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<li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In mythology and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_grape_vine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_grape_vine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The grape vine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_grape_vine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_grape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_grape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The grape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_grape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The grape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_grape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growing_vines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_vines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Growing vines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_vines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Slope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Green harvest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_blend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_blend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Field blend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_blend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viticulture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinbau" title="Weinbau – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weinbau" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8" title="زراعة العنب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراعة العنب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCm%C3%A7%C3%BCl%C3%BCk" title="Üzümçülük – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üzümçülük" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вінаградарства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вінаградарства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вінаградарства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вінаградарства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лозарство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лозарство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinpau_in_Sidtir%C3%B3l_(Pegriffe)" title="Weinpau in Sidtiról (Pegriffe) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Weinpau in Sidtiról (Pegriffe)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticultura" title="Viticultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viticultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vina%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Vinařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vinařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinavl" title="Vinavl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vinavl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinbau" title="Weinbau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weinbau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αμπελουργία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμπελουργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticultura" title="Viticultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viticultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinkultivado" title="Vinkultivado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vinkultivado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahastizaintza" title="Mahastizaintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahastizaintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="موکاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موکاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viticulture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticultura" title="Viticultura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viticultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84_%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%B0" title="포도 재배 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포도 재배" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF" title="द्राक्षाकृषि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्राक्षाकृषि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinogradarstvo" title="Vinogradarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vinogradarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit-kulturo" title="Vit-kulturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vit-kulturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemeliharaan_anggur" title="Pemeliharaan anggur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemeliharaan anggur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinicultura" title="Vinicultura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vinicultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticoltura" title="Viticoltura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viticoltura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მევენახეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მევენახეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Жүзім шаруашылығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүзім шаруашылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABnkop%C4%ABba" title="Vīnkopība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīnkopība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4ibau" title="Wäibau – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wäibau" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vynuogininkyst%C4%97" title="Vynuogininkystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vynuogininkystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лозарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лозарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijnbouw" title="Wijnbouw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijnbouw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9" title="ブドウ栽培 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブドウ栽培" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitikultur" title="Vitikultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitikultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzumchilik" title="Uzumchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uzumchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winogrodnictwo" title="Winogrodnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winogrodnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticultura" title="Viticultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viticultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticultur%C4%83" title="Viticultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viticultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Виноградарство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виноградарство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreshtaria" title="Vreshtaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vreshtaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinohradn%C3%ADctvo" title="Vinohradníctvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the board game, see <a href="/wiki/Viticulture_(board_game)" title="Viticulture (board game)">Viticulture (board game)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_grapes03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/220px-Wine_grapes03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/330px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/440px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Wine grapes on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brhlovce_IMG_2315.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Brhlovce_IMG_2315.JPG/220px-Brhlovce_IMG_2315.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Brhlovce_IMG_2315.JPG/330px-Brhlovce_IMG_2315.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Brhlovce_IMG_2315.JPG/440px-Brhlovce_IMG_2315.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brhlovce" title="Brhlovce">Brhlovce</a>, Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Viticulture</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">vitis cultura</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a>-growing"),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>viniculture</b> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vinis cultura</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>-growing"),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>winegrowing</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the cultivation and harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>. It is a branch of the science of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>. While the native territory of <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>, the common grape vine, ranges from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> shores of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, the vine has demonstrated high levels of <a href="/wiki/Adaptability" title="Adaptability">adaptability</a> to new environments, hence viticulture can be found on every continent except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pp_17–19_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pp_17–19-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duties of a <b>viticulturist</b> include monitoring and controlling <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation (wine)">irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">canopy</a> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticultural_terms#Canopy_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of viticultural terms">management</a>, monitoring <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> development and <a href="/wiki/Typicity" title="Typicity">characteristics</a>, deciding when to <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvest</a>, and vine <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a> during the winter months. Viticulturists are often intimately involved with winemakers, because vineyard management and the resulting grape characteristics provide the basis from which <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> can begin. A great number of varieties are now approved in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> as true grapes for winegrowing and viticulture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence of grape vine cultivation and winemaking dates back 8,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of viticulture is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">history of wine</a>, with evidence that humans cultivated wild grapes to make wine as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period. Evidence suggests that some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> occurred in the area of the modern countries <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest-known <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">winery</a> was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">"Areni-1" cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vayots Dzor">Vayots Dzor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Dated to <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4100</span> BC, the site contained a wine press, fermentation vats, jars, and cups.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8,000-year-old_wine_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8,000-year-old_wine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archaeology_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wine-making_facility_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine-making_facility-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists also found <i>V. vinifera</i> seeds and vines. Commenting on the importance of the find, McGovern said, "The fact that winemaking was already so well developed in 4000 BC suggests that the technology probably goes back much earlier."<sup id="cite_ref-Wine-making_facility_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wine-making_facility-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence of grape domestication in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, around 3200 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Evidence of ancient viticulture is provided by <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> sources (ancient writing on clay tablets), plant remains, historical geography, and archaeological excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remnants of ancient wine jars have been used to determine the culture of wine consumption and cultivated grape species.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to winemaking, grapes have been grown for the production of <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest act of cultivation appears to have been the favoring of <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodites#In_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphrodites">hermaphroditic</a> members of the <i>Vitis vinifera</i> species over the barren male vines and the female vines, which were dependent on a nearby male for <a href="/wiki/Pollinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinate">pollination</a>. With the ability to pollinate itself, over time the hermaphroditic vines were able to sire <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> that were consistently hermaphroditic.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p_18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p_18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 5th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The people of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> began to emerge from <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">barbarism</a> when they learnt to cultivate the <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> and the vine.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p_35_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p_35-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thucydides was most likely referencing the time between 3000 BC and 2000 BC, when viticulture emerged in force in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades Islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. During this period, grape cultivation developed from an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">local consumption</a> to an important component of international <a href="/wiki/Economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Economies">economies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pp_35–39_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pp_35–39-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1200 BC to 900 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> developed viticulture practices that were later used in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. Around 500 BC, the Carthaginian writer <a href="/wiki/Mago_(agricultural_writer)" title="Mago (agricultural writer)">Mago</a> recorded such practices in a two-volume work that was one of the few artifacts to survive the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> destruction of Carthage during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>. The Roman statesman <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a> was influenced by these texts, and around 160 BC he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/De_Agri_Cultura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Agri Cultura">De Agricultura</a></i>, which expounded on Roman viticulture and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p_61_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p_61-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 65 AD, the Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a> produced the most detailed work on Roman viticulture in his twelve-volume text <i>De Re Rustica</i>. Columella's work is one of the earliest to detail <a href="/wiki/Trellis_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trellis (agriculture)">trellis</a> systems for raising vines off the ground. Columella advocated the use of stakes versus the previously accepted practice of <a href="/wiki/Vine_training_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine training systems">training vines</a> to grow up along <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> trunks. The benefits of using stakes over trees was largely to minimize the dangers associated with climbing trees, which was necessary to prune the dense <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a> in order to give the vines sunlight, and later to harvest them.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p_68_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p_68-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman expansion">Roman expansion</a> across Western Europe brought Roman viticulture to the areas that would become some of the world's best-known <a href="/wiki/Winegrowing_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Winegrowing regions">winegrowing regions</a>: the Spanish <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Spain)">Rioja</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Mosel_(wine_region)" title="Mosel (wine region)">Mosel</a>, and the French <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_wine" title="Rhône wine">Rhône</a>. Roman viticulturists were among the first to identify steep hillsides as one of the better locations to plant vines, because cool air runs downhill and gathers at the bottom of valleys. While some cool air is beneficial, too much can rob the vine of the heat it needs for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, and in winter it increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pp_82–92_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pp_82–92-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_septembre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_septembre.jpg/220px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_septembre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_septembre.jpg/330px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_septembre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_septembre.jpg/440px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_septembre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Grape harvesting depicted in a medieval <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a>) were the most prominent viticulturists of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Around this time, an early system of <i><a href="/wiki/Metayage" title="Metayage">Metayage</a></i> emerged in France with laborers (<i><a href="/wiki/Prendeur" title="Prendeur">Prendeur</a></i>) working the vineyards under contractual agreements with the landowners (<i><a href="/wiki/Bailleur" title="Bailleur">Bailleur</a></i>). In most cases, the <i>prendeurs</i> were given flexibility in selecting their crop and developing their own vineyard practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p_116_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p_116-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northern Europe, the weather and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> posed difficulties for grape cultivation, so certain species were selected that better suited the environment. Most vineyards grew white varieties of grape, which are more resistant to the damp and cold climates.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_169_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_169-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species of red grape, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pinot_Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinot Noir">Pinot Noir</a>, were also introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_169_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_169-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry">Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry</a></span></span> dates back to 1416 and depicts horticulture and viticulture in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_169_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_169-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images illustrate peasants bending down to prune grapes from vines behind castle walls. Additional illustrations depict grape vines being harvested, with each vine being cut to three spurs around knee height.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the viticultural practices developed in this time period would become staples of European viticulture until the 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">Varietals</a> were studied more intently to see which vines were the most suitable for a particular area. Around this time, an early concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a></i> emerged as wines from particular places began to develop a reputation for uniqueness. The concept of pruning for quality over quantity emerged, mainly through Cistercian labors, though it would create conflict between the rich landowners who wanted higher quality wines and the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> laborers whose livelihood depended on the quantity of wine they could sell.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pp_121-122_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pp_121-122-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> is the famous example for higher quality of wine. In 1435 Count John IV. of Katzenelnbogen started this successful tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> monks developed the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Cru_(wine)#Grand_cru" title="Cru (wine)">cru</a></i> vineyards as <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous (chemistry)">homogeneous</a> pieces of land that consistently produce wines each <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintage</a> that are similar. In areas like the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a>, the monks divided the land into separate vineyards, many of which still exist today, like <a href="/wiki/Montrachet" title="Montrachet">Montrachet</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Roman%C3%A9e" title="La Romanée">La Romanée</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pp_131-132_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pp_131-132-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mythology_and_religion">In mythology and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In mythology and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the demigod <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>), son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, invented the grapevine and the winepress. When his closest <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a> friend died trying to bring him a vine Dionysus deemed important, Dionysus forced the vine to bear fruit. His fame spread, and he finally became a god.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> makes numerous references to wine, and grapevines, both symbolically and literally.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a> are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). References to wine are made in the book of Proverbs (20:1) and the book of Isaiah (5:1–25). Deuteronomy (18:3–5, 14:22–27, 16:13–15) reports the use of wine during Jewish festivals. In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> wine is the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">blood of Christ</a>. It is mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We have the parable of the kingdom of heaven likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of Jesus Christ based on his own statement, "I am the true vine (John 15:1)." In that sense, a vine is placed as sole symbol on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_grape_vine">The grape vine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The grape vine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_categorizations_in_viticulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate categorizations in viticulture">Climate categorizations in viticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation of grapevines</a></div> <p>The vast majority of the world's <a href="/wiki/Wine-producing_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-producing regions">wine-producing regions</a> are found between the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> of 30° and 50° in each <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraga2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraga2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within these bands, the annual <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> temperatures are between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F). The presence of large <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">bodies of water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> can have positive effects on the climate and vines. Nearby <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> can serve as protection for drastic temperature drops at night by releasing the heat that the water has stored during the day to warm the vines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Structure of the grape vine </p><p>There are many different important parts of the grape vine. Starting from the bottom and moving up there are the Fender roots, then above that are the <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>. These help with anchorage, absorption and food storage. Then there is the trunk which branches out into arms. These help support conduction. Higher up are the node, inter node, leaves, cluster (of grapes) and the <a href="/wiki/Tendril" title="Tendril">tendril</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tendril" title="Tendril">tendril</a> helps with support of the plant. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_grape">The grape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The grape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Viticulture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Viticulture%22">"Viticulture"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Viticulture%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Viticulture%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Viticulture%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Viticulture%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Viticulture%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a> is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a>. On the vine, grapes are organized through systems known as clusters. Grape clusters can vary in compactness which can result in long clusters (resulting in the grapes spreading out) or short clusters (resulting in grapes packed together).<sup id="cite_ref-Ribéreau-Gayon_2000_220_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribéreau-Gayon_2000_220-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some grape species, clusters ripen collectively, which allows them to be harvested together.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For others, grapes may ripen individually within a cluster. Each grape berry contains a <a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">pedicel</a> which attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a>. The main function of the rachis is to allow the grapes to receive their water and nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-Ribéreau-Gayon_2000_220_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribéreau-Gayon_2000_220-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pollination and fertilization of grapes results in one to four seeds within each berry. When fertilization does not occur, seedless grapes are formed, which are sought after for the production of <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a>. Regardless of pollination and fertilization, most plants will produce around 100 to 200 grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skin of the grape accounts for 5 to 20% of the total weight of a grape depending on the variety.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When grape skin ripens, it contains the majority of the aromatic substances and <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_36_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_36-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors become important in winemaking for methods including color extraction or aroma dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the skin contains the majority of the tannin, small percentages can be found throughout the grape and during all of its developmental stages. However, the tannin's most important role is during the grape's ripening stage as its function is to formulate color and body shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_36_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_36-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_vines">Growing vines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growing vines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorCal2018_-005_Wine_Country_-_Random_Napa_Valley_Vineyard_on_the_side_of_a_road_-S0292033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/NorCal2018_-005_Wine_Country_-_Random_Napa_Valley_Vineyard_on_the_side_of_a_road_-S0292033.jpg/220px-NorCal2018_-005_Wine_Country_-_Random_Napa_Valley_Vineyard_on_the_side_of_a_road_-S0292033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/NorCal2018_-005_Wine_Country_-_Random_Napa_Valley_Vineyard_on_the_side_of_a_road_-S0292033.jpg/330px-NorCal2018_-005_Wine_Country_-_Random_Napa_Valley_Vineyard_on_the_side_of_a_road_-S0292033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/NorCal2018_-005_Wine_Country_-_Random_Napa_Valley_Vineyard_on_the_side_of_a_road_-S0292033.jpg/440px-NorCal2018_-005_Wine_Country_-_Random_Napa_Valley_Vineyard_on_the_side_of_a_road_-S0292033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa Valley">Napa Valley</a> vineyard on the side of a road</figcaption></figure> <p>Although many factors can affect the overall quality of a grape vine, the three most important are climate, <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">slope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_42_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_42-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Terroir#Influences_of_viticulture_and_winemaking" title="Terroir"><i>terroir</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate">Climate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></div> <p>Climate is the most significant external factor in determining a grape's inherent qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraga2016_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraga2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each grape variety has a uniquely preferred environment for ideal growing. Because climates vary from region to region, selecting the best strain is an important decision in grape cultivation. Additionally, because climatic factors such as temperature and rain can be unpredictable and uncontrollable, each year will produce unique qualities and yields of grapes. Wine grapes are also especially susceptible to climate change and temperature variation. </p><p>Grape vines need approximately 1300–1500 hours of sunshine during the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a> and around 690 millimetres (27 in) of <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a> throughout the year in order to produce grapes suitable for winemaking. In ideal circumstances, the vine will receive most of the rainfall during the winter and spring months: rain at <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvesttime</a> can create many hazards, such as <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungal</a> diseases and berry splitting. The optimum <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> during the growing season is a long, warm summer that allows the grapes the opportunity to ripen fully and to develop a balance between the levels of <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> in the grape.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_pp_14–15_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby_pp_14–15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hot and sunny climates have a frost-free growing season of 200 days or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Vine_1997_26_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vine_1997_26-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These climates allow grapes to ripen faster with higher sugar levels and lower acidity. Cooler climates have a frost-free growing season of around 150–160 days. Cooler seasons force the grapes to ripen earlier, which produces a fresher and more acidic harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_42_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_42-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the average yearly temperature for most crops should average around 15 °C (59 °F) in order to achieve the highest quality in each grape. </p><p><b>Summer:</b> Ideal temperatures in summer average around 22 °C (72 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_42_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_42-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideal summer temperatures enable fruits to ripen. Temperature and sunshine are the most important factors in ripening. </p><p><b>Winter:</b> Ideal temperatures in winter average around 3 °C (37 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_42_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_42-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideal winter temperatures are necessary to allow grape vines to enter their resting phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_42_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_42-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If temperatures fall too low, the crops can be injured. </p><p><b>Spring and Fall:</b> Spring and fall are critical seasons for grape development, because the plants are susceptible to frost damage, which can injure the fruiting buds.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_42_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_42-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wet weather in spring can increase the odds of mildew formation. To prevent mildew, some farms introduce devices such as heaters or large fans in vineyards. However, such solutions can be costly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slope">Slope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hillsides and <a href="/wiki/Slopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Slopes">slopes</a> are preferred over flatter terrain: vines growing on a slope can receive a greater intensity of the sun's rays, with sunshine falling on an angle <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the hillside. In flatter terrain, the intensity of the sunlight is diluted as it spreads out across a wider surface area. Small slopes that are elevated above surrounding ground are the best and safest places for crops, because these small elevations are less prone to frost.<sup id="cite_ref-Vine_1997_26_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vine_1997_26-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a slope affords better drainage, obviating the possibility that the vine might sit in overly moist soil. In cooler regions of the northern hemisphere, south-facing slopes receive more hours of sunlight and are preferred; in warmer <a href="/wiki/Climes" class="mw-redirect" title="Climes">climes</a>, north-facing slopes are preferred. In the southern hemisphere, these orientations are reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_p_16_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby_p_16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soil">Soil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quality soil is important to allow plants to have better root systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Vine_1997_27_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vine_1997_27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth and health of a vine can be affected if the <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a> is poor. Different grape species prefer various soil conditions, although there are general quality factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_44_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_44-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Favorable soil conditions include: <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a>, loose texture, good drainage and moderate fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-Vine_1997_27_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vine_1997_27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drainage factors are cited as the most important soil characteristic to affect grape vine growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_44_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_44-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When root growth is restricted due to bad soil, vine growth and fruit yields lessen and plant survival rates can dip to only a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-Vine_1997_27_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vine_1997_27-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazards">Hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">List of grape diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downy_and_Powdery_mildew_on_grape_leaf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Downy_and_Powdery_mildew_on_grape_leaf.JPG/220px-Downy_and_Powdery_mildew_on_grape_leaf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Downy_and_Powdery_mildew_on_grape_leaf.JPG/330px-Downy_and_Powdery_mildew_on_grape_leaf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Downy_and_Powdery_mildew_on_grape_leaf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> on a grape leaf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape_gathering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grape_gathering.jpg/220px-Grape_gathering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grape_gathering.jpg/330px-Grape_gathering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grape_gathering.jpg/440px-Grape_gathering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Manual grape gathering</figcaption></figure> <p>A viticulturist faces many hazards that can have an adverse effect on the wine produced from the grape or kill the vine itself. </p> <ul><li>When the vine is <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowering</a>, it is very susceptible to strong <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">winds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>. Cold temperatures during this period can lead to the onset of <i><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">millerandage</a></i>, which produces clusters with no <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> and varying sizes. Hot conditions can produce <i><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">coulure</a></i> that causes grape clusters to either drop to the ground or not fully develop.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_pp_14–15_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby_pp_14–15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Oidium</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</a> that can attack all green parts of the vine. If left untreated, oidium can be terminal for the plant. It thrives in cooler temperatures and in the shade.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some North American vine species have evolved to show resistance to the mildew (3:37).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Peronospora" title="Peronospora">Peronospora</a></i>) thrives in high temperatures and humidity and produces stains on leaves. It can be treated by spraying plants with <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper sulphate">copper sulphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most American vines are resistant, excluding <i>Vitis vinifera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanleaf_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanleaf virus">Fanleaf virus</a> is spread by <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> that breed in the vine stem. It can lead to deformity, yellowing of leaves, and smaller crop yields.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_39_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_39-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no cure for the plant; the best course of action is to remove infected plants and leave the remaining roots to rot.<sup id="cite_ref-Unwin_1991_39_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unwin_1991_39-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_virus" title="Plant virus">Plant virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">Pests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_harvest">Green harvest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Green harvest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A green harvest is the removal of immature grape bunches, typically for the purpose of decreasing yield. The removal of the bunches while they are still green induces the vine to put all its energy into developing the remaining grapes. In theory this results in better ripening and the development of more numerous and mature flavour compounds. In the absence of a green harvest, a healthy, vigorous vine can produce dilute, unripe grapes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Europe, many <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellations</a> restrict the yield permitted from a given area, so there is even more incentive to perform green harvesting when presented with excess crop. Often, the excess must be sold for a pittance and used for industrial alcohol production rather than wine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the concept of thinning or sacrificing part of the grape crop, i.e. green harvesting, with the aim of improving the quality of the remaining grapes, predates modern critics, the practice has increased in recent times in vineyards found in California and areas where the grapes grow easily. (McCoy) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_blend">Field blend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Field blend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Viticulture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg/220px-Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg/330px-Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg/440px-Harvesting_the_Grapes_in_Duras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Mechanical harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> grapes in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_de_Duras" title="Côtes de Duras">Côtes de Duras</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>A field blend is a wine that is produced from two or more different grape varieties interplanted in the same vineyard. In the days before precise <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> identification, let alone rigorous <a href="/wiki/Clonal_selection" title="Clonal selection">clonal selection</a>, a vineyard might be planted by taking <a href="/wiki/Cutting_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutting (vine)">cuttings</a> from another vineyard and therefore approximately copying its genetic makeup. This meant that one vine could be <a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a> and the next <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a>. When making wine with little equipment to spare for separate vinification of different varieties, field blends allowed effortless, though inflexible, blending. </p><p>Fermentation tanks are now cheap enough that the field blend is an anachronism, and almost all wines are assembled by blending from smaller, individual lots. However, in California some of the oldest (and lowest-yielding) Zinfandel comes from vineyards that are field-blended. <a href="/wiki/Ridge_Vineyards" title="Ridge Vineyards">Ridge Vineyards</a> owns the Lytton Springs vineyards in Sonoma County, which were planted from 1900 to 1905 in what Ridge calls "a traditional field blend of about seventy percent Zinfandel, twenty percent <a href="/wiki/Petite_Sirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Petite Sirah">Petite Sirah</a>, and ten percent <a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a> and Carignan." </p><p><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemischter_Satz" class="extiw" title="de:Gemischter Satz">Gemischter Satz</a> (<i>Mixed set</i>) is a wine term in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> equivalent to a field blend, which means that grapes of different varieties are planted, harvested and vinified together. In older times, this was common, but the practice has almost stopped. It is, however, a specialty of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. </p><p>Other traditional field blends include <a href="/wiki/Alsace_wine" title="Alsace wine">Alsace wine</a>, notably <i>edelzwicker</i> and <i>gentil</i> blends,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Douro_DOC" title="Douro DOC">Douro</a> wine.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_and_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming and wine">Global warming and wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">List of vineyard soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viticulturists" title="List of viticulturists">List of viticulturists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Precision viticulture</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These now must be fermented separately, but some co-fermented field blends persist, without being called <i>edelzwicker</i> or <i>gentil</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"viticulture, <i>n.</i>", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F9599647660">10.1093/OED/9599647660</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=viticulture%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F9599647660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"viniculture, <i>n.</i>", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F5561819290">10.1093/OED/5561819290</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=viniculture%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F5561819290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"wine-growing, <i>n.</i> & <i>adj.</i>", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F8050969080">10.1093/OED/8050969080</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wine-growing%2C+n.+%26+adj.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8050969080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pp_17–19-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pp_17–19_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/17"><i>Vintage: The[https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/17 17–19]</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6"><bdi>0-671-68702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F17+17%E2%80%9319%5D&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-68702-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|title=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2000" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Roderick (2000). <i>A Short History of Wine</i>. New York: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713994322" title="Special:BookSources/9780713994322"><bdi>9780713994322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Wine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780713994322&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2004" class="citation journal cs1">Harrington, Spencer P.M. (March–April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0403/reviews/wine.html">"Books: Roots of the Vine"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>57</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Books%3A+Roots+of+the+Vine&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004-03%2F2004-04&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Spencer+P.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F0403%2Freviews%2Fwine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2011" class="citation web cs1">Owen, James (12 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313165410/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/">"Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/">the original</a> on 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Earliest+Known+Winery+Found+in+Armenian+Cave&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F01%2F110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8,000-year-old_wine-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8,000-year-old_wine_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Keys2003" class="citation news cs1">David Keys (28 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515094551/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/now-thats-what-you-call-a-real-vintage-professor-unearths-8000yearold-wine-577863.html">"Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. independent.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accuca.conectia.es/ind281203.htm">the original</a> on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Now+that%27s+what+you+call+a+real+vintage%3A+professor+unearths+8%2C000-year-old+wine&rft.date=2003-12-28&rft.au=David+Keys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccuca.conectia.es%2Find281203.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeology-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archaeology_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Berkowitz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mark Berkowitz (September–October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/9609/newsbriefs/wine.html">"World's Earliest Wine"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>49</b> (5). Archaeological Institute of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=World%27s+Earliest+Wine&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1996-09%2F1996-10&rft.au=Mark+Berkowitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F9609%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fwine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wine-making_facility-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wine-making_facility_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wine-making_facility_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12158341">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Oldest known wine-making facility' found in Armenia"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 11 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Oldest+known+wine-making+facility%27+found+in+Armenia&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-12158341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_H._Maugh_II2011" class="citation news cs1">Thomas H. Maugh II (11 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-jan-11-la-sci-ancient-winery-20110111-story.html">"Ancient winery found in Armenia"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ancient+winery+found+in+Armenia&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft.au=Thomas+H.+Maugh+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2011-jan-11-la-sci-ancient-winery-20110111-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern1996" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, Patrick (1996). <i>The Origins and Ancient History of Wine</i>. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Gordon and Breach. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Ancient+History+of+Wine&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern1996" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, Patrick (1996). <i>The Origins and Ancient History of Wine</i>. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Gordon and Breach. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Ancient+History+of+Wine&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern1996" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, Patrick (1996). <i>The Origins and Ancient History of Wine</i>. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Gordon and Breach. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Ancient+History+of+Wine&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_p_18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p_18_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/18"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6"><bdi>0-671-68702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The+Story+of+Wine&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-68702-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_p_35-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p_35_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/35"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6"><bdi>0-671-68702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The+Story+of+Wine&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-68702-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pp_35–39-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pp_35–39_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/35"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/35">35–39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6"><bdi>0-671-68702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The+Story+of+Wine&rft.pages=35-39&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-68702-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_p_61-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p_61_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/61"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6"><bdi>0-671-68702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The+Story+of+Wine&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-68702-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_p_68-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p_68_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/68"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6"><bdi>0-671-68702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The+Story+of+Wine&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-68702-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pp_82–92-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pp_82–92_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/82"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/82">82–92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6"><bdi>0-671-68702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The+Story+of+Wine&rft.pages=82-92&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-68702-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_p_116-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p_116_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, H. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/116"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. 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"Modelling climate change impacts on viticultural yield, phenology and stress conditions in Europe". <i>Global Change Biology": doi:10.1111/gcb.13382.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Weaver, R. J. (1976). part 1.2 Vine Structure . In Grape Growing (pp. 10–23). essay, John Wiley & sons, inc. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ribéreau-Gayon_2000_220-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ribéreau-Gayon_2000_220_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ribéreau-Gayon_2000_220_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibéreau-Gayon2000" class="citation book cs1">Ribéreau-Gayon, P (2000). <i>Handbook of Enology Vol. 1</i>. 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Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pp 693–695 Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby_pp_14–15-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby_pp_14–15_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby_pp_14–15_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, T. (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsothebyswinee00stev_053"><i>The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsothebyswinee00stev_053/page/n11">14</a>–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8"><bdi>0-7566-1324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7566-1324-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewsothebyswinee00stev_053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vine_1997_26-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vine_1997_26_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vine_1997_26_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine1997" class="citation book cs1">Vine, Richard (1997). <i>Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace</i>. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780412122217" title="Special:BookSources/9780412122217"><bdi>9780412122217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winemaking%3A+From+Grape+Growing+to+Marketplace.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780412122217&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby_p_16-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby_p_16_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, T. (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsothebyswinee00stev_053"><i>The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsothebyswinee00stev_053/page/n13">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8"><bdi>0-7566-1324-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7566-1324-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewsothebyswinee00stev_053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vine_1997_27-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vine_1997_27_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vine_1997_27_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vine_1997_27_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine1997" class="citation book cs1">Vine, Richard (1997). <i>Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace</i>. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780412122217" title="Special:BookSources/9780412122217"><bdi>9780412122217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winemaking%3A+From+Grape+Growing+to+Marketplace.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780412122217&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unwin_1991_44-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unwin_1991_44_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unwin_1991_44_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin1991" class="citation book cs1">Unwin, Tim (1991). <i>Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade</i>. London: Routledge. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+and+the+Vine%3A+An+Historical+Geography+of+Viticulture+and+the+Wine+Trade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin1991" class="citation book cs1">Unwin, Tim (1991). <i>Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade</i>. London: Routledge. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+and+the+Vine%3A+An+Historical+Geography+of+Viticulture+and+the+Wine+Trade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanagosBallabioLugatoJones2018" class="citation journal cs1">Panagos, Panos; Ballabio, Cristiano; Lugato, Emanuele; Jones, Arwyn; Borrelli, Pasquale; Scarpa, Simone; Orgiazzi, Alberto; Montanarella, Luca (2018-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10072380">"Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>10</b> (7): 2380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10072380">10.3390/su10072380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Potential+Sources+of+Anthropogenic+Copper+Inputs+to+European+Agricultural+Soils&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2380&rft.date=2018-07-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu10072380&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Panagos&rft.aufirst=Panos&rft.au=Ballabio%2C+Cristiano&rft.au=Lugato%2C+Emanuele&rft.au=Jones%2C+Arwyn&rft.au=Borrelli%2C+Pasquale&rft.au=Scarpa%2C+Simone&rft.au=Orgiazzi%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Montanarella%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu10072380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin1991" class="citation book cs1">Unwin, Tim (1991). <i>Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade</i>. London: Routledge. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+and+the+Vine%3A+An+Historical+Geography+of+Viticulture+and+the+Wine+Trade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unwin_1991_39-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unwin_1991_39_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unwin_1991_39_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin1991" class="citation book cs1">Unwin, Tim (1991). <i>Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade</i>. London: Routledge. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+and+the+Vine%3A+An+Historical+Geography+of+Viticulture+and+the+Wine+Trade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winemag.com/2019/08/06/a-quick-guide-to-field-blends/">"A Quick Guide to Field Blends"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wine_Enthusiast" title="Wine Enthusiast">Wine Enthusiast</a></i>. 6 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wine+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=A+Quick+Guide+to+Field+Blends&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winemag.com%2F2019%2F08%2F06%2Fa-quick-guide-to-field-blends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p>39. Goldammer, T. (2015). <i>Grape Growers Handbook: A Guide To Viticulture for Wine Production</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9675212-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9675212-7-5">978-0-9675212-7-5</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_EmanuelliSilvia_LorenziLukasz_GrzeskowiakValentina_Catalano2013" class="citation journal cs1">Francesco Emanuelli; Silvia Lorenzi; Lukasz Grzeskowiak; Valentina Catalano; Marco Stefanini; Michela Troggio; Sean Myles; José M. Martinez-Zapater; Eva Zyprian; Flavia M. Moreira & M. Stella Grando (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3610244">"Genetic diversity and population structure assessed by SSR and SNP markers in a large germplasm collection of grape"</a>. <i>BMC Plant Biology</i>. <b>13</b>. BioMed Central Ltd.: 39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2229-13-39">10.1186/1471-2229-13-39</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3610244">3610244</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23497049">23497049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+and+population+structure+assessed+by+SSR+and+SNP+markers+in+a+large+germplasm+collection+of+grape&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3610244%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23497049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2229-13-39&rft.au=Francesco+Emanuelli&rft.au=Silvia+Lorenzi&rft.au=Lukasz+Grzeskowiak&rft.au=Valentina+Catalano&rft.au=Marco+Stefanini&rft.au=Michela+Troggio&rft.au=Sean+Myles&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+M.+Martinez-Zapater&rft.au=Eva+Zyprian&rft.au=Flavia+M.+Moreira&rft.au=M.+Stella+Grando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3610244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViticulture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Echikson, Tom. <i>Noble Rot</i>. New York: Norton, 2004.</li> <li>McCoy, Elin. <i>The Emperor of Wine</i>. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.</li> <li>Abu-Hamdeh, N.H. 2003. "Compaction and <a href="/wiki/Subsoiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsoiling">subsoiling</a> effects on corn growth and soil bulk density." <i>Soil Society of America Journal</i>. 67:1213–1219.</li> <li>Conradie, W.J., J.L. Van Zyl, P.A. Myburgh. 1996. "Effect of soil preparation depth on nutrient leaching and nutrient uptake by young <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.cv Pinot noir". <i>South African Journal of Enology & Viticulture</i> 17:43–52.</li> <li>Dami, I.E., B. Bordelon, D.C. Ferree, M. Brown, M.A. Ellis, R.N. William, and D. Doohan. 2005. "Midwest Grape Production Guide". The Ohio State Univ. Coop. Extension. Service. Bulletin. 919–5.</li> <li>Gil, Emilio; Arnó, Jaume; Llorens, Jordi; Sanz, Ricardo; Llop, Jordi; Rosell-Polo, Joan; Gallart, Montserrat; Escolà, Alexandre (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/1/691">"Advanced Technologies for the Improvement of Spray Application Techniques in Spanish Viticulture: An Overview"</a>. Sensors, 14 (1): 691–708. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC PMC3926582</li> <li>Kurtural, S.K. 2007. "Desired Soil Properties for Vineyard Site Selection". University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. HortFact – 31 – 01.</li> <li>Kurtural, S.K. 2007. "Vineyard Design". University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. HortFact – 3103.</li> <li>Kurtural, S.K. 2007. "Vineyard Site Selection". University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. HortFact – 31–02.</li> <li>Llorens, Jordi; Gil, Emilio; Llop, Jordi; Escolà, Alexandre 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/2/2177">"Ultrasonic and LIDAR Sensors for Electronic Canopy Characterization in Vineyards: Advances to Improve Pesticide Application Methods"</a>. Sensors. 11 (2), pp. 2177–2194. doi:10.3390/s110202177. ISSN 1424-8220.</li> <li>Llorens, Jordi; Gil, Emilio; Llop, Jordi; Queraltó, Meritxell (2011-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/6/6237">"Georeferenced LiDAR 3D Vine Plantation Map Generation"</a>. Sensors 11 (6): 6237–6256. ISSN 1424-8220.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phin" title="John Phin">Phin, John</a>. 1862 (still in print). <i>Open Air Grape Culture : A Practical Treatise On the Garden and Vineyard Culture of the Vine, and the Manufacture of Domestic Wine Designed For the Use of Amateurs and Others</i>.</li> <li>Schonbeck, M.W. 1998. "Cover Cropping and Green Manuring on Small Farms in New England and New York". Research Report #10, New Alchemy Institute, 237 Hatchville Rd. Falmouth, Mass. 02536.</li> <li>Tesic, Dejan, M. Keller, R.J. Hutton. 2007. "Influence of Vineyard Floor Management Practices on Grapevine Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Fruit Composition". <i>American Journal of Enology and Viticulture</i> 58:1:1–11.</li> <li>Zabadal, J.T. Anderson, J.A. Vineyard Establishment I – Preplant Decisions. MSU Extension Fruit Bulletins – 26449701. 1999.</li> <li>Tesic, Dejan, M. Keller, R.J. Hutton. "Influence of Vineyard Floor Management Practices on Grapevine Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Fruit Composition". <i>American Journal of Enology and Viticulture</i> 58:1:1–11. 2007.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viticulture" title="Template talk:Viticulture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viticulture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viticulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viticulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and<br /> horticulture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelography" title="Ampelography">Ampelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">Grape varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_grape" title="Hybrid grape">Hybrid grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grape_Genome_Program" title="International Grape Genome Program">International Grape Genome Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripening</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">Rootstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Vitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br /> variation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_categories_in_viticulture" title="Climate categories in viticulture">Climate categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">Diurnal temperature variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">Microclimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_climate_levels_in_viticulture" title="Regional climate levels in viticulture">Regional climate levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">Soil types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">slope</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> planting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grapevine planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propagation_of_grapevines" title="Propagation of grapevines">Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_viticulture" title="Precision viticulture">Row orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trellis_(architecture)" title="Trellis (architecture)">Trellis design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">Vine training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vineyard<br /> management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_(grape)" title="Canopy (grape)">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clos_(vineyard)" title="Clos (vineyard)">Clos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">Coulure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost damage prevention</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Green_harvest">Green harvest (<i>Vendange verte</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klopotec" title="Klopotec">Klopotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerandage" title="Millerandage">Millerandage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripeness_in_viticulture" title="Ripeness in viticulture">Ripeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pests and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_diseases" title="List of grape diseases">diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_(grape_disease)" title="Black rot (grape disease)">Black rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis bunch rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasiodiplodia_theobromae" title="Lasiodiplodia theobromae">Bot canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_arm_of_grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead arm of grapevine">Dead arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_yellows" title="Grapevine yellows">Grapevine yellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_pest_nematode_species" title="List of agricultural pest nematode species">Nematodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">Pierce's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">Powdery mildew</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncinula_necator" title="Uncinula necator">Uncinula necator</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">Red spider mite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupoecilia_ambiguella" title="Eupoecilia ambiguella">Vine moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">Adaptive management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on wine production">Effects of climate change on wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary of wine terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Viticulture" title="Category:Viticulture">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wines_and_winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Wines_and_winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Viticulture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933804s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vinařství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116575&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527214">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543704605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/049585">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644622">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=34044">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&oldid=1253320671">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viticulture&oldid=1253320671</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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