570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In later years, special editions of the 6000 series were delivered to some customers with more or fewer, somewhat like IBM's <a href="/wiki/Request_price_quotation" title="Request price quotation">RPQs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HW6000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HW6000_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW6000_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW6000_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW6000_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW6000_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW6000_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW6000_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/cyber/cyber_70/60100000AL_6000_Series_Computer_Systems_HW_Reference_Aug78.pdf"><i>Control Data 6000 Series Hardware Reference Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control+Data+6000+Series+Hardware+Reference+Manual&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2Fcyber%2Fcyber_70%2F60100000AL_6000_Series_Computer_Systems_HW_Reference_Aug78.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The other-than-10 PPU configuration was non-standard, and problems were documented.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ithistory.org/db/hardware/control-data-corporation-cdc/cdc-6500">"IT History Society"</a>. 15 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IT+History+Society&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ithistory.org%2Fdb%2Fhardware%2Fcontrol-data-corporation-cdc%2Fcdc-6500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064824/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/3x00/24bit/60184200_compassTrng_May67.pdf">"COMPASS for 24 bit machines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/3x00/24bit/60184200_compassTrng_May67.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMPASS+for+24+bit+machines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F3x00%2F24bit%2F60184200_compassTrng_May67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/3x00/48bit/60052500C_COMPASS_Ref_Dec67.pdf">"COMPASS for 48 bit machines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMPASS+for+48+bit+machines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fcdc%2F3x00%2F48bit%2F60052500C_COMPASS_Ref_Dec67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCOPE.3000-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCOPE.3000_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"CDC delivered an early version of their SCOPE operating system for the 3600" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenleyLewins2014" class="citation book cs1">Henley, Ernest J.; Lewins, Jeffery (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1483215660"><i>Advances in Nuclear Science and Technology</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483215662" title="Special:BookSources/978-1483215662"><bdi>978-1483215662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Nuclear+Science+and+Technology&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1483215662&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Ernest+J.&rft.au=Lewins%2C+Jeffery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1483215660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Living Computers: Museum + Labs]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCM1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LCM1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCM1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728175655/http://livingcomputermuseum.tumblr.com/post/73890864384/cdc-6500">"CDC 6500"</a>. <i>Living Computer Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingcomputermuseum.tumblr.com/post/73890864384/cdc-6500">the original</a> on 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Computer+Museum&rft.atitle=CDC+6500&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivingcomputermuseum.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F73890864384%2Fcdc-6500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/awards/eckert-james-thornton">"James E. Thornton"</a>. <i>computer.org (<a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> Computer Society)</i>. 12 April 2018. <q>James E. Thornton ... 1994 Eckert-Mauchly Award ... helped design the CDC 1604, 6600, 6400, 6500, and STAR-100.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=computer.org+%28IEEE+Computer+Society%29&rft.atitle=James+E.+Thornton&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fawards%2Feckert-james-thornton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AcadBook-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AcadBook_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Designed by Seymour Cray, the CDC 6600 was almost three times faster than the next fastest machine of its day, the IBM 7030 Stretch." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0309312655"><i>Making a World of Difference: Engineering Ideas into Reality</i></a>. National Academy of Engineering. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0309312653" title="Special:BookSources/978-0309312653"><bdi>978-0309312653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+a+World+of+Difference%3A+Engineering+Ideas+into+Reality&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Engineering&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0309312653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0309312655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1964 Cray's CDC 6600 replaced Stretch as the fastest computer on earth." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Sofroniou2013" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Sofroniou (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1291595090"><i>EXPERT SYSTEMS, KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING FOR HUMAN REPLICATION</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1291595093" title="Special:BookSources/978-1291595093"><bdi>978-1291595093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EXPERT+SYSTEMS%2C+KNOWLEDGE+ENGINEERING+FOR+HUMAN+REPLICATION&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1291595093&rft.au=Andreas+Sofroniou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1291595090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-X7600-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-X7600_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-X7600_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515062016/http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/craytalk/sld052.htm">"CDC 7600"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/craytalk/sld052.htm">the original</a> on 2016-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+7600&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fum%2Fpeople%2Fgbell%2Fcraytalk%2Fsld052.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/33">"CDC 6600's Five Year Reign"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+6600%27s+Five+Year+Reign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fsupercomputers%2F10%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zephyr-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zephyr_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/~gmt/zephyr">"The Illinois Zephyr"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Illinois+Zephyr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cs.arizona.edu%2F~gmt%2Fzephyr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That is, each PP has its own registers, and its own bank of peripheral memory, but the other hardware is shared.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The official list of supported Central Memory configurations is: 16,384 / 32,768 / 49,152 / 65,536 / 98,304 or 131,072.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Control Data 405 Card Reader". <i>Contrtol Data Corporation Technical Specifications Pamphlet</i> (2/74). February 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contrtol+Data+Corporation+Technical+Specifications+Pamphlet&rft.atitle=Control+Data+405+Card+Reader&rft.issue=2%2F74&rft.date=1974-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2012" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Sebastian (April 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/125271-the-history-of-supercomputers">"The History of Supercomputers"</a>. <i>ExtremeTech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ExtremeTech&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Supercomputers&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fextreme%2F125271-the-history-of-supercomputers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/899655/CDC-6600">"CDC 6600"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=CDC+6600&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F899655%2FCDC-6600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FiveYears-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FiveYears_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/supercomputers/10/33">"CDC 6600's Five Year Reign"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+6600%27s+Five+Year+Reign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fsupercomputers%2F10%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The 7600 design lasted longer than any other supercomputer design. It had the highest performance of any computer from its introduction in 1969 till the introduction of the Cray 1 in 1976."></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_1100/2200_series" title="UNIVAC 1100/2200 series">UNIVAC 1100/2200 series</a> still provides a ones'-complement environment, but using two's complement hardware.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timeline.web.cern.ch/the-cdc-6600-arrives-at-cern">"The CDC 6600 arrives at CERN"</a>. <i>CERN Timelines</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN+Timelines&rft.atitle=The+CDC+6600+arrives+at+CERN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimeline.web.cern.ch%2Fthe-cdc-6600-arrives-at-cern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118111506/http://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1981/">"Bumper Crop"</a>. <i>Research Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory</a>. 1981. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Research-Review/Magazine/1981/">the original</a> on 2018-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Review&rft.atitle=Bumper+Crop&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lbl.gov%2FScience-Articles%2FResearch-Review%2FMagazine%2F1981%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gsmall.us/Computing/CDC6400/index.html">https://gsmall.us/Computing/CDC6400/index.html</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2023/03/10143281/1NEidbofks0">"CSDL | IEEE Computer Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSDL+%26%23124%3B+IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fcsdl%2Fmagazine%2Fan%2F2023%2F03%2F10143281%2F1NEidbofks0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNone2021" class="citation journal cs1">None (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techscience.com/CMES/v129n3/45698/html">"A memory lane"</a>. <i>Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences</i>. <b>129</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1489–</span>1504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32604%2Fcmes.2021.019434">10.32604/cmes.2021.019434</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Modeling+in+Engineering+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+memory+lane&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1489-%3C%2Fspan%3E1504&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32604%2Fcmes.2021.019434&rft.au=None&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techscience.com%2FCMES%2Fv129n3%2F45698%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://caltss.computerhistory.org/">https://caltss.computerhistory.org/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/cyber/cyber_70/ucb/CAL_RUN_Sep74.pdf">http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/cyber/cyber_70/ucb/CAL_RUN_Sep74.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clock.org/~fair/computers/">"Erik E. Fair's Computing page"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erik+E.+Fair%27s+Computing+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clock.org%2F~fair%2Fcomputers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rza-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rza_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rz.rwth-aachen.de/global/show_document.asp?id=aaaaaaaaaaclumn">"Chronik des heutigen Rechen- und Kommunikationszentrums (RZ) der RWTH Aachen"</a> (in German). ReZe RWTH Aachen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronik+des+heutigen+Rechen-+und+Kommunikationszentrums+%28RZ%29+der+RWTH+Aachen&rft.pub=ReZe+RWTH+Aachen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rz.rwth-aachen.de%2Fglobal%2Fshow_document.asp%3Fid%3Daaaaaaaaaaclumn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ithistory.org/db/hardware/control-data-corporation-cdc/cdc-6500">"CDC 6500"</a>. <i>IT History</i>. 15 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IT+History&rft.atitle=CDC+6500&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ithistory.org%2Fdb%2Fhardware%2Fcontrol-data-corporation-cdc%2Fcdc-6500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbi.umn.edu/collections/cdc/histtimeline.html">"Control Data Corporation Collection - Historical Timeline"</a>. <i>www.cbi.umn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbi.umn.edu&rft.atitle=Control+Data+Corporation+Collection+-+Historical+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbi.umn.edu%2Fcollections%2Fcdc%2Fhisttimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpcwire.com/2014/01/13/museum-resurrect-first-gen-supercomputer/">"Museum to Resurrect First-Gen Supercomputer"</a>. <i>HPCwire</i>. 13 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HPCwire&rft.atitle=Museum+to+Resurrect+First-Gen+Supercomputer&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpcwire.com%2F2014%2F01%2F13%2Fmuseum-resurrect-first-gen-supercomputer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://60bits.net/msu/mycomp/cdc6000/65frame.htm">"CDC 6500"</a>. <i>60bits.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=60bits.net&rft.atitle=CDC+6500&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F60bits.net%2Fmsu%2Fmycomp%2Fcdc6000%2F65frame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timeline.web.cern.ch/the-6400-is-ugraded-to-a-6500">"The 6400 is ugraded to a 6500 | CERN timelines"</a>. <i>timeline.web.cern.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeline.web.cern.ch&rft.atitle=The+6400+is+ugraded+to+a+6500+%7C+CERN+timelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimeline.web.cern.ch%2Fthe-6400-is-ugraded-to-a-6500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnterprise1978" class="citation journal cs1">Enterprise, I. D. G. (5 June 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICoe1vr9x3kC&q=cdc+6500&pg=PA42">"Computerworld"</a>. <b>12</b> (23). IDG Enterprise<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Computerworld&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=23&rft.date=1978-06-05&rft.aulast=Enterprise&rft.aufirst=I.+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DICoe1vr9x3kC%26q%3Dcdc%2B6500%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACDC+6000+series" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623030311/http://bitsavers.vt100.net/cdc/6x00/60100000D_6600refMan_Feb67.pdf">CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual, Publication No. 60100000 D, 1967</a></li> <li>CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600/6700 Computer Systems, SCOPE 3.3 User's Guide, Publication No. 60252700 A, 1970</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623030346/http://bitsavers.vt100.net/cdc/6x00/scope/60305200D_SCOPE3.3ug_Sep71.pdf">CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600/6700 Computer Systems, SCOPE Reference Manual, Publication No. 60305200, 1971</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625071622/http://www.computerhistory.org/VirtualVisibleStorage/artifact_main.php?tax_id=03.04.01.00#4">Computer history on CDC 6600</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/~gbell/Computer_Structures__Readings_and_Examples/00000490.htm">Gordon Bell on CDC computers</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/104327">Neil R. Lincoln with 18 Control Data Corporation (CDC) engineers on computer architecture and design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Engineers include Robert Moe, Wayne Specker, Dennis Grinna, Tom Rowan, Maurice Hutson, Curt Alexander, Don Pagelkopf, Maris Bergmanis, Dolan Toth, Chuck Hawley, Larry Krueger, Mike Pavlov, Dave Resnick, Howard Krohn, Bill Bhend, Kent Steiner, Raymon Kort, and Neil R. Lincoln. Discussion topics include <a href="/wiki/CDC_1604" title="CDC 1604">CDC 1604</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDC_7600" title="CDC 7600">CDC 7600</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textfiles.com/bitsavers/pdf/cdc/6x00/60100000D_6600refMan_Feb67.pdf">CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600 COMPUTER SYSTEMS Reference Manual</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108212116/http://www.textfiles.com/bitsavers/pdf/cdc/6x00/60100000D_6600refMan_Feb67.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>2016 GeekWire article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geekwire.com/2016/paul-allens-tech-team-brings-50-year-old-supercomputer-back-dead/">Resurrected! Paul Allen's tech team brings 50-year-old supercomputer back from the dead</a></li> <li>2013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geekwire.com/2013/bringing-cdc-6500-paul-allen-ambitious-computer-restorations-attempted/">GeekWire article on the restoration of a CDC 6500 at the</a> <a href="/wiki/Living_Computer_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Computer Museum">LCM</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingcomputers.org/Computer-Collection/Online-Systems/Request-A-Login.aspx">Request a login</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528215220/https://www.livingcomputers.org/Computer-Collection/Online-Systems/Request-A-Login.aspx">Archived</a> 2020-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to the working CDC 6500 at <a href="/wiki/Living_Computers:_Museum_%2B_Labs" title="Living Computers: Museum + Labs">Living Computers: Museum + Labs</a>, one of the computers online at <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a>'s collection of timesharing and interactive computers.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_Data_Corporation105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Control_Data_Corporation" title="Template:Control Data Corporation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Control_Data_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Control Data Corporation (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Control_Data_Corporation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Control Data Corporation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Control_Data_Corporation105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CDC logo"><img alt="CDC logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CDC-Logo.svg/150px-CDC-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CDC-Logo.svg/225px-CDC-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CDC-Logo.svg/300px-CDC-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_1604" title="CDC 1604">CDC 1604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_160_series" title="CDC 160 series">CDC 160 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_1700" title="CDC 1700">CDC 1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_3000_series" title="CDC 3000 series">CDC 3000 series</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CDC 6000 series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_7600" title="CDC 7600">CDC 7600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_8600" title="CDC 8600">CDC 8600</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vector27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_STAR-100" title="CDC STAR-100">CDC STAR-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber_200" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC Cyber 200">CDC Cyber 200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber" title="CDC Cyber">CDC Cyber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O26_(text_editor)" title="O26 (text editor)">026</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMPASS" title="COMPASS">COMPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYMPL" title="SYMPL">SYMPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybil_(programming_language)" title="Cybil (programming language)">Cybil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMIC" title="MIMIC">MIMIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>OS: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Operating_System" title="Chippewa Operating System">Chippewa Operating System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Kronos" title="CDC Kronos">CDC Kronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(operating_system)" title="NOS (operating system)">NOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOS/VE" title="NOS/VE">NOS/VE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_SCOPE" title="CDC SCOPE">CDC SCOPE</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Wren" title="CDC Wren">CDC Wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">Storage Module Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system)" title="PLATO (computer system)">PLATO (computer system)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated companies<br />and products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETA_Systems" title="ETA Systems">ETA Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETA10" title="ETA10">ETA10</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cray_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Cray Inc.">Cray Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3957729#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85021575">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284984505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&oldid=1261576119">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&oldid=1261576119</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Control_Data_Corporation_hardware" title="Category:Control Data Corporation hardware">Control Data Corporation hardware</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Supercomputers" title="Category:Supercomputers">Supercomputers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:60-bit_computers" title="Category:60-bit computers">60-bit computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12-bit_computers" title="Category:12-bit computers">12-bit computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Control_Data_Corporation_mainframe_computers" title="Category:Control Data Corporation mainframe computers">Control Data Corporation mainframe computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transistorized_computers" title="Category:Transistorized computers">Transistorized computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Control_Data_Corporation" title="Category:Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-related_introductions_in_1964" title="Category:Computer-related introductions in 1964">Computer-related introductions in 1964</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2022">Articles with dead external links from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:All articles with bare URLs for citations">All articles with bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024">Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PDF_format_bare_URLs_for_citations" title="Category:Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations">Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 December 2024, at 20:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDC_6000_series&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">CDC 6000 series</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>1 language</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-698c79758b-8kh25","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.919","walltime":"1.091","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6223,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":90159,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4288,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":165565,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 988.180 1 -total"," 39.73% 392.621 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.77% 195.404 28 Template:Cite_web"," 12.05% 119.092 1 Template:Infobox_information_appliance"," 12.02% 118.733 1 Template:Langx"," 11.20% 110.710 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.75% 86.444 1 Template:Control_Data_Corporation"," 8.70% 86.012 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.66% 85.541 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.57% 64.945 4 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.585","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24844181,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5485568bdd-klqbq","timestamp":"20250224221401","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"CDC 6000 series","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CDC_6000_series","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3957729","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3957729","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-02-18T22:02:33Z","dateModified":"2024-12-06T20:37:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e3\/CDC_6600_introduced_in_1964.jpg","headline":"family of mainframe computers"}</script> </body> </html>