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decoding="async" width="250" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/India_Wine.png/375px-India_Wine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/India_Wine.png/500px-India_Wine.png 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>The major wine regions of India highlighted. To the north is Kashmir and Punjab. To the south (clockwise from top) is Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Goa.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern <b>Indian Wine</b> market is small but growing; annual per capita consumption of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> in the country is a mere 9 millilitres, approximately 1/8000th that of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main reason for this can be attributed to the fact that Indians preference for <a href="/wiki/Hard_liquor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard liquor">hard liquor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> boasts nearly 98% of market share whereas wine with low <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a> only has 2% market share.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> in India has a long history, dating back to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> when <a href="/wiki/Grapevines" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevines">grapevines</a> were believed to have been introduced from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> has existed throughout most of India's history but was particularly encouraged during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinent</a>. The end of the 19th century saw the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> louse take its toll on the Indian wine industry, followed by <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">religious and public opinion</a> moving towards the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of alcohol">prohibition</a>. Following the country's <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> encouraged vineyards to convert to <a href="/wiki/Table_grape" title="Table grape">table grape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisin</a> production. In the 1980s and 1990s, a revival in the Indian wine industry took place as international influences and the growing <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> started increasing demand for the beverage. By the turn of the 21st century, demand was increasing at a rate of 20-30% a year. The city of <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> is called the "Wine Capital of India".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/250px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/375px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/500px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century reproduction of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Regarding the first <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a> of India, historians believe that these early plantings were used mostly for table grapes or <a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">grape juice</a> rather than the production of an alcoholic beverage. During the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> of the 2nd and 1st millennia, the tribes of the region were known for their indulgence in intoxicating drink and it seems probable that wine was a current beverage. The religious text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></i> mentions at least one alcoholic drink that may have been wine related -<i><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura (alcoholic beverage)">sura</a></i> which seems to have been a type of <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a> that was <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermented</a> with <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. The first known mention of grape-based wines was in the late 4th century BC writings of <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>, who was the chief minister of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maurya_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maurya Emperors">Mauryan Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of grape wine known as <i>Madhu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the centuries that would follow, wine became the privileged drink of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></i> or dominant class while the oppressed <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">caste</a> typically drank alcohol made from <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">barley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>. Under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, alcohol was prohibited in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic dietary laws</a>. However, there are written reports about at least one Mughal ruler, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> for example, who were fond of wine. In the 16th century, Portuguese colonists at <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port-style wine</a> and the production of <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wines</a> soon spread to other regions. Under <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, viticulture and winemaking was strongly encouraged as a domestic source for the British colonists. Vineyards were planted extensively through the <a href="/wiki/Baramati" title="Baramati">Baramati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> regions. In 1883 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcutta_International_Exhibition_(1883)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcutta International Exhibition (1883) (page does not exist)">Calcutta International Exhibition</a>, Indian wines were showcased to a favorable reception. The Indian wine industry was reaching a peak by the time the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> epidemic made its way to country and devastated its vineyards.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_Day_13_(3430341330).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/India%2C_Day_13_%283430341330%29.jpg/125px-India%2C_Day_13_%283430341330%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/India%2C_Day_13_%283430341330%29.jpg/188px-India%2C_Day_13_%283430341330%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/India%2C_Day_13_%283430341330%29.jpg/250px-India%2C_Day_13_%283430341330%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="3039" /></a><figcaption>Indian variant of <i><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It was a long road for the Indian wine industry to recover from the devastation at the end of the 19th century. Unfavorable religious and public opinion on alcohol developed and culminated in the 1950s when <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">many of India's states prohibited alcohol</a>. Vineyards were either uprooted or encouraged to convert to table grape and raisin production. Some areas, like <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, continued to produce wine but the product was normally very <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sweet</a> and highly alcoholic. The turning point of the modern Indian wine industry occurred in the early 1980s with the founding of <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tonia_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tonia Group (page does not exist)">The Tonia Group</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. With the assistance of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> winemakers, The Tonia Group began to import <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a> like <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ugni_blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugni blanc">Ugni blanc</a> and started making still and <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wines</a>. Other wineries soon followed as the emergence of India's growing middle class fueled the growth and development of the Indian wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_and_geography">Climate and geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate and geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrels_outside_Chateau_Indage_Vineyards,_Narayangaon_-_Pune,_Mah..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Barrels_outside_Chateau_Indage_Vineyards%2C_Narayangaon_-_Pune%2C_Mah..jpg/220px-Barrels_outside_Chateau_Indage_Vineyards%2C_Narayangaon_-_Pune%2C_Mah..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Barrels_outside_Chateau_Indage_Vineyards%2C_Narayangaon_-_Pune%2C_Mah..jpg/330px-Barrels_outside_Chateau_Indage_Vineyards%2C_Narayangaon_-_Pune%2C_Mah..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Barrels_outside_Chateau_Indage_Vineyards%2C_Narayangaon_-_Pune%2C_Mah..jpg/440px-Barrels_outside_Chateau_Indage_Vineyards%2C_Narayangaon_-_Pune%2C_Mah..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Vineyards of <a href="/wiki/Chateau_Indage" title="Chateau Indage">Chateau Indage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> is not ideal for <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>, the large diversity of climate and geology does cover some areas with suitable <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> for winemaking to thrive. The summer growing season in India tends to be very hot and prone to <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>. Many of India's wine regions also fall within the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical climate band</a>. Vineyards are then planted at higher <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitudes</a> along slopes and hillsides to benefit from cooler air and some protection from wind. The altitude of India's vineyards typically range from around 200 m in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, 300 m in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, 800 m along the slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Sahyadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahyadri">Sahyadri</a> to 1000 m in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Kashmir</a>. Summertime temperature can get as hot as 45 °C and wintertime lows can fall to 8 °C. During the peak growing season between June and August, rainfall averages 625-1,500 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nashik_valley_wine" title="Nashik valley wine">Nashik valley wine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyards</a> in India range from the more temperate climate of the northwestern state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a> down to the southern state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Some of India's larger wine producing areas are located in Maharashtra, Karnataka near <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh">Hyderabad</a>. Within the Maharashtra region, vineyards are found on the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Baramati" title="Baramati">Baramati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangli_district" title="Sangli district">Sangli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solapur_district" title="Solapur district">Solapur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high heat and humidity of the far eastern half of the country limits viticultural activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture_and_wine">Viticulture and wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Viticulture and wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Wineries_of_India" title="Category:Wineries of India">Category:Wineries of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tasting_Cellar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Tasting_Cellar.jpg/220px-The_Tasting_Cellar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Tasting_Cellar.jpg/330px-The_Tasting_Cellar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Tasting_Cellar.jpg/440px-The_Tasting_Cellar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tasting cellar at <a href="/wiki/Sula_Vineyards" title="Sula Vineyards">Sula Vineyards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik">Nasik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The heat and humidity of India's wine region dictate many of the viticultural choices that are made in the vineyards. Vines are often trained on <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> and wire in a <a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">pergola</a> to increase canopy cover and to get the grapes off the ground where they would be more prone to <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">fungal diseases</a>. The canopy protects the grapes against sunburn and rows are spaced wide to help with aeration between the vines. <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation (wine)">Irrigation</a> is essential for the vines given the hot weather. The tropical conditions often promote high <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">yields</a> which requires frequent pruning throughout the year. <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a> normally takes place in February and is usually done by hand. In the very warm wine regions of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, grapevines can produce a crop twice a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern India is home to several <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> table grape varieties that can also be used in wine production with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anabeshahi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anabeshahi (page does not exist)">Anabeshahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkavati" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkavati">Arkavati</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkashyam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkashyam (page does not exist)">Arkashyam</a> being the most common. Popular non-native grapes include the Bangalore Blue (<a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a>) and Gulabi (<a href="/wiki/Black_Muscat" title="Black Muscat">Black Muscat</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> grape <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">Sultana</a> is the most widely planted grape in India, cover more than half of the 148,000 acres (60,000 ha) planted in the country. In addition to the imported French varieties that Chateau Indage planted, <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clairette_Blanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Clairette Blanche">Clairette Blanche</a> have started to establish a presence in the Indian wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian beverages">List of Indian beverages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sommelierindia.com">Sommelier India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/india/944731/the-average-indian-wine-drinker-cant-tell-a-cabernet-sauvignon-from-a-sauvignon-blanc/">The average Indian wine drinker can’t tell a Cabernet Sauvignon from a Sauvignon blanc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indians-love-hard-liquor-shun-wine/articleshow/7484037.cms">Indians love hard liquor, shun wine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pg_355-356-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pg_355-356_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pg 355-356 Oxford University Press 2006 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/month-long-wine-festival-in-maharastras-nashik-from-feb-1-all-you-need-to-know/982141/">Month-long wine festival in Maharastra’s Nashik</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country101" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wines_and_winemaking95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Wines_and_winemaking95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_drinks456" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_drinks" title="Template:Indian drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_drinks" title="Template talk:Indian drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_drinks456" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indian drinks</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_drinks" title="List of Indian drinks">List of Indian drinks</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aam_panna" title="Aam panna">Aam panna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aamras" title="Aamras">Aamras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">Badam milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banta" title="Banta">Banta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bela_Pana" title="Bela Pana">Bela Pana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaas" title="Chaas">Chaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">Coconut water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falooda" title="Falooda">Falooda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shave_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Shave ice">Gola barf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_filter_coffee" title="Indian filter coffee">Filter coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irani_caf%C3%A9" title="Irani café">Irani café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jal-jeera" title="Jal-jeera">Jal-jeera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jil_jil_jigarthanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jil jil jigarthanda">Jil jil jigarthanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_(drink)" title="Kanji (drink)">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjika" title="Kanjika">Kanjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Kesar</a> milk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">Lassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neera" title="Neera">Neera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbu_pani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbu pani">Nimbu pani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattha" title="Mattha">Mattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_limetta" title="Citrus limetta">Moosambi</a> juice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">Sharbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikanjvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikanjvi">Shikanjvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solkadhi" title="Solkadhi">Solkadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosyo" title="Sosyo">Sosyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandai" title="Thandai">Thandai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbil (page does not exist)">Umbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutho" title="Zutho">Zutho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_tea_culture" title="Indian tea culture">Tea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berinag_tea" title="Berinag tea">Berinag tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodh_Pati_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Doodh Pati Chai">Doodh Pati Chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangra_tea" title="Kangra tea">Kangra tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_chai" title="Masala chai">Masala chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tea" title="Nilgiri tea">Nilgiri tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcoholic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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