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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22ETA+Systems%22">"ETA Systems"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22ETA+Systems%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22ETA+Systems%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22ETA+Systems%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22ETA+Systems%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22ETA+Systems%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">ETA Systems</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ETA_Systems_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ETA_Systems_wordmark.svg/220px-ETA_Systems_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ETA_Systems_wordmark.svg/330px-ETA_Systems_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ETA_Systems_wordmark.svg/440px-ETA_Systems_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Computers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1983<span class="noprint">; 41 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1983-08</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1989</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, Minnesota</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ETA10" title="ETA10">ETA-10</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ETA Systems</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> company spun off from <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC) in the early 1980s in order to regain a footing in the supercomputer business. They successfully delivered the <a href="/wiki/ETA-10" class="mw-redirect" title="ETA-10">ETA-10</a>, but lost money continually while doing so. CDC management eventually gave up and folded the company. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA_Systems&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a> left CDC in the early 1970s when they refused to continue funding of his <a href="/wiki/CDC_8600" title="CDC 8600">CDC 8600</a> project. Instead they continued with the <a href="/wiki/CDC_STAR-100" title="CDC STAR-100">CDC STAR-100</a> while Cray went off to build the <a href="/wiki/Cray-1" title="Cray-1">Cray-1</a>. Cray's machine was much faster than the STAR, and soon CDC found itself pushed out of the supercomputing market. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a> was convinced the only way to regain a foothold would be to spin off a division that would be free from management prodding. In order to regain some of the small-team flexibility that seemed essential to progress in the field, ETA was created in 1983 with the mandate to build a 10 <a href="/wiki/GFLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GFLOPS">GFLOPS</a> machine by 1986. </p><p>In April 1989 CDC decided to shut down the ETA operation and keep a bare-bones continuation effort alive at CDC. At shutdown, 7 liquid-cooled and 27 air-cooled machines had been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point ETA had the best <a href="/wiki/Price/performance_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Price/performance ratio">price/performance ratio</a> of any supercomputer on the market, and its initial software problems appeared to be finally sorted out. Nevertheless, shortly thereafter CDC exited the supercomputer market entirely, giving away remaining ETA machines free to high schools through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SuperQuest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SuperQuest (page does not exist)">SuperQuest</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> competition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA_Systems&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ETA had only one product, the <a href="/wiki/ETA10" title="ETA10">ETA-10</a>. It was a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber_205" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC Cyber 205">CDC Cyber 205</a> supercomputer, and deliberately kept compatibility with it. Like the Cyber 205, the ETA-10 did not use <a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">vector registers</a> as in the <a href="/wiki/Cray_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Cray Research">Cray</a> machines, but instead used pipelined memory operations to a high-bandwidth <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a>. The basic layout was a shared-memory multiprocessor with up to 8 <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPUs</a>, each capable of 4 double-precision or 8 single-precision operations per clock cycle, and up to 18 <a href="/wiki/I/O_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O processor">I/O processors</a>. </p><p>The main reason for the ETA-10's speed was the use of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> (LN<sub>2</sub>) cooling in some models to cool the CPUs. Even though it was based on then-current <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> technologies, the low temperature allowed the CPUs to operate with a ~7 ns cycle time, so a fully loaded ETA-10 was capable of about 9.1 GFLOPS. The design goal had been 10 GFLOPS, so the design was technically a failure. Two LN<sub>2</sub>-cooled models were designated <b>ETA-10E</b> and <b>ETA-10G</b>. Two slower, lower-cost air-cooled versions, the <b>ETA-10Q</b> and <b>ETA-10P</b> (code named "Piper") were also marketed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The planned successor to the ETA-10 was the 30 GFLOPS ETA-30.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA_Systems&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> for the ETA-10 line was initially regarded as a disaster. When CDC and ETA first designed the ETA architecture, they made the conscious decision not to merely port the CDC VSOS operating system from the existing CDC Cyber 205. It was felt by both the vendor, and the existing customer base (who wrongly believed that their vendor knew best), that a new OS needed to be written to extract the best performance from the hardware. </p><p>When the first ETA-10 E initially shipped in 1986 there was no <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for the machines. Programs had to be loaded one at a time from an attached <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Computer" title="Apollo Computer">Apollo Computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a>, run, and then the supercomputer rebooted to run the next program. </p><p>At the time <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> was making major inroads into the supercomputing fields, but ETA decided to write their own <a href="/wiki/EOS_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS (operating system)">EOS</a> operating system, which wasn't ready when the first machines were delivered in late 1986 and early 1987. An operating system based on <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> <a href="/wiki/System_V" class="mw-redirect" title="System V">System V</a> became available in 1988, as a result of porting work done under contract by the Canadian firm <a href="/wiki/HCR_Corporation" title="HCR Corporation">HCR Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which point it looked like the machine might finally succeed. Many sites that had refused to pay for their machines due to the low quality of EOS found ETA's UNIX completely usable and were willing to accept delivery. </p><p>ETA's demise was not based solely on operating system choice or existence. The <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> compiler (ftn200) had not changed significantly from the CDC205. This compiler retained vendor-specific programming performance features (known as the Q8* subroutine calls) in an era when supercomputer users were realizing the necessity of source code portability between architectures. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Compiler_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler optimization">compiler optimizations</a> were not keeping up with existing technology as shown by the Japanese supercomputer vendors such as NEC, or at <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray Research</a> and the newer minisupercomputer makers. </p><p>In general, computer hardware manufacturers prior and up to that period tended to be weak on software. Libraries and available commercial and non-commercial (soon to be called <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a>) applications help an installed base of machines. CDC was relatively weak in this area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_the_Firm">Naming the Firm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA_Systems&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming the Firm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neil Lincoln, chief architect, asserts that ETA is not an acronym, and otherwise means nothing, not even the well known acronym of "estimated time of arrival." In point of fact, he says that he would not have named the firm that so as to dissociate it from, <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a>, the Basque separatist group, or the <i><a href="/wiki/Burakumin" title="Burakumin">Eta</a></i>, the Japanese social minority (especially as Japan was considered a market). According to one of the CPU designers at ETA, Neil told a story that his sons actually came up with the name: apparently a <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">linotype machine</a> has characters arranged in the <a href="/wiki/Letter_frequency#Relative_frequencies_of_letters_in_the_English_language" title="Letter frequency">order of frequency</a> used in the English language and the first three letters were used. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another theory asserts the name was chosen based on the frequency of English alphabet letters due in part to the then current popularity of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a>'s 1980 book <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a> which used ETAOIN, etc., to capitalize on popularity and current hip-ness. </p><p>A third, completely plausible theory, is that ETA was a successor name to the much earlier <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Research_Associates" title="Engineering Research Associates">Engineering Research Associates</a> ERA: Engineering Technology Associates. Norris and others have denied this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA_Systems&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_High_School_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology">Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology</a> won one of the donated ETA-10 supercomputers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS_(Operating_System)" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS (Operating System)">EOS</a> was the initial <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> developed by ETA Systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> was the later, more popular operating system</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA_Systems&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwanson1987" class="citation book cs1">Swanson, C. D. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-83221-5_3">"The ETA10 Supercomputer System"</a>. <i>Nuclear Simulation</i>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 13–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-83221-5_3">10.1007/978-3-642-83221-5_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-83223-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-83223-9"><bdi>978-3-642-83223-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+ETA10+Supercomputer+System&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Simulation&rft.pages=13-23&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-83221-5_3&rft.isbn=978-3-642-83223-9&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-3-642-83221-5_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AETA+Systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker1989" class="citation news cs1">Booker, Ellis (24 April 1989). "CDC supercomputer swan song". <i>Computerworld</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=CDC+supercomputer+swan+song&rft.date=1989-04-24&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AETA+Systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pricing for the air-cooled systems began at a then unheard of $1,000,000. In fact, they could be purchased and operated at a lower cost than the cost to operate and maintain a low end Cray 1 or Cray-XMP. What set apart ETA Systems supercomputers and the Cray system was their ability to expand primary memory far beyond that of the Cray machines. Cray had a competitive performance advantage in the scalar processing arena whereas ETA, using large lower cost memory and pipelining hardware design, simply decimated the Cray products where large data sets were in use; requirements such as oil reservoir data analysis and aerodynamic simulations. Operating software at ETA was a major stumbling block to the overall product success. Purdue University successfully installed a copy of UNIX on their ETA-10P. Unfortunately, it was all too late as ETA's parent company, CDC, was rapidly disintegrating and without the funds to continue, ETA Systems died on the vine. Richard Rychtarik Author - Piper Strategic Plan - ETA Systems 3/3/1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockneyJosshope1988" class="citation book cs1">Hockney, R.W.; Josshope, C.R. (1988). <i>Parallel Computers: Architecture, Programming and Algorithms</i> (2 ed.). Adam Hilger. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+Computers%3A+Architecture%2C+Programming+and+Algorithms&rft.pages=185&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Adam+Hilger&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hockney&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft.au=Josshope%2C+C.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AETA+Systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Human Computing Resources and ETA Systems Are Still Working Together". <i>Computergram International</i>. Computer Business Review. 14 July 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computergram+International&rft.atitle=Human+Computing+Resources+and+ETA+Systems+Are+Still+Working+Together&rft.date=1987-07-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AETA+Systems" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA_Systems&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorndyke, Lloyd (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0f59n73z&chunk.id=d0e15697&toc.id=&brand=ucpress">"The Demise of ETA Systems"</a>, in Karyn R. Ames; Alan Brenner (eds.), <i>Frontiers of Supercomputing II: A National Reassessment</i>, pp. 489–496. A personal account of ETA Systems' history by its CEO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ETA_Systems&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/computer/en/eta10p.html">Computer history TNO location The Hague/Waalsdorp: the ETA10-P</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127010350/http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/computer/en/eta10p.html">Archived</a> 2005-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yarchive.net/comp/eta_peglar.html">The ETA Saga</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Cray" title="Seymour Cray">Seymour Cray</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CDC-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CDC logo"><img alt="CDC logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CDC-Logo.svg/150px-CDC-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CDC-Logo.svg/225px-CDC-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vector" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_STAR-100" title="CDC STAR-100">CDC STAR-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber_200" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC Cyber 200">CDC Cyber 200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber" title="CDC Cyber">CDC Cyber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O26_(text_editor)" title="O26 (text editor)">026</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMPASS" title="COMPASS">COMPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYMPL" title="SYMPL">SYMPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybil_(programming_language)" title="Cybil (programming language)">Cybil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIMIC" title="MIMIC">MIMIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>OS: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_Operating_System" title="Chippewa Operating System">Chippewa Operating System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Kronos" title="CDC Kronos">CDC Kronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(operating_system)" title="NOS (operating system)">NOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOS/VE" title="NOS/VE">NOS/VE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_SCOPE" title="CDC SCOPE">CDC SCOPE</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Wren" title="CDC Wren">CDC Wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">Storage Module Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system)" title="PLATO (computer system)">PLATO (computer system)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated companies<br />and products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ETA Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETA10" title="ETA10">ETA10</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cray_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Cray Inc.">Cray Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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