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id="toc-Medieval_era_(4th–13th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period_(14th–17th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period_(14th–17th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period_(14th–17th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(17th_to_20th_century_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(17th_to_20th_century_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(17th_to_20th_century_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Independence_(1947–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Independence_(1947–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Post-Independence (1947–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Independence_(1947–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administration and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Legislature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Law and order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cities and towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religion and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 LGBT rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture and heritage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_heritage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and heritage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Water supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Health and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Power and energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_and_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_and_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Air and space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_and_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Tourism and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tamil Nadu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9A%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%B1" title="ታሚል ናዱ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታሚል ናዱ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilland" title="Tamilland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tamilland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تاميل نادو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاميل نادو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81" title="তামিলনাডু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তামিলনাডু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnad" title="Tamilnad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tamilnad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تامیل نادو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامیل نادو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="তামিলনাড়ু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিলনাড়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамілнад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамілнад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамілнад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тамілнад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тамил Наду – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамил Наду" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏཱ་མིལ་ན་ཌུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏཱ་མིལ་ན་ཌུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Tamil_N%C4%81du" title="State of Tamil Nādu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Tamil Nādu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiln%C3%A1du" title="Tamilnádu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamilnádu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%93%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%91%DE%AB" title="ޓެމިލް ނާޑޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޓެމިލް ނާޑޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ταμίλ Ναντού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμίλ Ναντού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnado" title="Tamilnado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamilnado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تامیل نادو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تامیل نادو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E9%83%BD%E9%82%A6" title="泰米爾納都邦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="泰米爾納都邦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%81" title="તમિલનાડુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તમિલનાડુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamillnaddu" title="Tamillnaddu – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Tamillnaddu" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%B0%80%EB%82%98%EB%91%90%EC%A3%BC" title="타밀나두주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀나두주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Թամիլ Նադու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամիլ Նադու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिल नाडु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल नाडु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="তমিল নাড়ু – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তমিল নাড়ু" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnadu" title="Tamilnadu – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tamilnadu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95" title="טמיל נאדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמיל נאדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81" title="ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3" title="ტამილნადუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამილნადუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%85%D9%90%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D9%97" title="تٲمِل ناڈوٗ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٲمِل ناڈوٗ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromandela" title="Coromandela – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coromandela" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiln%C4%81da" title="Tamilnāda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamilnāda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnadas" title="Tamilnadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilnadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiln%C3%A1du" title="Tamilnádu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamilnádu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тамил Наду – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамил Наду" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="തമിഴ്‌നാട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴ്‌നാട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82" title="तमिळनाडू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळनाडू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3" title="ტამილნადუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტამილნადუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تاميل نادو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاميل نادو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="تامیل نادو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامیل نادو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯅꯥꯗꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯅꯥꯗꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тамил Наду – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамил Наду" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="တမီးလ်နာဒူပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တမီးလ်နာဒူပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81" title="तमिलनाडु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तमिलनाडु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="タミル・ナードゥ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル・ナードゥ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%81" title="ତାମିଲନାଡୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାମିଲନାଡୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnad" title="Tamilnad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamilnad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%82" title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਨਾਡੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਨਾਡੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88" title="تامل ناڈو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تامل ناڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88" title="تاميل ناډو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاميل ناډو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnadu" title="Tamilnadu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tamilnadu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu" title="Tâmil Nadu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tâmil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तमिळ्नाडुराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तमिळ्नाडुराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88" title="تمل ناڈو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="تمل ناڈو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94" title="තමිල්නාඩු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තමිල්නාඩු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%8A%D9%88" title="تامل ناڊو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تامل ناڊو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiln%C3%A1du" title="Tamilnádu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tamilnádu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Тамил Наду – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамил Наду" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="தமிழ்நாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ்நாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Тамилнад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тамилнад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="తమిళనాడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమిళనాడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B9" title="รัฐทมิฬนาฑู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐทมิฬนาฑู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Иёлоти Тамилноду – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иёлоти Тамилноду" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tamil Nadu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="泰米尔纳德邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔纳德邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95" title="טאמיל נאדו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמיל נאדו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tamil Nadu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#000000;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#000000;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamallapuram_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mamallapuram_view.jpg/250px-Mamallapuram_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mamallapuram_view.jpg/375px-Mamallapuram_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mamallapuram_view.jpg/500px-Mamallapuram_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#000000;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg/124px-Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg/186px-Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg/248px-Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg/124px-Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg/186px-Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg/248px-Statue_of_Thiruvalluvar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#000000;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Magnificient_Evening_Sunset_With_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_and_Boat_Mail_Express_Passes_Through_this_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_!-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_Magnificient_Evening_Sunset_With_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_and_Boat_Mail_Express_Passes_Through_this_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_%21-.jpg/124px-A_Magnificient_Evening_Sunset_With_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_and_Boat_Mail_Express_Passes_Through_this_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_%21-.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_Magnificient_Evening_Sunset_With_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_and_Boat_Mail_Express_Passes_Through_this_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_%21-.jpg/186px-A_Magnificient_Evening_Sunset_With_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_and_Boat_Mail_Express_Passes_Through_this_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_%21-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_Magnificient_Evening_Sunset_With_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_and_Boat_Mail_Express_Passes_Through_this_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_%21-.jpg/248px-A_Magnificient_Evening_Sunset_With_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_and_Boat_Mail_Express_Passes_Through_this_Pamban_Railway_Bridge_%21-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="1983" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg/124px-Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg/186px-Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg/248px-Hogenakkal_Falls_Close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#000000;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilgiri_Hills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nilgiri_Hills.jpg/250px-Nilgiri_Hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nilgiri_Hills.jpg/375px-Nilgiri_Hills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nilgiri_Hills.jpg/500px-Nilgiri_Hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_Statue" title="Thiruvalluvar Statue">Thiruvalluvar Statue</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hogenakkal_Falls" title="Hogenakkal Falls">Hogenakkal Falls</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri Mountains</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pamban_Bridge" title="Pamban Bridge">Pamban Bridge</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadisvara Temple</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Tamil Nadu"><img alt="Official emblem of Tamil Nadu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/125px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/188px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/250px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Emblem of Tamil Nadu">Emblem of Tamil Nadu</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: Tamil Country</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Land of Temples"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Vāymaiyē vellum (Truth alone triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thai_Valthu" title="Tamil Thai Valthu">Tamil Thai Valthu</a>" (Invocation to Mother Tamil)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-TN.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Tamil Nadu in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Tamil Nadu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/IN-TN.svg/300px-IN-TN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/IN-TN.svg/450px-IN-TN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/IN-TN.svg/600px-IN-TN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Tamil Nadu in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tamil_Nadu&params=11_N_79_E_region:IN-TN_type:adm1st">11°N 79°E / 11°N 79°E / 11; 79</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a></td></tr><tr class="[[Madras State]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1956</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">and largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">Largest metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai metropolitan area</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of districts of Tamil Nadu">38 (5 divisions)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R._N._Ravi" title="R. N. Ravi">R. N. Ravi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Udhayanidhi_Stalin" title="Udhayanidhi Stalin">Udhayanidhi Stalin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unicameral</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">234 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Tamil_Nadu" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">18 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Tamil_Nadu" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">39 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">10th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,076 km (669 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">189 m (620 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Doddabetta</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,636 m (8,648 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 m (0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-pop-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">72,147,030</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">6th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">554.7/km2 (1,437/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">48.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">51.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilian">Tamilian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilar">Tamilar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><a href="#cite_note-Lang-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Additional official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-Lang-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-GSDP-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSDP-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022–23)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>23.65 trillion (US$280 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>275,583 (US$3,300) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-TN</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">TN</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.686 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>Medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 80.09% (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">996<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tn.gov.in">tn.gov.in</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Tamil Nadu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Emblem of Tamil Nadu">Emblem of Tamil Nadu</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thai_Valthu" title="Tamil Thai Valthu">Tamil Thai Valthu</a>" (Invocation to Mother Tamil)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald Dove</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Butterfly</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Tamil Yeoman</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_(plant)" title="Gloriosa (plant)">Gloriosa Lily</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Tahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri Tahr">Nilgiri Tahr</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Asian Palm</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway mark</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-TN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SH_IN-TN.png/90px-SH_IN-TN.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SH_IN-TN.png/135px-SH_IN-TN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SH_IN-TN.png/180px-SH_IN-TN.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Tamil Nadu <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of state highways in Tamil Nadu">TN SH1 - TN SH223</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Tamil Nadu (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌtæmɪl ˈnɑːduː/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Tamil: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[ˈtamiɻ ˈnaːɽɯ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/17\/Tamil_Nadu.ogg\/Tamil_Nadu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tamil Nadu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Tamil_Nadu.ogg/Tamil_Nadu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu.ogg" title="File:Tamil Nadu.ogg">ⓘ</a>, abbr. TN) is the southernmost <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">tenth largest Indian state by area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">sixth largest by population</a>, Tamil Nadu is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a>, who speak the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>—the state's official language and one of the longest surviving <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages_of_India" title="Classical languages of India">classical languages</a> of the world. The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>. Located on the south-eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian peninsula">Indian peninsula</a>, Tamil Nadu is straddled by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> lining the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a> to the south-east, the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a> at the southern <a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">cape</a> of the peninsula, with the river <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> bisecting the state. Politically, Tamil Nadu is bound by the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, and encloses a part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. It shares an international <a href="/wiki/Maritime_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime border">maritime border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pamban_Island" title="Pamban Island">Pamban Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological evidence">Archaeological evidence</a> points to Tamil Nadu being inhabited for more than 400 millennia, first by <a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">hominids</a> and then by modern <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. The state has more than 5,500 years of continuous cultural history. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Historically</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> region was inhabited by Tamil-speaking <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian people</a>, who were ruled by several regimes over centuries such as the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam era">Sangam era</a> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">triumvirate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> (3rd–9th century CE), and the later <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> (14th–17th century CE). <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonization</a> began with establishing trade ports in the 17th century, with the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British controlling</a> much of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> for two centuries. After the <a href="/wiki/India%27s_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="India's Independence">Indian Independence</a> in 1947, the region became the <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> of the Republic of India and was further re-organized when states were redrawn linguistically in <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">1956</a> into its current shape. The state was renamed as Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil Country", in 1969. Hence, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Architecture of Tamil Nadu">architecture</a> have seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely. As of November 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, Tamil Nadu ha an <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">economy</a> with gross state domestic product (GSDP) of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>23.65 trillion (US$280 billion), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">second-largest</a> economy amongst the 28 states of India. It has the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">9th-highest GSDP per capita</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>275,583 (US$3,300) and ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index">11th</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human_development_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development index">human development index</a>. Tamil Nadu is also one of the most industrialised states, with the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing sector">manufacturing sector</a> accounting for nearly one-third of the state's GDP. With its diverse culture and architecture, long coastline, forests and mountains, Tamil Nadu is home to a number of ancient relics, historic buildings, religious sites, <a href="/wiki/Beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaches">beaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill stations">hill stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts">forts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterfalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfalls">waterfalls</a> and four <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. The state's <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">tourism industry</a> is the largest among the Indian states. The state has three <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserves">biosphere reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forests, five <a href="/wiki/National_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks">National Parks</a>, 18 <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries">wildlife sanctuaries</a> and 17 <a href="/wiki/Bird_sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird sanctuaries">bird sanctuaries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil film industry</a>, nicknamed as Kollywood, plays an influential role in the state's popular culture. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> with nadu meaning "land" and Tamil Nadu meaning "the land of Tamils". The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language#Etymology" title="Tamil language">origin</a> and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.<a href="#cite_note-Zvelebil-6">[6]</a> In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> refers to the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a> (2nd to 1st century BCE) indicates the borders of Tamilakam as <a href="/wiki/Tirumala" title="Tirumala">Tirumala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Comorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Comorin">Kanniyakumari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The name Tamilakam is used in other Sangam era literature such as <a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%9Fan%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Puṟanāṉūṟu">Puṟanāṉūṟu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pati%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppattu" title="Patiṟṟuppattu">Patiṟṟuppattu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Cilappatikaram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Cilappatikaram (5th to 6th century CE) and <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a> (12th century CE) mention the name Tamil Nadu to denote the region.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_(before_5th_century_BCE)">Prehistory (before 5th century BCE)</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological evidence">Archaeological evidence</a> points to the region being inhabited by hominids more than 400 millennia ago.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Artifacts recovered in <a href="/wiki/Adichanallur" title="Adichanallur">Adichanallur</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI) indicate a continuous history from more than 3,800 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">celts</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a> dated between 1500 and 2000 BCE indicate the use of the <a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Keezhadi_excavation_site" title="Keezhadi excavation site">Keezhadi</a> have revealed a large urban settlement, with the earliest artefact dated to 580 BCE, during the time of urbanization in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plain">Indo-Gangetic plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Further epigraphical inscriptions found at Adichanallur use <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Brahmi">Tamil Brahmi</a>, a rudimentary script dated to 5th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Potsherds uncovered from Keeladi indicate a script which might be a transition between the Indus Valley script and Tamil Brahmi script used later.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sangam_period_(5th_century_BCE–3rd_century_CE)">Sangam period (5th century BCE–3rd century CE)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/220px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/330px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg/440px-South_India_in_Sangam_Period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam Period">Sangam Period</a> (500 BCE–300 CE)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Sangam landscape</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> lasted for about eight centuries, from 500 BCE to 300 CE with the main source of history during the period coming from the Sangam literature.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">triumvirate</a> of monarchical states, <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The Cheras controlled the western part of Tamilkam, the Pandyas controlled the south, and the Cholas had their base in the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> delta. The kings called Vendhar ruled over several tribes of Velala (peasants), headed by the <a href="/wiki/Velirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Velirs">Velir</a> chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The rulers patronized multiple religions including <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">vedic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a>, a book of Tamil grammar.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Romans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Much of the commerce from the Romans and Han China were facilitated via seaports including <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a> with <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> being the most prized goods along with <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> From 300 CE, the region was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras</a>, warriors belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Vellalar" title="Vellalar">Vellalar</a> community, who were once feudatories of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Kalabhra era is referred to as the "dark period" of Tamil history, and information about it is generally inferred from any mentions in the literature and inscriptions that are dated many centuries after their era ended.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The twin Tamil epics <a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a> were written during the era.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Tamil classic <a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkural</a> by <a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a>, a collection of couplets is attributed to the same period.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era_(4th–13th_century_CE)">Medieval era (4th–13th century CE)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg/220px-Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg/330px-Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg/440px-Five_Rathas_-_Mahabalipuram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock cut">Rock cut</a> monuments in <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> Around the 7th century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas, who patronised Buddhism and Jainism before the revival of <a href="/wiki/Saivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivism">Saivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Though they existed previously, the period saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> in the sixth century CE under <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a>, who ruled parts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> as their capital.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of architecture: the massive <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a>, ornate towers at the entrance of temples, originated with the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_art_and_architecture" title="Pallava art and architecture">Pallava architecture</a>. They built the group of <a href="/wiki/Rock_cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock cut">rock-cut</a> monuments in <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> and temples in <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNC-35">[35]</a> Throughout their reign, the Pallavas remained in constant conflict with the Cholas and Pandyas. The Pandyas were revived by <a href="/wiki/Kadungon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadungon">Kadungon</a> towards the end of the 6th century CE and with the Cholas in obscurity in <a href="/wiki/Uraiyur" title="Uraiyur">Uraiyur</a>, the Tamil country was divided between the Pallavas and the Pandyas.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aparajitavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparajitavarman">Pallavas</a> were finally defeated by Chola prince <a href="/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya I</a> in the 9th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajendra_map_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/200px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/300px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/400px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> at its greatest extent, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> in 1030</figcaption></figure> The Cholas became the dominant kingdom in the 9th century under <a href="/wiki/Vijayalaya_Chola" title="Vijayalaya Chola">Vijayalaya Chola</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> as Chola's new capital with further expansions by subsequent rulers. In the 11th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a> expanded the Chola empire with conquests of entire Southern India and parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, and increased Chola influence across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Rajaraja brought in administrative reforms including the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual administrative units.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Under his son <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a>, the Chola empire reached its zenith and stretched as far as <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the north and across the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Cholas built many temples in the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a> style with the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadisvara Temple</a> at Thanjavur, one of the foremost temples of the era built by Rajaraja, and <a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a>, built by Rajendra.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Living_Chola_Temples-42">[42]</a> The Pandyas again reigned supreme early in the 13th century under <a href="/wiki/Maravarman_Sundara_Pandyan" title="Maravarman Sundara Pandyan">Maravarman Sundara I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> They ruled from their capital of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and expanded trade links with other maritime empires.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence. The Pandyas also built a number of temples including the <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Amman Temple">Meenakshi Amman Temple</a> at Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period_(14th–17th_century_CE)">Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE)</h3></div> In the 13th and 14th centuries, there were repeated attacks from <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara kingdom</a> was founded in 1336 CE.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1370 and ruled for almost two centuries until its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">Battle of Talikota</a> in 1565 by a confederacy of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayaks</a>, who were the military governors in the Vijaynagara Empire, took control of the region amongst whom the <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Madurai">Nayaks of Madurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Thanjavur">Nayaks of Thanjavur</a> were the most prominent.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> They introduced the <a href="/wiki/Polygar" title="Polygar">palayakkararar</a> system and re-constructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_conflicts_and_European_colonization_(17th_to_20th_century_CE)">Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE)</h3></div> In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal empire</a> administered the region through the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_the_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of the Carnatic">Nawab of the Carnatic</a> with his seat at <a href="/wiki/Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot">Arcot</a>, who defeated the Madurai Nayaks.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha kingdom">Marathas</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1741)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)">attacked</a> several times and defeated the Nawab after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trichinopoly_(1751%E2%80%931752)" title="Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–1752)">Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–1752)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> This led to a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Thanjavur Maratha kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Dansborg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fort_Dansborg.JPG/200px-Fort_Dansborg.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fort_Dansborg.JPG/300px-Fort_Dansborg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fort_Dansborg.JPG/400px-Fort_Dansborg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dansborg" title="Fort Dansborg">Fort Dansborg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tharangambadi" title="Tharangambadi">Tharangambadi</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a></figcaption></figure> Europeans started to establish trade centres from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> arrived in 1522 and built a port named <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_de_Meliapore" title="São Tomé de Meliapore">São Tomé</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a> in Madras.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1609, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> established a settlement in <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pulicat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> had their establishment in <a href="/wiki/Tharangambadi" title="Tharangambadi">Tharangambadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On 20 August 1639, Francis Day of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> met with the Vijayanager emperor <a href="/wiki/Peda_Venkata_Raya" title="Peda Venkata Raya">Peda Venkata Raya</a> and obtained a grant for land on the Coromandel coast for their trading activities.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> A year later, the company built <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a>, the first major English settlement in India, which became the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> By 1693, the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> established trading posts at <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondichéry</a>. In September 1746, the French captured Madras during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madras" title="Battle of Madras">Battle of Madras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The British regained control of Madras in 1749 through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> and resisted a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madras" title="Siege of Madras">French siege attempt</a> in 1759.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The British and French competed to expand the trade which led to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wandiwash" title="Battle of Wandiwash">Battle of Wandiwash</a> in 1760 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The Nawabs of the Carnatic surrendered much of their territory to the British East India Company in the north and bestowed tax revenue collection rights in the South, which led to constant conflicts with the Palaiyakkarars known as the <a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puli_Thevar" title="Puli Thevar">Puli Thevar</a> was one of the earliest opponents, joined later by <a href="/wiki/Rani_Velu_Nachiyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Velu Nachiyar">Rani Velu Nachiyar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sivagangai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivagangai">Sivagangai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kattabomman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattabomman">Kattabomman</a> of Panchalakurichi in the first series of Polygar wars.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maruthu_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruthu brothers">Maruthu brothers</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Oomaithurai" title="Oomaithurai">Oomaithurai</a>, the brother of Kattabomman, formed a coalition with <a href="/wiki/Dheeran_Chinnamalai" title="Dheeran Chinnamalai">Dheeran Chinnamalai</a> and Kerala Varma <a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja" title="Pazhassi Raja">Pazhassi Raja</a>, which fought the British in the Second Polygar War.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the later 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore kingdom</a> captured parts of the region and engaged in constant fighting with the British which culminated in the four <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore War">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_St._George,_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/220px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/330px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/440px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>An 18th-century coloured <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St. George</a> and Madras</figcaption></figure> By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> with Madras as the capital.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> After the defeat of Mysore in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> in 1799 and the British victory in the second Polygar war in 1801, the British consolidated most of southern India into what was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> On 10 July 1806, the <a href="/wiki/Vellore_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellore mutiny">Vellore mutiny</a>, which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company, took place in <a href="/wiki/Vellore_Fort" title="Vellore Fort">Vellore Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, which transferred the governance of India from the East India Company to the British crown, forming the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the <a href="/wiki/Ryotwari" title="Ryotwari">Ryotwari</a> system resulted in two severe famines in the Madras Presidency, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of 1876–78">Great Famine of 1876–78</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_famine_of_1896%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian famine of 1896–97">Indian famine of 1896–97</a> which killed millions and the migration of many Tamils as bonded laborers to other British countries eventually forming the present <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a> gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Tamil Nadu was the base of various contributors to the Independence movement including <a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidambaram Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Bharatiyar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA), founded by <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Independence_(1947–present)">Post-Independence (1947–present)</h3></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">Independence of India</a> in 1947, the Madras Presidency became <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras state</a>, comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andhra_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra state">Andhra state</a> was split from the state in 1953 and the state was further re-organized when states were redrawn linguistically in <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">1956</a> into the current shape.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On 14 January 1969, Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hindi agitations">agitations</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Imposition_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imposition of Hindi">imposition of Hindi</a> and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication arose which eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> After independence, the economy of Tamil Nadu conformed to a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> framework, with strict governmental control over <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> participation, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>. After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence, the economy of Tamil Nadu consistently exceeded national average growth rates from the 1970s, due to <a href="/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reforms in India">reform-oriented</a> economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In the 2000s, the state has become one of the most urbanized states in the country with a higher <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> compared to national average.<a href="#cite_note-DG-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Geography of Tamil Nadu">Geography of Tamil Nadu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu_topo_deutsch_mit_Gebirgen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tamil_Nadu_topo_deutsch_mit_Gebirgen.png/200px-Tamil_Nadu_topo_deutsch_mit_Gebirgen.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tamil_Nadu_topo_deutsch_mit_Gebirgen.png/300px-Tamil_Nadu_topo_deutsch_mit_Gebirgen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tamil_Nadu_topo_deutsch_mit_Gebirgen.png/400px-Tamil_Nadu_topo_deutsch_mit_Gebirgen.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Tamil Nadu</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Ghats_Gobi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Western_Ghats_Gobi.jpg/200px-Western_Ghats_Gobi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Western_Ghats_Gobi.jpg/300px-Western_Ghats_Gobi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Western_Ghats_Gobi.jpg/400px-Western_Ghats_Gobi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> traverse along the western border of Tamil Nadu</figcaption></figure> Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi) and is the tenth-largest state in India.<a href="#cite_note-DG-90">[90]</a> Located on the south-eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian peninsula">Indian peninsula</a>, Tamil Nadu is straddled by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> lining the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a> to the south-east, and the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a> at the southern <a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">cape</a> of the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Politically, Tamil Nadu is bound by the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. It shares an international <a href="/wiki/Maritime_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime border">maritime border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pamban_Island" title="Pamban Island">Pamban Island</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a> and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as <a href="/wiki/Rama%27s_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama's Bridge">Rama's Bridge</a> separate the region from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, which lies off the southeastern coast.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The southernmost tip of mainland India is at <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyakumari (town)">Kanyakumari</a> where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Western Ghats run south along the western boundary with the highest peak at <a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Doddabetta</a> (2,636 m (8,648 ft)) in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri Hills">Nilgiri Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a> run parallel to the Bay of Bengal along the eastern coast and the strip of land between them forms the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> They are a discontinuous range of mountains intersected by <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri river</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Both mountain ranges meet at the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri</a> mountains which run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, extending to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deccan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan plateau">Deccan plateau</a> is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges and the plateau slopes gently from west to east resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Coastline of Tamil Nadu">coastline of Tamil Nadu</a> is 1,076 km (669 mi) long, and is the second longest state <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> in the country after <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Info-103">[103]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> located in the Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep islands.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Tamil Nadu's coastline was permanently altered by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean tsunami">Indian Ocean tsunami</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II and III.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The volcanic <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> beds of the Deccan plateau were laid down in the massive <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Traps</a> eruption, which occurred towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period, between 67 and 66 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted many years and when the volcanoes became extinct, they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The predominant soils of Tamil Nadu are <a href="/wiki/Red_soil" title="Red soil">red loam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laterite_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Laterite soil">laterite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial soil">alluvial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saline_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline soil">saline</a>. Red soil, with a higher iron content, occupies a larger portion of the state and all the inland districts. Black soil is found in <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">western Tamil Nadu</a> and parts of the southern coast. Alluvial soil is found in the fertile Kaveri delta region, with laterite soil found in pockets, and saline soil across the coast where the evaporation is high.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Climatic zones of India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/220px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/330px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/440px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu gets most of the rains from the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>. Pictured is the monsoon onset map of India.</figcaption></figure> The region has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> and depends on monsoons for rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Tamil Nadu is divided into seven agro-climatic zones: northeast, northwest, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> delta.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a> prevails over most of the inland peninsular region except for a semi-arid <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F); summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low-lying areas exceeding 50 °C (122 °F); and the rainy season lasts from June to September, with annual rainfall averaging between 750 and 1,500 mm (30 and 59 in) across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most precipitation in India falls in Tamil Nadu, leaving other states comparatively dry.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> predominates in the land east of the Western Ghats which includes inland south and south central parts of the state and gets between 400 and 750 millimetres (15.7 and 29.5 in) of rainfall annually, with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March and May are hot and dry, with mean monthly temperatures hovering around 32 °C (90 °F), with 320 millimetres (13 in) precipitation. Without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southwest_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest monsoon">southwest monsoon</a> from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the region. The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon hits the Western Ghats from Kerala and moves northward along the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan coast">Konkan coast</a>, with precipitation on the western region of the state.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau; hence, the leeward region (the region deprived of winds) receives very little rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon heads toward northeast India, picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The Coramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from the southwest monsoon, due to the shape of the land.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Northern Tamil Nadu receives most of its rains from the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast monsoon">northeast monsoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The northeast monsoon takes place from November to early March, when the surface <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_system" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure system">high-pressure system</a> is strongest.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones</a> occur throughout the year in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The annual rainfall of the state is about 945 mm (37.2 in) of which 48 per cent is through the northeast monsoon, and 52 per cent through the southwest monsoon. The state has only 3% of the water resources nationally and is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources. Monsoon failures lead to acute <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Drought_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–17 Drought in Tamil Nadu">severe drought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife of Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of birds of Tamil Nadu">List of birds of Tamil Nadu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_maximus_(Bandipur).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/220px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/330px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/440px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1732" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> populations.</figcaption></figure> Forests occupy an area of 22,643 km2 (8,743 sq mi) constituting 17.4% of the geographic area.<a href="#cite_note-TNAU-124">[124]</a> There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in Tamil Nadu, resulting from its varied climates and geography. <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests" title="South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests">Deciduous forests</a> are found along the Western Ghats while <a href="/wiki/South_Deccan_Plateau_dry_deciduous_forests" title="South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests">tropical dry forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_thorn_scrub_forests" title="Deccan thorn scrub forests">scrub lands</a> are common in the interior.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The southern Western Ghats have rain forests located at high altitudes called the <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Ghats_montane_rain_forests" title="South Western Ghats montane rain forests">South Western Ghats montane rain forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The Western Ghats eco-region is one of the eight hottest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a> in the world and a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> There are about 2,000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu, 5640 species of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> (including 1,559 species of <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">medicinal plants</a>, 533 <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species, 260 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants, 230 <a href="/wiki/Red-listed" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-listed">red-listed</a> species), 64 species of <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> (including four indigenous species and 60 introduced species) and 184 species of <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">pteridophytes</a> apart from <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Common plant species include the state tree: <a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer#Cultural_symbolism" title="Borassus flabellifer">palmyra palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, rubber, <a href="/wiki/Cinchona" title="Cinchona">cinchona</a>, clumping bamboos (<a href="/wiki/Bambusa" title="Bambusa">Bambusa</a> arundinacea), <a href="/wiki/Tectona_grandis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectona grandis">common teak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anogeissus_latifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anogeissus latifolia">Anogeissus latifolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terminalia_tomentosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminalia tomentosa">Indian laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grewia" title="Grewia">grewia</a>, and blooming trees like <a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Indian laburnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardisia" title="Ardisia">ardisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">solanaceae</a>. Rare and unique plant life includes Combretum ovalifolium, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> (Diospyros nilagrica), <a href="/wiki/Habenaria" title="Habenaria">Habenaria</a> rariflora (orchid), <a href="/wiki/Cyathea_sect._Alsophila" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyathea sect. Alsophila">Alsophila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impatiens" title="Impatiens">Impatiens</a> elegans, <a href="/wiki/Ranunculus" title="Ranunculus">Ranunculus</a> reniformis, and <a href="/wiki/Osmunda_regalis" title="Osmunda regalis">royal fern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg/220px-A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg/330px-A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg/440px-A_courting_male_in_Eravikulam_NP_AJTJohnsingh_DSCN2997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a>, an endangered animal found only in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri Mountains</a>, is the state animal.</figcaption></figure> Important ecological regions of Tamil Nadu are the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri Hills">Nilgiri Hills</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Agastya_Mala" title="Agastya Mala">Agastya Mala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Park" title="Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park">Gulf of Mannar</a> coral reefs.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve">Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve</a> covers an area of 10,500 km2 (4,100 sq mi) of ocean, islands and the adjoining coastline including <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a> and mangroves. It is home to <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> aquatic species, including <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holothuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Holothuroidea">sea cucumbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Bird sanctuaries, including <a href="/wiki/Thattekad_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Thattekad Bird Sanctuary">Thattekad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanthangal_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary">Vedanthangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranganathittu_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary">Ranganathittu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumarakom_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary">Kumarakom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neelapattu_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelapattu Sanctuary">Neelapattu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="Pulicat Lake">Pulicat</a>, are home to numerous migratory and local birds.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg/220px-Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg/330px-Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg/440px-Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_National_Park" title="Mudumalai National Park">Mudumalai National Park</a>, the first modern <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuary">wildlife sanctuary</a> in South India</figcaption></figure> Protected areas cover an area of 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi), constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the 22,643 km2 (8,743 sq mi) recorded forest area of the state.<a href="#cite_note-TNAU-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_National_Park" title="Mudumalai National Park">Mudumalai National Park</a> was established in 1940 and was the first modern <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuary">wildlife sanctuary</a> in South India. The protected areas are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forests_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)">Ministry of Environment and Forests</a> of the government of India and the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Forest_Department" title="Tamil Nadu Forest Department">Tamil Nadu Forest Department</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pichavaram" title="Pichavaram">Pichavaram</a> consists of a number of islands interspersing the <a href="/wiki/Vellar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellar River">Vellar</a> estuary in the north and <a href="/wiki/Coleroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleroon">Coleroon</a> estuary in the south with <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forests. The Pichavaram mangrove forests is one of the largest mangrove forests in India covering 45 km2 (17 sq mi) and supports the existence of rare varieties of economically important shells, fishes and migrant birds.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The state has five <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks of India">National Parks</a> covering 307.84 km2 (118.86 sq mi)–<a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi National Park">Anamalai</a>, Mudumalai, <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park" title="Mukurthi National Park">Mukurthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Park" title="Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park">Gulf of Mannar</a>, a marine national park and <a href="/wiki/Guindy_National_Park" title="Guindy National Park">Guindy</a>, an urban national park within Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a> Tamil Nadu has 18 <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India#Wildlife_sanctuaries" title="Protected areas of India">wildlife sanctuaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Tamil Nadu is home to one of the largest populations of endangered <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal tigers">Bengal tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian elephants">Indian elephants</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> There are five declared elephant sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu as per <a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Project Elephant</a>–Agasthyamalai, <a href="/wiki/Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Anamalai Tiger Reserve">Anamalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Elephant_Reserve" title="Coimbatore Elephant Reserve">Coimbatore</a>, Nilgiris and <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur-Megamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve">Srivilliputtur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a> Tamil Nadu participates in <a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Project Tiger</a> and has five declared <a href="/wiki/Tiger_reserves_of_India" title="Tiger reserves of India">tiger reserves</a>–Anamalai, <a href="/wiki/Kalakkad_Mundanthurai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve">Kalakkad-Mundanthurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudumalai Tiger Reserve">Mudumalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sathyamangalam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary">Sathyamangalam</a> and Megamalai.<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-MOEF-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> There are seventeen declared bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pichavaram_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pichavaram_1.jpg/220px-Pichavaram_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pichavaram_1.jpg/330px-Pichavaram_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pichavaram_1.jpg/440px-Pichavaram_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5027" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pichavaram" title="Pichavaram">Pichavaram</a>, one of the few <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forests in India</figcaption></figure> There is one conservation reserve at <a href="/wiki/Tiruvidaimarudur_Conservation_Reserve" title="Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve">Tiruvidaimarudur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur district</a>. There are two <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_in_India#Zoos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas in India">zoos</a> recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Zoo_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Zoo Authority of India">Central Zoo Authority of India</a> namely <a href="/wiki/Arignar_Anna_Zoological_Park" title="Arignar Anna Zoological Park">Arignar Anna Zoological Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras_Crocodile_Bank_Trust" title="Madras Crocodile Bank Trust">Madras Crocodile Bank Trust</a>, both located in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a> The state has other smaller zoos run by local administrative bodies such as <a href="/wiki/VOC_park_and_zoo" title="VOC park and zoo">Coimbatore Zoo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amirthi_Zoological_Park" title="Amirthi Zoological Park">Amirthi Zoological Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a>, Kurumpampatti Wildlife Park in <a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a>, Yercaud Deer Park in <a href="/wiki/Yercaud" title="Yercaud">Yercaud</a>, Mukkombu Deer Park in <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli district">Tiruchirapalli</a> and Ooty Deer Park in <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a> There are five crocodile farms located at <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_Dam#Crocodiles" title="Amaravathi Dam">Amaravati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hogenakkal_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogenakkal (village)">Hogenakkal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri district</a>, Kurumbapatti in <a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Crocodile_Bank_Trust" title="Madras Crocodile Bank Trust">Madras Crocodile Bank Trust</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sathanur_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathanur Reservoir">Sathanur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-135">[135]</a> Threatened and endangered species found in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Grizzled_giant_squirrel" title="Grizzled giant squirrel">grizzled giant squirrel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grey_slender_loris" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey slender loris">grey slender loris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">sloth bear</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_langur" title="Nilgiri langur">Nilgiri langur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaque" title="Lion-tailed macaque">lion-tailed macaque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <caption>Symbols of Tamil Nadu<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Animal </th> <th>Bird </th> <th>Butterfly </th> <th>Tree </th> <th>Fruit </th> <th>Flower </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a> (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a> (Chalcophaps indica) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Tamil Yeoman</a> (Cirrochroa thais) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palmyra palm</a> (Borassus flabellifer) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a> (Artocarpus heterophyllus) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Glory lily</a> (Gloriosa superba) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_politics">Administration and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-right:1em"> <caption>Administrative officials </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Tamil Nadu">Governor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R._N._Ravi" title="R. N. Ravi">R. N. Ravi</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Chief minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalpathi_Rajendran_Shriram" title="Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram">K. R. Shriram</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_bodies_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government bodies in Tamil Nadu">Local government bodies in Tamil Nadu</a></div> Chennai is the capital of the state and houses the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">state executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of India">head of judiciary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The administration of the state government functions through various secretariat departments. There are 43 departments of the state and the departments have further sub-divisions which may govern various undertakings and boards.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The state is divided into 38 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Tamil Nadu">districts</a>, each of which is administered by a <a href="/wiki/District_Collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District Collector">District Collector</a>, who is an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS) appointed to the district by the Government of Tamil Nadu. For revenue administration, the districts are further subdivided into 87 revenue divisions administered by Revenue Divisional Officers (RDO) which comprise 310 <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">taluks</a> administered by <a href="/wiki/Tehsildar" title="Tehsildar">Tahsildars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AS-159">[159]</a> The taluks are divided into 1349 <a href="/wiki/Revenue_block" title="Revenue block">revenue blocks</a> called Firkas which consist of 17,680 revenue villages.<a href="#cite_note-AS-159">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">local administration</a> consists of 15 <a href="/wiki/City_Municipal_Corporations_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="City Municipal Corporations of Tamil Nadu">municipal corporations</a>, 121 <a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu">municipalities</a> and 528 <a href="/wiki/Town_panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Town panchayat">town panchayats</a> in the urban areas, and 385 <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat union">panchayat unions</a> and 12,618 <a href="/wiki/Village_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Panchayat">village panchayats</a>, administered by Village Administrative Officers (VAO).<a href="#cite_note-LG-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-AS-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a>, established in 1688, is the second oldest in the world and Tamil Nadu was the first state to establish town panchayats as a new administrative unit.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-oldestcorp-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-LG-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature">Legislature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_St._George,_Chennai_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/220px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/330px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/440px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a> hosts the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly</a></figcaption></figure> In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Tamil Nadu">governor</a> is a state's <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> head and appoints the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">chief minister</a> who has the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> executive authority.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1861" title="Indian Councils Act 1861">Indian Councils Act 1861</a> established the Madras Presidency legislative council with four to eight members but was a mere advisory body to the governor of the presidency. The strength was increased to twenty in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_of_1892" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Councils Act of 1892">1892</a> and fifty in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">1909</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Council" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Council">Madras legislative council</a> was set-up in 1921 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a> with a term of three years and consisted of 132 Members of which 34 were nominated by the Governor and the rest were elected.<a href="#cite_note-SL-169">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a> with the creation of a new <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Council" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Council">legislative council</a> with 54 to 56 members in July 1937.<a href="#cite_note-SL-169">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1st_Madras_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Madras Assembly">first legislature</a> of Madras state under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> was constituted on 1 March 1952 after the <a href="/wiki/1952_Madras_Legislative_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election">1952 elections</a>. The number of seats post the re-organization in 1956 was 206, which was further increased to 234 in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-SL-169">[169]</a> In 1986, the state moved to a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral legislature</a> with the abolition of the Legislative Council by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) act, 1986.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George (India)">Fort St. George</a> in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The state elects 39 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">members</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> and 18 to the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_building_in_Chennai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_building_in_Chennai.JPG/220px-A_building_in_Chennai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_building_in_Chennai.JPG/330px-A_building_in_Chennai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/A_building_in_Chennai.JPG/440px-A_building_in_Chennai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a>, the highest judicial authority</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a> was established on 26 June 1862 and is the highest judicial authority of the state with control over all the civil and criminal courts in the state.<a href="#cite_note-HC-173">[173]</a> It is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> and has a bench at Madurai since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-HC-173">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Tamil Nadu Police</a>, established as Madras state police in 1859, operates under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home,_Prohibition_and_Excise" title="Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise">Home ministry</a> of the Government of Tamil Nadu and is responsible for maintaining law and order in the state.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, it consists of more than 132,000 police personnel, headed by a <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Director General of Police">Director General of Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Women form 17.6% of the police force and specifically handle <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Violence against women in Tamil Nadu">violence against women</a> through 222 special all-women police stations.<a href="#cite_note-PS-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state has 1854 police stations, the highest in the country, including 47 railway and 243 traffic police stations.<a href="#cite_note-PS-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The traffic police under different district administrations are responsible for the traffic management in the respective regions.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The state is consistently ranked as one of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_safety_of_women" title="Indian states ranking by safety of women">safest for women</a> with a crime rate of 22 per 100,000 in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Elections in Tamil Nadu">Elections in Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics of Tamil Nadu</a></div> Elections in India are conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>, an independent body established in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Politics in Tamil Nadu was dominated by national parties till the 1960s. Regional parties have ruled ever since. The <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)" title="Justice Party (India)">Justice Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a> were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopp-184">[184]</a> During the 1920s and 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a>, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Theagaroya_Chetty" class="mw-redirect" title="Theagaroya Chetty">Theagaroya Chetty</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._V._Ramaswamy" class="mw-redirect" title="E. V. Ramaswamy">E. V. Ramaswamy</a> (commonly known as Periyar), emerged in the Madras Presidency and led to the formation of the Justice party.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The Justice Party eventually lost the <a href="/wiki/1937_Madras_Presidency_legislative_assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1937 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election">1937 elections</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a> became the chief minister of the Madras Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopp-184">[184]</a> In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice party into a social organisation, renaming the party <a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a>, and withdrew from electoral politics.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> After independence, the Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in the 1950s and 1960s under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a>, who led the party after the death of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and ensured the selection of Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CM-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a>, a follower of Periyar, formed the <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK) in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu</a> led to the rise of Dravidian parties that formed Tamil Nadu's first government, in <a href="/wiki/1967_Madras_State_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election">1967</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (AIADMK) led by <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_parties" title="Dravidian parties">Dravidian parties</a> continue to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics with the national parties usually aligning as junior partners to the major Dravidian parties, AIADMK and DMK.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a> became the leader of the DMK after Annadurai and <a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a> succeeded as the leader of AIADMK after M. G. Ramachandran.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-CM-187">[187]</a> Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa dominated the state politics from the 1980s to early 2010s, serving as chief ministers combined for over 32 years.<a href="#cite_note-CM-187">[187]</a> C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor General of India post independence, was from Tamil Nadu. The state has produced three Indian presidents, namely, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> and <a href="/wiki/APJ_Abdul_Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="APJ Abdul Kalam">APJ Abdul Kalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,252,630</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,902,616</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,628,518</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,472,099</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">26,267,507</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,119,047</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">33,686,953</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,199,168</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">48,408,077</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">55,858,946</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">62,405,679</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">72,147,030</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:Census of India<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Demographics of Tamil Nadu">Demographics of Tamil Nadu</a></div> As per the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, Tamil Nadu had a population of 72.1 million and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">seventh most populous state</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-pop-1">[1]</a> The population is projected to be 76.8 million in 2023 and to grow to 78 million by 2036.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized states in the country with more than 48.4 per cent of the population living in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-DG-90">[90]</a> As per the 2011 census, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> was 996 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 943.<a href="#cite_note-SR-199">[199]</a> The sex ratio at birth was recorded as 954 during the fourth <a href="/wiki/National_Family_Health_Survey" title="National Family Health Survey">National Family Health Survey</a> (NFHS) in 2015–16 which reduced further to 878 in the fifth NFHS in 2019–21, ranking <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">third worst</a> amongst states.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> As per the 2011 census, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a> was 80.1%, higher than the national average of 73%.<a href="#cite_note-LR-201">[201]</a> The literacy rate was estimated to be 82.9% as per the 2017 <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Commission" title="National Statistical Commission">National Statistical Commission</a> (NSC) survey.<a href="#cite_note-NSC-202">[202]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were about 23.17 million households with 7.42 million children under the age of six.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> A total of 14.4 million (20%) belonged to <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes">Scheduled Castes</a> (SC) and 0.8 million (1.1%) to <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled tribes">Scheduled tribes</a> (ST).<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state had the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian states ranking by fertility rate">lowest</a> <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> in India with 1.6 children born for each woman, lower than required for sustaining the population.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) for Tamil Nadu was 0.686, higher than that of India (0.633) but <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">ranked</a> medium.<a href="#cite_note-HDI-206">[206]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth was 74 years, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">highest</a> amongst Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-LE-207">[207]</a> As of 2023, 2.2% of the people live below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a> as per the <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a>, one of the lowest rates amongst Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-PL-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population">List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population</a></div> The capital of Chennai is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of urban agglomerations in Tamil Nadu">most populous</a> urban agglomeration in the state with more than 8.6 million residents, followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-UA-209">[209]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Tamil Nadu <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">(2011)<a href="#cite_note-UA-209">[209]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu"> Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_skyline.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chennai"><img alt="Chennai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chennai_skyline.JPG/120px-Chennai_skyline.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chennai_skyline.JPG/180px-Chennai_skyline.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chennai_skyline.JPG/240px-Chennai_skyline.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="2352" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coimbatore_junction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coimbatore"><img alt="Coimbatore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coimbatore_junction.jpg/120px-Coimbatore_junction.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coimbatore_junction.jpg/180px-Coimbatore_junction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Coimbatore_junction.jpg/240px-Coimbatore_junction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,696,010 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madurai"><img alt="Madurai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Madurai%2C_India.jpg/120px-Madurai%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Madurai%2C_India.jpg/180px-Madurai%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Madurai%2C_India.jpg/240px-Madurai%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="1598" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rock_Fort_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiruchirappalli"><img alt="Tiruchirappalli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rock_Fort_Temple.jpg/120px-Rock_Fort_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rock_Fort_Temple.jpg/180px-Rock_Fort_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rock_Fort_Temple.jpg/240px-Rock_Fort_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,151,466 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,462,420 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,021,717 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_district" title="Tiruppur district">Tiruppur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">962,982 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">919,150 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erode" title="Erode">Erode</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erode_district" title="Erode district">Erode</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">521,776 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">504,079 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">498,984 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Thoothukudi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">410,760 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_ethnicity">Religion and ethnicity</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Religion in Tamil Nadu (2011)<a href="#cite_note-census2011-210">[210]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">City </th> <th scope="col">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15em;"></div>87.6</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1em;"></div>6.1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1em;"></div>5.86</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>0.1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Others/Not stated </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div>0.3</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Religion in Tamil Nadu">Religion in Tamil Nadu</a></div> The state is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> According to the 2011 census, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Hinduism</a> is followed by 87.6% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Christians</a> form the largest <a href="/wiki/Religious_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minority">religious minority</a> in the state with 6.1% of the population; <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Muslims</a> form 5.9% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-RL-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a> form a majority of the population with minorities including <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marwaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwaris">Marwaris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odias</a>,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kannadigas" title="Kannadigas">Kannadigas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalees" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalees">Malayalees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The state also has a significant <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state had 3.49 million immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:turquoise;margin:auto;position:relative;width:150px;height:150px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:75px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:75px;line-height:0;left:75px; top:75px; border-width:75px 0 0 960.68212805285px; border-left-color:violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 150px 75px 0;border-color:violet"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 75px 150px 0;border-color:violet"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:75px;line-height:0;left:75px; top:75px; border-width:75px 0 0 526.97746717811px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 150px 75px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 75px 150px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:75px;line-height:0;left:75px; top:75px; border-width:75px 0 0 292.10571411974px; border-left-color:deeppink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 150px 75px 0;border-color:deeppink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 75px 150px 0;border-color:deeppink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:75px;line-height:0;left:75px; top:75px; border-width:75px 0 0 197.35587962702px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 150px 75px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 75px 150px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:75px;line-height:0;left:75px; top:75px; border-width:75px 0 0 83.471558478301px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 150px 75px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 75px 150px 0;border-color:orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Distribution of languages in Tamil Nadu (2011)<a href="#cite_note-LRT-228">[228]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (88.35%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> (5.87%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> (1.78%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (1.75%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (1.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (1.24%)</div> </div> </div></div> Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu, while <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> serves as the additional official language.<a href="#cite_note-Lang-3">[3]</a> Tamil is one of the oldest languages and was the first to be recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Classical_language_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical language of India">classical language of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> As per the 2011 census, Tamil is spoken as the first language by 88.4% of the state's population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> (5.87%), <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> (1.78%), <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (1.75%), <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (1.01%) and other languages (1.24%)<a href="#cite_note-LRT-228">[228]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of Tamil are spoken across regions such as <a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a> in northern Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Western Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Tamil" title="Madurai Tamil">Madurai Tamil</a> around Madurai and <a href="/wiki/Nellai_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellai Tamil">Nellai Tamil</a> in South-eastern Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> and preserves many features of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Dravidian">Proto-Dravidian</a>, though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and English.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Language">Japanese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FP-236">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish</a> are spoken by foreign expatriates in the state.<a href="#cite_note-FP-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu">LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> rights in Tamil Nadu are among the most progressive in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> In 2008, Tamil Nadu set up the Transgender welfare board and was the first to introduce a transgender welfare policy, wherein transgender people can avail free <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a> in government hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Rainbow_Pride" title="Chennai Rainbow Pride">Chennai Rainbow Pride</a> has been held in Chennai annually since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In 2021, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to ban conversion therapy and <a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">forced sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants</a>, following the directions of the Madras High Court.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In 2019, the Madras High Court ruled that the term "bride" under the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act,_1955" title="Hindu Marriage Act, 1955">Hindu Marriage Act, 1955</a> includes trans-women, thereby legalizing marriage between a man and a transgender woman.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_heritage">Culture and heritage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Tamil culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanchipuram_sarees_(7642282200).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/220px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/330px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg/440px-Kanchipuram_sarees_%287642282200%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari" title="Kanchipuram silk sari">Kanchipuram silk saris</a> worn by women on special occasions</figcaption></figure> Tamil women traditionally wear a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 to 9 yards (4.6 to 8.2 m) in length and 2 to 4 feet (0.61 to 1.22 m) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Ancient Tamil poetry such as the Cilappadhikaram, describes women in exquisite drapery or sari.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Women wear colourful <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silk_sari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silk sari (page does not exist)">silk saris</a> on special occasions such as marriages.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The men wear a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a>, a 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> A colourful <a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">lungi</a> with typical <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Cloth-252">[252]</a> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Cloth-252">[252]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_silk_sari" title="Kanchipuram silk sari">Kanchipuram silk sari</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> made in the <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> region in Tamil Nadu and these saris are worn as bridal and special occasion saris by most women in South India. It has been recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a> by the Government of India in 2005–2006.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-GI-254">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kovai_Cora_Cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovai Cora Cotton">Kovai Cora</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> sari made in the Coimbatore.<a href="#cite_note-GI-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/220px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/330px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg/440px-South_Indian_food_cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>A traditional meal served on a banana leaf</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the diet staple and is served with <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)">sambar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasam_(dish)" title="Rasam (dish)">rasam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poriyal" title="Poriyal">poriyal</a> as a part of a Tamil meal.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a> and spices are used extensively in Tamil cuisine. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes made of rice, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a> with its distinct aroma and flavour achieved by the blending of <a href="/wiki/Flavouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavouring">flavourings</a> and spices.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a <a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">banana leaf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food into the mouth.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> After the meal, the fingers are washed; the easily degradable banana leaf is discarded or becomes fodder for cattle.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old, imparts a unique flavor to the food, and is considered healthy.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">Idli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">dosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthappam" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthappam">uthappam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">pongal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paniyaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Paniyaram">paniyaram</a> are popular breakfast dishes in Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palani_Panchamirtham" title="Palani Panchamirtham">Palani Panchamirtham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ooty_varkey" title="Ooty varkey">Ooty varkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chikki" title="Chikki">Kovilpatti Kadalai Mittai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manapparai_Murukku" title="Manapparai Murukku">Manapparai Murukku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khoa" title="Khoa">Srivilliputhur Palkova</a> are unique foods that have been recognised as <a href="/wiki/List_of_geographical_indications_in_India" title="List of geographical indications in India">Geographical Indications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg/170px-The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg/255px-The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg/340px-The_Hindu_Sage_Agastya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Sage <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></figcaption></figure> Tamil Nadu has an independent <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">literary</a> tradition dating back over 2500 years from the Sangam era.<a href="#cite_note-Zvelebil-6">[6]</a> Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Tamil Sangams</a>, the earliest of which, according to legend, were held on a now vanished <a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">continent</a> far to the south of India.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> This includes the oldest grammatical treatise, <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkappiyam</a>, and the epics Cilappatikaram and <a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> records found on rock edicts and <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stones</a> date from around the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The available literature from the Sangam period was categorised and compiled into two categories based roughly on chronology: the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Ettuthokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ettuthokai">Eṭṭuttokai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pattupattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattupattu">Pattupattu</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku</a>. The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the 13th-century grammar book Naṉṉūl based on the Tolkāppiyam. Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu, sol, poruḷ, yāppu, aṇi.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkural">Tirukkural</a>, a book on ethics by <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a>, is amongst the most popular works of Tamil literature.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> In the early medieval period, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saiva" title="Saiva">Shaiva</a> literature became prominent following the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> in the sixth century CE with hymns composed by the <a href="/wiki/Alwars" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwars">Alvars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nayanmars" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayanmars">Nayanars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In the following years, Tamil literature again flourished with notable works including <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a>, written in the 12th century CE by <a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> After a lull in the intermediate years due to various invasions and instability, the Tamil literature recovered in the 14th century CE, with the notable work being <a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arunagirinathar" title="Arunagirinathar">Arunagirinathar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named Thambiraan Vanakkam, thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Lexicon">Tamil Lexicon</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>, is the first among the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a> published in any Indian language.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> The 19th century gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Renaissance" title="Tamil Renaissance">Tamil Renaissance</a> and writings and poems by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Sundaram_Pillai" title="Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai">Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.V.Swaminatha_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="U.V.Swaminatha Iyer">U.V. Swaminatha Iyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramalinga_Adigal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramalinga Adigal">Ramalinga Swamigal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maraimalai_Adigal" title="Maraimalai Adigal">Maraimalai Adigal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">Indian Independence Movement</a>, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts, notably <a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a> and Bharathidasan.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Architecture of Tamil Nadu">Architecture of Tamil Nadu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andal_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/220px-Andal_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/330px-Andal_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Andal_Temple.jpg/440px-Andal_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption>The large <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a> is a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a> is the distinct style of rock architecture in Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu-284">[284]</a> In Dravidian architecture, the temples consisted of porches or mantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum, gate-pyramids or <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopurams</a> in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple, and pillared halls used for many purposes. These features are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a <a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">tank</a> called the kalyani or pushkarni.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> The gopuram is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koil">koils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temples</a> of the Dravidian style.<a href="#cite_note-Gopuram-286">[286]</a> They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a> and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> The gopuram's origins can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_art_and_architecture" title="Pallava art and architecture">Pallavas</a> who built the group of monuments in <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNC-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chola_art_and_architecture" title="Chola art and architecture">Cholas</a> later expanded the same and by the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_art_and_architecture" title="Pandyan art and architecture">Pandya</a> rule in twelfth century, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-289">[289]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Emblem of Tamil Nadu">state emblem</a> also features the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a> with an image of a Gopuram on the background.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">Vimanam</a> are similar structures built over the <a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">garbhagriha</a> or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions including the <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadisvara Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mugal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugal Empire">Mugal</a> influence in medieval times and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> influence later gave rise to a blend of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> styles, resulting in the distinct <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> architecture. Several buildings and institutions built during the British era followed the style.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> By the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> made its entry in the urban landscape.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> After Indian Independence, Tamil architecture witnessed a rise in <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> with the transition from lime-and-brick construction to <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> columns.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">Dance forms of Tamil Nadu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/150px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/225px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg/300px-Bharata_Natyam_Performance_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharatanatyam</a> is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is one of the oldest dances of India.</figcaption></figure> Tamil Nadu is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Chennai is called the cultural capital of South India.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> In the Sangam era, art forms were classified into: iyal (poetry), isai (music) and nadakam (drama).<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharatanatyam</a> is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is one of the oldest dances of India.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> Other regional folk dances include <a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavadi">Kavadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parai_Attam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parai Attam">Paraiattam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Puravaiattam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> The dance, clothing, and sculptures of Tamil Nadu exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a> is an ancient folk art, where artists tell stories from the epics accompanied by dance and music.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> The ancient Tamil country had its own <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">system of music</a> called Tamil Pannisai described by Sangam literature such as the Silappatikaram.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallava</a> inscription dated to the 7th century CE has one of the earliest surviving examples of Indian music in notation.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> There are many traditional instruments from the region dating back to the Sangam period such as <a href="/wiki/Parai" title="Parai">parai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharai" title="Tharai">tharai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazh" title="Yazh">yazh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murasu" title="Murasu">murasu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nadaswaram" title="Nadaswaram">Nadaswaram</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed instrument">reed instrument</a> that is often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Thavil" title="Thavil">thavil</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Drum_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum instrument">drum instrument</a>, are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melam" title="Melam">Melam</a> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Madhalam" title="Madhalam">Maddalams</a> and other similar percussion instruments from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events.<a href="#cite_note-AA-315">[315]</a> The traditional music of Tamil Nadu is known as <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a>, which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Muthuswami_Dikshitar" title="Muthuswami Dikshitar">Muthuswami Dikshitar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaana" title="Gaana">Gaana</a>, a combination of various folk musics, is sung mainly in the working-class area of North Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg/220px-Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg/330px-Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg/440px-Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Government Museum</a> in Chennai, the second oldest museum in India</figcaption></figure> The state is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions which engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Established in the early 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Government Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Gallery,_Chennai" title="National Art Gallery, Chennai">National Art Gallery</a> are amongst the oldest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> The museum is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>, and has in its possession the first <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Flag of India</a> hoisted at <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St George</a> after the declaration of India's Independence on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">15 August 1947</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood" and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> The term Kollywood is a blend of <a href="/wiki/Kodambakkam" title="Kodambakkam">Kodambakkam</a> and Hollywood.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first talkie was a multilingual film, <a href="/wiki/Kalidas_(film)" title="Kalidas (film)">Kalidas</a>, which was released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture <a href="/wiki/Alam_Ara" title="Alam Ara">Alam Ara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samikannu_Vincent" title="Samikannu Vincent">Samikannu Vincent</a>, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/220px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/330px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg/440px-Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a>, a traditional bull taming event held during <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a> festivities, attracts huge crowds</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a> is a major and multi-day <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2008p610-330">[330]</a> It is observed in the month of Thai according to the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil solar calendar</a> and usually falls on 14 or 15 January.<a href="#cite_note-Beteille73-331">[331]</a> It is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, the Sun God and the festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a> offered to Surya.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a> is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival,_South_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/220px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/330px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg/440px-2019_kolam_decoration_for_Pongal_festival%2C_South_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2982" /></a><figcaption>Tamils decorate their homes with colorful geometric designs called <a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a> made from rice powder<a href="#cite_note-mercer22-337">[337]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a> is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil calendar</a>. The festival date is set with the solar cycle of the solar <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, as the first day of the Tamil month Chithirai and falls on or about 14 April every year on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthikai Deepam</a> is a festival of lights that is observed on the <a href="/wiki/Amavasya" title="Amavasya">full moon day</a> of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rtika_(month)" title="Kārtika (month)">Kartika</a> month, called the <a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartika Pournami</a>, falling on the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> months of November or December.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a> is a Tamil festival celebrated on the first full moon day of the Tamil month of Thai coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Pushya" title="Pushya">Pusam</a> star and dedicated to lord <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kavadi_Aattam" title="Kavadi Aattam">Kavadi Aattam</a> is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering practiced by devotees which is a central part of Thaipusam and emphasizes debt bondage.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aadi_Perukku" title="Aadi Perukku">Aadi Perukku</a> is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Adi</a> which pays tribute to <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>'s life-sustaining properties. The worship of <a href="/wiki/Mariamman" title="Mariamman">Amman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayyanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyanar">Ayyanar</a> deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.<a href="#cite_note-AA-315">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a> is marked on the <a href="/wiki/Purnima" title="Purnima">purnima</a> (full moon) of the month of <a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Panguni</a> and celebrates the wedding of various Hindu gods.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja_Aradhana" title="Tyagaraja Aradhana">Tyagaraja Aradhana</a> is an annual music festival devoted to composer <a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tiruvaiyaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvaiyaru">Tiruvaiyaru</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur district</a>, thousands of music artists congregate every year.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennaiyil_Thiruvaiyaru" title="Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru">Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru</a> is a music festival which has been conducted from 18 to 25 December every year in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Sangamam" title="Chennai Sangamam">Chennai Sangamam</a> is a large annual open <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> cultural festival held in Chennai with the intention of rejuvenating the old village festivals, art and artists.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Music_Season" title="Madras Music Season">Madras Music Season</a>, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Madras_Music_Academy" title="Madras Music Academy">Madras Music Academy</a> in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> by artists from the city.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Economy of Tamil Nadu</a></div> The economy of the state consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to <a href="/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reforms in India">reform-oriented</a> economic policies in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> As of November 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, Tamil Nadu's <a href="/wiki/Gross_state_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross state product">GSDP</a> was <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>23.65 trillion (US$280 billion), <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">second</a> highest amongst Indian states, which had grown significantly from <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>2.19 trillion (US$26 billion) in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-GSDP-4">[4]</a> The per-capita <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">NDSP</a> is <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>275,583 (US$3,300).<a href="#cite_note-NSDP-5">[5]</a> Tamil Nadu is the most urbanized state in India.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> Though the state had the lowest percentage of people under the poverty line, rural unemployment rate is considerably higher at 47 per thousand compared to the national average of 28.<a href="#cite_note-PL-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state had the most number of factories at 38,837 units with an engaged work-force of 2.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> The state has a diversified industrial base anchored by different sectors including <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Software services">software services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_hardware" title="Electronic hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, services contributed to 55% of the GSDP followed by manufacturing at 32% and agriculture at 13%.<a href="#cite_note-TNB-355">[355]</a> There are 42 <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zones</a> (SEZ) in the state.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> As per a report by Government of India, Tamil Nadu is the most export competitive state of India in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tid.jpg/220px-Tid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Tid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tidel_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidel Park">Tidel Park</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">IT</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">SEZ</a> in the state</figcaption></figure> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state is amongst the major <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a> (IT) exporters of India with a value of ₹576.87 billion (US$6.9 billion).<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> Established in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Tidel_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidel Park">Tidel Park</a> in Chennai was amongst the first and largest IT parks in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">SEZs</a> and government policies have contributed to the growth of the sector which has attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> In the 2020s, Chennai has become a major provider of <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">SaaS</a> and has been dubbed the "SaaS Capital of India".<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> The state has two <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchanges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Stock_Exchange" title="Coimbatore Stock Exchange">Coimbatore Stock Exchange</a>, established in 2013, and <a href="/wiki/Madras_Stock_Exchange" title="Madras Stock Exchange">Madras Stock Exchange</a>, established in 2015 and India's third-largest by trading volume.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Madras_Bank_(1683)" title="The Madras Bank (1683)">Madras Bank</a>, the first European-style banking system in India, was established on 21 June 1683, followed by the first commercial banks such as Bank of Hindustan (1770) and General Bank of India (1786).<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Madras" title="Bank of Madras">Bank of Madras</a> merged with two other presidency banks to form the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Bank_of_India" title="Imperial Bank of India">Imperial Bank of India</a> in 1921 which in 1955 became the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">State Bank of India</a>, the largest bank in India.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> More than 400 financial industry businesses including three <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">banks</a> are headquartered in the state.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> The state hosts the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India,_South_Zonal_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Bank of India, South Zonal Office">south zonal office</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and staff college at Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_office,_Chennai" title="World Bank office, Chennai">permanent back office</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in the state.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test_2.JPG/220px-Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test_2.JPG/330px-Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test_2.JPG/440px-Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arjun_(tank)" title="Arjun (tank)">Arjun</a> battle tank manufactured at <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Vehicles_Nigam_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited">AVANI</a> in Chennai</figcaption></figure> Manufacturing in various sectors is governed by the state owned industrial corporation <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Industrial_Development_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation">Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation</a> (TIDCO) apart from central government owned companies. Electronics hardware is a major manufacturing industry with an output of $5.37 billion in 2023, largest amongst Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> A large number of automotive companies have their manufacturing bases in the state with the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Chennai" title="Automotive industry in Chennai">automotive industry in Chennai</a> accounting for more than 35% of India's overall automotive components and automobile output, earning the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Detroit_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit of India">Detroit of India</a>".<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory" title="Integral Coach Factory">Integral Coach Factory</a> in Chennai manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> Another major industry is textiles with the state being home to more than half of the operating fiber textile mills in India.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> Coimbatore is often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> due to its cotton production and textile industries.<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, Tiruppur exported garments worth US$480 billion, contributing to nearly 54% of the all the textile exports from India and the city is known as the knitwear capital due to its cotton knitwear export.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17% of the total invested capital in all the industries.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, 40% of leather goods exported from India worth ₹92.52 billion (US$1.1 billion) are being manufactured in the state.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> The state supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of <a href="/wiki/Wet_grinder" title="Wet grinder">wet grinders</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Wet_Grinder" title="Coimbatore Wet Grinder">Coimbatore Wet Grinder</a>", a recognized <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> There are two ordnance factories in Aruvankadu and <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Tiruchirappalli" title="Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Vehicles_Nigam_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited">AVANI</a>, headquartered in Chennai, manufactures <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a>, tank engines and armored clothing for the use of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a>, the Indian space agency, operates a propulsion facility at <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">Mahendragiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Paddy_Fields_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rice_Paddy_Fields_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/220px-Rice_Paddy_Fields_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rice_Paddy_Fields_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/330px-Rice_Paddy_Fields_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rice_Paddy_Fields_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/440px-Rice_Paddy_Fields_in_Tamil_Nadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the staple food grain with the state being one of the largest producers in India</figcaption></figure> Agriculture contributes 13% to the GSDP and is a major employment generator in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-TNB-355">[355]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state had 6.34 million hectares under cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-Agri-394">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the staple food grain with the state being one of the largest producers in India with an output of 7.9 million tonnes in 2021–22.<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> The Kaveri delta region is known as the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a> Among non-food grains, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> is the major crop with an annual output of 16.1 million tonnes in 2021–22.<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a> The state is a producer of <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> and is the top producer of <a href="/wiki/Oil_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil seed">oil seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a> The state accounts for 6.5% of fruit and 4.2% of vegetables production in the country.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a> The state is a leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> with more than 78% of the area under fruit cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state was the second largest producer in India of <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">natural rubber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> is a popular crop in hill-stations with the state being a major producer of a unique flavored <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tea" title="Nilgiri tea">Nilgiri tea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state is the largest producer in India of <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">eggs</a> with an annual production of 20.8 billion units, contributing to more than 16% of the national output.<a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a> The state has a fishermen population of 1.05 million and the coast consists of 3 major fishing harbors, 3 medium fishing harbors and 363 fish landing centres.<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the fishing output was 0.8 million tonnes with a contribution of 5% to the total fish production in India.<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a> Aquaculture includes <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_weed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea weed">sea weed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> farming across more than 6000 hectares.<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a>, known as the "father of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a>" was from Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG/220px-Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG/330px-Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG/440px-Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> river is one of the major water sources in the state</figcaption></figure> Tamil Nadu accounts for nearly 4% of the land area and 6% of the population of India, but has only 3% of the water resources of the country. The per capita water availability is 800 m3 (28,000 cu ft) which is lower than the national average of 2,300 m3 (81,000 cu ft).<a href="#cite_note-WR-411">[411]</a> The state is dependent on the monsoons for replenishing the water resources. There are 17 major river basins with 61 reservoirs and about 41,948 tanks with a total surface water potential of 24,864 million cubic metres (MCM), 90% of which is used for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. The utilizable groundwater recharge is 22,423 MCM.<a href="#cite_note-WR-411">[411]</a> The major rivers include <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavani_River" title="Bhavani River">Bhavani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaigai_River" title="Vaigai River">Vaigai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thamirabarani_River" title="Thamirabarani River">Thamirabarani</a>. With most of the rivers originating from other states, Tamil Nadu depends on neighboring states for considerable quantum of water which has often led to <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River_water_dispute" title="Kaveri River water dispute">disputes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> The state has 116 <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Tamil Nadu">large dams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> Apart from the rivers, the majority of the water comes from rainwater stored in more than 41,000 <a href="/wiki/Tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanks">tanks</a> and 1.68 million <a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">wells</a> across the state.<a href="#cite_note-Agri-394">[394]</a> Water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the respective local administrative bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_MetroWater_Supply_and_Sewage_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board">Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board</a> in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a> <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a> plants including the country's largest at <a href="/wiki/Minjur" title="Minjur">Minjur</a> provide alternative means of drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> As per the 2011 census, only 83.4% of the households have access to safe drinking water, less than the national average of 85.5%.<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a> Water sources are also threatened by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental pollution">environmental pollution</a> and effluent discharge from industries.<a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_sanitation">Health and sanitation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GH_Chennai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GH_Chennai.JPG/220px-GH_Chennai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GH_Chennai.JPG/330px-GH_Chennai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GH_Chennai.JPG/440px-GH_Chennai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3483" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Government_General_Hospital,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Government General Hospital, Chennai">General Hospital</a> in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India</figcaption></figure> The state is one of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_prevalence_of_open_defecation" title="Indian states ranking by prevalence of open defecation">leading states</a> in terms of sanitation facilities with more than 99.96% of people having access to toilets.<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> The state has robust health facilities and ranks higher in all health related parameters such as high life expectancy of 74 years (sixth) and 98.4% <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_institutional_delivery" title="Indian states ranking by institutional delivery">institutional delivery</a> (second).<a href="#cite_note-LE-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a> Of the three demographically related targets of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> set by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and expected to be achieved by 2015, Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.<a href="#cite_note-IMR-421">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a> The health infrastructure in the state includes both government-run and private hospitals. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state had 404 public hospitals, 1,776 public dispensaries, 11,030 health centres and 481 mobile units run by the government with a capacity of more than 94,700 beds.<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_General_Hospital,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Government General Hospital, Chennai">General Hospital</a> in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India.<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a> The state government administers free <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a> for eligible age groups.<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> Tamil Nadu is a major centre for medical tourism and Chennai is termed as "India's health capital".<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">Medical tourism</a> forms an important part of the economy with more than 40% of total medical tourists visiting India making it to Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> Tamil Nadu is one of four Indian states connected by <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">undersea fibre-optic cables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, four mobile phone service companies operate <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> networks including <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="BSNL">BSNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Idea" title="Vodafone Idea">Vodafone Idea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Jio" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Jio">Reliance Jio</a> offering <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> and <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> mobile services.<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-TRAI-433">[433]</a> Wireline and broadband services are offered by five major operators and other smaller local operators.<a href="#cite_note-TRAI-433">[433]</a> Tamil Nadu is amongst the states with a high internet usage and penetration.<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> In 2018, the state government unveiled a plan to lay 55,000 km (34,000 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> across the state to provide high-speed internet.<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_and_energy">Power and energy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg/220px-Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg/330px-Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg/440px-Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant">Kudankulam</a>, the largest nuclear power station in India</figcaption></figure> Electricity distribution in the state is done by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Electricity_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Electricity Board">Tamil Nadu Electricity Board</a> headquartered at Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the average daily consumption is 15,000 MW. Only 40% of the power is generated locally, with the remaining 60% met through purchases.<a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state was the fourth largest power consumer with a per capita availability of 1588.7 Kwh.<a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state has the <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_installed_power_capacity" title="States of India by installed power capacity">third highest</a> installed power capacity of 38,248 MW with 54.6% from renewable resources.<a href="#cite_note-PW-440">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power">Thermal power</a> is the largest contributor with more than 10,000 MW.<a href="#cite_note-PW-440">[440]</a> Tamil Nadu is the only state with two operational <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>. The plant at <a href="/wiki/Madras_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Madras Atomic Power Station">Kalpakkam</a> is the first fully indigenous nuclear power station in India. The <a href="/wiki/Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant">Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant</a> is the largest nuclear power station in India. It generates nearly one-third of the total nuclear power generated in the country.<a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a> Tamil Nadu has the largest established wind power capacity in India with over 8,000 MW, mostly based out of two regions, <a href="/wiki/Palghat_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Palghat Gap">Palghat Gap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muppandal_Wind_Farm" title="Muppandal Wind Farm">Muppandal</a>. The latter is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations#Wind" title="List of largest power stations">largest</a> operational onshore wind farms in the world.<a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SUN_network_office.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SUN_network_office.JPG/220px-SUN_network_office.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SUN_network_office.JPG/330px-SUN_network_office.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SUN_network_office.JPG/440px-SUN_network_office.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Network">Sun Network</a>, India's largest private TV broadcaster</figcaption></figure> Newspaper publishing started in the state started with the launch of the weekly <a href="/wiki/The_Madras_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="The Madras Courier">The Madras Courier</a> in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a> It was followed by the weeklies <a href="/wiki/Madras_Gazette" title="Madras Gazette">Madras Gazette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Gazette">Government Gazette</a> in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(Indian_newspaper)" title="The Spectator (Indian newspaper)">The Spectator</a>, founded in 1836 was the first English newspaper to be owned by an Indian and became the first daily newspaper in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> The first Tamil newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Swadesamitran" title="Swadesamitran">Swadesamitran</a> was launched in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a> The state has a number of newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Tamil, English and Telugu.<a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a> The major dailies with more than 100,000 circulation per day include <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dina_Thanthi" title="Dina Thanthi">Dina Thanthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinakaran" title="Dinakaran">Dinakaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dina_Malar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dina Malar">Dina Malar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Deccan_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Deccan Chronicle">The Deccan Chronicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a> Several periodicals and local newspapers prevalent in select localities also bring out editions from multiple cities.<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a> Government-run <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> broadcasts terrestrial and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> channels from its Chennai centre set up in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/DD_Podhigai" class="mw-redirect" title="DD Podhigai">DD Podhigai</a>, Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> There are more than 30 private satellite television networks including <a href="/wiki/Sun_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Network">Sun Network</a>, one of India's largest broadcasting companies is the state, established in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a> The cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government while <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">DTH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">IPTV</a> is available via various private operators.<a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a> began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a> <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> was established in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> radio stations operated by <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hello_FM" title="Hello FM">Hello FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suryan_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryan FM">Suryan FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_(Indian_radio_station)" title="Radio City (Indian radio station)">Radio City</a> and <a href="/wiki/BIG_FM_92.7" class="mw-redirect" title="BIG FM 92.7">BIG FM</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a> In 2006, the government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to all families, which has led to high penetration of television services.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a> From the early 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Direct_to_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct to Home">Direct to Home</a> has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.<a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil-language_television_channels" title="List of Tamil-language television channels">Tamil television</a> serials form a major prime time source of entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> Fire services are handled by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Fire_and_Rescue_Services" title="Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services">Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services</a> which operates 356 operating fire stations.<a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a> Postal service is handled by <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a>, which operates more than 11,800 post offices in the state.<a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> The first post office was established at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highway_Network_of_Tamil_Nadu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Highway_Network_of_Tamil_Nadu.png/220px-Highway_Network_of_Tamil_Nadu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Highway_Network_of_Tamil_Nadu.png/330px-Highway_Network_of_Tamil_Nadu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Highway_Network_of_Tamil_Nadu.png/440px-Highway_Network_of_Tamil_Nadu.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Map indicating Highways network of Tamil Nadu</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_network_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Road network in Tamil Nadu">Road network in Tamil Nadu</a></div> Tamil Nadu has an extensive road network covering about 271,000 km as of 2023 with a road density of 2,084.71 kilometres (1,295.38 mi) per 1000 km2 which is higher than the national average of 1,926.02 kilometres (1,196.77 mi) per 1000 km2.<a href="#cite_note-Policy-472">[472]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">Highways Department</a> (HD) of the state was established in April 1946 and is responsible for construction and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Highways_in_India#Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Highways in India">national highways</a>, state highways, major district roads and other roads in the state.<a href="#cite_note-TNGov-473">[473]</a> It operates through eleven wings with 120 divisions and maintains 73,187 kilometres (45,476 mi) of highways in the state.<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-HW-475">[475]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"> <caption>Road length in TN<a href="#cite_note-HW-475">[475]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>NH </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">SH </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">MDR </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">ODR </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">OR </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Length (km) </td> <td>6,805 </td> <td>12,291 </td> <td>12,034 </td> <td>42,057 </td> <td>197,542 </td> <td>271,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathipara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kathipara.jpg/220px-Kathipara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kathipara.jpg/330px-Kathipara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kathipara.jpg/440px-Kathipara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kathipara_Junction" title="Kathipara Junction">Kathipara flyover</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf interchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></figcaption></figure> There are 48 National Highways in Tamil Nadu, totaling 6,805 kilometres (4,228 mi) in length. The National Highways Wing of the state highways department, established in 1971, is responsible for the maintenance of National Highways, as laid down by <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_Authority_of_India" title="National Highways Authority of India">National Highways Authority of India</a> (NHAI).<a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a> There are also <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of state highways in Tamil Nadu">state highways</a>, totalling 6,805 kilometres (4,228 mi) long, which connect <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">district</a> headquarters, important towns and national highways in the state.<a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-HW-475">[475]</a> As of 2020, 32,598 buses are operated with the state transport units operating 20,946 buses along with 7,596 private buses and 4,056 mini buses.<a href="#cite_note-TNSTC-479">[479]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Transport_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation">Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation</a> (TNSTC), established in 1947 when private buses operating in <a href="/wiki/Madras_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras presidency">Madras presidency</a> were nationalized, is the primary <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> bus operator in the state.<a href="#cite_note-TNSTC-479">[479]</a> It operates buses along intra and inter state bus routes, as well as city routes with eight divisions including the <a href="/wiki/State_Express_Transport_Corporation_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)">State Express Transport Corporation Limited</a> (SETC) which runs long-distance express services. Metropolitan Transport Corporation in Chennai and State Express Transport Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-TNSTC-479">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a> As of 2020, Tamil Nadu had 32.1 million registered vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-RV-481">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg/220px-Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg/330px-Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg/440px-Chennai_Central_Station_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Central">Chennai Central</a>, one of the major railway stations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/220px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/330px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/440px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a> is the only metro operational in the state</figcaption></figure> The rail network in Tamil Nadu forms a part of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>, which is headquartered in Chennai with four divisions in the state namely <a href="/wiki/Chennai_railway_division" title="Chennai railway division">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_railway_division" title="Tiruchirappalli railway division">Tiruchirappalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai_railway_division" title="Madurai railway division">Madurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salem_railway_division" title="Salem railway division">Salem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-482">[482]</a> As of 2023, the state had a total railway track length of 5,601 km (3,480 mi) covering a route length of 3,858 km (2,397 mi).<a href="#cite_note-SR1-483">[483]</a> There are 532 railway stations in the state with <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Central">Chennai Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Egmore_railway_station" title="Chennai Egmore railway station">Chennai Egmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Junction_railway_station" title="Coimbatore Junction railway station">Coimbatore Junction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Junction_railway_station" title="Madurai Junction railway station">Madurai Junction</a> being the top revenue earning stations.<a href="#cite_note-484">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> Indian railways also has a coach manufacturing unit at <a href="/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory" title="Integral Coach Factory">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">electric locomotive</a> sheds at <a href="/wiki/Electric_Loco_Shed,_Arakkonam" title="Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam">Arakkonam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_Loco_Shed,_Erode" title="Electric Loco Shed, Erode">Erode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_Loco_Shed,_Royapuram" title="Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram">Royapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_locomotive" title="Diesel locomotive">diesel locomotive</a> sheds at <a href="/wiki/Diesel_Loco_Shed,_Erode" title="Diesel Loco Shed, Erode">Erode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_Loco_Shed,_Golden_Rock" title="Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock">Tiruchirappalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_Loco_Shed,_Tondiarpet" title="Diesel Loco Shed, Tondiarpet">Tondiarpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">Steam locomotive</a> shed at <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Coonoor</a> along with various maintenance depots. <a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[487]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"> <caption>Railway in Tamil Nadu<a href="#cite_note-SR1-483">[483]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Route length (km) </th> <th colspan="3">Track length (km) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad Gauge</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">Metre Gauge</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway" title="Broad-gauge railway">Broad Gauge</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">Metre Gauge</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>Electrified </th> <th>Non electrified </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">3,476 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">336 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,812 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,858 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,555 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,601 </td></tr></tbody></table> Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, covering 212 km (132 mi) which was established in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-CSR-488">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[489]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_System_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)">Mass Rapid Transit System</a> (MRTS) is an elevated urban mass transit system established in 1995 operating on a single line from <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Beach_railway_station" title="Chennai Beach railway station">Chennai Beach</a> to <a href="/wiki/Velachery_railway_station" title="Velachery railway station">Velachery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSR-488">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-MRTS-490">[490]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> rail system in Chennai which was opened in 2015 and consists of two operational lines operating across 54.1 km (33.6 mi) in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-491">[491]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Nilgiri Mountain Railway</a> is a 1,000 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a> railway in <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> which was built by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> in 1908 and is the only <a href="/wiki/Rack_railway" title="Rack railway">rack railway</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[494]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_and_space">Air and space</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg/220px-International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg/330px-International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg/440px-International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="3853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai International Airport</a> is one of the busiest airports in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></figcaption></figure> The aviation history of the state began in 1910, when <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_D%27Angelis" title="Giacomo D'Angelis">Giacomo D'Angelis</a> built the first powered flight in Asia and tested it in <a href="/wiki/The_Island,_Chennai" title="The Island, Chennai">Island Grounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Sons" title="Tata Sons">Tata Air Mail</a> started an airmail service between Karachi and Madras, marking the beginning of civil aviation in India.<a href="#cite_note-496">[496]</a> On 15 October 1932, <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> flew a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Puss_Moth" title="De Havilland Puss Moth">Puss Moth</a> aircraft carrying air mail from Karachi to <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Juhu_aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhu aerodrome">Juhu Airstrip</a> and the flight was continued to Madras piloted by aviator <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Vintcent" title="Nevill Vintcent">Nevill Vintcent</a> marking the first scheduled commercial flight.<a href="#cite_note-497">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[498]</a> There are three <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Customs_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs airport">limited international</a> and six domestic or private airports in Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-499">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[500]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Chennai,_India_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai port">Chennai port</a>, amongst the busiest in South India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai airport</a>, which is the fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic in India, is a major international airport and the main gateway to the state.<a href="#cite_note-AAI-501">[501]</a> Other international airports in the state include <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_International_Airport" title="Coimbatore International Airport">Coimbatore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli International Airport">Tiruchirapalli</a> while <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Airport" title="Madurai Airport">Madurai</a> is a customs airport with limited international flights.<a href="#cite_note-AAI-501">[501]</a> Domestic flights are operational to certain airports like <a href="/wiki/Tuticorin_Airport" title="Tuticorin Airport">Tuticorin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salem_Airport_(India)" title="Salem Airport (India)">Salem</a> while flights are planned to be introduced to more domestic airports by the <a href="/wiki/UDAN" title="UDAN">UDAN</a> scheme of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-502">[502]</a> The region comes under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command,_Indian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Air Command, Indian Air Force">Southern Air Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>. The Air Force operates three air bases in the state <a href="/wiki/Sulur_Air_Force_Station" title="Sulur Air Force Station">Sulur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambaram_Air_Force_Station" title="Tambaram Air Force Station">Tambaram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Air_Force_Station" title="Thanjavur Air Force Station">Thanjavur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-503">[503]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> operates airbases at <a href="/wiki/INS_Rajali" title="INS Rajali">Arakkonam</a>, <a href="/wiki/INS_Parundu" title="INS Parundu">Uchipuli</a> and Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-504">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[505]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organization">Indian Space Research Organization</a> (ISRO) announced the setting up a new rocket launch pad near <a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam">Kulasekharapatnam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-506">[506]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> There are three major ports, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port" title="Chennai Port">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamarajar_Port_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamarajar Port Limited">Ennore</a> and <a href="/wiki/V.O._Chidambaranar_Port_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority">Thoothukudi</a>, which are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports,_Shipping_and_Waterways_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)">Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</a> of the Government of India.<a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a> There is an intermediate sea port at <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_Port" title="Nagapattinam Port">Nagapattinam</a> and sixteen other minor ports, which are managed by the department of highways and minor ports of the Government of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-Policy-472">[472]</a> Tamil Nadu forms part of both the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a> of the Indian Navy, which has a major base at Chennai and logistics support base at <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Thoothukudi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-508">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[509]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education in Tamil Nadu</a></div> Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India, with a literacy rate estimated to be 82.9% as per the 2017 National Statistical Commission survey, higher than the national average of 77.7%.<a href="#cite_note-NSC-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a> The state had seen one of the highest literacy growth since the 1960s due to the <a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">midday meal scheme</a> introduced on a large scale by K. Kamaraj to increase school enrollment.<a href="#cite_note-511">[511]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[513]</a> The scheme was further upgraded in 1982 to "Nutritious noon-meal scheme" to combat <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">malnutrition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state has one of the highest enrollment to secondary education at 95.6%, far above the national average of 79.6%.<a href="#cite_note-516">[516]</a> An analysis of primary school education by <a href="/wiki/Pratham" title="Pratham">Pratham</a> showed a low drop-off rate but poor quality of education compared to certain other states.<a href="#cite_note-517">[517]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state had over 37,211 government schools, 8,403 government-aided schools and 12,631 private schools which educate 5.47 million, 2.84 million, and 5.69 million students respectively.<a href="#cite_note-518">[518]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[519]</a> There are 3,12,683 teachers with 80,217 teachers in government-aided schools with an average teacher-pupil ratio of 1:26.6.<a href="#cite_note-520">[520]</a> Public schools are all affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Board_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education">Tamil Nadu State Board</a>, while private schools may be affiliated with either of Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education, <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a> (CBSE), <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations</a> (ICSE) or <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a> (NIOS).<a href="#cite_note-521">[521]</a> School education starts with two years of kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">10+2 plan</a>, ten years of school and two years of higher secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-522">[522]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_House_(University_of_Madras).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/220px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/330px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/440px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>, one of the oldest universities in India</figcaption></figure> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 56 universities in the state including 24 <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public universities</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Private_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Private University">private universities</a> and 28 <a href="/wiki/Deemed_university" title="Deemed university">deemed-to-be universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-523">[523]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> was founded in 1857 and is one of India's first modern universities.<a href="#cite_note-524">[524]</a> There are 510 engineering colleges including 34 government colleges in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Gov1-525">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-526">[526]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Madras">Indian Institute of Technology Madras</a> is a premier institute of engineering and <a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Guindy" title="College of Engineering, Guindy">College of Engineering, Guindy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_University" title="Anna University">Anna University</a> founded in 1794 is the oldest engineering college in India.<a href="#cite_note-527">[527]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Officers_Training_Academy" title="Officers Training Academy">Officers Training Academy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> is headquartered at Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-528">[528]</a> There are also 496 <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">polytechnic</a> institutions with 92 government colleges and 935 arts and science colleges in the state including 302 government run colleges.<a href="#cite_note-Gov1-525">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[530]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a> (1837), <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency College, Madras">Presidency College</a> (1840) and <a href="/wiki/Pachaiyappa%27s_College" title="Pachaiyappa's College">Pachaiyappa's College</a> (1842) are amongst the oldest arts and science colleges in the country.<a href="#cite_note-531">[531]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connemara_Public_Library,_Chennai-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg/220px-Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg/330px-Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg/440px-Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Connemara_Public_Library" title="Connemara Public Library">Connemara Public Library</a> is one of the oldest and is amongst the four <a href="/wiki/National_Depository_Centre" title="National Depository Centre">National Depository Centres</a> in India</figcaption></figure> There are over 870 medical, nursing and dental colleges in the state including 21 for traditional medicine and four for modern medicine.<a href="#cite_note-532">[532]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Madras_Medical_College" title="Madras Medical College">Madras Medical College</a> was established in 1835 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in India.<a href="#cite_note-533">[533]</a> As per the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework" title="National Institutional Ranking Framework">National Institutional Ranking Framework</a> (NIRF) rankings in 2023, 26 universities, 15 engineering, 35 arts science, 8 management and 8 medical colleges from the state are ranked amongst the top 100 in the country.<a href="#cite_note-534">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-535">[535]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state has a 69% reservation in educational institutions for socially <a href="/wiki/List_of_denotified_communities_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of denotified communities of Tamil Nadu">backward sections</a> of society, the highest among all Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-536">[536]</a> There are ten <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">institutes of national importance</a> in the state.<a href="#cite_note-537">[537]</a> Research institutes including <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Agricultural_University" title="Tamil Nadu Agricultural University">Tamil Nadu Agricultural University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Cotton_Research" title="Central Institute for Cotton Research">Central Institute for Cotton Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_Breeding_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute">Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Forest_Genetics_and_Tree_Breeding_(IFGTB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB)">Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Forestry_Research_and_Education" title="Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education">Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education</a> are involved in agricultural research.<a href="#cite_note-538">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-539">[539]</a><a href="#cite_note-540">[540]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state has 4,622 public libraries.<a href="#cite_note-541">[541]</a> Established in 1896, <a href="/wiki/Connemara_Public_Library" title="Connemara Public Library">Connemara Public Library</a> is one of the oldest and is amongst the four <a href="/wiki/National_Depository_Centre" title="National Depository Centre">National Depository Centres</a> in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Anna_Centenary_Library" title="Anna Centenary Library">Anna Centenary Library</a> is the largest library in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-542">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[543]</a> There are many research institutions spread across the state.<a href="#cite_note-544">[544]</a> Chennai book fair is an annual book fair organized by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI) and is typically held in December–January.<a href="#cite_note-545">[545]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism_and_recreation">Tourism and recreation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism in Tamil Nadu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMR_Train_on_viaduct_05-02-26_33.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NMR_Train_on_viaduct_05-02-26_33.jpeg/200px-NMR_Train_on_viaduct_05-02-26_33.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NMR_Train_on_viaduct_05-02-26_33.jpeg/300px-NMR_Train_on_viaduct_05-02-26_33.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NMR_Train_on_viaduct_05-02-26_33.jpeg/400px-NMR_Train_on_viaduct_05-02-26_33.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Nilgiri Mountain Railway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri hills">Nilgiri hills</a> is a declared <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> With its diverse culture and architecture and varied geographies, Tamil Nadu has a robust tourism industry. In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation">Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation</a>, which is the nodal agency responsible for the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> and development of tourist related infrastructure in the state.<a href="#cite_note-546">[546]</a> It is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Religious_and_Charitable_Endowments_Department" title="Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department">Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-547">[547]</a> The tag line "Enchanting Tamil Nadu" was adopted in the tourism promotions.<a href="#cite_note-548">[548]</a><a href="#cite_note-EC-549">[549]</a> In the 21st century, the state has been amongst the top destinations for domestic and international tourists.<a href="#cite_note-EC-549">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[550]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu&action=edit">[update]</a>, Tamil Nadu recorded the most tourist foot-falls with more than 140.7 million tourists visiting the state.<a href="#cite_note-CR-551">[551]</a> Tamil Nadu's coastline is 1,076 kilometres (669 mi) long, with many beaches dotting the coast.<a href="#cite_note-552">[552]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marina_Beach" title="Marina Beach">Marina Beach</a> spanning 13 km (8.1 mi) is the second-longest urban beach in the world.<a href="#cite_note-553">[553]</a> As the state is straddled by the Western and Eastern ghats, it is home to many hill stations, popular amongst them are <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Udagamandalam</a> (Ooty) situated in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri Hills">Nilgiri Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodaikanal" title="Kodaikanal">Kodaikanal</a> in the Palani hills.<a href="#cite_note-554">[554]</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-556">[556]</a> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">rock-cut</a> cave-temples and more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<a href="#cite_note-557">[557]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[558]</a> With many rivers and streams, there are a number of waterfalls in the state including the <a href="/wiki/Courtallam" title="Courtallam">Courtallam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hogenakkal_Falls" title="Hogenakkal Falls">Hogenakkal Falls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-559">[559]</a><a href="#cite_note-560">[560]</a> There are four <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> declared by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in the state: <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-561">[561]</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Great_Living_Chola_Temples-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Nilgiri Mountain Railway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-562">[562]</a><a href="#cite_note-563">[563]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-564">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-565">[565]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports in Tamil Nadu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg/220px-Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg/330px-Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg/440px-Sadugudu_sadugude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a> is the state game of Tamil Nadu</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Contact_sport" title="Contact sport">contact sport</a> which is the state game of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-566">[566]</a><a href="#cite_note-567">[567]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pro_Kabaddi_League" title="Pro Kabaddi League">Pro Kabaddi League</a> is the most popular region based franchise tournament with <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thalaivas" title="Tamil Thalaivas">Tamil Thalaivas</a> representing the state.<a href="#cite_note-568">[568]</a><a href="#cite_note-569">[569]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> is a popular <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a> which originated as <a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">Sathurangam</a> in the 7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-570">[570]</a> Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital" as the city is home to multiple chess <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmasters</a>, including former world champion <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a>. The state played host to the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="World Chess Championship 2013">World Chess Championship 2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/44th_Chess_Olympiad" title="44th Chess Olympiad">44th Chess Olympiad</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-571">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-572">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-573">[573]</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[574]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional games</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pallanguzhi" title="Pallanguzhi">Pallanguzhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-575">[575]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu#Uriyadi" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Uriyadi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-576">[576]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gillidanda" title="Gillidanda">Gillidanda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-577">[577]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pachisi" title="Pachisi">Dhaayam</a><a href="#cite_note-578">[578]</a> are played across the region. <a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rekla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rekla">Rekla</a> are traditional sporting events involving <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bulls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-579">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-580">[580]</a> Traditional martial arts include <a href="/wiki/Silambattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Silambattam">Silambattam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-581">[581]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gatta_gusthi" title="Gatta gusthi">Gatta gusthi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-582">[582]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-583">[583]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/220px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/330px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/440px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M._A._Chidambaram_Stadium" title="M. A. Chidambaram Stadium">M. A. Chidambaram Stadium</a> in Chennai, one of the oldest cricketing venues</figcaption></figure> Cricket is the most popular sport in the state.<a href="#cite_note-584">[584]</a> The <a href="/wiki/M.A._Chidambaram_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="M.A. Chidambaram Stadium">M.A. Chidambaram Stadium</a> established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has hosted matches during multiple <a href="/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Cricket World Cup">ICC Cricket World Cups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-585">[585]</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[586]</a><a href="#cite_note-587">[587]</a> Established in 1987, <a href="/wiki/MRF_Pace_Foundation" title="MRF Pace Foundation">MRF Pace Foundation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)" title="Bowling (cricket)">bowling</a> academy based in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-588">[588]</a> Chennai is home to the most successful <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> (IPL) cricket team, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings" title="Chennai Super Kings">Chennai Super Kings</a>, and hosted the finals during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_premier_league_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian premier league 2011">2011</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_Premier_League" title="2012 Indian Premier League">2012</a> seasons.<a href="#cite_note-589">[589]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[590]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is also popular with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> being the major club competition and <a href="/wiki/Chennaiyin_FC" title="Chennaiyin FC">Chennaiyin FC</a> representing the state.<a href="#cite_note-591">[591]</a><a href="#cite_note-592">[592]</a><a href="#cite_note-593">[593]</a> There are multi-purpose venues in major cities including <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Chennai)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)">Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Coimbatore)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)">Coimbatore</a>, which host <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>. Chennai also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">kabaddi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-594">[594]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDAT-595">[595]</a> Chennai hosted the <a href="/wiki/1995_South_Asian_Games" title="1995 South Asian Games">1995 South Asian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-596">[596]</a> Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of <a href="/wiki/Field_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Hockey">hockey</a> in the state and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_Radhakrishnan_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium">Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium</a> in Chennai was the venue for the international hockey tournaments, the <a href="/wiki/2005_Men%27s_Hockey_Champions_Trophy" title="2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy">2005 Men's Champions Trophy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2007_Men%27s_Hockey_Asia_Cup" title="2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup">2007 Men's Asia Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-597">[597]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Boat_Club" title="Madras Boat Club">Madras Boat Club</a> (founded in 1846) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Madras_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Madras Yacht Club">Royal Madras Yacht Club</a> (founded in 1911) promote <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">rowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a> sports in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-598">[598]</a> Inaugurated in 1990, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Motor_Race_Track" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Motor Race Track">Madras Motor Race Track</a> was the first permanent racing circuit in India and hosts formula racing events.<a href="#cite_note-599">[599]</a> Coimbatore is often referred to as "India's Motorsports Hub" and the "Backyard of Indian Motorsports" and hosts the <a href="/wiki/Kari_Motor_Speedway" title="Kari Motor Speedway">Kari Motor Speedway</a>, a Formula 3 Category circuit.<a href="#cite_note-600">[600]</a><a href="#cite_note-601">[601]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> is held at the <a href="/wiki/Guindy_Race_Course" title="Guindy Race Course">Guindy Race Course</a> and the state has three 18-hole golf courses, the <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Club_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)">Cosmopolitan Club</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gymkhana_Club,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymkhana Club, Chennai">Gymkhana Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Golf_Club" title="Coimbatore Golf Club">Coimbatore Golf Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-602">[602]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil history">Chronology of Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Outline of Tamil Nadu">Outline of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_inscriptions" title="Tamil inscriptions">Tamil inscriptions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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(20 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bc-report/article29461583.ece">"Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082058/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/keeladi-findings-traceable-to-6th-century-bce-report/article29461583.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. 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Archiv Orientální. 59: 345–359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+Orient%C3%A1ln%C3%AD&rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+Tolkappiyam+Theory+of+Literature&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=345-359&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Kamil+Zvelebil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html">"The Edicts of King Ashoka"</a>. Colorado State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511083821/http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2023. <q>Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the <a href="/wiki/Velirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Velirs">Satyaputras</a>, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Edicts+of+King+Ashoka&rft.pub=Colorado+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.colostate.edu%2F~malaiya%2Fashoka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelakanta_Sastri1955" class="citation book cs1">Neelakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times To the Fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford. pp. 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-60686-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-60686-7"><bdi>978-0-195-60686-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+India%3A+From+Prehistoric+Times+To+the+Fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-195-60686-7&rft.aulast=Neelakanta+Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/issue/7/2">"The Medieval Spice Trade and the Diffusion of the Chile"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+AD+1300&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=364-365&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-143-02989-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgyiqZKDlSBMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Living_Chola_Temples-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Great_Living_Chola_Temples_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Great_Living_Chola_Temples_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/">"Great Living Chola Temples"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Living+Chola+Temples&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F250%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyangar1921" class="citation book cs1">Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Chennai: Oxford University Press. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India+and+her+Muhammadan+Invaders&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Aiyangar&rft.aufirst=Sakkottai+Krishnaswami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 458. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-122-41198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-122-41198-0"><bdi>978-8-122-41198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=458&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8-122-41198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple">"Meenakshi Amman Temple"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. 30 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062718/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meenakshi+Amman+Temple&rft.pub=Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMeenaskshi-Amman-Temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_Talbot2001" class="citation book cs1">Cynthia Talbot (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281">Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-03123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-03123-9"><bdi>978-0-198-03123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pages=281-282&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-198-03123-9&rft.au=Cynthia+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmartinLawrence2000" class="citation book cs1">Gilmartin, David; Lawrence, Bruce B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321">Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia</a>. University Press of Florida. pp. 300–306, 321–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-03099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-03099-9"><bdi>978-0-813-03099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Turk+and+Hindu%3A+Rethinking+Religious+Identities+in+Islamicate+South+Asia&rft.pages=300-306%2C+321-322&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-813-03099-9&rft.aulast=Gilmartin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Bruce+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ZhT5Ilq5kAC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1980" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, Kanhaiya L (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ">The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526</a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-121-50224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-121-50224-5"><bdi>978-8-121-50224-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+position+of+Hindus+under+the+Delhi+Sultanate%2C+1206%E2%80%931526&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-8-121-50224-5&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Kanhaiya+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-cMgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Rama Raya (1484–1565): élite mobility in a Persianized world". A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761. 2005. pp. 78–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521254847.006">10.1017/CHOL9780521254847.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25484-7"><bdi>978-0-521-25484-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rama+Raya+%281484%E2%80%931565%29%3A+%C3%A9lite+mobility+in+a+Persianized+world&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300%E2%80%931761&rft.pages=78-104&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521254847.006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25484-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_F._Irschick1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_F._Irschick" title="Eugene F. 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Hyderabad: Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4910527">4910527</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171506/https://search.worldcat.org/title/4910527">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nayaks+of+Madurai&rft.place=Hyderabad&rft.pub=Andhra+Pradesh+Sahithya+Akademi&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4910527&rft.aulast=Balendu+Sekaram&rft.aufirst=Kandavalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F4910527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2004" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (2004). Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900 (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89103-5"><bdi>978-0-521-89103-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints%2C+Goddesses+and+Kings%3A+Muslims+and+Christians+in+South+Indian+Society%2C+1700%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89103-5&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaravane2014" class="citation book cs1">Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 151, 154–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-131-30034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-131-30034-3"><bdi>978-8-131-30034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Honourable+East+India+Company&rft.pages=151%2C+154-158&rft.pub=A.P.H.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8-131-30034-3&rft.aulast=Naravane&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswami1984" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswami, N. S. (1984). Political history of Carnatic under the Nawabs. Abhinav Publications. pp. 43–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-836-41262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-836-41262-8"><bdi>978-0-836-41262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+history+of+Carnatic+under+the+Nawabs&rft.pages=43-79&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-836-41262-8&rft.aulast=Ramaswami&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Jaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Tony Jaques (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC">Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O</a>. Greenwood. pp. 1034–1035. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33538-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116054856/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. 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Notion press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948-23095-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948-23095-7"><bdi>978-1-948-23095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+of+Thanjavur+Maratha+Kings&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Notion+press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-948-23095-7&rft.aulast=Bhosle&rft.aufirst=Pratap+Sinh+Serfoji+Raje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal">"Rhythms of the Portuguese presence in the Bay of Bengal"</a>. Indian Institute of Asian Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207042633/https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhythms+of+the+Portuguese+presence+in+the+Bay+of+Bengal&rft.pub=Indian+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.asia%2Fthe-newsletter%2Farticle%2Frhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/">"Origin of the Name Madras"</a>. Corporation of Madras. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406202458/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporation+of+Madras&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Name+Madras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchennaicorporation.gov.in%2Fgcc%2Fabout-GCC%2Fabout-chennai%2Forigin-and-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm">"Danish flavour"</a>. Frontline. India. 6 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Danish+flavour&rft.date=2009-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2622%2Fstories%2F20091106262211800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoShulmanSubrahmanyam1998" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu. Oxford University Press, Delhi. p. xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-64399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-64399-2"><bdi>978-0-195-64399-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+substance+%3A+court+and+state+in+Nayaka+period+Tamilnadu&rft.pages=xix%2C+349+p.%2C+16+p.+of+plates+%3A+ill.%2C+maps%3B+22-cm&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Delhi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-195-64399-2&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Velcheru+Narayana&rft.au=Shulman%2C+David&rft.au=Subrahmanyam%2C+Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThilakavathyMaya2019" class="citation book cs1">Thilakavathy, M.; Maya, R. K. (5 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583">Facets of Contemporary history</a>. MJP Publisher. p. 583. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facets+of+Contemporary+history&rft.pages=583&rft.pub=MJP+Publisher&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=Thilakavathy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Maya%2C+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HCbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert Eric (26 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180">Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-26377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-26377-7"><bdi>978-0-198-26377-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082100/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-198-26377-7&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXgSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts_J._M.1997" class="citation book cs1">Roberts J. M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC">A short history of the world</a>. Helicon publishing Ltd. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-11504-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-11504-8"><bdi>978-0-195-11504-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081944/https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. 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Geneva: Nagel Publishers. p. 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-826-30023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-826-30023-6"><bdi>978-2-826-30023-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4202160">4202160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagel%27s+encyclopedia-guide&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=India%2C+Nepal&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=Nagel+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4202160&rft.isbn=978-2-826-30023-6&rft.aulast=Wagret&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay1993" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (1993). 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Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Madras+Miscellany%3A+When+Pondy+was+wasted&rft.date=2010-11-21&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Muthiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2FMadras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted%2Farticle15719768.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756">A global chronology of conflict</a>. ABC—CLIO. p. 756. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09667-1"><bdi>978-1-851-09667-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082105/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. 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History Net: Where History Comes Alive – World & US History Online. 21 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102613/http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Net%3A+Where+History+Comes+Alive+%E2%80%93+World+%26+US+History+Online&rft.atitle=Seven+Years%27+War%3A+Battle+of+Wandiwash&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fseven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691">"Velu Nachiyar, India's Joan of Arc"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727120955/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108691">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. 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The Journal of Asian Studies. 66 (4): 881–896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911807001234">10.1017/S0021911807001234</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203235">20203235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Bandits+and+Kings%3AMoral+Authority+and+Resistance+in+Early+Colonial+India&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=881-896&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20203235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911807001234&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Anand+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1881" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Robert (1881). 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Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-126-90085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-126-90085-5"><bdi>978-8-126-90085-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082104/https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. 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Retrieved 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bio-Diversity+and+Wild+Life+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pub=ENVIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftnenvis.nic.in%2FDatabase%2FSoilResources_1171.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5446/">"Pichavaram"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014529/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5446/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023. 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Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Migratory+birds+flock+to+Vettangudi+Sanctuary&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-tamilnadu%2Fmigratory-birds-flock-to-vettangudi-sanctuary%2Farticle27715325.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/">"Kazhuveli wetland in Tamil Nadu declared bird sanctuary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 7 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825130556/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Kazhuveli+wetland+in+Tamil+Nadu+declared+bird+sanctuary&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Ftamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/wildlife/grizzled-squirrel-sanctuary.php">"Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208034129/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/wildlife/grizzled-squirrel-sanctuary.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. 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Retrieved 13 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=R.+N.+Ravi+is+new+Governor+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=2021-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fr-n-ravis-appointment-as-governor-triggers-mixed-reactions-in-tamil-nadu%2Farticleshow%2F86120566.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece">"MK Stalin sworn in as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 7 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623181732/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/article34504106.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=MK+Stalin+sworn+in+as+Chief+Minister+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmk-stalin-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu%2Farticle34504106.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/justice-shriram-kalpathi-rajendran-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-madras-high-court/article68689507.ece">"Justice K.R. Shriram sworn in as Chief Justice of Madras High Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 27 September 2024. 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Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Deepavali%2C+the+expat+edition&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2022%2Foct%2F24%2Fdeepavalithe-expat-edition-2511219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941077">"Migration of Labour in the Country"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173148/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1941077">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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Chennaiites signing up for German lessons on the rise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 14 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129115236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Guten+Morgen%21+Chennaiites+signing+up+for+German+lessons+on+the+rise&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fguten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise%2Farticleshow%2F64152188.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lgbt-community-in-tamil-nadu-seeks-state-governments-support/">"LGBT community in Tamil Nadu seeks state government's support"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a>. 15 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827081359/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lgbt-community-in-tamil-nadu-seeks-state-governments-support/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2018. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Case+of+Tamil+Nadu+Transgender+Welfare+Board%3A+Insights+for+Developing+Practical+Models+of+Social+Protection+Programmes+for+Transgender+People+in+India&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2013-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org%2Findia%2Fpublications%2Fcase-tamil-nadu-transgender-welfare-board-insights-developing-practical-models-social-protection-programmes-transgender-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2021" class="citation news cs1">Menon, Priya (3 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms">"A decade of Pride in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809145605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-decade-of-pride-in-chennai/articleshow/64421312.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+decade+of+Pride+in+Chennai&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fa-decade-of-pride-in-chennai%2Farticleshow%2F64421312.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzaffar" class="citation news cs1">Muzaffar, Maroosha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/madras-hc-conversion-therapy-pride-month-b1861601.html%3famp">"Indian state set to be the first to ban conversion therapy of LGBT+ individuals"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/madras-hc-conversion-therapy-pride-month-b1861601.html%3famp">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. 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The Print. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607025339/https://theprint.in/features/lgbtq-india-asia-tamil-nadu-ban-sex-selective-surgeries-for-infants/284982/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021. 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The Swaddle. 30 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803061033/https://theswaddle.com/tn-first-state-to-ban-sex-reassignment-surgery-on-intersex-babies/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. 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Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23674-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Tastes%3A+The+Story+of+Spices&rft.pub=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23674-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinaRoaVan_den_BerghMaghuyop2000" class="citation book cs1">Molina, A.B.; Roa, V.N.; Van den Bergh, I.; Maghuyop, M.A. (2000). Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Asia and the Pacific. Biodiversity International. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-719-17513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-719-17513-1"><bdi>978-9-719-17513-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advancing+banana+and+plantain+R+%26+D+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Biodiversity+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9-719-17513-1&rft.aulast=Molina&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Roa%2C+V.N.&rft.au=Van+den+Bergh%2C+I.&rft.au=Maghuyop%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalman2009" class="citation book cs1">Kalman, Bobbie (2009). India: The Culture. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-778-79287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-778-79287-1"><bdi>978-0-778-79287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Culture&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-778-79287-1&rft.aulast=Kalman&rft.aufirst=Bobbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html">"Serving on a banana leaf"</a>. 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India Times. 9 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041415/http://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/the-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Times&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Eating+Food+on+Banana+Leaves&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatimes.com%2Fhealth%2Fhealthyliving%2Fthe-benefits-of-eating-food-on-banana-leaves-242512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchaya2003" class="citation book cs1">Achaya, K.T. (1 November 2003). The Story of Our Food. Universities Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-173-71293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-173-71293-7"><bdi>978-8-173-71293-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Our+Food&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Universities+Press&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft.isbn=978-8-173-71293-7&rft.aulast=Achaya&rft.aufirst=K.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm">Geographical indications in India</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Geographical+indications+in+India&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipindia.gov.in%2Fregistered-gls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2003" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, S. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf">"Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India"</a> (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 42 (2): 207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031">10.1353/asi.2003.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17189">10125/17189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153420843">153420843</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903211259/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17189/1/AP-v42n2-207-223.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Chera%2C+Chola%2C+Pandya%3A+Using+Archaeological+Evidence+to+Identify+the+Tamil+Kingdoms+of+Early+Historic+South+India&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153420843%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2003.0031&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10125%2F17189%2F1%2FAP-v42n2-207-223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2004" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Sumathi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elYyJuYuAhwC&pg=PP1">The Lost Land of Lemuria: Fabulous Geographies, Catastrophic Histories</a>. University of California Press. pp. 131, 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24032-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24032-2"><bdi>978-0-520-24032-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Land+of+Lemuria%3A+Fabulous+Geographies%2C+Catastrophic+Histories&rft.pages=131%2C+156&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24032-2&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Sumathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DelYyJuYuAhwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayakaran,_S._C.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jayakaran, S. C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202742/http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/ifrj/article/download/178/183">"Lost Land and the Myth of Kumari Kandam"</a>. Indian Folklore Research Journal. 1 (4): 94–109. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/ifrj/article/download/178/183">the original</a> on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Folklore+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Lost+Land+and+the+Myth+of+Kumari+Kandam&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=94-109&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Jayakaran%2C+S.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianfolklore.org%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fifrj%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F178%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1993). "Women and Farm Work in Tamil Folk Songs". Social Scientist. 21 (9/11): 113–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3520429">10.2307/3520429</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520429">3520429</a>. <q>As early as the Tolkappiyam (which has sections ranging from the 3rd century BCE to the 5th century CE) the eco-types in South India have been classified into</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Women+and+Farm+Work+in+Tamil+Folk+Songs&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=9%2F11&rft.pages=113-129&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3520429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3520429%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney1970" class="citation journal cs1">Maloney, C. 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Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Five+fold+grammar+of+Tamil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasia.upenn.edu%2Ftamil%2Flit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Ciotti2021" class="citation book cs1">Giovanni Ciotti (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352695179">Tamil Ilakkaṇam ('Grammar') and the Interplay between Syllabi, Corpora and Manuscripts</a>. pp. 315–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110741124-016">10.1515/9783110741124-016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-074112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-074112-4"><bdi>978-3-11-074112-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082621/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352695179_Tamil_Ilakkanam_'Grammar'_and_the_Interplay_between_Syllabi_Corpora_and_Manuscripts">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Ilakka%E1%B9%87am+%28%27Grammar%27%29+and+the+Interplay+between+Syllabi%2C+Corpora+and+Manuscripts&rft.pages=315-352&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110741124-016&rft.isbn=978-3-11-074112-4&rft.au=Giovanni+Ciotti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F352695179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai1994" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994). Tamil literature. New Delhi: Asian Education Service. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-120-60955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-120-60955-6"><bdi>978-8-120-60955-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Asian+Education+Service&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-8-120-60955-6&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=M.+S.+Purnalingam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai2022" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, P. Govinda (4 October 2022). "Chapter 11". The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism?. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78039-0"><bdi>978-1-000-78039-0</bdi></a>. <q>Thirdly, the movement had blossomed first down south or the Tamil country</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11&rft.btitle=The+Bhakti+Movement%3A+Renaissance+or+Revivalism%3F&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-000-78039-0&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=P.+Govinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmaja2002" class="citation book cs1">Padmaja, T. (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamil nāḍu. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-170-17398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-170-17398-4"><bdi>978-8-170-17398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a+in+South+India%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+and+Traditions+in+Tamil+n%C4%81%E1%B8%8Du&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-170-17398-4&rft.aulast=Padmaja&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNairde_Souza2020" class="citation book cs1">Nair, Rukmini Bhaya; de Souza, Peter Ronald (2020). Keywords for India: A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03925-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-03925-4"><bdi>978-1-350-03925-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keywords+for+India%3A+A+Conceptual+Lexicon+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-350-03925-4&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Rukmini+Bhaya&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Peter+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP_S_Sundaram2002" class="citation book cs1">P S Sundaram (3 May 2002). Kamba Ramayana. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 18–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-351-18100-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-351-18100-2"><bdi>978-9-351-18100-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamba+Ramayana&rft.pages=18-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2002-05-03&rft.isbn=978-9-351-18100-2&rft.au=P+S+Sundaram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergunderFreseSchröder2011" class="citation book cs1">Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko; Schröder, Ulrike (2011). Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India. Primus Books. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-380-60721-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-380-60721-4"><bdi>978-9-380-60721-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+Caste%2C+and+Religion+in+Colonial+South+India&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-380-60721-4&rft.aulast=Bergunder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Frese%2C+Heiko&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+Ulrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarthik_Madhavan2010" class="citation news cs1">Karthik Madhavan (21 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece">"Tamil saw its first book in 1578"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tamil+saw+its+first+book+in+1578&rft.date=2010-06-21&rft.au=Karthik+Madhavan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Ftamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578%2Farticle476102.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolappan2014" class="citation news cs1">Kolappan, B. (22 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece">"Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars"</a>. The Hindu. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704063848/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars/article6138747.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Delay%2C+howlers+in+Tamil+Lexicon+embarrass+scholars&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft.aulast=Kolappan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fdelay-howlers-in-tamil-lexicon-embarrass-scholars%2Farticle6138747.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Prechilis1999" class="citation book cs1">Karen Prechilis (1999). The embodiment of bhakti. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-12813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-12813-0"><bdi>978-0-195-12813-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+embodiment+of+bhakti&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-195-12813-0&rft.au=Karen+Prechilis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArooran1980" class="citation book cs1">Arooran, K. Nambi (1980). Tamil Renaissance and the Dravidian Movement, 1905-1944. Koodal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Renaissance+and+the+Dravidian+Movement%2C+1905-1944&rft.pub=Koodal&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Arooran&rft.aufirst=K.+Nambi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872">"Bharathiyar Who Impressed Bharatidasan"</a>. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1305-578X">1305-578X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224200602/https://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5312/1872">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Linguistic+Studies&rft.atitle=Bharathiyar+Who+Impressed+Bharatidasan&rft.issn=1305-578X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jlls.org%2Findex.php%2Fjlls%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F5312%2F1872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman1992" class="citation book cs1">Harman, William P. (9 October 1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-0810-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-0810-2"><bdi>978-8-1208-0810-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sacred+marriage+of+a+Hindu+goddess&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992-10-09&rft.isbn=978-8-1208-0810-2&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1997" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (1997) [1910]. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Low Price Publications. p. 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+and+Eastern+Architecture&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=309&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Low+Price+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopuram-286"><a href="#cite_ref-Gopuram_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing2007" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis D.K.; et al. (2007). A Global History of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 762. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26892-5"><bdi>978-0-471-26892-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=762&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-26892-5&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing1995" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis D.K. (1995). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-28451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-28451-2"><bdi>978-0-471-28451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Visual+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-471-28451-2&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1988" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, George (1988). The Hindu Temple. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 151–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1"><bdi>978-0-226-53230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=151-153&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53230-1&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura">"Gopuram"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gopuram&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9037402%2Fgopura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms">"Which Tamil Nadu temple is the state emblem?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 7 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112160826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Which-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem/articleshow/55285143.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Which+Tamil+Nadu+temple+is+the+state+emblem%3F&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmadurai%2FWhich-Tamil-Nadu-temple-is-the-state-emblem%2Farticleshow%2F55285143.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975" class="citation book cs1">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1975). Middle Chola Temples. Thomson Press. pp. 16–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-060-23607-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-060-23607-9"><bdi>978-9-060-23607-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chola+Temples&rft.pages=16-29&rft.pub=Thomson+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-9-060-23607-9&rft.au=S.R.+Balasubrahmanyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeelaAmbrosia2016" class="citation journal cs1">Neela, N.; Ambrosia, G. (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf">"Vimana architecture under the Cholas"</a> (PDF). Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities. 3 (4): 57. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2321-788X">2321-788X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705140824/https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shanlax+International+Journal+of+Arts%2C+Science+%26+Humanities&rft.atitle=Vimana+architecture+under+the+Cholas&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2016-04&rft.issn=2321-788X&rft.aulast=Neela&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Ambrosia%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanlax.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FSIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalfe, Thomas R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj">"A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj"</a>. History Today. 32 (9). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230153/https://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=A+Tradition+Created%3A+Indo-Saracenic+Architecture+under+the+Raj&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=9&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fthomas-r-metcalfe%2Ftradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm">"Indo-saracenic Architecture"</a>. Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922. higman.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730131008/http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henry+Irwin%2C+Architect+in+India%2C+1841%E2%80%931922&rft.atitle=Indo-saracenic+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.higman.de%2FHenry%2520Irwin%2Findo-saracenic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/art-deco-style-remains-but-elements-missing-655242.html">"Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing"</a>. The New Indian Express. 2 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132502/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/Art-Deco-Style-Remains-But-Elements-Missing-655242.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Art+Deco+Style+Remains%2C+But+Elements+Missing&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2014%2Fsep%2F02%2Fart-deco-style-remains-but-elements-missing-655242.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece">"Chennai looks to the skies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. 31 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132503/https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Chennai+looks+to+the+skies&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fhomes-and-gardens%2FFive-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%25E2%2580%2599s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon%2Farticle60348870.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlobin2008" class="citation book cs1">Slobin, Mark (2008). Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music. Wesleyan University Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-819-56882-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-819-56882-3"><bdi>978-0-819-56882-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Soundtracks%3A+Worlds+of+Film+Music&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-819-56882-3&rft.aulast=Slobin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2000" class="citation book cs1">Kamath, Rina (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66">Chennai</a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1378-5"><bdi>978-81-250-1378-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082657/https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chennai&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1378-5&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Rina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbw2vDg2fTrMC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahwa2023" class="citation book cs1">Bahwa, Seema (2023). Delights and Disquiets of Leisure in Premodern India. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-394-70128-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-394-70128-1"><bdi>978-9-394-70128-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delights+and+Disquiets+of+Leisure+in+Premodern+India&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-9-394-70128-1&rft.aulast=Bahwa&rft.aufirst=Seema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2004" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Peter (29 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262">World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816636-8"><bdi>978-0-19-816636-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703055734/https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Musics+in+Context%3A+A+Comprehensive+Survey+of+the+World%27s+Major+Musical+Cultures&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816636-8&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2vDlcIyVjUC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassey2004" class="citation book cs1">Massey, Reginald (2004). India's Dances Their History, Technique, and Repertoire. New Delhi: Abhinav. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-170-17434-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-170-17434-9"><bdi>978-8-170-17434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Dances+Their+History%2C+Technique%2C+and+Repertoire&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-170-17434-9&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson1987" class="citation book cs1">Samson, Leela (1987). Rhythm in Joy: Classical Indian Dance Traditions. New Delhi: Lustre Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-9919-4155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-9919-4155-4"><bdi>978-9-9919-4155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythm+in+Joy%3A+Classical+Indian+Dance+Traditions&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Lustre+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-9-9919-4155-4&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=Leela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Handbook of Tamil Culture and Heritage. Chicago: International Tamil Language Foundation. 2000. p. 1201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Tamil+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=1201&rft.pub=International+Tamil+Language+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee1989" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Projesh (1 February 1989). Indian Ballet Dancing. New Jersey: Abhinav Publications. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-170-17175-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-170-17175-1"><bdi>978-8-170-17175-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Ballet+Dancing&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1989-02-01&rft.isbn=978-8-170-17175-1&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Projesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1953" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Faubion (June 1953). The Dance in India. New York: AMS Press. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4040-0963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4040-0963-2"><bdi>978-0-4040-0963-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dance+in+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1953-06&rft.isbn=978-0-4040-0963-2&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Faubion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezbaruahGopal2003" class="citation book cs1">Bezbaruah, Madan Prasad; Gopal, Krishna (2003). Fairs and Festivals of India. Vol. 2. Gyan Publishing House. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1212-0809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1212-0809-3"><bdi>978-8-1212-0809-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairs+and+Festivals+of+India&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8-1212-0809-3&rft.aulast=Bezbaruah&rft.aufirst=Madan+Prasad&rft.au=Gopal%2C+Krishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1976" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Brenda (1976). "The Symbolic Merger of Body, Space, and Cosmos in Hindu Tamil Nadu". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 10 (2): 213–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F006996677601000202">10.1177/006996677601000202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143220583">143220583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+to+Indian+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Symbolic+Merger+of+Body%2C+Space%2C+and+Cosmos+in+Hindu+Tamil+Nadu&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-243&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F006996677601000202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143220583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGita_WolfVa_KītāV._GeethaAnushka_Ravishankar2003" class="citation book cs1">Gita Wolf; Va Kītā; V. Geetha; Anushka Ravishankar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4XWU6kr1_UC">Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials</a>. Tara Publishing. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-186-21147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-186-21147-2"><bdi>978-8-186-21147-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082652/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Masks_and_Performance_with_Everyday_Mate/c4XWU6kr1_UC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+and+Performance+with+Everyday+Materials&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Tara+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8-186-21147-2&rft.au=Gita+Wolf&rft.au=Va+K%C4%ABt%C4%81&rft.au=V.+Geetha&rft.au=Anushka+Ravishankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4XWU6kr1_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargavaShankarlal2006" class="citation book cs1">Bhargava, Gopal K.; Shankarlal, Bhatt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467">Land and people of Indian states and union territories</a>. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-178-35381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-178-35381-4"><bdi>978-8-178-35381-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173140/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=thevaram&pg=PA467#v=snippet&q=thevaram&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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Leiden: Brill. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-03978-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-03978-0"><bdi>978-9-004-03978-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+and+Structure&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-9-004-03978-0&rft.aulast=Nijenhuis&rft.aufirst=Emmie+te&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiddess1979" class="citation book cs1">Widdess, D. R. (1979). "The Kudumiyamalai inscription: a source of early Indian music in notation". In Picken, Laurence (ed.). Musica Asiatica. Vol. 2. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 115–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kudumiyamalai+inscription%3A+a+source+of+early+Indian+music+in+notation&rft.btitle=Musica+Asiatica&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115-150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Widdess&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiruṣṇan̲2002" class="citation book cs1">Kiruṣṇan̲, Rājam (2002). When the Kurinji Blooms. 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Oxford University Press. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-35171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-35171-8"><bdi>978-0-199-35171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Applied+Ethnomusicology&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-199-35171-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoraisamy2014" class="citation book cs1">Doraisamy, Ganavya (5 August 2014). Sound of Indian Music. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=An+ode+to+Aadi+and+Ayyanar&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2022%2Fjul%2F26%2Fan-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music">"Karnatak music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064333/https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood/238821/">the original</a> on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Tamil%2C+Telugu+film+industries+outshine+Bollywood&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=Our+Regional&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Findia%2Fnews%2Ftamil-telugu-film-industries-outshine-bollywood%2F238821%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2010" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248">After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World</a>. PublicAffairs. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-427-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-427-0"><bdi>978-1-56858-427-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035814/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&q=Kollywood&pg=PA248">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Empire%3A+The+Birth+of+a+Multipolar+World&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-427-0&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlivv_pQWnAC%26q%3DKollywood%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelayutham2008" class="citation book cs1">Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry">Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry</a>. Routledge. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39680-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39680-6"><bdi>978-0-415-39680-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035817/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema+industry">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+cinema%3A+the+cultural+politics+of+India%27s+other+film+industry&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39680-6&rft.aulast=Velayutham&rft.aufirst=Selvaraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65Aqrna4o5oC%26q%3DTamil%2Bcinema%2Bindustry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece">"From silent films to the digital era — Madras' tryst with cinema"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 30 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108035615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=From+silent+films+to+the+digital+era+%E2%80%94+Madras%27+tryst+with+cinema&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Ffrom-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema%2Farticle32476615.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece">"Cinema and the city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 9 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023234933/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Cinema-and-the-city/article15513259.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Cinema+and+the+city&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FCoimbatore%2FCinema-and-the-city%2Farticle15513259.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms">"Farewell to old cinema halls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 9 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005001958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Farewell-to-old-cinema-halls/articleshow/8202426.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Farewell+to+old+cinema+halls&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fcoimbatore%2Ffarewell-to-old-cinema-halls%2Farticleshow%2F8202426.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140206150806/https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece">"A way of life"</a>. Frontline. 18 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/a-way-of-life/article5189219.ece">the original</a> on 6 February 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=A+way+of+life&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Farts-and-culture%2Fcinema%2Fa-way-of-life%2Farticle5189219.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CushRobinson2008p610-330"><a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2008p610_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenise_CushCatherine_A._RobinsonMichael_York2008" class="citation book cs1">Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 610–611. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-700-71267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-700-71267-0"><bdi>978-0-700-71267-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=610-611&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-700-71267-0&rft.au=Denise+Cush&rft.au=Catherine+A.+Robinson&rft.au=Michael+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_T0HeWE-EAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beteille73-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Beteille73_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeteille1964" class="citation journal cs1">Beteille, Andre (1964). "89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village". Man. 64 (2). Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 73–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2797924">10.2307/2797924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1496">0025-1496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2797924">2797924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=89.+A+Note+on+the+Pongal+Festival+in+a+Tanjore+Village&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-75&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0025-1496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2797924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2797924&rft.aulast=Beteille&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR_Abbas2011" class="citation book cs1">R Abbas (2011). S Ganeshram and C Bhavani (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC">History of People and Their Environs</a>. Bharathi Puthakalayam. pp. 751–752. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-380-32591-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-380-32591-0"><bdi>978-9-380-32591-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 547–548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-598-84206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-598-84206-7"><bdi>978-1-598-84206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=547-548&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-598-84206-7&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_W._HamiltonAurora_Ammayao2003" class="citation book cs1">Roy W. Hamilton; Aurora Ammayao (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ">The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia</a>. University of California Press. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930-74198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930-74198-3"><bdi>978-0-930-74198-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. 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(26 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece">"Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520145353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Governor+clears+ordinance+on+%27jallikattu%27&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FGovernor-clears-ordinance-on-%25E2%2580%2598jallikattu%25E2%2580%2599%2Farticle17074093.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mercer22-337"><a href="#cite_ref-mercer22_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbie_Mercer2007" class="citation book cs1">Abbie Mercer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3AnvD5jeDMC">Happy New Year</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-404-23808-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-404-23808-4"><bdi>978-1-404-23808-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happy+New+Year&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-404-23808-4&rft.au=Abbie+Mercer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3AnvD5jeDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>. Penguin Books. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-143-41421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-143-41421-6"><bdi>978-0-143-41421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-143-41421-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpagnoliSamanna1999" class="citation book cs1">Spagnoli, Cathy; Samanna, Paramasivam (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133">Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales</a>. Libraries Unlimited. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-563-08576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-563-08576-5"><bdi>978-1-563-08576-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jasmine+and+Coconuts%3A+South+Indian+Tales&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-563-08576-5&rft.aulast=Spagnoli&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft.au=Samanna%2C+Paramasivam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_Aci8KA7JEC%26dq%3Dkarthigai%2Bdeepam%2Bnovember%2Bdecember%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajrani2004" class="citation book cs1">Gajrani, S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207">History, Religion and Culture of India</a>. Gyan Publishing House. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-182-05061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-182-05061-7"><bdi>978-8-182-05061-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Religion+and+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-182-05061-7&rft.aulast=Gajrani&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzh6z0nuIjAgC%26dq%3Dkarthigai%2Bdeepam%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent,_Alexandra2005" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Alexandra (2005). Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-791-11489-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-791-11489-2"><bdi>978-8-791-11489-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinity+and+Diversity%3A+A+Hindu+Revitalization+Movement+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8-791-11489-2&rft.au=Kent%2C+Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2020" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Lynne (2020). Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0001-8987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0001-8987-2"><bdi>978-1-0001-8987-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portals%3A+Opening+Doorways+to+Other+Realities+Through+the+Senses&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-0001-8987-2&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">Historical Dictionary of the Tamils</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-538-10686-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-538-10686-0"><bdi>978-1-538-10686-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-538-10686-0&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALUvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai2019" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, S. Subramania (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106">Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development</a>. MJP Publisher. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-180-94432-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-180-94432-1"><bdi>978-8-180-94432-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+in+Tamil+Nadu%3A+Growth+and+Development&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=MJP+Publisher&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-8-180-94432-1&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=S.+Subramania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTmbDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpiranmalai%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html">"Chennai music season begins with 'Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru' festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a>. 5 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132957/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Chennai+music+season+begins+with+%27Chennaiyil+Thiruvaiyaru%27+festival&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2018%2Fdec%2F05%2Fmusic-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms">"Chennai Sangamam to return after a decade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 30 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+Sangamam+to+return+after+a+decade&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fchennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade%2Farticleshow%2F96609404.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Douglas M. Jr. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C">Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life</a>. Wesleyan University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-819-56906-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-819-56906-6"><bdi>978-0-819-56906-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balasaraswati%3A+Her+Art+and+Life&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-819-56906-6&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3EsA2NooW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2004" class="citation report cs1">Krishna, K.L. (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf">Economic Growth in Indian States</a> (PDF) (Report). ICRIER. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032647/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+in+Indian+States&rft.pub=ICRIER&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=K.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrier.org%2Fpdf%2Fwp144.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/02/tamil-nadu-is-the-most-urbanised-state-in-india-says-eps-2244327.html">"Tamil Nadu the most urbanised State says EPS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 2 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121175637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/02/tamil-nadu-is-the-most-urbanised-state-in-india-says-eps-2244327.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+the+most+urbanised+State+says+EPS&rft.date=2021-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2021%2Fjan%2F02%2Ftamil-nadu-is-the-most-urbanised-state-in-india-says-eps-2244327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22079">Rural unemployment rate</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225094648/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22079">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. 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Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=State-of-the-art+commerce+hub+likely+on+Anna+Salai&rft.date=2019-06-08&rft.aulast=Shivakumar&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2019%2Fjun%2F08%2Fstate-of-the-art-commerce-hub-likely-on-anna-salai-1987448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/indian-banks-and-their-headquarters-1690786564-1">"Indian Banks and their Headquarters"</a>. Jagran Josh. 31 July 2023. 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Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RBI+staff+college&rft.pub=Reserve+Bank+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbi.org.in%2FScripts%2Frbsc.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/world-bank-expands-footprint-in-city-adds-70k-sqft-back-office-space/articleshow/54860801.cms">"World Bank expands footprint in city, adds 70k sqft back office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 5 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/world-bank-expands-footprint-in-city-adds-70k-sqft-back-office-space/articleshow/54860801.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=World+Bank+expands+footprint+in+city%2C+adds+70k+sqft+back+office&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fworld-bank-expands-footprint-in-city-adds-70k-sqft-back-office-space%2Farticleshow%2F54860801.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-emerges-as-top-exporter-of-electronic-goods-tripling-in-a-year-101688499546169.html">"TN tops in electronic goods' export"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 5 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209062949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-emerges-as-top-exporter-of-electronic-goods-tripling-in-a-year-101688499546169.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=TN+tops+in+electronic+goods%27+export&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Ftamil-nadu-emerges-as-top-exporter-of-electronic-goods-tripling-in-a-year-101688499546169.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/101381471.cms">"In a first, Tamil Nadu overtakes UP and Karnataka to emerge first"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 1 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084625/https://ssum-sec.casalemedia.com/usermatch?d=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F&s=184674&cb=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.indexww.com%2Fht%2Fhtw-pixel.gif%3F">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=In+a+first%2C+Tamil+Nadu+overtakes+UP+and+Karnataka+to+emerge+first&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F101381471.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/special-videos/chennai-the-next-global-auto-manufacturing-hub_539405.html">"Chennai: The next global auto manufacturing hub?"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC-TV18&rft.atitle=Chennai%3A+The+next+global+auto+manufacturing+hub%3F&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-videos%2Fchennai-the-next-global-auto-manufacturing-hub_539405.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/money/2000/oct/25cars.htm">"Madras, the Detroit of South Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff" class="mw-redirect" title="Rediff">Rediff</a>. 30 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133843/http://www.rediff.com/money/2000/oct/25cars.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Madras%2C+the+Detroit+of+South+Asia&rft.date=2004-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fmoney%2F2000%2Foct%2F25cars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._International_Trade_Commission2007" class="citation book cs1">U.S. International Trade Commission (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMIo-FZXCYEC&pg=SA2-PA10">Competitive Conditions for Foreign Direct Investment in India, Staff Research Study #30</a>. 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DNA India. 17 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119120152/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-elections-2014-erode-has-potential-to-become-a-textile-heaven-says-narendra-modi-1979317">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=Lok+Sabha+Elections+2014%3A+Erode+has+potential+to+become+a+textile+heaven+says+Narendra+Modi&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-lok-sabha-elections-2014-erode-has-potential-to-become-a-textile-heaven-says-narendra-modi-1979317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html">"SME sector: Opportunities, challenges in Coimbatore"</a>. CNBC-TV18. 24 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110311111630/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC-TV18&rft.atitle=SME+sector%3A+Opportunities%2C+challenges+in+Coimbatore&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fsme-sector-opportunities-challengescoimbatore_525889.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/economy-policy/how-can-india-replicate-the-success-of-tiruppur-in-75-other-places-122062900071_1.html">"How can India replicate the success of Tiruppur in 75 other places?"</a>. Business Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201064216/https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/economy-policy/how-can-india-replicate-the-success-of-tiruppur-in-75-other-places-122062900071_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=How+can+India+replicate+the+success+of+Tiruppur+in+75+other+places%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Fpodcast%2Feconomy-policy%2Fhow-can-india-replicate-the-success-of-tiruppur-in-75-other-places-122062900071_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Tiruppur%202012.pdf">"Brief Industrial Profile of Tiruppur district"</a> (PDF). DCMSME. 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Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DCMSME&rft.atitle=Brief+Industrial+Profile+of+Tiruppur+district&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdcmsme.gov.in%2Fdips%2FIPS%2520Tiruppur%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangeetha_Kandavel2015" class="citation news cs1">Sangeetha Kandavel (24 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-textile-policy-on-the-anvil/article7458741.ece">"New textile policy on the anvil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023012/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-textile-policy-on-the-anvil/article7458741.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=New+textile+policy+on+the+anvil&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.au=Sangeetha+Kandavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-tamilnadu%2Fnew-textile-policy-on-the-anvil%2Farticle7458741.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/94015664.cms">"TN to account for 60% of India's leather exports in two year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 6 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-to-account-for-60-of-indias-leather-exports-in-two-years/articleshow/94015664.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=TN+to+account+for+60%25+of+India%27s+leather+exports+in+two+year&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F94015664.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Poor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers/articleshow/47423911.cms">"Poor sales hit pump unit owners, workers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 26 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604112159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Poor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers/articleshow/47423911.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Poor+sales+hit+pump+unit+owners%2C+workers&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fcoimbatore%2FPoor-sales-hit-pump-unit-owners-workers%2Farticleshow%2F47423911.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/Industry/r8UaiAN7APhsLubxdYWgOL/Poll-code-set-to-hit-business-of-Coimbatores-wetgrinder-ma.html">"Poll code set to hit wet grinders business"</a>. Live Mint. 6 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820234015/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/r8UaiAN7APhsLubxdYWgOL/Poll-code-set-to-hit-business-of-Coimbatores-wetgrinder-ma.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2015. 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Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Govt.+dissolves+Ordnance+Factory+Board%2C+transfers+assets+to+7+PSUs&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgovt-dissolves-ordnance-factory-board-transfers-assets-to-7-psus%2Farticle36707478.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1764148#:~:text=of%20the%20country.-,The%20seven%20new%20Defence%20companies%20are%3A%20Munitions%20India%20Limited%20(MIL,Gliders%20India%20Limited%20(GIL)">"Seven new defence companies carved out of OFB"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. 15 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406005242/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1764148#:~:text=of%20the%20country.-,The%20seven%20new%20Defence%20companies%20are%3A%20Munitions%20India%20Limited%20(MIL,Gliders%20India%20Limited%20(GIL)">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. 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Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mint&rft.atitle=New+defence+PSUs+will+help+India+become+self-reliant%3A+PM&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fpm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPubby2021" class="citation news cs1">Pubby, Manu (12 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/seven-new-psus-this-week-defence-ministry-approves-rs-65000-cr-orders/articleshow/86946027.cms">"Modi to launch seven new PSUs this week, Defence Ministry approves Rs 65,000-crore orders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514175130/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/seven-new-psus-this-week-defence-ministry-approves-rs-65000-cr-orders/articleshow/86946027.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Health+department%2C+policy+note&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.tn.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fhfw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/medicalandhealth.pdf">Medical and health report</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061648/https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/medicalandhealth.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Medical+and+health+report&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov.in%2Fdeptst%2Fmedicalandhealth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmarjothi_JMVJesudasanRamasamyJose2020" class="citation journal cs1">Amarjothi JMV; Jesudasan, J.; Ramasamy, V.; Jose, L (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started">"History of Medicine: The origin and evolution of the first modern hospital in India"</a>. The National Medical Journal of India. 33 (3): 175–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-258X.314010">10.4103/0970-258X.314010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33904424">33904424</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523103919/https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Medical+Journal+of+India&rft.atitle=History+of+Medicine%3A+The+origin+and+evolution+of+the+first+modern+hospital+in+India&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=175-179&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0970-258X.314010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33904424&rft.au=Amarjothi+JMV&rft.au=Jesudasan%2C+J.&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+V.&rft.au=Jose%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmji.in%2Farticle.asp%3Fissn%3D0970-258X%3Byear%3D2020%3Bvolume%3D33%3Bissue%3D3%3Bspage%3D175%3Bepage%3D179%3Baulast%3DAmarjothi%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25201639%252C%2520EIC%2520officials%252C%2520Andrew%2Chospital%2520in%2520India%2520was%2520started&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms">"5.67 lakh kids get polio vaccines at 1,647 camps in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=5.67+lakh+kids+get+polio+vaccines+at+1%2C647+camps+in+Chennai&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2F5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city%2Farticleshow%2F89879771.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-427"><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece">"The medical capital's place in history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 20 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+medical+capital%27s+place+in+history&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fthe-medical-capitals-place-in-history%2Farticle3796305.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell2011" class="citation book cs1">Connell, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71">Medical Tourism</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-93660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-93660-0"><bdi>978-1-845-93660-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173511/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Tourism&rft.pages=71&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-845-93660-0&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1Un-gGsozMC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202122711/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/i2i/bharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited">"Bharti and SingTel Establish Network i2i Limited"</a>. Submarine network. 8 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/i2i/bharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited">the original</a> on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Submarine+network&rft.atitle=Bharti+and+SingTel+Establish+Network+i2i+Limited&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.submarinenetworks.com%2Fsystems%2Fintra-asia%2Fi2i%2Fbharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms">"India's 1st undersea cable network ready"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">Economic Times</a>. Singapore. 8 April 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817121213/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Times&rft.atitle=India%27s+1st+undersea+cable+network+ready&rft.date=2002-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F6306817.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120416005804/en/Brics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa">"BRICS Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services Between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa"</a>. Business Wire. 16 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208184214/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120416005804/en/Brics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BRICS+Cable+Unveiled+for+Direct+and+Cohesive+Communications+Services+Between+Brazil%2C+Russia%2C+India%2C+China+and+South+Africa&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20120416005804%2Fen%2FBrics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airtel.in/press-release/01-2023/airtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu">"Coimbatore, Madurai, Hosur & Trichy gets ultrafast Airtel 5G Plus services in addition to Chennai"</a>. Airtel. 24 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182655/https://www.airtel.in/press-release/01-2023/airtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coimbatore%2C+Madurai%2C+Hosur+%26+Trichy+gets+ultrafast+Airtel+5G+Plus+services+in+addition+to+Chennai&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airtel.in%2Fpress-release%2F01-2023%2Fairtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRAI-433">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TRAI_433-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRAI_433-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf">TRAI report, August 2023</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=After+losing+6+lakh+internet+connections%2C+Tamil+Nadu+adds&rft.date=2021-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fafter-losing-6l-net-connections-state-adds-2-million-in-july-sept%2Farticleshow%2F80426908.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/27/tamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html">"Tamil Nadu all set for Rs 1,500 crore mega optic fibre network"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 27 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206213544/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/27/tamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+all+set+for+Rs+1%2C500+crore+mega+optic+fibre+network&rft.date=2018-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2018%2Fjul%2F27%2Ftamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/">"TANGEDCO, contact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208185659/https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. 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New Indian Express. 1 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182654/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Chennai+ranks+second+among+big+cities+in+power+usage&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2023%2Fsep%2F01%2Fchennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22200">Per-capita availability of power</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225071620/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22200">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Per-capita+availability+of+power&rft.pub=Reserve+Bank+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbi.org.in%2FScripts%2FPublicationsView.aspx%3Fid%3D22200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22203">"Power consumption"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070116/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22203">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+consumption&rft.pub=Reserve+Bank+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbi.org.in%2FScripts%2FPublicationsView.aspx%3Fid%3D22203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW-440">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PW_440-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW_440-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2023/OCT/capacity2-Southern-2023-10.pdf">Installed power capacity:Southern region</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331070509/https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2023/OCT/capacity2-Southern-2023-10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IGC+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Beyond+PFBR+to+FBR+1+and+2&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Chetal&rft.aufirst=SC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igcar.gov.in%2Flis%2Fnl95%2Figc95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688">"Construction of unit 5 & 6 of India's largest nuclear power plant in Kudankulam commences"</a>. WION. 17 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421082157/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WION&rft.atitle=Construction+of+unit+5+%26+6+of+India%27s+largest+nuclear+power+plant+in+Kudankulam+commences&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Findia-news%2Fconstruction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aerb.gov.in/english/regulatory-facilities/nuclear-power-plants">Nuclear power plants</a> (Report). Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121095725/https://www.aerb.gov.in/english/regulatory-facilities/nuclear-power-plants">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023. 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South Asia Books. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-170-99082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-170-99082-6"><bdi>978-8-170-99082-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173448/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=madras%20gazette&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2024. 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Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MXM+India&rft.atitle=Chennai%40175%3A+Madras+to+Chennai+%E2%80%93+Evolution+of+media+in+the+last+150+years&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mxmindia.com%2Fmedia%2Fchennai175-madras-to-chennai-evolution-of-media-in-the-last-150-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22">"The Mail, Madras' only English eveninger and one of India's oldest newspapers, closes down"</a>. India Today. 22 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326174134/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=The+Mail%2C+Madras%27+only+English+eveninger+and+one+of+India%27s+oldest+newspapers%2C+closes+down&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fsociety-and-the-arts%2Fmedia%2Fstory%2F19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuthiah2004" class="citation book cs1">Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Press+in+India+2021-22%2C+Chapter+9&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frni.nic.in%2Fpdf_file%2Fpin2021_22%2FChapter%25209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf">Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 6</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095105/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Press+in+India+2021-22%2C+Chapter+6&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frni.nic.in%2Fpdf_file%2Fpin2021_22%2FChapter%25206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf">Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 7</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095118/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Press+in+India+2021-22%2C+Chapter+7&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frni.nic.in%2Fpdf_file%2Fpin2021_22%2FChapter%25207.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-podhigai-homepage/contact/">"DD Podighai"</a>. Prasar Bharti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161844/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-podhigai-homepage/contact/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023. 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Media Ownership Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109202439/http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/sun-group/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023. 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News on Air. 16 June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128191801/https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=442780">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=All+India+Radio%2C+Chennai+celebrates+85th+anniversary&rft.date=2002-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsonair.gov.in%2FMain-News-Details.aspx%3Fid%3D442780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2006" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Sean, ed. (2006). <a href="/wiki/World_Radio_TV_Handbook" title="World Radio TV Handbook">World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting</a>. 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India Television. 16 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011318/http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FY-2015%3A+Inflection+point+for+DTH+companies+in+India&rft.pub=India+Television&rft.date=2015-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiantelevision.com%2Fdth%2Fdth-operator%2Ffy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2021" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Mira (2021). Regional Language Television in India: Profiles and Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-47008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-47008-6"><bdi>978-1-000-47008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Language+Television+in+India%3A+Profiles+and+Perspectives&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-47008-6&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Mira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/about-us/station-list/">"List of fire stations"</a>. Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173457/https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/about-us/station-list/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+fire+stations&rft.pub=Tamil+Nadu+Fire+and+Rescue+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnfrs.tn.gov.in%2Fabout-us%2Fstation-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/tamilnadu.pdf">Post offices of Tamil Nadu</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070909/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/tamilnadu.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Post+offices+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pub=India+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiapost.gov.in%2FMBE%2FDOP_PDFFiles%2Ftamilnadu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tamilnadupost.cept.gov.in/circle-history.php">"History, Tamil Nadu circle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204115809/https://tamilnadupost.cept.gov.in/circle-history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%2C+Tamil+Nadu+circle&rft.pub=India+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftamilnadupost.cept.gov.in%2Fcircle-history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Policy-472">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Policy_472-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Policy_472-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf">Highway policy</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">Highways Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616204832/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Highway+policy&rft.pub=Highways+Department%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnhighways.tn.gov.in%2Fpdf%2Fhw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNGov-473"><a href="#cite_ref-TNGov_473-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf">Highways Department renamed as Highways and Minor Ports Department</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331122821/http://www.tn.gov.in/gorders/par/par_e_202_2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Highways+Department+renamed+as+Highways+and+Minor+Ports+Department&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov.in%2Fgorders%2Fpar%2Fpar_e_202_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/organization">Wings of Highways Department</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">Highways Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601220752/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/organization">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Wings+of+Highways+Department&rft.pub=Highways+Department%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnhighways.tn.gov.in%2Fen%2Forganization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HW-475">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HW_475-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW_475-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HW_475-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/aboutus">"Tamil Nadu highways, about us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">Highways Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601225355/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/aboutus">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamil+Nadu+highways%2C+about+us&rft.pub=Highways+Department%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnhighways.tn.gov.in%2Fen%2Faboutus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/nationalhighway">"National Highways wing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">Highways Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202061432/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/en/nationalhighway">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Highways+wing&rft.pub=Highways+Department%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnhighways.tn.gov.in%2Fen%2Fnationalhighway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf">Details of national highways</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228091514/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Details+of+national+highways&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmorth.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDetails-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnhighwaysengineers.com/upload/phone-directory.pdf">Highways Circle of Highways Department, Tamil Nadu</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">Highways Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202064513/https://www.tnhighwaysengineers.com/upload/phone-directory.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Highways+Circle+of+Highways+Department%2C+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pub=Highways+Department%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnhighwaysengineers.com%2Fupload%2Fphone-directory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNSTC-479">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TNSTC_479-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TNSTC_479-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TNSTC_479-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf">Tamil Nadu STUs</a> (PDF) (Report). TNSTC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121802/https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Tamil+Nadu+STUs&rft.pub=TNSTC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnstc.in%2FinnerHtmls%2Fpdf%2FTamil%2520Nadu%2520STUs-pages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/History-of-SETC.pdf">History of SETC</a> (PDF) (Report). TNSTC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095101/https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/History-of-SETC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. 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Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Number+of+registered+motor+vehicles+across+Tamil+Nadu+in+India+from+financial+year+2007+to+2020&rft.pub=statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F665693%2Ftotal-number-of-vehicles-in-tamil-nadu-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1">"Southern Railways, about us"</a>. Southern Railway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104302/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Railways%2C+about+us&rft.pub=Southern+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsr.indianrailways.gov.in%2Fview_section.jsp%3Flang%3D0%26id%3D0%2C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR1-483">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SR1_483-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SR1_483-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf">System map, Southern Railway</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (India)">Southern Railway</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063842/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=System+map%2C+Southern+Railway&rft.pub=Southern+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsr.indianrailways.gov.in%2Fcris%2F%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F1686894847523-System%2520Map%25202023%2520signed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways">"Railways, plan your trip"</a>. Tamil Nadu tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107192152/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railways%2C+plan+your+trip&rft.pub=Tamil+Nadu+tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Fplan-your-trip%2Frailways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf">List of stations</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (India)">Southern Railway</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095122/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. 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Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DNA+Exclusive%3A+Is+It+Time+for+Indian+Railways+to+Tear+Up+Ageing+Tracks+and+Old+Machinery%3F&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Findia%2Fdna-exclusive-is-it-time-for-indian-railways-to-tear-up-ageing-tracks-and-old-machinery-2427973.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html">"Sheds and Workshops"</a>. IRFCA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606042648/https://irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. 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Southern Railway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120200740/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1623903361519-CHENNAI%20DIVISION%20-%20CATEGORY-2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=List+of+Stations%2C+Chennai&rft.pub=Southern+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsr.indianrailways.gov.in%2Fcris%2F%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2F1623903361519-CHENNAI%2520DIVISION%2520-%2520CATEGORY-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRTS-490"><a href="#cite_ref-MRTS_490-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/mrts_phase1.html">"About MRTS"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Council+of+Forestry+Research+and+Education&rft.atitle=About+ICFRE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icfre.org%2Findex.php%3Flinkid%3Dleft8311%26link%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/">"About Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education"</a>. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030151240/http://ifgtb.icfre.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Council+of+Forestry+Research+and+Education&rft.atitle=About+Indian+Council+of+Forestry+Research+and+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifgtb.icfre.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf">Public library data</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814211226/http://rrrlf.nic.in/Docs/pdf/PUBLIC_LIBRARY_DATA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2023. 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Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Chennai+now+boasts+South+Asia%27s+largest+library&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.aulast=Venkatsh&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F96894%2Fchennai-now-boasts-south-asias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece">"Connemara library's online catalogue launched"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 23 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185717/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Connemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched/article16372153.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Connemara+library%27s+online+catalogue+launched&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2FConnemara-librarys-online-catalogue-launched%2Farticle16372153.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs">"CSIR labs"</a>. CSIR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208160153/https://www.csir.res.in/csir-labs">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSIR+labs&rft.pub=CSIR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csir.res.in%2Fcsir-labs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/edu-minister-says-2nd-intl-book-fair-in-jan-2024/articleshow/100835652.cms">"Edu minister says 2nd int'l book fair in Jan 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 8 June 2023. 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Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism%2CCulture+and+Religious+Endowments+Department&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov.in%2Fdepartment%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf">"Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Limited"</a> (PDF). Government of Tamil Nadu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130115242/https://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2023. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+ranks+first+for+domestic+tourism%3A+Official&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Findustry%2Fservices%2Ftravel%2Ftamil-nadu-ranks-first-for-domestic-tourism-official%2Farticleshow%2F44713716.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf">India Tourism Statistics 2020</a> (PDF) (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608163829/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=India+Tourism+Statistics+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftourism.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-05%2FINDIA%2520TOURISM%2520STATISTICS%25202020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CR-551"><a href="#cite_ref-CR_551-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf">India Tourism statistics-2021</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922083717/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=India+Tourism+statistics-2021&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftourism.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-09%2FIndia%2520Tourism%2520Statistics%25202022%2520%2528English%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/beaches">"Tamil Nadu beaches"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142050/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/beaches">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamil+Nadu+beaches&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Fdestinations%2Fbeaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEARSeL2002" class="citation book cs1">EARSeL (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81">Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium</a>. A. A. 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Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observing+our+environment+from+space%3A+new+solutions+for+a+new+millennium&rft.pub=A.+A.+Balakema&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9-058-09254-0&rft.au=EARSeL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJfu5vbPbA0C%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hills">"Tamil Nadu hill stations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143609/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hills">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Print&rft.atitle=Ooty%3A+The+Queen+Of+Hill+Stations+In+South+India&rft.date=2023-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Ftheprint-valuead-initiative%2Footy-the-queen-of-hill-stations-in-south-india%2F1725177%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-556"><a href="#cite_ref-556">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty">"Ooty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143745/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ooty&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Fdestinations%2Footy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms">"Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 10 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418203859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu%2C+Andhra+Pradesh+build+temple+ties+to+boost+tourism&rft.date=2010-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2FTamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism%2Farticleshow%2F6284409.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-558"><a href="#cite_ref-558">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayalan2014" class="citation book cs1">Dayalan, D. (2014). Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Archaeological Survey of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cave-temples+in+the+Regions+of+the+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87dya%2C+Muttaraiya%2C+Atiyam%C4%81n%CC%A4+and+%C4%80y+Dynasties+in+Tamil+Nadu+and+Kerala&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Dayalan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-559"><a href="#cite_ref-559">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/coutrallam-waterfalls">"Coutrallam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074246/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/coutrallam-waterfalls">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coutrallam&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Fdestinations%2Fcoutrallam-waterfalls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/waterfalls">"Waterfalls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074249/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/waterfalls">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waterfalls&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in%2Fdestinations%2Fwaterfalls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/">"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104085753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2005. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+of+Monuments+at+Mahabalipuram&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F249%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552">"Nilgiri Mountain Railway"</a>. Indian Railway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nilgiri+Mountain+Railway&rft.pub=Indian+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsr.indianrailways.gov.in%2Fview_section.jsp%3FfontColor%3Dblack%26backgroundColor%3DLIGHTSTEELBLUE%26lang%3D0%26id%3D0%2C1%2C304%2C374%2C492%2C552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-563"><a href="#cite_ref-563">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/">"Mountain Railways of India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+Railways+of+India&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F944%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-564"><a href="#cite_ref-564">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece">"Conservationist joins SC panel on elephant corridor case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 27 January 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055024/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Conservationist+joins+SC+panel+on+elephant+corridor+case&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fconservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case%2Farticle33678554.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-565"><a href="#cite_ref-565">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/nilgiri">"Nilgiri biosphere"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 11 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001705/https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/nilgiri">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nilgiri+biosphere&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fbiosphere%2Faspac%2Fnilgiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-566"><a href="#cite_ref-566">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsiddharth2016" class="citation web cs1">siddharth (31 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sportycious.com/introduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452">"Kabaddi Introduction, Rules, Information, History & Competitions"</a>. Sportycious. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814165951/https://sportycious.com/introduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sportycious&rft.atitle=Kabaddi+Introduction%2C+Rules%2C+Information%2C+History+%26+Competitions&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft.au=siddharth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsportycious.com%2Fintroduction-kabaddi-history-rules-information-91452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-567"><a href="#cite_ref-567">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiMacIntoshBravo2012" class="citation book cs1">Li, Ming; MacIntosh, Eric W.; Bravo, Gonzalo A. (2012). International Sport Management. Ming Li, Eric W. MacIntosh, Gonzalo A. Bravo. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-736-08273-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-736-08273-0"><bdi>978-0-736-08273-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Sport+Management&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Ming+Li%2C+Eric+W.+MacIntosh%2C+Gonzalo+A.+Bravo&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-736-08273-0&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Ming&rft.au=MacIntosh%2C+Eric+W.&rft.au=Bravo%2C+Gonzalo+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-568"><a href="#cite_ref-568">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams">"Pro Kabaddi League Teams"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kabaddi+gets+the+IPL+treatment&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-28660432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-570"><a href="#cite_ref-570">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray,_H._J._R.1913" class="citation book cs1">Murray, H. J. R. (1913). A History of Chess. Benjamin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936-31701-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936-31701-4"><bdi>978-0-936-31701-4</bdi></a>. <q>Chathuranga, four-handed dice chess</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chess&rft.pub=Benjamin+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-0-936-31701-4&rft.au=Murray%2C+H.+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-571"><a href="#cite_ref-571">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNinan2020" class="citation web cs1">Ninan, Susan (6 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son">"Back in Chennai, Viswanathan Anand looks forward to home food and bonding with son"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426215559/https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/29276320/back-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Back+in+Chennai%2C+Viswanathan+Anand+looks+forward+to+home+food+and+bonding+with+son&rft.date=2020-06-06&rft.aulast=Ninan&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fchess%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F29276320%2Fback-chennai-viswanathan-anand-looks-forward-home-food-bonding-son&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-572"><a href="#cite_ref-572">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankerPidaparthy2013" class="citation news cs1">Shanker, V. 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Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Chennai%3A+India%27s+chess+capital&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft.aulast=Shanker&rft.aufirst=V.+Prem&rft.au=Pidaparthy%2C+Umika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2013%2F11%2F27%2Fchennai-indias-chess-capital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-573"><a href="#cite_ref-573">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece">"Chennai to host first ever Chess Olympiad in India from July 28"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sportstar" title="Sportstar">Sportstar</a>. 12 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220723144224/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chennai+to+host+first+ever+Chess+Olympiad+in+India+from+July+28&rft.date=2022-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsportstar.thehindu.com%2Fchess%2Fchess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news%2Farticle38472034.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-574"><a href="#cite_ref-574">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandanan2011" class="citation news cs1">Nandanan, Hari Hara (21 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms">"Fide offers 2013 World Chess C'ship to Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/fide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai/articleshow/9567992.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Fide+offers+2013+World+Chess+C%27ship+to+Chennai&rft.date=2011-08-21&rft.aulast=Nandanan&rft.aufirst=Hari+Hara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fsports%2Fchess%2Ffide-offers-2013-world-chess-cship-to-chennai%2Farticleshow%2F9567992.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-575"><a href="#cite_ref-575">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss1984" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Laurence (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli">Mancala Games</a>. Reference Publications. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917-25619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917-25619-6"><bdi>978-0-917-25619-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827164356/https://books.google.com/books?id=rXeCAAAAMAAJ&q=pallanguli">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mancala+Games&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Reference+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-917-25619-6&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXeCAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpallanguli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-576"><a href="#cite_ref-576">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/traditional-sports-and-games-mark-pongal-festivities/article1096563.ece">"Traditional sports and games mark Pongal festivities"</a>. The Hindu. Erode, India. 17 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090112/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Traditional-sports-and-games-mark-Pongal-festivities/article15521808.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Traditional+sports+and+games+mark+Pongal+festivities&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-tamilnadu%2Ftraditional-sports-and-games-mark-pongal-festivities%2Farticle1096563.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2002" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Steve (2002). Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History). <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31600-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31600-5"><bdi>978-0-313-31600-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sports+and+Games+of+the+Ancients%3A+%28Sports+and+Games+Through+History%29&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31600-5&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2004" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Irving (2004). "Round and Round the Houses: The Game of Pachisi". In Mackenzie, Colin; Finkel, Irving (eds.). Asian Games: The Art of Contest. Asia Society. pp. 46–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-878-48099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-878-48099-9"><bdi>978-0-878-48099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Round+and+Round+the+Houses%3A+The+Game+of+Pachisi&rft.btitle=Asian+Games%3A+The+Art+of+Contest&rft.pages=46-57&rft.pub=Asia+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-878-48099-9&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-579"><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/this-2000-year-old-sport-is-making-news-in-india-heres-why/what-is-jallikattu/slideshow/56473058.cms?from=mdr">"What is Jallikattu? This 2,000-year-old sport is making news in India. Here's why"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 11 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110050141/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/this-2000-year-old-sport-is-making-news-in-india-heres-why/what-is-jallikattu/slideshow/56473058.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=What+is+Jallikattu%3F+This+2%2C000-year-old+sport+is+making+news+in+India.+Here%27s+why&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnation-world%2Fthis-2000-year-old-sport-is-making-news-in-india-heres-why%2Fwhat-is-jallikattu%2Fslideshow%2F56473058.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/tamil-nadu/pongal-2023-traditional-bullock-cart-race-held-in-various-parts-of-tamil-nadu-see-pics-1576249">"Pongal 2023: Traditional Bullock Cart Race Held In Various Parts Of Tamil Nadu"</a>. ABP News. 17 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225102135/https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/tamil-nadu/pongal-2023-traditional-bullock-cart-race-held-in-various-parts-of-tamil-nadu-see-pics-1576249">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABP+News&rft.atitle=Pongal+2023%3A+Traditional+Bullock+Cart+Race+Held+In+Various+Parts+Of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abplive.com%2Fphoto-gallery%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fpongal-2023-traditional-bullock-cart-race-held-in-various-parts-of-tamil-nadu-see-pics-1576249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNainar2017" class="citation news cs1">Nainar, Nahla (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece">"A stick in time …"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902212850/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/A-stick-in-time-%E2%80%A6/article17067195.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+stick+in+time+%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Nainar&rft.aufirst=Nahla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fart%2FA-stick-in-time-%25E2%2580%25A6%2Farticle17067195.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-582"><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.2024" class="citation news cs1">P., Anand (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683">"Understanding Gatta Gusthi: Kerala's own style of wrestling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110050142/https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/features/web-exclusive/gatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=Understanding+Gatta+Gusthi%3A+Kerala%27s+own+style+of+wrestling&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=P.&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglisharchives.mathrubhumi.com%2Ffeatures%2Fweb-exclusive%2Fgatta-gusthi-wrestling-kerala-fortkochi-1.5891683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-583"><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj1977" class="citation book cs1">Raj, J. David Manuel (1977). The Origin and the Historical Development of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-Defence Sport of India. 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Sporteology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111511/https://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+Most+Popular+Sports+in+India&rft.pub=Sporteology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsporteology.com%2Ftop-10-most-popular-sports-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-585"><a href="#cite_ref-585">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008">"MA Chidambaram stadium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPNcricinfo" title="ESPNcricinfo">ESPNcricinfo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705052200/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MA+Chidambaram+stadium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fcricket-grounds%2Fma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-venues-in-india/article19834348.ece">"International cricket venues in India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529005450/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/international-cricket-venues-in-india/article19834348.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=International+cricket+venues+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsport%2Fcricket%2Finternational-cricket-venues-in-india%2Farticle19834348.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/afghanistan-to-face-bangladesh-in-first-t20i-at-dehradun-on-sunday-19482197">"Afghanistan to face Bangladesh in first T20I at Dehradun on Sunday"</a>. Mid-day. 2 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511194534/https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/afghanistan-to-face-bangladesh-in-first-t20i-at-dehradun-on-sunday-19482197">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mid-day&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+to+face+Bangladesh+in+first+T20I+at+Dehradun+on+Sunday&rft.date=2018-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Fsports%2Fcricket%2Farticle%2Fafghanistan-to-face-bangladesh-in-first-t20i-at-dehradun-on-sunday-19482197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/glenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431">"McGrath takes charge of MRF Pace Foundation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPNcricinfo" title="ESPNcricinfo">ESPNcricinfo</a>. 2 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001751/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/glenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=McGrath+takes+charge+of+MRF+Pace+Foundation&rft.date=2012-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fstory%2Fglenn-mcgrath-replaces-dennis-lillee-at-mrf-pace-foundation-580431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-589"><a href="#cite_ref-589">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms">"RCB vs CSK: Chennai Super Kings beat Royal Challengers Bangalore to reach IPL 4 final"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 24 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407185942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final/articleshow/8557943.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=RCB+vs+CSK%3A+Chennai+Super+Kings+beat+Royal+Challengers+Bangalore+to+reach+IPL+4+final&rft.date=2011-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Frcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final%2Farticleshow%2F8557943.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-590"><a href="#cite_ref-590">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms">"Chennai home to IPL final again in 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 30 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+home+to+IPL+final+again+in+2012&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fchennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012%2Farticleshow%2F8641266.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-591"><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theturffootball.com/articles/indian-super-league-the-southern-derby/">"Indian Super League: The Southern Derby"</a>. Turffootball. 11 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150456/http://www.theturffootball.com/articles/indian-super-league-the-southern-derby/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turffootball&rft.atitle=Indian+Super+League%3A+The+Southern+Derby&rft.date=2020-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theturffootball.com%2Farticles%2Findian-super-league-the-southern-derby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-592"><a href="#cite_ref-592">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-versus-kerala-blasters-in-isl-s-most-bitter-rivalries/story-kg8r1jJxyAuRdhe8nTjk5O.html">"Chennaiyin FC versus Kerala Blasters in ISL's most bitter rivalries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 12 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150451/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-versus-kerala-blasters-in-isl-s-most-bitter-rivalries/story-kg8r1jJxyAuRdhe8nTjk5O.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Chennaiyin+FC+versus+Kerala+Blasters+in+ISL%27s+most+bitter+rivalries&rft.date=2016-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Ffootball%2Fchennaiyin-fc-versus-kerala-blasters-in-isl-s-most-bitter-rivalries%2Fstory-kg8r1jJxyAuRdhe8nTjk5O.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-593"><a href="#cite_ref-593">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/12/04/isl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-renew-rivalry-with-chennaiyin-fc.html">"ISL 2020-21: Bengaluru FC renew rivalry with Chennaiyin FC"</a>. The Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109150536/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/12/04/isl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-renew-rivalry-with-chennaiyin-fc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=ISL+2020-21%3A+Bengaluru+FC+renew+rivalry+with+Chennaiyin+FC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Fsports%2F2020%2F12%2F04%2Fisl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-renew-rivalry-with-chennaiyin-fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-594"><a href="#cite_ref-594">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan2017" class="citation news cs1">Krishnan, Vivek (22 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/chennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years/articleshow/62202998.cms">"Chennai City to stay at Kovai for next 5 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123162511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/chennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years/articleshow/62202998.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+City+to+stay+at+Kovai+for+next+5+years&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fi-league%2Fchennai-city-to-stay-at-kovai-for-next-5-years%2Farticleshow%2F62202998.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDAT-595"><a href="#cite_ref-SDAT_595-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/jns.php?token=jns">"Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai"</a>. SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513165046/https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/jns.php?token=jns">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru+Stadium%2C+Chennai&rft.pub=SDAT%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdat.tn.gov.in%2Fjns.php%3Ftoken%3Djns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-596"><a href="#cite_ref-596">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-sleepy-madras-to-sporting-chennai-how-saf-games-helped-put-city-on-international-athletics-map/">"From sleepy Madras to sporting Chennai: How SAF Games helped put city on international athletics map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 31 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208153650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/from-sleepy-madras-to-sporting-chennai-how-saf-games-helped-put-city-on-international-athletics-map/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=From+sleepy+Madras+to+sporting+Chennai%3A+How+SAF+Games+helped+put+city+on+international+athletics+map&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Ftracking-indian-communities%2Ffrom-sleepy-madras-to-sporting-chennai-how-saf-games-helped-put-city-on-international-athletics-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-597"><a href="#cite_ref-597">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/mrk.php">"Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium"</a>. SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921152739/https://sdat.tn.gov.in/mrk.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayor+Radhakrishnan+Stadium&rft.pub=SDAT%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdat.tn.gov.in%2Fmrk.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-598"><a href="#cite_ref-598">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher2010" class="citation book cs1">Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC">The Geography of India:Sacred and Historic Places</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-615-30142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-615-30142-3"><bdi>978-1-615-30142-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090102/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+India%3ASacred+and+Historic+Places&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-615-30142-3&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjr0X-8jrLAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-599"><a href="#cite_ref-599">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-motor-race-track-the-ultimate-destination-for-speed/article17907793.ece">"The view from the fast lane"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 10 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208153650/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-motor-race-track-the-ultimate-destination-for-speed/article17907793.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+view+from+the+fast+lane&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fmadras-motor-race-track-the-ultimate-destination-for-speed%2Farticle17907793.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-600"><a href="#cite_ref-600">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozario2011" class="citation news cs1">Rozario, Rayan (4 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/coimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain/article2597443.ece">"Coimbatore may have a Grade 3 circuit, says Narain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221192154/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/coimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain/article2597443.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016. <q>city, oft referred to as India's motor sport hub, may well have a Grade 3 racing circuit in the years to come</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Coimbatore+may+have+a+Grade+3+circuit%2C+says+Narain&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft.aulast=Rozario&rft.aufirst=Rayan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsport%2Fmotorsport%2Fcoimbatore-may-have-a-grade-3-circuit-says-narain%2Farticle2597443.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-601"><a href="#cite_ref-601">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3191375.ece">"City of speed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=City+of+speed&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-metroplus%2Farticle3191375.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-602"><a href="#cite_ref-602">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2916420.ece?homepage=true">"Survivors of time: Madras Race Club - A canter through centuries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 21 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425124519/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2916420.ece?homepage=true">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Survivors+of+time%3A+Madras+Race+Club+-+A+canter+through+centuries&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fmetroplus%2Farticle2916420.ece%3Fhomepage%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Tamil Nadu at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tamil_Nadu" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Tamil Nadu">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" class="extiw" title="c:தமிழ்நாடு">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Tamil Nadu">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" class="extiw" title="q:Tamil Nadu">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tamil_Nadu" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Tamil Nadu">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tamil_Nadu" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Tamil Nadu">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tamil_Nadu" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Tamil Nadu">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" class="extiw" title="voy:Tamil Nadu">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/96905">Tamil Nadu</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Nadu_state_symbols" title="List of Tamil Nadu state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Seal: <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivilliputhur Andal temple">Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower</a></li> <li>Animal: <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a></li> <li>Bird: <a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a></li> <li>Flower: <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Gloriosa lily</a></li> <li>Fruit: <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li>Tree: <a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palm tree</a></li> <li>Butterfly: <a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Cirrochroa Thais</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu">Political parties</a></li> <li>Raj Bhavan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Chennai" title="Raj Bhavan, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Ooty" title="Raj Bhavan, Ooty">Ooty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Tamil Nadu">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tamil Nadu">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_radio_on_internet" title="Tamil radio on internet">Radio on Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_sexual_minorities" title="Tamil sexual minorities">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River_water_dispute" title="Kaveri River water dispute">Kaveri River water dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Day" title="Tamil Nadu Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of districts of Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_district" title="Cuddalore district">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_district" title="Erode district">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi_district" title="Kallakurichi district">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_district" title="Karur district">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri_district" title="Krishnagiri district">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai_district" title="Mayiladuthurai district">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_district" title="Namakkal district">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_district" title="Ramanathapuram district">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga_district" title="Sivaganga district">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi_district" title="Tenkasi district">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupathur_district" title="Tirupathur district">Tirupathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_district" title="Tiruppur district">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_district" title="Tiruvarur district">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram_district" title="Viluppuram district">Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_district" title="Virudhunagar district">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu-related_lists" title="Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu by Human Development Index">Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Cities in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population">Towns in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu">Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template talk:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tamil_Nadu_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu_topics" title="Template:Tamil Nadu topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_Nadu_topics" title="Template talk:Tamil Nadu topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_Nadu_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil Nadu topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tamil_Nadu_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil Nadu</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Outline of Tamil Nadu">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayak_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak dynasty">Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Nadu_governmental_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tamil Nadu governmental organisations">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislature" title="Tamil Nadu Legislature">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_body_elections_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Local body elections in Tamil Nadu">Panchayat elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Geography of Tamil Nadu">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Tamil Nadu">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of rivers of Tamil Nadu">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Demographics of Tamil Nadu">Demographics</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chennai" title="Religion in Chennai">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Brahmin" title="Tamil Brahmin">Brahmins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar" title="Devar">Devars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gounder" title="Gounder">Gounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyengar" title="Iyengar">Iyengars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Vellalar" title="Kongu Vellalar">Kongu Vellalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudaliar" title="Mudaliar">Mudaliyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India#Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tamil Nadu">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Architecture of Tamil Nadu">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dance / Drama / Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallikattu" title="Jallikattu">Jallikattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayilattam" title="Mayilattam">Mayilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terukkuttu" title="Terukkuttu">Terukkuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chithirai_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithirai festival">Chithirai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikai_Deepam" class="mw-redirect" title="Karthikai Deepam">Karthikai Deepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Pongal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Pongal">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Tamil" title="Kongu Tamil">Kongu Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conglomerates_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu">Companies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of institutions of higher education in Tamil Nadu">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Tamil Nadu">Monuments of National Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu">State Protected Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tamil Nadu">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Temples_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Coimbatore" title="List of tourist attractions in Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vellore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Vellore">Vellore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Tamil Nadu">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tamil Nadu">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/23px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/35px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/45px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" />  <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._N._Ravi" title="R. N. Ravi">R. N. Ravi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udhayanidhi_Stalin" title="Udhayanidhi Stalin">Udhayanidhi Stalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Council_of_Ministers" title="Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers">Council of ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duraimurugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duraimurugan">Duraimurugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Nehru" title="K. N. Nehru">K. N. Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Periyasamy" title="I. Periyasamy">I. Periyasamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ponmudy" title="K. Ponmudy">K. Ponmudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._V._Velu" title="E. V. Velu">E. V. Velu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._K._Panneerselvam" title="M. R. K. Panneerselvam">M. R. K. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._S._S._R._Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran">K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangam_Thennarasu" title="Thangam Thennarasu">Thangam Thennarasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Regupathy" title="S. Regupathy">S. Regupathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Muthusamy" title="S. Muthusamy">S. Muthusamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Periyakaruppan" title="K. R. Periyakaruppan">K. R. Periyakaruppan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._Anbarasan" title="T. M. Anbarasan">T. M. Anbarasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Saminathan" title="M. P. Saminathan">M. P. Saminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Geetha_Jeevan" title="P. Geetha Jeevan">P. Geetha Jeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anitha_R._Radhakrishnan" title="Anitha R. Radhakrishnan">Anitha R. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._S._Raja_Kannappan" class="mw-redirect" title="R. S. Raja Kannappan">R. S. Raja Kannappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ramachandran" title="K. Ramachandran">K. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Sakkarapani" title="R. Sakkarapani">R. Sakkarapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Senthil_Balaji" title="V. Senthil Balaji">V. Senthil Balaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Gandhi" title="R. Gandhi">R. Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Subramaniam">M. Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Moorthy" title="P. Moorthy">P. Moorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Sivasankar" title="S. S. Sivasankar">S. S. Sivasankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Sekar_Babu" title="P. K. Sekar Babu">P. K. Sekar Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanivel_Thiagarajan" title="Palanivel Thiagarajan">Palanivel Thiagarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbil_Mahesh_Poyyamozhi" title="Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi">Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyyanathan_Siva_V" title="Meyyanathan Siva V">Meyyanathan Siva V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Ganesan" title="C. V. Ganesan">C. V. Ganesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Mathiventhan" title="M. Mathiventhan">M. Mathiventhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.R.B.Rajaa" class="mw-redirect" title="T.R.B.Rajaa">T.R.B.Rajaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Kayalvizhi" title="N. Kayalvizhi">N. Kayalvizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Nasar" title="S. M. Nasar">S. M. Nasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govi._Chezhian" title="Govi. Chezhian">Govi. Chezhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Rajendran_(DMK_politician)" title="R. Rajendran (DMK politician)">R. Rajendran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Appavu" title="M. Appavu">M. Appavu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Pitchandi" title="K. Pitchandi">K. Pitchandi</a> <ul><li>Deputy speaker</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraimurugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duraimurugan">Duraimurugan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_house_in_the_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Leader of the house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi_K._Palaniswami" title="Edappadi K. Palaniswami">Edappadi K. Palaniswami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Leader of the opposition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_justices" title="List of current Indian chief justices">Chief justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kalpathi_Rajendran_Shriram" title="Kalpathi Rajendran Shriram">K. R. Shriram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Government%27s_Departments" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Government's Departments">Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Adi_Dravidar_and_Tribal_Welfare_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare (Tamil Nadu)">Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Agriculture (Tamil Nadu)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Animal_Husbandry,_Dairying_and_Fisheries_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (Tamil Nadu)">Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Backward_Classes,_Most_Backward_Classes_and_Minorities_Welfare_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)">Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commercial_Taxes_and_Registration_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Commercial Taxes and Registration (Tamil Nadu)">Commercial Taxes and Registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Co-operation,_Food_and_Consumer_Protection_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)">Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Energy (Tamil Nadu)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Forests_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Environment and Forests (Tamil Nadu)">Environment and Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Finance (Tamil Nadu)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Handlooms,_Handicrafts,_Textiles_and_Khadi_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi (Tamil Nadu)">Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)">Health and Family Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Higher_Education_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Higher Education (Tamil Nadu)">Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">Highways and Minor Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home,_Prohibition_and_Excise" title="Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise">Home, Prohibition and Excise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Housing and Urban Development (Tamil Nadu)">Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Human_Resources_Management_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Human Resources Management (Tamil Nadu)">Human Resources Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Industries_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)">Industries, Investment Promotion and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Information_Technology_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Information Technology (Tamil Nadu)">Information Technology and Digital Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Labour_and_Employment_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Labour and Employment (Tamil Nadu)">Labour Welfare and Skill Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Law_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Law (Tamil Nadu)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Legislative_Assembly_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Legislative Assembly (Tamil Nadu)">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Micro,_Small_and_Medium_Enterprises_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Tamil Nadu)">Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Miscellaneous officers, Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Mudalvarin Mugavari (Chief Minister's office)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Municipal_Administration_and_Water_Supply_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply (Tamil Nadu)">Municipal Administration and Water Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Natural_Resources_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Natural Resources (Tamil Nadu)">Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Other States Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Planning,_Development_and_Special_Initiatives_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives (Tamil Nadu)">Planning, Development and Special Initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Public (Tamil Nadu)">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Elections_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Public Elections (Tamil Nadu)">Public (Elections)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Public Works (Tamil Nadu)">Public Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)">Revenue and Disaster Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Rural_Development_and_Panchayat_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Rural Development and Panchayat (Tamil Nadu)">Rural Development and Panchayat Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_School_Education_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of School Education (Tamil Nadu)">School Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Reforms_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Social Reforms (Tamil Nadu)">Social Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Women_Empowerment_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment (Tamil Nadu)">Social Welfare and Women Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Special_Programme_Implementation_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Special Programme Implementation (Tamil Nadu)">Special Programme Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tamil_Development_and_Information_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Tamil Development and Information (Tamil Nadu)">Tamil Development and Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism,_Culture_and_Religious_Endowments_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments (Tamil Nadu)">Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Water_Resources_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Water Resources (Tamil Nadu)">Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Welfare_of_Differently_Abled_Persons_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Welfare of Differently Abled Persons (Tamil Nadu)">Welfare of Differently Abled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Youth_Welfare_and_Sports_Development_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Youth Welfare and Sports Development (Tamil Nadu)">Youth Welfare and Sports Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of agencies of the government of Tamil Nadu">Agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public sector undertakings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro_Rail_Limited" title="Chennai Metro Rail Limited">Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu">Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu (ELCOT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transport_Corporation_(Chennai)" title="Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)">Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Tirupur_Area_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Tirupur Area Development Corporation (page does not exist)">New Tirupur Area Development Corporation (NTADC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallavan_Transport_Consultancy_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pallavan Transport Consultancy Services (page does not exist)">Pallavan Transport Consultancy Services (PTCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poompuhar_Shipping_Corporation" title="Poompuhar Shipping Corporation">Poompuhar Shipping Corporation (PSCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Industries_Promotion_Corporation_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu">State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Arasu_Cable_TV_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited">Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation (TNACTCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Arasu_Rubber_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Arasu Rubber Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Arasu Rubber Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Skill_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Skill Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Skill Development Corporation (TNSDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Cement_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Cement Corporation">Tamil Nadu Cement Corporation (TANCEM)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Adi_Dravidar_Housing_and_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing and Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing and Development Corporation (TAHDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Backward_Classes_Economic_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Backward Classes Economic Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Backward Classes Economic Development Corporation (TNBCEDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Civil_Supplies_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation">Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation (TNCSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Ex-Servicemen%27s_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Ex-Servicemen's Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Ex-Servicemen's Corporation (TEXCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Fibrenet_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Fibrenet Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Fibrenet Corporation (TAFINET)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Film_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Film Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Film Development Corporation (TNFDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Fisheries_Development_Corporation_Limited_(TNFDC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation Limited (TNFDC)">Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation Limited (TNFDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Forest_Plantation_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation (TAFCORN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Generation_and_Distribution_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation">Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (TANGEDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Graphite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Graphite (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Graphite (TNG)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Handicrafts_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Development Corporation (TNHDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Handloom_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Handloom Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Handloom Development Corporation (THDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Industrial_Development_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation">Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Industrial_Explosives_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Industrial Explosives Limited">Tamil Nadu Industrial Explosives (TNIE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidance_Tamil_Nadu" title="Guidance Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu Industrial Guidance and Export Promotion Bureau (GUIDANCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Industrial_Investment_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Industrial Investment Corporation Limited">Tamil Nadu Industrial Investment Corporation (TIIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Leather_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Leather Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Leather Development Corporation (TNLDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Linguistic_Minorities_Economic_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Linguistic Minorities Economic Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Linguistic Minorities Economic Development Corporation (TNLMEDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Magnesite_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Magnesite Limited">Tamil Nadu Magnesite (TANMAG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Medical_Services" title="Tamil Nadu Medical Services">Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation (TNMSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Medicinal_Plant_Farms_and_Herbal_Medicine_Corporation_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Medicinal Plant Farms and Herbal Medicine Corporation Ltd (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Medicinal Plant Farms and Herbal Medicine Corporation Ltd (TAMPCOL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Minerals_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Minerals Limited">Tamil Nadu Minerals (TAMIN)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Minorities_Economic_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Minorities Economic Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Minorities Economic Development Corporation (TNMEDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Newsprint_and_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers">Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers (TNPL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Overseas_Manpower_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Overseas Manpower Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Overseas Manpower Corporation (TNOMC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Police_Housing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation (TNPH)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Poultry_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Poultry Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Poultry Development Corporation (TAPCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Power_Finance_and_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Power Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Power Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (TNPFID)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Road_Development_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Road Development Company (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Road Development Company (TNRDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Road_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation (TNIDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Salt_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation (TNSALT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Small_Industries_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Small Industries Corporation">Tamil Nadu Small Industries Corporation (TANSI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Small_Industries_Development_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation Limited">Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation (TANSIDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Southern_Structurals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Southern Structurals (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Southern Structurals (TNSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Express_Transport_Corporation" title="State Express Transport Corporation">Tamil Nadu State Express Transport Corporation (SETC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Marketing_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation">Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation (TASMAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Wide_Area_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Wide Area Network (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Wide Area Network (TNSWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Sugar_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Sugar Corporation Limited">Tamil Nadu Sugar Corporation (TASCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Tea_Plantation_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation (TANTEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Text_Book_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation (TNTBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Textile_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Textile Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Textile Corporation (TNTC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation">Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Transmission_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation">Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation (TANTRANSCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Transport_Development_Finance_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Transport Development Finance Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Transport Development Finance Corporation (TNTDFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Urban_Finance_and_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (TUFIDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Urban_Infrastructure_Financial_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services (TNUIFSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Warehousing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Warehousing Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Warehousing Corporation (TNWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Women_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Women Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Women Development Corporation (TNWDCL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nodal agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">Advisory body, National Security Advisor (NSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974">Advisory body, COFEPSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority">Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation of Chennai">Corporation of Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_Mission" title="National Health Mission">National Health Mission (NHM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Uchchatar_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_Development_Authority_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (page does not exist)">Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Energy_Development_Agency" title="Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency">Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Horticulture_Development_Agency" title="Tamil Nadu Horticulture Development Agency">Tamil Nadu Horticulture Development Agency (TANHODA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Livestock_Development_Agency_(TNLDA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Livestock Development Agency (TNLDA)">Tamil Nadu Livestock Development Agency (TNLDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Disaster_Management_Authority" title="Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority">Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority (TNSDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Legal_Services_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority (TNSLSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Seed_Development_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Seed Development Agency (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Seed Development Agency (TANSEDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Watershed_Development_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Watershed Development Agency (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Watershed Development Agency (TAWDEVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_e-Governance_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Fire_and_Rescue_Services" title="Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services">Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services (TNFRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Tamil Nadu Police (TNP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_Tamil_Nadu#TRANSTAN" title="Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu">Transplant Authority of Tamil Nadu (TRANSTAN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Water_Supply_and_Sewerage_Board" title="Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board">Chennai Metro Watersupply and Sewerage Board (CMWS&SB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Construction_Workers_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Construction Workers Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Construction Workers Welfare Board (TNCWWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_De-Notified_Communities_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu De-Notified Communities Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu De-Notified Communities Welfare Board (TNDEL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Electricity_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Electricity Board">Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Electrical_Licensing_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Electrical Licensing Board">Tamil Nadu Electrical Licensing Board (TNELB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Housing_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Housing Board">Tamil Nadu Housing Board (TNHB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Khadi_and_Village_Industries_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Khadi and Village Industries Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Khadi and Village Industries Board (TNKVIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Labour_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Labour Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Labour Welfare Board (TNLWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Maritime_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Maritime Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Maritime Board (TNMB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Medical_Services_Recruitment_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Medical Services Recruitment Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Medical Services Recruitment Board (TNMSRB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Palm_Products_Development_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Palm Products Development Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Palm Products Development Board (TNPPDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Pollution_Control_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board">Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Slum_Clearance_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board">Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board (TNSCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Social_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Board (TNSWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Agricultural_Marketing_Board" title="Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing Board">Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing Board (TNSAMB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Teachers_Recruitment_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Teachers Recruitment Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Teachers Recruitment Board (TNTRB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Narikuravar_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Narikuravar Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Narikuravar Welfare Board (TNNWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Traders_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Traders Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Traders Welfare Board (TTWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Transgender_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board (TNSW-TB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Ulema_and_other_Employees_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Ulema and other Employees Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Ulema and other Employees Welfare Board (TNUWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Uniformed_Services_Recruitment_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board">Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board (TNUSRB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Urban_Habitat_Development_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Urban Habitat Development Board">Tamil Nadu Urban Habitat Development Board (TNUDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Vanniyakula_Kshatriya_Public_Charitable_Trust_and_Endowments_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Vanniyakula Kshatriya Public Charitable Trust and Endowments Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Vanniyakula Kshatriya Public Charitable Trust and Endowments Board (TNVKPCTEB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Waqf_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Waqf Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Waqf Board (TNWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Water_Supply_and_Drainage_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board">Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperative societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aavin" title="Aavin">Aavin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salem_Starch_and_Sago_Manufacturers_Service_Industrial_Co-operative_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Co-operative Society (page does not exist)">Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Co-operative Society (SAGOSERVE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Consumers%27_Co-operative_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Consumers' Co-operative Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Consumers' Co-operative Federation (TNCCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operation_Food_and_Consumer_Protection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operation Food and Consumer Protection (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operation Food and Consumer Protection (TNCFCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Housing_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Housing Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Housing Federation (TNCHF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Marketing_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Marketing Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Marketing Federation (TNCMF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Marketing_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Marketing Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Marketing Federation (TANFED)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Milk_Producers%27_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation (TNCMPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Societies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (TNCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Societies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (Housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Spinning_Mill_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Spinning Mill Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Spinning Mill Federation (TANSPIN)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_State_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative State Agriculture and Rural Development Bank (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative State Agriculture and Rural Development Bank (TNCSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Sugar_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Sugar Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Sugar Federation (TNCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Union (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Union (TNCST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-optex" title="Co-optex">Tamil Nadu Handloom Weavers' Co-operative Society (Co-optex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Horticultural_Producers_Co-operative_Enterprises_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Horticultural Producers Co-operative Enterprises Limited">Tamil Nadu Horticultural Producers Co-operative Enterprises (TANHOPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNSC_Bank" title="TNSC Bank">Tamil Nadu State Apex Co-operative Bank (TNSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Apex_Fisheries_Cooperative_Federation_Limited_(TAFCOFED)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Cooperative Federation Limited (TAFCOFED)">Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Cooperative Federation Limited (TAFCOFED)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Co-operative_Societies_Election_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Co-operative Societies Election Commission (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Co-operative Societies Election Commission (TNSCEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Palmgur_and_Fibre_Marketing_Co-operative_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Palmgur and Fibre Marketing Co-operative Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Palmgur and Fibre Marketing Co-operative Federation (TNPFMCF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Biodiversity_Conservation_And_Greening_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Conservation And Greening Society (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Conservation And Greening Society (TNBCGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_AIDS_Control_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu AIDS Control Society (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu AIDS Control Society (TSAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Council_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Council for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Council for Science and Technology (TNDCWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Electricity_Regulatory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (TERC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Hajj_Commiitee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Hajj Commiitee (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Hajj Commiitee (TNHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Iamwarm_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Iamwarm Project (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Iamwarm Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Information_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu Information Commission">Tamil Nadu Information Commission (TNIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Market_Management_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Market Management Committee (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Market Management Committee (TNMMC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Planning_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu Planning Commission">Tamil Nadu Planning Commission (TNPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Public_Service_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission">Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission (TNPSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Blindness_Control_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Blindness Control Society (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Blindness Control Society (TSBCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Commission_for_Differently_Abled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Commission for Differently Abled (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Commission for Differently Abled (TNSCAD)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Commission_for_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women (TNSCW)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Commissioner_for_Protection_of_Child_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Commissioner for Protection of Child Rights (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Commissioner for Protection of Child Rights (TNSCPCR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Consumer_Disputes_Redressal_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission">Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (TNSCDRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Council_for_Higher_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TNSCHE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Council_For_Technical_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Council For Technical Education (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Council For Technical Education (TNSCTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Election_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu State Election Commission">Tamil Nadu State Election Commission (TNSEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Finance_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Finance Commission (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Finance Commission (TNSFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Health_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Health Society (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Health Society (TNSHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Human_Rights_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Human Rights Commission (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Human Rights Commission (TNSHRC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagappa_University" title="Alagappa University">Alagappa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_University" title="Anna University">Anna University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamalai_University" title="Annamalai University">Annamalai University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathiar_University" title="Bharathiar University">Bharathiar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan_University" title="Bharathidasan University">Bharathidasan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Kamaraj_University" title="Madurai Kamaraj University">Madurai Kamaraj University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manonmaniam_Sundaranar_University" title="Manonmaniam Sundaranar University">Manonmaniam Sundaranar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa_Women%27s_University" title="Mother Teresa Women's University">Mother Teresa Women's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_University" title="Periyar University">Periyar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Agricultural_University" title="Tamil Nadu Agricultural University">Tamil Nadu Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Dr._J._Jayalalithaa_Fisheries_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University">Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_National_Law_University" title="Tamil Nadu National Law University">Tamil Nadu National Law University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Open_University" title="Tamil Nadu Open University">Tamil Nadu Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Physical_Education_and_Sports_University" title="Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University">Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Teachers_Education_University" title="Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University">Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Veterinary_and_Animal_Sciences_University" title="Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University">Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_University" title="Tamil University">Tamil University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tamil_Nadu_Dr._Ambedkar_Law_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University">The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tamil_Nadu_Dr._J._Jayalalithaa_Music_and_Fine_Arts_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University">The Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Music and Fine Arts University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tamil_Nadu_Dr._M.G.R._Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University">The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_University" title="Thiruvalluvar University">Thiruvalluvar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Council_of_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Council_of_Ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/23px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/35px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/45px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Council_of_Ministers" title="Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">First Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Shetty" title="A. B. Shetty">A. B. Shetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Venkataswami_Naidu" title="K. Venkataswami Naidu">K. Venkataswami Naidu</a></li> <li>N. Ranga Reddi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._V._Krishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="M. V. Krishna Rao">M. V. Krishna Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Palanisami_Gounder" title="V. C. Palanisami Gounder">V. C. Palaniswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._Krishna_Rao" title="U. Krishna Rao">U. Krishna Rao</a></li> <li>R. Nagan Gowda</li> <li>N. Sankara Reddi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Manickavelu" class="mw-redirect" title="M. A. Manickavelu">M. A. Manickavelu</a></li> <li>K. P. Kuttikrishnan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanmugha_Rajeswara_Sethupathi" title="Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi">Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._B._P._Pattabhirama_Rao" title="S. B. P. Pattabhirama Rao">S. B. P. Pattabhirama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodaram_Sanjeevaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Damodaram Sanjeevaiah">D. Sanjeevaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhakthavatsalam" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Bhakthavatsalam">M. Bhakthavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Rajaram" title="K. Rajaram">K. Rajaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jothi_Venkatachalam" title="Jothi Venkatachalam">Jothi Venkatachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Parameswaran" title="B. Parameswaran">B. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Ramasami_Padayatchiyar" title="S. S. Ramasami Padayatchiyar">S. S. Ramaswami Padayachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Second Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhakthavatsalam" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Bhakthavatsalam">M. Bhakthavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Manickavelu" class="mw-redirect" title="M. A. Manickavelu">M. A. Manickavelu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanmugha_Rajeswara_Sethupathi" title="Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi">Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Parameswaran" title="B. Parameswaran">B. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Ramasami_Padayatchiyar" title="S. S. Ramasami Padayatchiyar">S. S. Ramaswami Padayachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Ramaiah" title="V. Ramaiah">V. Ramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourdammal_Simon" title="Lourdammal Simon">Lourdammal Simon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Third Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhakthavatsalam" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Bhakthavatsalam">M. Bhakthavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Ramaiah" title="V. Ramaiah">V. Ramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jothi_Venkatachalam" title="Jothi Venkatachalam">Jothi Venkatachalam</a></li> <li>N. Nallasenapathi Sarkarai Manradiar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Bhuvarahan" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Bhuvarahan">G. Bhuvarahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Abdul_Majid" title="S. M. Abdul Majid">S. M. Abdul Majid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Fourth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Mathiazhagan" title="K. A. Mathiazhagan">K. A. Mathiazhagan</a></li> <li>A. Govindasamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathiavani_Muthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathiavani Muthu">Sathiavani Muthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Madhavan" title="S. Madhavan">S. Madhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._J._Sadiq_Pasha" title="S. J. Sadiq Pasha">S. J. Sadiq Pasha</a></li> <li>M. Muthuswami</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._U._Shanmugam" title="P. U. Shanmugam">P. U. Shanmugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Adithanar" title="S. P. Adithanar">Si. Pa. Aditanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Subbiah" title="K. V. Subbiah">K. V. Subbiah</a></li> <li>O. P. Raman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._V._Natarajan" title="N. V. Natarajan">N. V. Natarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Vezhavendan" title="K. A. Vezhavendan">K. A. Vezhavendan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Fifth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._V._Natarajan" title="N. V. Natarajan">N. V. Natarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathiavani_Muthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathiavani Muthu">Sathiavani Muthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._U._Shanmugam" title="P. U. Shanmugam">P. U. Shanmugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Madhavan" title="S. Madhavan">S. Madhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._J._Sadiq_Pasha" title="S. J. Sadiq Pasha">S. J. Sadiq Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Adithanar" title="S. P. Adithanar">Si. Pa. Aditanar</a></li> <li>A. P. Dharmalingam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Rajaram" title="K. Rajaram">K. Rajaram</a></li> <li>O. P. Raman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panruti_S._Ramachandran" title="Panruti S. Ramachandran">Panruti S. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Kannappan" title="M. Kannappan">M. Kannappan</a></li> <li>Mannai P. Narayanasamy</li> <li>C. V. M. Annamalai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Rajangam" title="N. Rajangam">N. Rajangam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sixth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjil_K._Manoharan" title="Nanjil K. Manoharan">Nanjil K. Manoharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panruti_S._Ramachandran" title="Panruti S. Ramachandran">Panruti S. Ramachandran</a></li> <li>K. Narayanaswamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._Edmund" title="G. R. Edmund">G. R. Edmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Veerappan" title="R. M. Veerappan">R. M. Veerappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Aranganayagam" title="C. Aranganayagam">C. Aranganayagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kalimuthu" title="K. Kalimuthu">K. Kalimuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Raghavanandam" title="S. Raghavanandam">S. Raghavanandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Soundarapandian" title="P. Soundarapandian">P. Soundarapandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ponnaiyan" title="C. Ponnaiyan">C. Ponnaiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._Saraswathy" title="P. T. Saraswathy">P. T. Saraswathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kolandaivelu" title="P. Kolandaivelu">P. Kolandaivelu</a></li> <li>K. Raja Mohammed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Krishnaswamy" title="K. A. Krishnaswamy">K. A. Krishnaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._D._Somasundaram" title="S. D. Somasundaram">S. D. Somasundaram</a></li> <li>R. Soundararajan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbulakshmi_Jagadeesan" title="Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan">Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Seventh Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panruti_S._Ramachandran" title="Panruti S. Ramachandran">Panruti S. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Krishnaswamy" title="K. A. Krishnaswamy">K. A. Krishnaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._D._Somasundaram" title="S. D. Somasundaram">S. D. Somasundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Veerappan" title="R. M. Veerappan">R. M. Veerappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Aranganayagam" title="C. Aranganayagam">C. Aranganayagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kalimuthu" title="K. Kalimuthu">K. Kalimuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ponnaiyan" title="C. Ponnaiyan">C. Ponnaiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kolandaivelu" title="P. Kolandaivelu">P. Kolandaivelu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Raghavanandam" title="S. Raghavanandam">S. Raghavanandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Hande" title="H. V. Hande">H. V. Hande</a></li> <li>K. Raja Mohammed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Muthusamy" title="S. Muthusamy">S. Muthusamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su._Thirunavukkarasar" title="Su. Thirunavukkarasar">Su. Thirunavukkarasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Rajendran" title="S. N. Rajendran">S. N. Rajendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Vijayasarathy" title="M. Vijayasarathy">M. Vijayasarathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomathi_Srinivasan" title="Gomathi Srinivasan">Gomathi Srinivasan</a></li> <li>S. R. Eradha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Govindan" title="M. R. Govindan">M. R. Govindan</a></li> <li>P. Vijayalakshmi</li> <li>R. Soundararajan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._S._M._Yusuf" title="Y. S. M. Yusuf">Y. S. M. Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Arunachalam" title="R. Arunachalam">R. Arunachalam</a></li> <li>K. Kalaimani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Veeraswamy" title="T. Veeraswamy">T. Veeraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._S._S._R._Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran">K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Eighth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Janaki_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Janaki Ramachandran">V. N. Janaki Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panruti_S._Ramachandran" title="Panruti S. Ramachandran">Panruti S. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Krishnaswamy" title="K. A. Krishnaswamy">K. A. Krishnaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Veerappan" title="R. M. Veerappan">R. M. Veerappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Aranganayagam" title="C. Aranganayagam">C. Aranganayagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kalimuthu" title="K. Kalimuthu">K. Kalimuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ponnaiyan" title="C. Ponnaiyan">C. Ponnaiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Hande" title="H. V. Hande">H. V. Hande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Muthusamy" title="S. Muthusamy">S. Muthusamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su._Thirunavukkarasar" title="Su. Thirunavukkarasar">Su. Thirunavukkarasar</a></li> <li>R. Soundararajan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Govindan" title="M. R. Govindan">M. R. Govindan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomathi_Srinivasan" title="Gomathi Srinivasan">Gomathi Srinivasan</a></li> <li>P. Vijayalakshmi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._S._M._Yusuf" title="Y. S. M. Yusuf">Y. S. M. Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._S._S._R._Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran">K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Rajaram" title="K. Rajaram">K. Rajaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Swaminathan" title="V. V. Swaminathan">V. V. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Veeraswamy" title="T. Veeraswamy">T. Veeraswamy</a></li> <li>N. Nallusamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._Anoor_Jegadeesan" title="P. G. Anoor Jegadeesan">Anoor P. G. Jegadeesan</a></li> <li>T. Ramasamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Arunachalam" title="A. Arunachalam">A. Arunachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._U._Shanmugam" title="P. U. Shanmugam">P. U. Shanmugam</a></li> <li>P. Sundararajan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Ninth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._J._Sadiq_Pasha" title="S. J. Sadiq Pasha">S. J. Sadiq Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjil_K._Manoharan" title="Nanjil K. Manoharan">Nanjil K. Manoharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Kannappan" title="M. Kannappan">M. Kannappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Kandasamy" title="K. P. Kandasamy">K. P. Kandasamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko._Si._Mani" title="Ko. Si. Mani">Ko. Si. Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_N._Veeraswami" title="Arcot N. Veeraswami">Arcot N. Veeraswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pon._Muthuramalingam" title="Pon. Muthuramalingam">Pon. Muthuramalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerapandi_S._Arumugam" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerapandi S. Arumugam">Veerapandi S. Arumugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraimurugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duraimurugan">Duraimurugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbulakshmi_Jagadeesan" title="Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan">Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Ramakrishnan" title="E. Ramakrishnan">E. Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ponmudy" title="K. Ponmudy">K. Ponmudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Nehru" title="K. N. Nehru">K. N. Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._V._Sc._Chandrasekaran" title="K. B. V. Sc. Chandrasekaran">K. Chandrasekaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Thangavelu" title="S. Thangavelu">S. Thangavelu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sundaram" title="K. Sundaram">K. Sundaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Tenth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Nedunchezhiyan" title="V. R. Nedunchezhiyan">V. R. Nedunchezhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Krishnaswamy" title="K. A. Krishnaswamy">K. A. Krishnaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._D._Somasundaram" title="S. D. Somasundaram">S. D. Somasundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Veerappan" title="R. M. Veerappan">R. M. Veerappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Rajaram" title="K. Rajaram">K. Rajaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Aranganayagam" title="C. Aranganayagam">C. Aranganayagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Muthusamy" title="S. Muthusamy">S. Muthusamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Sengottaiyan" title="K. A. Sengottaiyan">K. A. Sengottaiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Madhusudhanan" title="E. Madhusudhanan">E. Madhusudhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Kannappan" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Kannappan">S. Kannappan</a></li> <li>Alagu Thirunavukkarasu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku._Pa._Krishnan" title="Ku. Pa. Krishnan">Ku. Pa. Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._Selvaganapathy" title="T. M. Selvaganapathy">T. M. Selvaganapathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Asif_(politician)" title="Mohammad Asif (politician)">Mohammad Asif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Indira_Kumari" title="R. Indira Kumari">R. Indira Kumari</a></li> <li>M. Anandan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Jayakumar" title="D. Jayakumar">D. Jayakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Viswanathan" title="G. Viswanathan">G. Viswanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nagoor_Meeran" title="S. Nagoor Meeran">S. Nagoor Meeran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Regupathy" title="S. Regupathy">S. Regupathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durai_Ramasamy" title="Durai Ramasamy">Durai Ramasamy</a></li> <li>D. Janardhanan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Sathiamoorthy" title="V. Sathiamoorthy">V. Sathiamoorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Chinnasamy" title="M. Chinnasamy">M. Chinnasamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Lawrence" title="K. Lawrence">K. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Thennavan" title="M. Thennavan">M. Thennavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ponnusamy" title="K. Ponnusamy">K. Ponnusamy</a></li> <li>Melur A. M. Paramasivam</li> <li>C. P. Pattabiraman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Paulraj_Natesan" title="V. Paulraj Natesan">T. V. Nadesan Paulraj</a></li> <li>P. Eswaramoorthy</li> <li>M. C. Dhamotharan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Ammamuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Ammamuthu">M. Ammamuthu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Eleventh Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_N._Veeraswami" title="Arcot N. Veeraswami">Arcot N. Veeraswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjil_K._Manoharan" title="Nanjil K. Manoharan">Nanjil K. Manoharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko._Si._Mani" title="Ko. Si. Mani">Ko. Si. Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerapandi_S._Arumugam" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerapandi S. Arumugam">Veerapandi S. Arumugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraimurugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duraimurugan">Duraimurugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ponmudy" title="K. Ponmudy">K. Ponmudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Tamilkudimagan" title="M. Tamilkudimagan">M. Tamilkudimagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Nehru" title="K. N. Nehru">K. N. Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sundaram" title="K. Sundaram">K. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Rahman_Khan" title="A. Rahman Khan">A. Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aladi_Aruna" title="Aladi Aruna">Aladi Aruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Thangapandian" title="V. Thangapandian">V. Thangapandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._K._K._Periasamy" title="N. K. K. Periasamy">N. K. K. Periasamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._K._Panneerselvam" title="M. R. K. Panneerselvam">M. R. K. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongalur_N._Palanisamy" title="Pongalur N. Palanisamy">Pongalur N. Palanisamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Pitchandi" title="K. Pitchandi">K. Pitchandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Periyasamy" title="I. Periyasamy">I. Periyasamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Mullaivendhan" title="V. Mullaivendhan">V. Mullaivendhan</a></li> <li>B. M. Senguttuvan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Sarguna_Pandian" title="S. P. Sarguna Pandian">S. P. Sarguna Pandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Selvaraj" title="S. Selvaraj">Samayanallur S. Selvaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Suresh_Rajan" title="N. Suresh Rajan">N. Suresh Rajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Selvarasu" title="P. Selvarasu">Anthiyur P. Selvarasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Jennifer_Chandran" title="S. Jennifer Chandran">S. Jennifer Chandran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Twelfth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Panneerselvam" title="O. Panneerselvam">O. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ponnaiyan" title="C. Ponnaiyan">C. Ponnaiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Thambidurai" title="M. Thambidurai">M. Thambidurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Jayakumar" title="D. Jayakumar">D. Jayakumar</a></li> <li>Ayyaru Vandayar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollachi_V._Jayaraman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollachi V. Jayaraman">Pollachi V. Jayaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Semmalai" title="S. Semmalai">S. Semmalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Durairaj" title="C. Durairaj">C. Durairaj</a></li> <li>P. C. Ramasamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalavai_Sundaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalavai Sundaram">Thalavai Sundaram</a></li> <li>A. Anwer Raja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Pandurangan" title="K. Pandurangan">K. Pandurangan</a></li> <li>S. S. Thirunavukkarasu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Dhanapal" title="P. Dhanapal">P. Dhanapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natham_R._Viswanathan" title="Natham R. Viswanathan">Natham R. Viswanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Saroja" title="R. Saroja">R. Saroja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Valarmathi" title="B. Valarmathi">B. Valarmathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Subramanian" title="V. Subramanian">V. Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainar_Nagendran" title="Nainar Nagendran">Nainar Nagendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Rajendra_Prasad" title="K. P. Rajendra Prasad">K. P. Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ve._Shanmugam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Ve. Shanmugam">C. Ve. Shanmugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Shunmuganathan" title="S. P. Shunmuganathan">S. P. Shunmuganathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Selvaraj" title="A. K. Selvaraj">A. K. Selvaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Venkatachalam" title="A. Venkatachalam">A. Venkatachalam</a></li> <li>R. Jeevanantham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Shanmugavelu" title="C. Shanmugavelu">C. Shanmugavelu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Vaithilingam" title="R. Vaithilingam">R. Vaithilingam</a></li> <li>Valarmathi Jebaraj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Velusamy" title="S. M. Velusamy">S. M. Velusamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Mohan_(politician)" title="P. Mohan (politician)">P. Mohan</a></li> <li>R. Vilvanathan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Sampath" title="M. C. Sampath">M. C. Sampath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anitha_R._Radhakrishnan" title="Anitha R. Radhakrishnan">Anitha R. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li>K. Sudarsanam</li> <li>V. D. Natarajan</li> <li>S. Ramachandran</li> <li>K. K. Balasubramanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Somasundaram" title="V. Somasundaram">V. Somasundaram</a></li> <li>M. Radhakrishnan</li> <li>A. Miller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Pappa_Sundaram" title="A. Pappa Sundaram">A. Pappa Sundaram</a></li> <li>P. V. Damodaran</li> <li>R. Vadivel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Annavi" title="P. Annavi">P. Annavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Anbalagan" title="K. P. Anbalagan">K. P. Anbalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._T._Inbathamilan" title="R. T. Inbathamilan">R. T. Inbathamilan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Thirteenth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Anbazhagan" title="K. Anbazhagan">K. Anbazhagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_N._Veeraswami" title="Arcot N. Veeraswami">Arcot N. Veeraswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko._Si._Mani" title="Ko. Si. Mani">Ko. Si. Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerapandi_S._Arumugam" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerapandi S. Arumugam">Veerapandi S. Arumugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraimurugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duraimurugan">Duraimurugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._R._Palanivel_Rajan" title="P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan">P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ponmudy" title="K. Ponmudy">K. Ponmudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Nehru" title="K. N. Nehru">K. N. Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._K._Panneerselvam" title="M. R. K. Panneerselvam">M. R. K. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Periyasamy" title="I. Periyasamy">I. Periyasamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Suresh_Rajan" title="N. Suresh Rajan">N. Suresh Rajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parithi_Ilamvazhuthi" title="Parithi Ilamvazhuthi">Parithi Ilamvazhuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._V._Velu" title="E. V. Velu">E. V. Velu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba._Thangavelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suba. Thangavelan">Suba. Thangavelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._S._S._R._Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran">K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._Anbarasan" title="T. M. Anbarasan">T. M. Anbarasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Periyakaruppan" title="K. R. Periyakaruppan">K. R. Periyakaruppan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._K._K._P._Raja" title="N. K. K. P. Raja">N. K. K. P. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangam_Thenarasu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangam Thenarasu">Thangam Thenarasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._M._Ubayadullah" title="S. N. M. Ubayadullah">S. N. M. Ubayadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._P._M._Mohideen_Khan" title="T. P. M. Mohideen Khan">T. P. M. Mohideen Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Selvaraj" title="N. Selvaraj">N. Selvaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Saminathan" title="M. P. Saminathan">M. P. Saminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poongothai_Aladi_Aruna" title="Poongothai Aladi Aruna">Poongothai Aladi Aruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Geetha_Jeevan" title="P. Geetha Jeevan">P. Geetha Jeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Tamilarasi" title="A. Tamilarasi">A. Tamilarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._P._Samy" title="K. P. P. Samy">K. P. P. Samy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._Mathivanan" title="U. Mathivanan">U. Mathivanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ramachandran" title="K. Ramachandran">K. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongalur_N._Palanisamy" title="Pongalur N. Palanisamy">Pongalur N. Palanisamy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Fourteenth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Panneerselvam" title="O. Panneerselvam">O. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Sengottaiyan" title="K. A. Sengottaiyan">K. A. Sengottaiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natham_R._Viswanathan" title="Natham R. Viswanathan">Natham R. Viswanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Munusamy" title="K. P. Munusamy">K. P. Munusamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Shanmugavelu" title="C. Shanmugavelu">C. Shanmugavelu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Vaithilingam" title="R. Vaithilingam">R. Vaithilingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agri_S._S._Krishnamoorthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agri S. S. Krishnamoorthy">Agri S. S. Krishnamoorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Karuppasamy" title="C. Karuppasamy">C. Karuppasamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Palaniappan" title="P. Palaniappan">P. Palaniappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ve._Shanmugam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Ve. Shanmugam">C. Ve. Shanmugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellur_K._Raju" title="Sellur K. Raju">Sellur K. Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Pachaimal" title="K. T. Pachaimal">K. T. Pachaiammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi_K._Palaniswami" title="Edappadi K. Palaniswami">Edappadi K. Palaniswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Shunmuganathan" title="S. P. Shunmuganathan">S. P. Shunmuganathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Ramalingam" title="K. V. Ramalingam">K. V. Ramalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Velumani" title="S. P. Velumani">S. P. Velumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._M._Chinnayya" title="T. K. M. Chinnayya">T. K. M. Chinnayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Sampath" title="M. C. Sampath">M. C. Sampath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Thangamani" title="P. Thangamani">P. Thangamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Senthamizhan" title="G. Senthamizhan">G. Senthamizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Gokula_Indira" title="S. Gokula Indira">S. Gokula Indira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selvi_Ramajayam" title="Selvi Ramajayam">Selvi Ramajayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Ramanaa" title="B. V. Ramanaa">B. V. Ramanaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Udhayakumar" title="R. B. Udhayakumar">R. B. Udhayakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Subramanian" title="N. Subramanian">N. Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Senthil_Balaji" title="V. Senthil Balaji">V. Senthil Balaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Mariam_Pichai" title="M. Mariam Pichai">N. Mariyam Pitchai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Jayapal" title="K. A. Jayapal">K. A. Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Subaya" title="E. Subaya">E. Subaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budhichandhiran" title="Budhichandhiran">Budhichandhiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._T._Chellapandian" title="S. T. Chellapandian">S. T. Chellapandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Vijay" title="V. S. Vijay">V. S. Vijay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Sivapathi" title="N. R. Sivapathi">N. R. Sivapathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mohammed_John" title="A. Mohammed John">A. Mohammed John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chendur_Pandian" title="P. Chendur Pandian">P. Chendur Pandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Damodaran_(politician)" title="S. Damodaran (politician)">S. Damodaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Kamaraj" title="R. Kamaraj">R. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Moorthy" title="V. Moorthy">V. Moorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Paranjothi" title="M. Paranjothi">M. Paranjothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Sundararaj" title="S. Sundararaj">S. Sundararaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Rajenthra_Bhalaji" title="K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji">K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Valarmathi" title="B. Valarmathi">B. Valarmathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._M._Anandan" title="M. S. M. Anandan">M. S. M. Anandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkur_N._Subramanian" title="Mukkur N. Subramanian">Mukkur N. Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Venkatachalam" title="N. D. Venkatachalam">N. D. Venkatachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Mohan_(politician)" title="P. Mohan (politician)">P. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._P._Poonatchi" title="T. P. Poonatchi">T. P. Poonatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaigaichelvan" title="Vaigaichelvan">Vaigaichelvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Veeramani" title="K. C. Veeramani">K. C. Veeramani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Abdul_Rahim" title="S. Abdul Rahim">S. Abdul Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayabaskar" title="C. Vijayabaskar">C. Vijayabaskar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Fifteenth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Panneerselvam" title="O. Panneerselvam">O. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi_K._Palaniswami" title="Edappadi K. Palaniswami">Edappadi K. Palaniswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_C._Sreenivasan" title="Dindigul C. Sreenivasan">Dindigul C. Sreenivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._A._Sengottaiyan" title="K. A. Sengottaiyan">K. A. Sengottaiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellur_K._Raju" title="Sellur K. Raju">Sellur K. Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Thangamani" title="P. Thangamani">P. Thangamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Velumani" title="S. P. Velumani">S. P. Velumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Jayakumar" title="D. Jayakumar">D. Jayakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ve._Shanmugam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Ve. Shanmugam">C. Ve. Shanmugam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Anbalagan" title="K. P. Anbalagan">K. P. Anbalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Saroja" title="V. Saroja">V. Saroja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Sampath" title="M. C. Sampath">M. C. Sampath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Karuppannan" title="K. C. Karuppannan">K. C. Karuppannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Kamaraj" title="R. Kamaraj">R. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._S._Manian" title="O. S. Manian">O. S. Manian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumalai_K._Radhakrishnan" title="Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan">Udumalai K. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayabaskar" title="C. Vijayabaskar">C. Vijayabaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Doraikkannu" title="R. Doraikkannu">R. Doraikkannu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambur_Raju" title="Kadambur Raju">Kadambur C. Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Udhayakumar" title="R. B. Udhayakumar">R. B. Udhayakumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellamandi_N._Natarajan" title="Vellamandi N. Natarajan">Vellamandi N. Natarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Veeramani" title="K. C. Veeramani">K. C. Veeramani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._T._Rajenthra_Bhalaji" title="K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji">K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Benjamin" title="P. Benjamin">P. Benjamin</a></li> <li>Nilofer Kafeel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Vijayabhaskar" title="M. R. Vijayabhaskar">M. R. Vijayabhaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Manikandan_(politician)" title="M. Manikandan (politician)">M. Manikandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._M._Rajalakshmi" title="V. M. Rajalakshmi">V. M. Rajalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Pandiarajan" title="K. Pandiarajan">Ma Foi K. Pandiarajan</a></li> <li>G. Baskaran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevvoor_S._Ramachandran" title="Sevvoor S. Ramachandran">Sevvoor S. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Valarmathi" title="S. Valarmathi">S. Valarmathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Balakrishna_Reddy" title="P. Balakrishna Reddy">P. Balakrishna Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sixteenth Legislative Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._K._Stalin" title="M. K. Stalin">M. K. Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhayanidhi_Stalin" title="Udhayanidhi Stalin">Udhayanidhi Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraimurugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duraimurugan">Duraimurugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Nehru" title="K. N. Nehru">K. N. Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Periyasamy" title="I. Periyasamy">I. Periyasamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ponmudy" title="K. Ponmudy">K. Ponmudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._V._Velu" title="E. V. Velu">E. V. Velu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._K._Panneerselvam" title="M. R. K. Panneerselvam">M. R. K. Panneerselvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._S._S._R._Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran">K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangam_Thenarasu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangam Thenarasu">Thangam Thenarasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Regupathy" title="S. Regupathy">S. Regupathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Muthusamy" title="S. Muthusamy">S. Muthusamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Periyakaruppan" title="K. R. Periyakaruppan">K. R. Periyakaruppan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._M._Anbarasan" title="T. M. Anbarasan">T. M. Anbarasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._P._Saminathan" title="M. P. Saminathan">M. P. Saminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Geetha_Jeevan" title="P. Geetha Jeevan">P. Geetha Jeevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anitha_R._Radhakrishnan" title="Anitha R. Radhakrishnan">Anitha R. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Kannappan" title="Raja Kannappan">R. S. Rajakannappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Ramachandran" title="K. Ramachandran">K. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Sakkarapani" title="R. Sakkarapani">R. Sakkarapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Senthil_Balaji" title="V. Senthil Balaji">V. Senthil Balaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Gandhi" title="R. Gandhi">R. Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma._Subramanian" title="Ma. Subramanian">Ma. Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Moorthy" title="P. Moorthy">P. Moorthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Sivasankar" title="S. S. Sivasankar">S. S. Sivasankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Sekar_Babu" title="P. K. Sekar Babu">P. K. Sekar Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanivel_Thiaga_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanivel Thiaga Rajan">Palanivel Thiaga Rajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Nasar" title="S. M. Nasar">S. M. Nasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Masthan" title="K. S. Masthan">Gingee K. S. Masthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbil_Mahesh_Poyyamozhi" title="Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi">Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyyanathan_Siva_V" title="Meyyanathan Siva V">Siva. V. Meyyanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Ganesan" title="C. V. Ganesan">C. V. Ganesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Thangaraj" title="Mano Thangaraj">T. Mano Thangaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Mathiventhan" title="M. Mathiventhan">M. Mathiventhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Kayalvizhi" title="N. Kayalvizhi">N. Kayalvizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._B._Rajaa" title="T. R. B. Rajaa">T. R. B. Rajaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Rajendran_(DMK_politician)" title="R. Rajendran (DMK politician)">R. Rajendran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govi._Chezhiaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Govi. Chezhiaan">Govi. 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and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Backward_Classes,_Most_Backward_Classes_and_Minorities_Welfare_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)">Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commercial_Taxes_and_Registration_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Commercial Taxes and Registration (Tamil Nadu)">Commercial Taxes and Registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Co-operation,_Food_and_Consumer_Protection_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)">Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Energy (Tamil Nadu)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Forests_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Environment and Forests (Tamil Nadu)">Environment and Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Finance (Tamil Nadu)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Handlooms,_Handicrafts,_Textiles_and_Khadi_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi (Tamil Nadu)">Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)">Health and Family Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Higher_Education_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Higher Education (Tamil Nadu)">Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">Highways and Minor Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home,_Prohibition_and_Excise" title="Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise">Home, Prohibition and Excise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Housing and Urban Development (Tamil Nadu)">Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Human_Resources_Management_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Human Resources Management (Tamil Nadu)">Human Resources Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Industries_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)">Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Information_Technology_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Information Technology (Tamil Nadu)">Information Technology and Digital Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Labour_and_Employment_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Labour and Employment (Tamil Nadu)">Labour and Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Law_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Law (Tamil Nadu)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Legislative_Assembly_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Legislative Assembly (Tamil Nadu)">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Micro,_Small_and_Medium_Enterprises_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Tamil Nadu)">Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Miscellaneous Officers, Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu">Mudalvarin Mugavari (CMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Municipal_Administration_and_Water_Supply_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply (Tamil Nadu)">Municipal Administration and Water Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Natural_Resources_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Natural Resources (Tamil Nadu)">Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Other States Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Planning,_Development_and_Special_Initiatives_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives (Tamil Nadu)">Planning, Development and Special Initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Public (Tamil Nadu)">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Elections_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Public Elections (Tamil Nadu)">Public (Elections)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Public Works (Tamil Nadu)">Public Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)">Revenue and Disaster Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Rural_Development_and_Panchayat_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Rural Development and Panchayat (Tamil Nadu)">Rural Development and Panchayat Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_School_Education_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of School Education (Tamil Nadu)">School Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Reforms_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Social Reforms (Tamil Nadu)">Social Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Women_Empowerment_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment (Tamil Nadu)">Social Welfare and Women Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Special_Programme_Implementation_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Special Programme Implementation (Tamil Nadu)">Special Programme Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tamil_Development_and_Information_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Tamil Development and Information (Tamil Nadu)">Tamil Development and Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism,_Culture_and_Religious_Endowments_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments (Tamil Nadu)">Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Water_Resources_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Water Resources (Tamil Nadu)">Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Welfare_of_Differently_Abled_Persons_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Welfare of Differently Abled Persons (Tamil Nadu)">Welfare of Differently Abled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Youth_Welfare_and_Sports_Development_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Youth Welfare and Sports Development (Tamil Nadu)">Youth Welfare and Sports Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_agencies_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_agencies_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:State agencies of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_agencies_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:State agencies of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_agencies_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State agencies of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_agencies_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/23px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/35px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/45px-..Tamil_Nadu_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" />  <a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of agencies of the government of Tamil Nadu">State agencies of Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public sector undertakings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro_Rail_Limited" title="Chennai Metro Rail Limited">Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu">Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu (ELCOT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transport_Corporation_(Chennai)" title="Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)">Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Tirupur_Area_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Tirupur Area Development Corporation (page does not exist)">New Tirupur Area Development Corporation (NTADC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallavan_Transport_Consultancy_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pallavan Transport Consultancy Services (page does not exist)">Pallavan Transport Consultancy Services (PTCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poompuhar_Shipping_Corporation" title="Poompuhar Shipping Corporation">Poompuhar Shipping Corporation (PSCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Industries_Promotion_Corporation_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu">State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Anhydrous_Fluoric_Acid_Corporation_(TANFAC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Anhydrous Fluoric Acid Corporation (TANFAC) (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Anhydrous Fluoric Acid Corporation (TANFAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Arasu_Cable_TV_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation Limited">Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV Corporation (TNACTCL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Arasu_Rubber_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Arasu Rubber Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Arasu Rubber Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Skill_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Skill Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Skill Development Corporation (TNSDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Cement_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Cement Corporation">Tamil Nadu Cement Corporation (TANCEM)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Adi_Dravidar_Housing_and_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing and Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing and Development Corporation (TAHDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Backward_Classes_Economic_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Backward Classes Economic Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Backward Classes Economic Development Corporation (TNBCEDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Civil_Supplies_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation">Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation (TNCSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Ex-Servicemen%27s_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Ex-Servicemen's Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Ex-Servicemen's Corporation (TEXCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Fibrenet_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Fibrenet Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Fibrenet Corporation (TAFINET)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Film_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Film Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Film Development Corporation (TNFDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Fisheries_Development_Corporation_Limited_(TNFDC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation Limited (TNFDC)">Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation Limited (TNFDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Forest_Plantation_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation (TAFCORN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Generation_and_Distribution_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation">Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (TANGEDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Graphite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Graphite (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Graphite (TNG)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Handicrafts_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Handicrafts Development Corporation (TNHDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Handloom_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Handloom Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Handloom Development Corporation (THDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Industrial_Development_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation">Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Industrial_Explosives_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Industrial Explosives Limited">Tamil Nadu Industrial Explosives (TNIE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidance_Tamil_Nadu" title="Guidance Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu Industrial Guidance and Export Promotion Bureau (GUIDANCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Industrial_Investment_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Industrial Investment Corporation Limited">Tamil Nadu Industrial Investment Corporation (TIIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Leather_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Leather Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Leather Development Corporation (TNLDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Linguistic_Minorities_Economic_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Linguistic Minorities Economic Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Linguistic Minorities Economic Development Corporation (TNLMEDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Magnesite_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Magnesite Limited">Tamil Nadu Magnesite (TANMAG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Medical_Services" title="Tamil Nadu Medical Services">Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation (TNMSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Medicinal_Plant_Farms_and_Herbal_Medicine_Corporation_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Medicinal Plant Farms and Herbal Medicine Corporation Ltd (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Medicinal Plant Farms and Herbal Medicine Corporation Ltd (TAMPCOL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Minerals_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Minerals Limited">Tamil Nadu Minerals (TAMIN)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Minorities_Economic_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Minorities Economic Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Minorities Economic Development Corporation (TNMEDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Newsprint_and_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers">Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers (TNPL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Overseas_Manpower_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Overseas Manpower Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Overseas Manpower Corporation (TNOMC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Police_Housing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation (TNPH)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Poultry_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Poultry Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Poultry Development Corporation (TAPCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Power_Finance_and_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Power Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Power Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (TNPFID)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Road_Development_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Road Development Company (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Road Development Company (TNRDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Road_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation (TNIDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Salt_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation (TNSALT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Small_Industries_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Small Industries Corporation">Tamil Nadu Small Industries Corporation (TANSI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Small_Industries_Development_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation Limited">Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation (TANSIDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Southern_Structurals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Southern Structurals (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Southern Structurals (TNSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Express_Transport_Corporation" title="State Express Transport Corporation">Tamil Nadu State Express Transport Corporation (SETC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Marketing_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation">Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation (TASMAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Wide_Area_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Wide Area Network (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Wide Area Network (TNSWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Sugar_Corporation_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Sugar Corporation Limited">Tamil Nadu Sugar Corporation (TASCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Tea_Plantation_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation (TANTEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Text_Book_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation (TNTBC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Textile_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Textile Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Textile Corporation (TNTC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation">Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Transmission_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation">Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation (TANTRANSCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Transport_Development_Finance_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Transport Development Finance Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Transport Development Finance Corporation (TNTDFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Urban_Finance_and_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation (TUFIDCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Urban_Infrastrcuture_Financial_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastrcuture Financial Services (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastrcuture Financial Services (TNUIFSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Warehousing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Warehousing Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Warehousing Corporation (TNWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Women_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Women Development Corporation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Women Development Corporation (TNWDCL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nodal agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">Advisory body, National Security Advisor (NSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act,_1974" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974">Advisory body, COFEPSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority">Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation of Chennai">Corporation of Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_Mission" title="National Health Mission">National Health Mission (NHM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Uchchatar_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_Development_Authority_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (page does not exist)">Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Energy_Development_Agency" title="Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency">Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Horticulture_Development_Agency" title="Tamil Nadu Horticulture Development Agency">Tamil Nadu Horticulture Development Agency (TANHODA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Livestock_Development_Agency_(TNLDA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Livestock Development Agency (TNLDA)">Tamil Nadu Livestock Development Agency (TNLDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Disaster_Management_Authority" title="Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority">Tamil Nadu State Disaster Management Authority (TNSDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Legal_Services_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority (TNSLSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Seed_Development_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Seed Development Agency (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Seed Development Agency (TANSEDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Watershed_Development_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Watershed Development Agency (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Watershed Development Agency (TAWDEVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_e-Governance_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Fire_and_Rescue_Services" title="Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services">Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services (TNFRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Tamil Nadu Police (TNP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_Tamil_Nadu#TRANSTAN" title="Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu">Transplant Authority of Tamil Nadu (TRANSTAN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Water_Supply_and_Sewerage_Board" title="Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board">Chennai Metro Watersupply and Sewerage Board (CMWS&SB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Construction_Workers_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Construction Workers Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Construction Workers Welfare Board (TNCWWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_De-Notified_Communities_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu De-Notified Communities Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu De-Notified Communities Welfare Board (TNDEL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Electricity_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Electricity Board">Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Electrical_Licensing_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Electrical Licensing Board">Tamil Nadu Electrical Licensing Board (TNELB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Housing_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Housing Board">Tamil Nadu Housing Board (TNHB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Khadi_and_Village_Industries_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Khadi and Village Industries Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Khadi and Village Industries Board (TNKVIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Labour_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Labour Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Labour Welfare Board (TNLWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Maritime_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Maritime Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Maritime Board (TNMB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Medical_Services_Recruitment_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Medical Services Recruitment Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Medical Services Recruitment Board (TNMSRB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Palm_Products_Development_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Palm Products Development Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Palm Products Development Board (TNPPDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Pollution_Control_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board">Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Slum_Clearance_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board">Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board (TNSCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Social_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Social Welfare Board (TNSWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Agricultural_Marketing_Board" title="Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing Board">Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing Board (TNSAMB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Teachers_Recruitment_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Teachers Recruitment Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Teachers Recruitment Board (TNTRB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Narikuravar_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Narikuravar Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Narikuravar Welfare Board (TNNWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Traders_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Traders Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Traders Welfare Board (TTWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Transgender_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board (TNSW-TB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Ulema_and_other_Employees_Welfare_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Ulema and other Employees Welfare Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Ulema and other Employees Welfare Board (TNUWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Uniformed_Services_Recruitment_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board">Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board (TNUSRB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Urban_Habitat_Development_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Urban Habitat Development Board">Tamil Nadu Urban Habitat Development Board (TNUDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Vanniyakula_Kshatriya_Public_Charitable_Trust_and_Endowments_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Vanniyakula Kshatriya Public Charitable Trust and Endowments Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Vanniyakula Kshatriya Public Charitable Trust and Endowments Board (TNVKPCTEB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Waqf_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Waqf Board (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Waqf Board (TNWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Water_Supply_and_Drainage_Board" title="Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board">Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperative societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aavin" title="Aavin">Aavin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salem_Starch_and_Sago_Manufacturers_Service_Industrial_Co-operative_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Co-operative Society (page does not exist)">Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Co-operative Society (SAGOSERVE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Consumers%27_Co-operative_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Consumers' Co-operative Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Consumers' Co-operative Federation (TNCCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operation_Food_and_Consumer_Protection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operation Food and Consumer Protection (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operation Food and Consumer Protection (TNCFCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Housing_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Housing Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Housing Federation (TNCHF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Marketing_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Marketing Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Marketing Federation (TNCMF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Marketing_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Marketing Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Marketing Federation (TANFED)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Milk_Producers%27_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers' Federation (TNCMPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Societies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (TNCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Societies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Societies (Housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Spinning_Mill_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Spinning Mill Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Spinning Mill Federation (TANSPIN)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_State_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative State Agriculture and Rural Development Bank (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative State Agriculture and Rural Development Bank (TNCSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Sugar_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Sugar Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Sugar Federation (TNCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Co-operative_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Co-operative Union (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Co-operative Union (TNCST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-optex" title="Co-optex">Tamil Nadu Handloom Weavers' Co-operative Society (Co-optex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Horticultural_Producers_Co-operative_Enterprises_Limited" title="Tamil Nadu Horticultural Producers Co-operative Enterprises Limited">Tamil Nadu Horticultural Producers Co-operative Enterprises (TANHOPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNSC_Bank" title="TNSC Bank">Tamil Nadu State Apex Co-operative Bank (TNSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Apex_Fisheries_Cooperative_Federation_Limited_(TAFCOFED)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Cooperative Federation Limited (TAFCOFED)">Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Cooperative Federation Limited (TAFCOFED)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Co-operative_Societies_Election_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Co-operative Societies Election Commission (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Co-operative Societies Election Commission (TNSCEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Palmgur_and_Fibre_Marketing_Co-operative_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Palmgur and Fibre Marketing Co-operative Federation (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Palmgur and Fibre Marketing Co-operative Federation (TNPFMCF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Biodiversity_Conservation_And_Greening_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Conservation And Greening Society (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Conservation And Greening Society (TNBCGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_AIDS_Control_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu AIDS Control Society (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu AIDS Control Society (TSAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Council_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Council for Science and Technology (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Council for Science and Technology (TNDCWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Electricity_Regulatory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (TERC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Hajj_Commiitee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Hajj Commiitee (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Hajj Commiitee (TNHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Iamwarm_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Iamwarm Project (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Iamwarm Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Information_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu Information Commission">Tamil Nadu Information Commission (TNIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Market_Management_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu Market Management Committee (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu Market Management Committee (TNMMC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Planning_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu Planning Commission">Tamil Nadu Planning Commission (TNPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Public_Service_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission">Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission (TNPSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Blindness_Control_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Blindness Control Society (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Blindness Control Society (TSBCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Commission_for_Differently_Abled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Commission for Differently Abled (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Commission for Differently Abled (TNSCAD)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Commission_for_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women (TNSCW)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Commissioner_for_Protection_of_Child_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Commissioner for Protection of Child Rights (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Commissioner for Protection of Child Rights (TNSCPCR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Consumer_Disputes_Redressal_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission">Tamil Nadu State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (TNSCDRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Council_for_Higher_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TNSCHE)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Council_For_Technical_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Council For Technical Education (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Council For Technical Education (TNSCTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Election_Commission" title="Tamil Nadu State Election Commission">Tamil Nadu State Election Commission (TNSEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Finance_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Finance Commission (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Finance Commission (TNSFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Health_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Health Society (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Health Society (TNSHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_State_Human_Rights_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu State Human Rights Commission (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu State Human Rights Commission (TNSHRC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagappa_University" title="Alagappa University">Alagappa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_University" title="Anna University">Anna University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamalai_University" title="Annamalai University">Annamalai University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathiar_University" title="Bharathiar University">Bharathiar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan_University" title="Bharathidasan University">Bharathidasan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGR_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="MGR Medical University">Dr. MGR Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Road_Transport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Road Transport (page does not exist)">Institute of Road Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Technology" title="Madras Institute of Technology">Madras Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Kamaraj_University" title="Madurai Kamaraj University">Madurai Kamaraj University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manonmaniam_Sundaranar_University" title="Manonmaniam Sundaranar University">Manonmaniam Sundaranar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa_Women%27s_University" title="Mother Teresa Women's University">Mother Teresa Women's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_University" title="Periyar University">Periyar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Agricultural_University" title="Tamil Nadu Agricultural University">Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_District_Environmental_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamil Nadu District Environmental Laboratory (page does not exist)">Tamil Nadu District Environmental Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Dr._Ambedkar_Law_University" title="Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University">Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University (TNDALU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Fisheries_University" title="Tamil Nadu Fisheries University">Tamil Nadu Fisheries University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Open_University" title="Tamil Nadu Open University">Tamil Nadu Open University (TNOU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Physical_Education_and_Sports_University" title="Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University">Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University (TNPESU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_City_Chennai" title="Science City Chennai">Tamil Nadu Science City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Teachers_Education_University" title="Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University">Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_University" title="Tamil University">Tamil University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Veterinary_and_Animal_Sciences_University" title="Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University">Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Virtual_Academy" title="Tamil Virtual Academy">Tamil Virtual Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar_University" title="Thiruvalluvar University">Thiruvalluvar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a></li></ul> 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/17px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/26px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/34px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tamils" title="Portal:Tamils">Tamils</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1445#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1445#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061081">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942390s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942390s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36253746">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge157448&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457861">Spain</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/5455">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548186305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/150d0e1b-2416-4f23-ba79-e9c677324ad6">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17387357?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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