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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitans_and_bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitans_and_bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Metropolitans and bishops </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metropolitans_and_bishops-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Metropolitans and bishops subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Metropolitans_and_bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present_episcopal_synod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_episcopal_synod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Present episcopal synod </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_episcopal_synod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mar_Thoma_Metropolitans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mar_Thoma_Metropolitans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mar Thoma Metropolitans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mar_Thoma_Metropolitans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Clergy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_century_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_century_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First century BC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_century_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_15_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_15_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 First 15 centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_15_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Saint_Thomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Saint_Thomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Arrival of Saint Thomas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Saint_Thomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 First Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pantaenus_from_Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pantaenus_from_Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Pantaenus from Alexandria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pantaenus_from_Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Knanaya_Nazranis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Knanaya_Nazranis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Arrival of Knanaya Nazranis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Knanaya_Nazranis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishops_from_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishops_from_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Bishops from Persia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishops_from_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_crosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_crosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 Persian crosses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_crosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visits_corroborating_the_existence_of_the_Malankara_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visits_corroborating_the_existence_of_the_Malankara_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8 Visits corroborating the existence of the Malankara Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visits_corroborating_the_existence_of_the_Malankara_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection_of_deeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection_of_deeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.9 Collection of deeds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection_of_deeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Portuguese period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synod_of_Diamper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synod_of_Diamper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Synod of Diamper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synod_of_Diamper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_among_Saint_Thomas_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_among_Saint_Thomas_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Divisions among Saint Thomas Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_among_Saint_Thomas_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath_of_the_Bent_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath_of_the_Bent_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Oath of the Bent Cross </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath_of_the_Bent_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Dutch period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 British period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation_in_Malankara_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_in_Malankara_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reformation in Malankara Church </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reformation_in_Malankara_Church-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reformation in Malankara Church subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reformation_in_Malankara_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abraham_Malpan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abraham_Malpan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Abraham Malpan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abraham_Malpan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Principal reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Course of events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_the_Reformists_and_establishment_of_Mar_Thoma_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_the_Reformists_and_establishment_of_Mar_Thoma_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Separation of the Reformists and establishment of Mar Thoma Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_the_Reformists_and_establishment_of_Mar_Thoma_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mar_Thoma_church_during_Indian_Independence_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mar_Thoma_church_during_Indian_Independence_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mar Thoma church during Indian Independence Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mar_Thoma_church_during_Indian_Independence_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faith_and_practices_of_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faith_and_practices_of_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Faith and practices of the church </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Faith_and_practices_of_the_church-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Faith and practices of the church subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Faith_and_practices_of_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Liturgy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonical_hours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonical_hours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Canonical hours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonical_hours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments_of_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments_of_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sacraments of the church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments_of_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Places of worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasts_and_Festivals_of_Mar_Thoma_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasts_and_Festivals_of_Mar_Thoma_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Fasts and Festivals of Mar Thoma Church </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fasts_and_Festivals_of_Mar_Thoma_Church-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fasts and Festivals of Mar Thoma Church subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fasts_and_Festivals_of_Mar_Thoma_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fasts_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasts_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Fasts of the Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasts_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feasts_of_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feasts_of_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Feasts of the Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feasts_of_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordination_of_Women_and_Transgender_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordination_of_Women_and_Transgender_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ordination of Women and Transgender people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordination_of_Women_and_Transgender_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Auxiliary organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Educational institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Other institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maramon_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maramon_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Maramon Convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maramon_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Ecumenical relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecumenical_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecumenical relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Anglican_Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Anglican_Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Relationship with the Anglican Communion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Anglican_Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Malabar_Independent_Syrian_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Malabar_Independent_Syrian_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Relationship with Malabar Independent Syrian church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Malabar_Independent_Syrian_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Syrian_Church_and_the_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Syrian_Church_and_the_Patriarch_of_Antioch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Relationship with Syrian Church and the Patriarch of Antioch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Syrian_Church_and_the_Patriarch_of_Antioch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Relationship with Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_STECI,_Old_Catholic_and_Lutheran_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_STECI,_Old_Catholic_and_Lutheran_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Relationship with STECI, Old Catholic and Lutheran churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_STECI,_Old_Catholic_and_Lutheran_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Eastern_Catholic_Churches_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Eastern_Catholic_Churches_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 Relationship with Eastern Catholic Churches in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Eastern_Catholic_Churches_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" > 12 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_malancara_Mar_Thoma" title="Égllése malancara Mar Thoma – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése malancara Mar Thoma" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrsko-malankarsk%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev_Mar_Thoma" title="Syrsko-malankarská církev Mar Thoma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syrsko-malankarská církev Mar Thoma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-Thoma-Kirche" title="Mar-Thoma-Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mar-Thoma-Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_malankare_Mar_Thoma" title="Église malankare Mar Thoma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église malankare Mar Thoma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Siria_Mar_Thoma" title="Gereja Siria Mar Thoma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Siria Mar Thoma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_siro-malankarese_Mar_Thoma" title="Chiesa siro-malankarese Mar Thoma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa siro-malankarese Mar Thoma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="മലങ്കര മാർത്തോമാ സുറിയാനി സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_Crest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_Crest.png/200px-Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_Crest.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_Crest.png/300px-Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_Crest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/ff/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_Crest.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the Mar Thoma Church</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">M T S C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant Christian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Oriental</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a><a href="#cite_note-Nelson's_Dictionary-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hedlund1979-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leustean-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burgess2005-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a><a href="#cite_note-FernandoSauch-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oslington2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-JamesonRef-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syrian Christian</a><a href="#cite_note-AlexMetroRef-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-KingD-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-e-GEDSH-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Bible">Holy Bible</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">Protestant theology</a><a href="#cite_note-HindsonMitchell-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-JamesonRef-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurian&Day-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Mar Thoma Metropolitan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Mar_Thoma" title="Theodosius Mar Thoma">Theodosius Mar Thoma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Universal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformed</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Leustean-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Poolatheen Aramana, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Possessions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (Gulf Region), <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas the Apostle</a> (AD 52), through apostolic succession by sacred tradition; <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> inspired, 19th century reformation<a href="#cite_note-e-GEDSH-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malpan-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoffettSH-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a><a href="#cite_note-e-GEDSH-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heritage-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Historiography_and_History_of_Kerala_–_G._Krishnan_Nadar_–_Google_Books-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Number of followers</th><td class="infobox-data">1 million<a href="#cite_note-e-GEDSH-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-oikumene-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bishops: 11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priests</a>: 1149<a href="#cite_note-Heritage-16">[16]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700 (approx.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Places of worship</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,246</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Hospitals</th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Nursing homes</th><td class="infobox-data">13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthoma.in">marthoma.in</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1827463#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data">Lighted to Lighten</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Protestantism" title="Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestantism" title="Template talk:Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Category:Saint Thomas Christians">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; background:lavender; padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasrani_cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross"><img alt="Saint Thomas Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/175px-Nasrani_cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/263px-Nasrani_cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nasrani_cross.jpg/350px-Nasrani_cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1473" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background-color: lavender;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharisapalli_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharisapalli plates">Tharisapalli plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background-color: lavender;"> Religion</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">Crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_churches_of_Kerala" title="Syrian churches of Kerala">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_music" title="Saint Thomas Christian music">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background-color: lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="List of Saint Thomas Christians">Prominent persons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjilimoottil_Itty_Thommen_Kathanar" title="Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar">Anjilimoottil Itty Thommen Kathanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paremmakkal_Thoma_Kathanar" title="Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar">Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban" title="Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban">Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara">Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varghese_Payyappilly_Palakkappilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly">Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsa_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception">Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Kochoonju_Upadesi" title="Sadhu Kochoonju Upadesi">Sadhu Kochoonju Upadesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariattil_Iousep" title="Kariattil Iousep">Kariattil Iousep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril">Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Gregorios_of_Parumala" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala">Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrasia_Eluvathingal" title="Euphrasia Eluvathingal">Euphrasia Eluvathingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_of_Villarvattom" title="Thoma of Villarvattom">Thoma of Villarvattom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background-color: lavender;"> Culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parichamuttukali" title="Parichamuttukali">Parichamuttukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala#Cuisine_of_the_St._Thomas_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Template:Saint Thomas Christians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Template talk:Saint Thomas Christians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saint Thomas Christians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, often shortened to Mar Thoma Church, and known also as the Reformed Syrian Church<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sadasivan2000-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-KingD-9">[9]</a> and the Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar, is an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant Christian</a> church based in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. While continuing many of the Syriac <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> practices, the church is <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> in its theology and doctrines. It employs a <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformed</a> variant of the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> Divine Liturgy of Saint James, translated to <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leustean-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burgess2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-JamesonRef-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-HindsonMitchell-11">[11]</a> The Mar Thoma Church sees itself as continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>, a community traditionally believed to have been founded in the first century by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, who is known as Mar Thoma (Saint Thomas) in Syriac,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mathew,_K._S._1993-23">[23]</a> and describes itself as "<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic</a> in origin, <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Universal</a> in nature, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> in faith, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> in principle, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenical</a> in outlook, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Oriental</a> in worship, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democratic</a> in function, and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a> in character".<a href="#cite_note-marthoma.in-2012-24">[24]</a> Until the beginning of the 20th century, Mar Thoma Christians lived in a few districts of Central <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a> districts) and <a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a>) in Kerala. Since that time they have spread with the 20th-century Indian diaspora to North America, Europe, the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. According to the figures provided by the church itself,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> it currently has over 1 million members.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Their mother tongue is Malayalam, the language of Kerala, and historically the variety known as <a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a> was associated with them. According to the 2011 Census of Kerala it was, with a membership of 405,089, the sixth largest Christian church in the state, coming after the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a> (2,345,911), the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Catholic Church</a> (932,733), the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (493,858), the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (482,762), and the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (465,207).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church is commonly called the Mar Thoma Church. In official and legal records the church is referred to as Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar or as Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church.<a href="#cite_note-marthoma.in-2012-24">[24]</a> Malabar is a term used to denote the Kerala coast in earlier days. The original Church was referred to as the Church of Malabar by the Jesuits<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and as the Syrian Church of Malabar in Missionary Registers from 1801 onward. Malankara is an ancient name derived from the name 'Maliankara', Maliankara Island is on the Southwestern side of the Indian Peninsula. It is between Gokarnam and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> the southernmost point of India. Kerala, the present southwestern state of India is only a part of Malankara. It is also thought to be a cognate of this name Maliankara, a place near <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a>, where Thomas the Apostle first landed in Kerala. Mar Thoma is <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, and means Saint Thomas. Members of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church are commonly called as Mar Thomiyar, Mar Thomites, or Mar Thoma Syrians. The original liturgical language used by Saint Thomas Christians was the East Syriac language which is a variant of Aramaic. The Reformation movement in the Malankara Syrian Church later resulted in the evolution of an independent indigenous Malankara church under the Mathoma Metropolitan, breaking all the ecclesiastical and temporal control from outside Malankara. In 1898, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Titus_I_Mar_Thoma" title="Titus I Mar Thoma">Titus I Mar Thoma</a> the church accepted as its name, Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church or Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar to comprise its order and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The members of this church are known as Mar Thoma Nasrani or Mar Thoma Syrian Nasrani. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> The Mar Thoma Syrian Church has a well-defined constitution and has a democratic pattern of administration. The central administrative setup consists of the Metropolitan, the Episcopal Synod (Consisting of all the Bishops of the Church), the Prathinithi Mandalam (House of Representatives) and the Sabha Council (Executive body of the house of representatives / Mandalam), and the Vaideeka Selection Committee (to select candidates for the ordained ministry of the church). The Central Administration of the Church is backed by the Dioceses. Each diocese has its own council and an assembly. The assembly members are elected by the individual parishes, and the diocesan council members are elected by the assembly. All members of a parish are members of the Edavaka Sangham (General Body) and they also have the right to elect their representatives to the Diocesan Assembly and Prathinidhi Mandalam (Church Parliament). The title of the head of the Church is "Mar Thoma Metropolitan". He is ordained from among the duly-consecrated bishops (Episcopas) of the Church, the choice being ordinarily that of the senior-most among them. The present Mar Thoma Metropolitan is <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Mar_Thoma" title="Theodosius Mar Thoma">Theodosius Mar Thoma</a><a href="#cite_note-indexp_Oct29-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-theHindu_Oct28-31">[31]</a> who resides at Poolatheen at Church Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Tiruvalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvalla">Tiruvalla</a>, Kerala. He is 21 Mar Thoma in the line of continuation after the re-establishment of the Mar Thoma episcopacy after the Oath of the Koonan Cross (1653). If the Metropolitan is personally satisfied that he has difficulty continuing to perform the duties pertaining to his office, he may relinquish the powers and responsibilities of Metropolitan. Then he becomes the Mar Thoma Metropolitan Emeritus and is addressed as "Mar Thoma Valiya Metropolitan". The present "Mar Thoma Valiya Metropolitan is <a href="/wiki/Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipose Mar Chrysostom">Philipose Chrysostom</a> Mar Thoma Valiya Metropolitan. To assist the metropolitan there are Episcopas, the senior-most among them is called the Suffragan Metropolitan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> For administrative purposes, the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church is divided into 13 dioceses or popularly called 'Bhadhrasanams' (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>: ഭദ്രാസനം) headed by a Metropolitan or by an Episcopa. They are: <table class="wikitable" style="width: auto;float: center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#dcdcdc; width:auto; color:#001:">Diocese Name </th> <th style="background:#dcdcdc; width:auto; color:#001;">Mar Thoma Bishop Houses and Diocesan centers </th> <th style="background:#dcdcdc; width:auto; color:#001;">Headquarters </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Niranam–Maramon </td> <td>Poolatheen Aramana </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruvalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvalla">Tiruvalla</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Chengannur–Mavelikara </td> <td>Olivet Aramana </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Adoor </td> <td>Hermon Aramana </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Kottarakkara–Punalur </td> <td>Oorshalem Aramana </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kottarakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottarakara">Kottarakara</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Thiruvananthapuram–Kollam </td> <td>Mar Thoma Kendram </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mannanthala" title="Mannanthala">Mannanthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Kottayam–Kochi </td> <td>Bethel Aramana </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Manganam, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Ranny–Nilackel </td> <td>Mar Thoma Centre </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Kunnamkulam–Malabar </td> <td>Mar Thoma Centre </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Chennai–Bangalore </td> <td>Mar Thoma Bhavan </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Mumbai </td> <td>Mar Thoma Centre </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Delhi </td> <td>Mar Thoma Centre </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church_Diocese_of_North_America_%26_Europe" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church Diocese of North America & Europe">North America–Europe</a> </td> <td>Sinai Mar Thoma Center </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Malaysia–Singapore–Australia–New Zealand </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td> <td style="text-align: center;">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metropolitans_and_bishops">Metropolitans and bishops</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a>. Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure. (October 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_episcopal_synod">Present episcopal synod</h3></div> The present members of the Episcopal Synod of Mar Thoma Church are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Mar_Thoma" title="Theodosius Mar Thoma">Theodosius Mar Thoma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euyakim_Coorilos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euyakim Coorilos (page does not exist)">Euyakim Coorilos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Barnabas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Barnabas (page does not exist)">Joseph Barnabas</a></li> <li>Thomas Timotheos</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Philoxenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Philoxenos (page does not exist)">Isaac Philoxenos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Paulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Paulos (page does not exist)">Abraham Paulos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathews_Makarios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathews Makarios (page does not exist)">Mathews Makarios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregorios_Stephanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregorios Stephanos (page does not exist)">Gregorios Stephanos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Theethos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Theethos (page does not exist)">Thomas Theethos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mar_Thoma_Metropolitans">Mar Thoma Metropolitans</h3></div> The excommunication of Reformist bishops and their followers by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch in 1875,<a href="#cite_note-AfonsoAV-32">[32]</a> the Synod of 1876 (Mulanthuruthy) and the Royal Court Verdict of 1889<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzieGT-33">[33]</a> were turning points in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Syrian Church">Malankara Syrian Church</a> of Malabar. The Reformist (Metran) faction continued to consecrate bishops to the Malankara See without the consent of Patriarch as they claimed Malankara church is independent of the Syrian Church. Before the death of Malankara Metropolitan Mathews Athanasius, he consecrated Thomas Athanasius as Suffragan bishop of Malankara Church. Following the death of Mathews Athanasius, the suffragan succeeded as the Metropolitan of the Malankara See in 1877 which led to a schism in the Malankara church. Those who supported reformation loyally followed the Malankara Metropolitan who was legally evicted from the Malankara Syrian Church. He died in 1893 without consecrating a successor and suggesting a new name for the church. The Metropolitan of Malabar Independent Syrian Church stepped in and consecrated Titus Mar Thoma as the new bishop.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> For the consecrations, from 1917 onward bishops from other churches were invited as guests. But the consecration was done only by the Metropolitan and was assisted as a witness by the other Bishops of the Mar Thoma Church and of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clergy">Clergy</h3></div> Semmasan (deacons): The Sabha Prathinidhi Mandalam elects a Vaidika Selection board to select candidates for the ordained ministry of the church through recommendations (letters from bishops-clergy by the level of exposure in church or by personal sponsorships of bishops or written support pledged from bishops), exams (English, General knowledge and Bible) and pre- and post- theological training interviews (with theological-sociological aspects and scrutiny through psychological and health evaluations). Following a <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> tradition and from diasporic influence, the church follows a compulsory twelve-month (or 24 months with relocation, if failed in the first attempt) unpaid missionary service to those who are inclined to be a priest, before selection process as a "Tithe of Youth" program for "evaluation purposes". Additionally, this program was challenged in youth meets of the church at the time of its conception on the basis of non-guarantee in an entry, fast-changing world, career stagnation, and other economic factors and have arrived at a discussion level resolution of implementing this process after the pursual of their theological training and integrating the "Deacon" status during the time period under <a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">mentorship</a> which enables the church to fill up NGO's, projects and mission fields with trained and theologically equipped individuals for staff duties and pastoring, thus avoid stress and negligence that would be otherwise imparted on the youth. During the intensive field training, when the inclined candidate is counted to be worthy for the controlled influx in church duties, the trained and experienced Deacons can be nominated for ordinations as Kassessas, by each diocese as the allotment. Kassessa (clergy priests): Persons receiving ordination as ministers shall be duly ordained deacons. They all have had their <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity" title="Bachelor of Divinity">Bachelor of Divinity</a> degree from the Mar Thoma Theological Seminary, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>, Kerala, or from other recognized theological seminaries of India. The wife of a Kassissa is known as "Baskiamma" derived from" Baskiyomo in Syriac. Vicars general: From among the clergy who have completed 25 years of service in the ordained ministry and not less than sixty years of age are selected according to their contributions and ordained as <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicars general</a>. In the absence of the diocesan bishop, they may be appointed as deputy head of the bishopric. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg/200px-East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg/300px-East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg/400px-East_Syriac_Script_Thaksa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Addai_and_Mari" title="Liturgy of Addai and Mari">Liturgy of Addai and Mari</a></figcaption></figure> Thomas Christians are popularly and traditionally called as Syrian Christians, in view of the Syriac liturgy (a variant of the classical form of Aramaic) used in church services since the early days of Christianity in India.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The Saint Thomas Christians remained as Church of Malabar with fraternity relationship with Church of East, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a>, Church of Alexandria, etc. till the Advent of Portuguese and Jesuits of Roman Catholic church in the 15th century. Thereafter, the Christians of St Thomas had been influenced by many belief streams at different points of time. These influences have later resulted in serious rifts and in the breaking down of the monolithic apostolic church to different fragments under different faith streams. They were organised as a Church in the 8th century, served by foreign bishops, and with a hereditary local chief called <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a> (Arkadiyokon). In the 16th century the overtures of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">padroado</a> to bring the Saint Thomas Christians into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> led to the first of several rifts in the community and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church_(Pa%E1%B8%BBayak%C5%AB%E1%B9%9F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Church (Paḻayakūṟ)">Pazhayakoor</a> (Catholic) and <a href="/wiki/Puthenkoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Puthenkoor">Puthenkoor</a> factions.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Since that time further splits have occurred, and the Saint Thomas Christians are now divided into several denominations, each with their own liturgies and traditions. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Thoma_Thaksa_in_West_Syriac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mar_Thoma_Thaksa_in_West_Syriac.jpg/200px-Mar_Thoma_Thaksa_in_West_Syriac.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mar_Thoma_Thaksa_in_West_Syriac.jpg/300px-Mar_Thoma_Thaksa_in_West_Syriac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mar_Thoma_Thaksa_in_West_Syriac.jpg/400px-Mar_Thoma_Thaksa_in_West_Syriac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St James">Liturgy of St James</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_century_BC">First century BC</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/250px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/375px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Muziris, near the tip of India, in the <a href="/wiki/Peutinger_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Peutinger Table">Peutinger Table</a></figcaption></figure> On the southwestern side of the Indian peninsula; between the mountains and the Erythraean Sea (now the Arabian Sea); stretching from <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> was the land called <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cherarajyam</a>, which was ruled by local chieftains. Later this land came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a> and (now <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>). <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>) was the important entry port.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> After the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a>, every year 100 ships arrived here from various parts of the then known world, including Red Sea ports.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> According to the Bible, during the time of Moses and <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> traded spices and luxury articles with Israel (<a href="/wiki/I_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="I Kings">I Kings</a> 9:26–28, 10:11, 22; <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles">2 Chronicles</a> 8:18, 9:21). Excavations carried out at <a href="/wiki/Pattanam" title="Pattanam">Pattanam</a> (near Kochi) from 2005 provided evidence that the maritime trade between <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and the Mediterranean ports existed even before 500 BC or earlier.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It is possible that some of those traders who arrived from the west, including Jews, remained in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (31 BC- 14 AD) was the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> (37–4 BC) was <a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">King of Judea</a>, ambassadors from Malabar visited the Emperor according to an account of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>. Certain nasrani writings hypothesize that these ambassadors were the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> of Matthew 2:1, as a tradition.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_15_centuries">First 15 centuries</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_Saint_Thomas">Arrival of Saint Thomas</h4></div> Saint Thomas Christians believe that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> around AD 52.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He landed at <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> (now estimated as <a href="/wiki/Pattanam" title="Pattanam">Pattanam</a>, near Kochi on the Malabar Coast), after his first mission in the Parthian empire, during the era of King <a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> It is believed that St. Thomas itinerated for 30 years in Kerala<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and proceeded to the East coast of India from Malankara and died a martyrs' death at a place called <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a>-Chinnamalai in Tamil Nadu. The Nazarenes in Malabar were either proselytized from mainstream Judaism by 'Mar Thomas' or 'Mar Bartholomeu'.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Pantaneius's reference to the gift of 'Gospel of Matthew in Hebrew' by Bartholomeu to the Nazereans in Malabar is a clear pointer to the fact that Mar Thomas did evangelize Malabar, It could be further stated that either Mar <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(disciple_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathanael (disciple of Jesus)">Nathanael</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:2&version=nrsv">John 21:2</a>) aided in Mar Thomas' mission in India for a brief time before heading to Armenia or bar-Tau'ma, Son of Thomas assisted in his father's missionary activities per norms in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=amp:Leviticus%2021:7">LEV 21:7</a>, this could also explain why most of the priests in the order of St. Thomas were later allowed to be married, which led to the prerogative of sacerdotalism to certain groups/families and to people supported by them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Christians">First Christians</h4></div> In early Christian times, 'Nazranis' was not a separate religion, but a sect in the Jewish community. The term was used to denote followers of Jesus of Nazareth. (Acts. 24:5; 28:22). 'Khristianos' (or Christians) was initially used largely to refer non-Jewish people who followed Christ (Acts 11:26). In Kerala, the sect was known as 'Nazraani Margam'. Margam in Malayalam means, 'The Way'. (Acts 9:2; 19:9, 23; 22:4; 24:22). Thus, the word Nazraani clearly shows that many who joined them were Jews. But in Kerala, this name was replaced by the word 'Christians' in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The earliest families within the Jewish community to accept the path of Christianity through St. Thomas, later intermarried with the ethnic local community and Brahmins of the 6th century. This led to the upbringing of marginal class or 'sambandham' Brahminic family clans like <a href="/wiki/Pakalomattom_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakalomattom family">Pakalomattom</a>, Sankarapuri and Kalli to a different socioeconomic status, they are now widely accepted as the first families who adopted an emigre way of life or 'Christianity' in Kerala. According to recent DNA research by Dr. Mini Kariappa, a significant number of Knanaya's share their ancestral roots with the West Eurasian gene pool of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administration_2">Administration</h4></div> Saint Thomas Christians were administratively under the single native dynastic leadership of Arkadyaqon (East Syrian term for an ecclesiastical head with extensive administrative powers, deriving from Greek αρχιδιάκονος = <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a>) commonly referred as "Jathikku Karthavyan" ( Malayalam term meaning "Leader of The Community"). The Malankara Church believes that St. Thomas appointed elders at every place he preached to lead the believers. He prayed and laid his hands upon them, in the same way as the other disciples did (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> 6:1–6; 8:14–17; 13: 1–3). This was the system used until the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>. By 1500, Malankara Church had Parish elders and a Church leader. Before the arrival of Portuguese, Latin was unknown to Malankara people. In the ‘'Decrees of The Synod of Udayamperoor'’ presented to the St. Thomas Christians in their mother tongue Malayalam, Malankara Mooppen was the name used to refer the Church leader, except on three occasions.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> During the period of Colonialism, (i.e., from the 16th century), the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> began deliberate attempts to annex the community into the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, and in 1599 AD, they succeeded in their attempt through the infamous <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a>. Resentment against these forceful measures led the majority of the community under their Arkadyaqon <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Thomas</a> to swear an oath never to submit to the Portuguese, known as the <a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a> in 1653. For the first time in 1653, the Church leader was given the title Mar Thoma when Thomas Arkadyaqon was consecrated as Mar Thoma I. The present head of the Mar Thoma Church is the twenty-first Mar Thoma. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pantaenus_from_Alexandria">Pantaenus from Alexandria</h4></div> In the 2nd century (189-190 AD) AD, <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a>, the Philosopher and Missionary sent by Bishop Demetrius of Alexandria to India, found that there were many Christians in India with a <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Persian Bishop</a> and that they had a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel according to Matthew</a> in Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> These Christians were the early evangelists of Malankara Church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_Knanaya_Nazranis">Arrival of Knanaya Nazranis</h4></div> During the time of King <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (310–379) of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, a group of 400 immigrants (72 families) from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> arrived in Malabar under the leadership of merchant <a href="/wiki/Knai_Thomman" class="mw-redirect" title="Knai Thomman">Knai Thomman</a>. They were engaged in trade and settled down in <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>. Another immigration from Persia occurred around 825 under the leadership of Persian merchant Marwan Sabriso, with two Bishops, Sapro and Prodh. Together they were known as Knanaya/<a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Kanai</a> people. They continued to remain partially in an <a href="/wiki/Endogamous_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogamous group">endogamous group</a> within the Nasrani community. They cooperated with the Malankara Church, attended worship services together but remained a separate identity. By the 10th century, in Malabar there were two Nazrani groups, the Saint Thomas Christians and Knanaya community.<a href="#cite_note-KN-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bishops_from_Persia">Bishops from Persia</h4></div> Following the arrival of Christians from Persia, their bishops, priests or laymen began visiting them. Most of them were not able to return due to financial difficulties and travelling long distances.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Knanaya people were worshipping together with the St. Thomas Christians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] So these visitors also attended these services. It was a matter of ongoing dispute between different churches in Kerala whether the Syrian bishops had any administrative responsibility or jurisdiction over the St. Thomas Nazrani Christians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian_crosses">Persian crosses</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Cross_at_Kottayam_valiya_pally.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Persian_Cross_at_Kottayam_valiya_pally.png/220px-Persian_Cross_at_Kottayam_valiya_pally.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Persian_Cross_at_Kottayam_valiya_pally.png/330px-Persian_Cross_at_Kottayam_valiya_pally.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Persian_Cross_at_Kottayam_valiya_pally.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Persian cross at Kottayam valiya pally</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_crosses_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient crosses of India">Persian crosses</a> were in churches once attended by Nasranis. Out of five Persian crosses, two are in Kottayam Knanaya Valia Palli. According to the archaeologists, the earliest one was made in the 7th century. The cross became a symbol of Christianity in the west, during the time of Constantine (272–337).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Saint Thomas Christians of Malabar had hardly any contact with other Christians before the arrival of Knanaya people from Persia. Moreover, two of the oldest church buildings that still exist in South India do not have any marking of a Cross on their original structure. So most probably it was during the 7th century that the cross became a symbol of St. Thomas Christians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visits_corroborating_the_existence_of_the_Malankara_Church">Visits corroborating the existence of the Malankara Church</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_(849_CE)_plates_1_and_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg/250px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg/375px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg/500px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%28849_CE%29_plates_1_and_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="2188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tharisapalli_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharisapalli plates">Tharisapalli Copper plate grant</a> (9th century) – One of the reliable documentary evidences of the privileges and influence that Saint Thomas Christians enjoyed in early Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The document contains signatures of the witnesses in <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi script">Pahlavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> scripts.<a href="#cite_note-Pothen-55">[55]</a> It is the oldest documentary evidence available to attest the presence of a Persian Christian community in South India.<a href="#cite_note-SundermannHintze2009-56">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> The existence of this Church in the early centuries is evident in the writings of ancient travelers. <ul><li>325 AD – It is recorded that there was a Syro-Chaldean bishop John "from India and Persia" who assisted at the Council of Nicea in 325 AD.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>522 AD – an Egyptian Monk, <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> in his writings, ‘'Universal Christian Topography'’ mentions that there was this Church with a bishop from Persia.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>883 AD – <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (849–899), King of Wessex, England reportedly sent gifts "in India to St. Thomas and to St. Bartholomew", through Sighelm, <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bishops of Salisbury">bishop of Sherborne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>1225 AD – <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rugua" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Rugua">Chau Ju-Kua</a> a Chinese traveller visited <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>1282 AD – <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (1215–1294) Emperor of China sent an emissary to <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, It was followed by an emissary from <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> under the leadership of a St. Thomas Christian.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>1292 AD – <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> (1254–1324) on his return journey from China visited Kerala, mentions that "The people are idolaters, though there are some Christians and Jews among them".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collection_of_deeds">Collection of deeds</h4></div> The rulers of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, in appreciation of their assistance, had given to the Malankara Nazranis, three deeds on copper plates. These are known as Cheppeds, Royal Grants, Sasanam etc. Five sheets of them are now in the custody of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church Headquarters at Thiruvalla. <ol><li>Iravi Corttan Deed: In the year 774 AD. Sri Vira Raghava Chakravarti, gave a deed to Iravi Corttan of Mahadevarpattanam.</li> <li>Tharissa palli Deed I: Perumal Sthanu Ravi Gupta (844–885) gave a deed in 849 AD, to Isodatta Virai for Tharissa Palli (church) at Curakkeni Kollam. According to historians, this is the first deed in Kerala that gives the exact date.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Tharissa palli Deed II: A continuation of the above deed was given sometime after 849 AD.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_period">Portuguese period</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> started settling in India with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> in 1498. For the next 200 years, they took control over the sea routes and were powerful in the western parts of India. By 1500, Malankara Church was spread from <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> in the North to <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> in the South. It included the Saint Thomas Christians and the endogamous group, <a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a> Christians. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> went through changes with the encounter of Portuguese in 1599.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In the 16th century the overtures of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">padroado</a> to initiate the Saint Thomas Christians into the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> led to the first of several rifts in the community and the establishment of Pazhayakoor and Puthenkoor factions. Since that time further splits have occurred. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synod_of_Diamper">Synod of Diamper</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> had hardly any contact with the Western Church. The Portuguese used their power to bring the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> under Latin jurisdiction. A powerful Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Menezes" title="Aleixo de Menezes">Aleixo de Menezes</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> in 1595. He then convened a Synod at <a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a>, from 20 to 26 June 1599, known as the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a>. Here the Archbishop demanded complete submission to the Latin jurisdiction. The representatives sent from various parishes in and around <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> were forced to accept the decrees read out by the Archbishop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divisions_among_Saint_Thomas_Christians">Divisions among Saint Thomas Christians</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/220px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/330px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg/440px-Branches_%26_Denominations_of_Saint_Thomas_Christians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Saint Thomas Christian's – Divisions – History</figcaption></figure> A protest took place in 1653 with the Coonan Cross Oath. Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thomas (<a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a>), the Thomas Christians publicly took an oath that they wouldn't obey the Jesuit bishops.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-68">[68]</a> Rome sent Carmelites in two groups from the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Propagation of the Faith</a> to Malabar headed by Fr. Sebastiani and Fr. Hyacinth. Fr. Sebastiani arrived first in 1655. He began to deal directly with the Archdeacon Thomas (<a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a>). Fr. Sebastiani gained the support of many, especially with the support of <a href="/wiki/Palliveettil_Mar_Chandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliveettil Mar Chandy">Palliveettil Chandy</a>, Alexandar Kadavil and the Vicar of Muttam. These were the three councilors of Mar Thoma I, who was reconciled with Gracia (SJ) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] before the arrival of Sebastaini, according to Jesuit reports.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-68">[68]</a> The Pazhayakūr Catholic faction persistently challenged the validity of the ordination of <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a> by laying hands of 12 priests. It led many people to believe what they said and chose to rejoin with the catholic faction. Between 1661 and 1662, out of the 116 churches, the Carmelites reclaimed eighty-four churches, leaving Archdeacon Mar Thomas I with thirty-two churches. The eighty-four churches and their congregations were the body from which the Syro Malabar Church and the Chaldean Syrian Church have descended. The other thirty-two churches and their congregations represented the nucleus from which the Syriac Orthodox (Jacobites & Orthodox), Thozhiyur, Mar Thoma (Reformed Syrians), Syro Malankara Catholics have originated.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1665 with the request of the Archdeacon, <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdul_Jaleel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorios Abdul Jaleel">Gregorios Abdul Jaleel</a> a Bishop sent by the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, arrived in India. A faithful group under the leadership of the Archdeacon welcomed him.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-70">[70]</a> The arrival of the Bishop Gregory of the Syriac Orthodox Church in 1665 marked the beginning of a formal schism among the St. Thomas Christians. Those who accepted the West Syrian theological and liturgical tradition of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch of Gregory became known as the Jacobite, while the Syrian Catholics remained in communion with Rome and later came to be known as the Syro Malabar Church.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oath_of_the_Bent_Cross">Oath of the Bent Cross</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg/265px-Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg/398px-Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg/530px-Malabar_Christians_of_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Nasranis or Syrian Christians of Kerala in ancient days (from an old painting). Photo published in the Cochin Government Royal War Efforts Souvenir in 1938.</figcaption></figure> Under the leadership of their elder Thomas, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Nazranis</a> around <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> gathered at <a href="/wiki/Mattancherry" title="Mattancherry">Mattancherry</a> church on Friday, 24 January 1653 (M.E. 828 Makaram 3) and made an oath that is known as the Great Oath of Bent Cross. <dl><dd><dl><dd>Thomas Whitehouse, an Anglican Protestant missionary quotes from the "Church Missionary Society Report for 1818–19, p. 317.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <blockquote>"These Portuguese having murdered Mar Ignatius, we will no longer join them. We renounce them, and do not want either their love or their favour. The present Francis, bishop, shall not be our governor. We are not his children or followers. We will not again acknowledge Portuguese bishops."<a href="#cite_note-Whitehouse-71">[71]</a></blockquote> Those who were not able to touch the cross-tied ropes on the cross held the rope in their hands and made the oath. Because of the weight it is believed by the followers that the cross bent a little and so it is known as "Oath of the bent cross" (Coonen Kurisu Sathyam).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Four months after this event, according to the beliefs, 12 elders of the church ordained the elder Thomas as their prelate with the ecclesiastical title <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a>. Their beliefs and practices before the arrival of the Portuguese as evident in the canons of the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Malankara Church,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <ul><li>maintained the spiritual presence of the body and blood of Christ in the sacrament.</li> <li>had no knowledge of the term <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, but prayed for the dead.</li> <li>had irregular practice of auricular <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>.</li> <li>only had a few <a href="/wiki/Celibate" class="mw-redirect" title="Celibate">celibacy</a> clergy in monastic rank, while celibate bishops visited periodically from the Middle East.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_period">Dutch period</h3></div> The Dutch East India Company defeated Portuguese for the supremacy of spice trade in Malabar in the year CE 1663. Malankara Nazranis used this opportunity to escape from Latin persecution with the help of the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch brought Bishop <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdul_Jaleel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorios Abdul Jaleel">Gregorios Abdul Jaleel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> of the Syrian Orthodox Church in their trading vessel in CE 1665. Thomas Arkadyaqon who was consecrated as Mar Thoma I entered into a relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">West Syriac Orthodox Church</a> and gradually adopted <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac liturgy</a> and practices. The Dutch were on the Malabar Coast from 11 November 1604 – 1795. <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma VI">Mar Thoma VI</a> were the prelates during this period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_period">British period</h3></div> The English defeated the Dutch in 1795 and took over <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> during the time of <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma VI">Mar Thoma VI</a>. In 1806, Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Buchanan" title="Claudius Buchanan">Claudius Buchanan</a>, an Anglican missionary visited Malankara and met Mar Thoma VI.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan1-77">[77]</a> The Bible that was translated from the original <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> into Malayalam by two Malpans (Syriac Professors) was printed with the help of Buchanan.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The early <a href="/wiki/Residencies_of_British_India" title="Residencies of British India">British Residents</a> happened to be people of evangelical persuasions and were curious about the native church.<a href="#cite_note-FrykenbergRE-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseT-80">[80]</a> In 1808, a bond for the sum of 3000 Star <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">Pagoda</a> (Rs. 10,500) was handed over by General <a href="/wiki/Colin_Macaulay" title="Colin Macaulay">Colin Macaulay</a>, the British Resident in <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> to the Govt. for <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma VII">Mar Thoma VII</a> with the condition that the interest (known as Vattipanam) be paid to the Metropolitan of the Syrian Church of Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The next Resident Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Munro,_9th_of_Teaninich" title="John Munro, 9th of Teaninich">John Munro</a> was approached by a monk (Ramban) Pulikkottil Joseph Ittoop, with the idea of setting up a seminary for the Malankara church. The idea appealed to Munro and under his patronage, the Ramban got the construction completed by 1815. At the resident's behest, the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> sent its missionaries on a Mission of Help, to educate the seminarians.<a href="#cite_note-StephenNeill-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzieGT-33">[33]</a> In 1815, Joseph Ramban was consecrated by Philexenos of the Thozhyoor Church and was given the ecclesiastical title <a href="/wiki/Pulikkottil_Dionysius_II" title="Pulikkottil Dionysius II">Dionysius II</a>. To make the Malankara Church accept him as their head, Col. Munro had to get the rulers of Travancore and Cochin issue Royal proclamations ordering Christians to render obedience to Dionysius II.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The next two prelates were also selected by Col. Munro and Royal proclamations were issued to them also.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The British missionaries believed that a reformation of the Malankara Church was imperative (since, for instance, they found in the Indian church "those doctrines which we threw off at the Reformation: "Purgatory ... worshipping and adoration of images and relics, and also invocation of saints'")<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> whose presence made reform imperative, and ventured to bring it about through a process of theological instruction and subtle persuasion. By and by, they prodded Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Punnathra_Dionysius_III" title="Punnathra Dionysius III">Punnathra Dionysius III</a> into convening an assembly of his leading <a href="/wiki/Kathanar" title="Kathanar">kathanars</a> and missionaries at <a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a> to discuss the matter. This meeting which took place on 3 December 1818, appointed a committee of six elder kathanars to come up with scheme for reformation, in consultation with the metropolitan and missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FrykenbergRE-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseT-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-CollinsR-86">[86]</a> Some priests like <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a>, Kaithayil Gheevarghese Malpan etc., who worked along with the missionaries at the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Theological_Seminary,_Kottayam" title="Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam">Kottayam seminary</a> were part of this committee. They were especially receptive to Anglican ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Malpan-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaylyS-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kanjamala-88">[88]</a> Before the committee brought their findings Punnathra Dionosyus died and Cheppad Dionosyus became the Malankara Metropolitan. Cheppad Dionosyus rejected the committee findings and went on with actions that was against the reforms made by his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Later, as Anglicans such as Joseph Peet tried to dominate the Pazhaya Seminary and started to create other issue in the Church, Malankara metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_IV_of_Cheppad" title="Dionysius IV of Cheppad">Dionysius IV</a> convened a synod at <a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a> on 16 January 1836, where-in the participants resolved not to deviate from their Oriental Orthodox faith or traditions and to remain faithful to the Patriarch of Antioch. This ended the official partnership between the missionaries and the Malankara Syrian Church.<a href="#cite_note-StephenNeill-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrykenbergRE-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaylyS-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformation_in_Malankara_Church">Reformation in Malankara Church</h2></div> The British Anglicans had many well-wishers in the Malankara Church.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzieGT-33">[33]</a> Priests like Abraham Malpan and others continued to collaborate with the missionaries to reform the church from within.<a href="#cite_note-Malpan-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseT-80">[80]</a> In 1836, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a>, Kaithayil Gheevarghese malpan and other reformist <a href="/wiki/Kathanar" title="Kathanar">kathanars</a> submitted a memorandum to Resident Col. Fraser, levelling charges of abuse against metropolitan Dionysius IV and a 23-point stratagem for the reformation of the church. But as the metropolitan was against all reforms, nothing came of it.<a href="#cite_note-Malpan-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parampathoor-90">[90]</a> Regardless, Abraham Malpan produced a <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformed</a> revision of the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> and used it in the seminary and his parishes. Consequently, Abraham Malpan was excommunicated.<a href="#cite_note-Malpan-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoffettSH-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kanjamala-88">[88]</a> Malankara metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_IV_of_Cheppad" title="Dionysius IV of Cheppad">Dionysius IV</a> refused to ordain anyone trained by reformist malpans.<a href="#cite_note-Malpan-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parampathoor-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Malpan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Abraham_Malpan.jpg/180px-Abraham_Malpan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Abraham_Malpan.jpg/270px-Abraham_Malpan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Abraham_Malpan.jpg/360px-Abraham_Malpan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abraham_Malpan">Abraham Malpan</h3></div> Though <a href="/wiki/Maramon" title="Maramon">Maramon</a> Palakunnathu <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a> was bounteous in his temperament, he never hesitated to introduce reforms in both teaching and practice. He also insisted on a high moral standard of conduct for laity and clergy alike. All this created a ferment in the Malankara Church and its effects are still discernible in the Church as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_reforms">Principal reforms</h3></div> <dl><dd>Changes carried out during reformation:<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></dd></dl> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Icons</a>, pictures, statues, and drawings of saints were removed from churches, and places of worship.</li> <li>Considered the practice of praying for the dead and of doing obeisance at their graves with lighted candles as abhorrent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession of saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Christianity#Prayer_for_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer in Christianity">prayers for the dead</a> were discarded. All prayers, worship and devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary and the saints were omitted. All prayer requests to dead and prayers to uplift the dead from sin and suffering were omitted.</li> <li>Insisted that Sunday services are to be held in a reverent and spiritual way. During that time reading and expounding scriptures is to be done.</li> <li>Conducted worship services, including <a href="/wiki/Kurbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurbana">Holy Communion</a> in the mother tongue, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> along with Syriac.</li> <li>Liturgy amended to eliminate all <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysite</a> influences.<a href="#cite_note-e-GEDSH-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Holy Communion was not celebrated when there were none to receive.</li> <li>Mandated that <a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">communion under both kinds</a> should be distributed separately.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)#Christianity" title="Confession (religion)">Auricular confession</a> was discontinued.</li> <li>Believed that those who come for confession should ask for forgiveness with fasting and prayer, instead of offering oil, incense and candles.</li> <li>Insisted that bishops should ordain only candidates who have been examined by them and the malpans (Meaning:- Syriac scholars).</li> <li>Repudiated the custom of smearing charcoal on the forehead on Ash Wednesday.</li></ol> <dl><dd>Doctrinal positions<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></dd></dl> <ol><li>The Church accepts the Bible and the Nicene creed as the basis for all matters of faith and doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-Overview-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-PallikunnilJK1-95">[95]</a></li> <li>The Church accepts the principle of <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification by faith alone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TennentTC2010-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThomasMM1998-97">[97]</a></li> <li>The Church accepts the principle of <a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">salvation by grace alone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GeorgeMathew2005-98">[98]</a></li> <li>The Church adheres to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Alone" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Alone">sole mediation of Christ</a><a href="#cite_note-Heritage-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-PallikunnilJK1-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mathai2019-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FarhadianCE2007-100">[100]</a></li> <li>The Church emphasizes the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_All_Believers" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood of All Believers">Priesthood of All Believers</a><a href="#cite_note-Heritage-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThomasMM1998-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mathai2019-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FarhadianCE2007-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-PallikunnilJK2-101">[101]</a></li> <li>Only the councils of <a href="/wiki/Nicene_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene creed">Nicea</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> are commemorated in the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-e-GEDSH-10">[10]</a></li> <li>The Church is neither <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Monophysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">Monophysite</a>, but an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant</a> Church.<a href="#cite_note-JamesonRef-7">[7]</a></li> <li>The Church does not subscribe to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Eucharist#As_a_sacrifice" title="Eucharist">Eucharistic Sacrifice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mathai2019-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FarhadianCE2007-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-13">[13]</a></li> <li>The Clergy is dedicated to avoiding benefices other than the regulated salary, as a part of the principle of simple life (a <a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Kochoonju_Upadesi#Lifestyle_and_principles" title="Sadhu Kochoonju Upadesi">Christian ideal</a> of being poor and humble with unclouded conscientious and to be guarded away from mortal greed) for self and the adult laity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Child Baptism</a> is upheld and given to children born in Christian families. Adult Baptism is given to new believers who come from other religions.</li> <li>The Church accepts the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Divine motherhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>, but regards that it has nothing to do with saintly intercession or a <a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">mediatrix</a> role.</li> <li>With regard to the title of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">St. Mary</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>, the church affirms that the title was used by <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">early Church fathers</a>. The Church also recognises her as the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of Christ, who is God, not that the nature of the Word or his divinity received the beginning of its existence from the holy Virgin, but that, since the holy body, which the Word of God became, was born from her, the Word is said to be born according to the flesh (Gospel of St.John:1:14).</li> <li>As to her titles 'Mother of the Church' and 'Mother of all true Christians', biblical interpretation is used (Revelation to St.John:12:17).</li> <li>The Church calls St. Mary as Blessed and Holy as expressed in the liturgy.</li> <li>The Church endorses in the remembrance and respect of Saints, Martyrs, and acknowledgment of their feast days, but prohibits veneration and intercession through them.</li> <li>The lives of Saints and Martyrs are seen as an exemplar and inspiring to the Christian Model of living.</li> <li>The Church does not declare anyone saint or sinner but people who have led exceptionally devout (saintly)lives are acknowledged; and saints declared by all Christian denominations are called Saints thereupon with respect.</li> <li>Identifies Iconography (icons, images and drawings) as Christian or religious art. They are seen as spirituality in art but they are not supposed to be used for worship.</li> <li>Remembrance of dead loved ones is seen as natural and human but prayers for the departed were cancelled out to signify that salvation does not occur after death. There is no belief in purgatory.</li> <li>The Mission of spreading the Gospel is observed as the duty of the Church. The Church must work with an evangelical zeal.</li> <li>Expounding of the Holy Scriptures and their interpretations are seen as vital to religious services.</li> <li>Syriac is acknowledged as the liturgical language of the Church and is used alongside the vernacular for all occasions.</li> <li>The Holy Communion (Holy Qurbana), being a Dominical Sacrament and thus divinely instituted by Christ must be observed utmost spiritually and reverently and not just as a mere ritual.</li> <li>The Church gives freedom to the believers on the experience of the Holy Communion (on substantiation). It is understood as the grace of God to the individual. Nevertheless, the experience is viewed as a "Sacred Mystery".</li> <li>Confession is General and is said through prayer before the Holy Communion. The Faithful are supposed to confess their sins privately to God (at home, Church, etc.) and to their brethren, if they have sinned against them (Epistle of St.James:5:16).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_events">Course of events</h3></div> The first printed <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> Bible, translated from Syriac was published in 1811. Known as Ramban Bible<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> it contained only the four Gospels. By 1841, the whole Bible was translated, printed and released. Counselled by <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> missionaries who taught at the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Theological_Seminary,_Kottayam" title="Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam">Orthodox Theological Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mar_Dionysius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Dionysius III">Mar Thoma XI</a> convened a meeting of representatives of the Malankara Church with the missionaries at <a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a> in 1818. In that meeting, a review committee was appointed to recommend reforms, in consultation with the metropolitan and the missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FrykenbergRE-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseT-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-CollinsR-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a>, Kaithayil Geevarghese Malpan, Eruthikkal Markose Kathanar, Adangapurathu Joseph Kathanar were members of this committee. This was the first step in carrying out Reformation in Malankara Church. On 5 September 1836, the reformation was planned. The strategy was determined by a group of 12 clergymen under the leadership of Abraham Malpan. They issued an encyclical describing what they believed were the wrong teachings, a statement listing twenty-four practices of the Church which they believed were "evil" and had crept in by its association with other Churches and religions and the same as a petition to a British Resident.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaramonMarthomaChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MaramonMarthomaChurch.jpg/250px-MaramonMarthomaChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MaramonMarthomaChurch.jpg/375px-MaramonMarthomaChurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MaramonMarthomaChurch.jpg/500px-MaramonMarthomaChurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Maramon Mar Thoma Church (2005)</figcaption></figure> On 27 August 1837 (Sunday), then suspended<a href="#cite_note-Malpan-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a> conducted the Holy Communion service in mother tongue <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> at his home parish at <a href="/wiki/Maramon" title="Maramon">Maramon</a>. Clergymen, who supported him also did the same thing in various other parishes on the same day. Connected with a saint (<a href="/wiki/Baselios_Yeldo" title="Baselios Yeldo">Baselios Yeldo</a>), every year in the first week of October, there was a church festival at <a href="/wiki/Maramon" title="Maramon">Maramon</a>. During that time a wooden statue of that saint, they called "Muthappen" (Meaning:- Elder father) was taken around in procession, and people used to venerate the saint by offering prayers and ask for intercession. In 1837, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a> from deeper biblical understandings and of the spiritual scruples surrounding it, took the statue and threw it into a well saying, "Why consult the dead on behalf of the living?" (Isaiah 8:19). So when the festival came there was no statue to be taken out for the procession. The use of the revised liturgy and the changes he brought about in practices disgruntled <a href="/wiki/Mar_Dionysius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Dionysius IV">Mar Thoma XII</a>. So <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a> was excommunicated.<a href="#cite_note-Malpan-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parampathoor-90">[90]</a> Deacons trained by him were refused priesthood. But <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a> was not disheartened. He continued with his spirited reforms. He returned to <a href="/wiki/Maramon" title="Maramon">Maramon</a>. Many of his students joined him to continue their studies. All those who believed that "The Church" needed a revitalization also joined him. Members of parishes in <a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eraviperoor" title="Eraviperoor">Eraviperoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thumpamon" title="Thumpamon">Thumpamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elanthoor" title="Elanthoor">Elanthoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottarakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottarakara">Kottarakara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a>, and many other places made trips to Maramon to attend the service in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> and listen to his sermons. Doors were also opened for reformation in other places by ministers who supported him. At this stage, he had three choices in front of him. Repent and go to the beliefs under Antioch; join the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> Church with western aid; or go forward with the Cleansing and restoring "The Church" to what he thought would bring it to a pristine position, A church uncontaminated by avarice, venality, licentiousness, and rapacity.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> He selected the third one. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a> died in 1845. Realising the need for a bishop to lead the reformists, Abraham malpan sent his nephew Deacon Matthews to the patriarch in Antioch. The patriarch, unaware of Mathew's reformation leanings, ordained him as bishop <a href="/wiki/Mathews_Athanasius" title="Mathews Athanasius">Mathews Athanasius</a> in 1842 and he returned to Travancore in 1843. Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_IV_of_Cheppad" title="Dionysius IV of Cheppad">Dionysius IV</a> sent word to the patriarch that he has been deceived and called for prompt corrective action.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzieGT-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-StephenNeill-82">[82]</a> Mathews Athanasius did not have the approval of the majority of Malankara Christians who were opposed to reforms. In spite of that, the initial patriarchate delegations failed in their mission to help their loyalists. More than anything else, this was due to the British support for the Reformist bishop and Mathews Athanasius ultimately became Malankara Metropolitan in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-AlexanderPV-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-BaylyS-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoffettSH-15">[15]</a> Mathews Athanasius published the liturgy without the prayer to St. Mary.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He consecrated Ouseph Koorilos, as Metropolitan/Bishop for Malabar Independent Church.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The entirety of strong-arm actions incited many clergymen and Pulikkottil Ouseph Kathanar went to Antioch in 1864. He returned as <a href="/wiki/Mar_Dionysious_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Dionysious V">Dionysious V</a> in 1865. The Orthodox conservatives led by Dionysious V repeatedly sought intervention from the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East">See of Antioch</a>. Discerning the source of the reformists' strength, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Peter_IV" title="Ignatius Peter IV">Ignatius Peter IV</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzieGT-33">[33]</a> Whilst being there, he made many supplications to several high ecclesiastical and governmental authorities, pleading to end the partisan British support for Mathews Athanasius in India.<a href="#cite_note-MoffettSH-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-JFenwick-109">[109]</a> Eventually, the British government and churchmen came to accept a position of neutrality with respect to the affairs of the Malankara Church. The Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a> apprised the patriarch of this change in British stance.<a href="#cite_note-JFenwick-109">[109]</a> Armed with significant success, the patriarch sailed for India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_the_Reformists_and_establishment_of_Mar_Thoma_Church">Separation of the Reformists and establishment of Mar Thoma Church</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_thomas_Athanasious_and_other_mar_thoma_faction_priests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mar_thomas_Athanasious_and_other_mar_thoma_faction_priests.jpg/220px-Mar_thomas_Athanasious_and_other_mar_thoma_faction_priests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mar_thomas_Athanasious_and_other_mar_thoma_faction_priests.jpg/330px-Mar_thomas_Athanasious_and_other_mar_thoma_faction_priests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mar_thomas_Athanasious_and_other_mar_thoma_faction_priests.jpg/440px-Mar_thomas_Athanasious_and_other_mar_thoma_faction_priests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Palakkunnathu Thomas Athanasious (Marthoma XIV) with Kathanars and Deacons of Marthoma Faction, 16 October 1879</figcaption></figure> After reaching India, the Antiochian patriarch did everything within his power to aid the traditionalist Orthodox faithful. In 1875, Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Peter_IV" title="Ignatius Peter IV">Ignatius Peter IV</a> excommunicated <a href="/wiki/Mathews_Athanasius" title="Mathews Athanasius">Mathews Athanasius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Athanasius" title="Thomas Athanasius">Thomas Athanasius</a> (ordained by Mathews Athanasius as his successor) and their Reformist followers from the Malankara Syrian Church.<a href="#cite_note-Kanjamala-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue1-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-AfonsoAV-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-VadakkekaraB-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-PallathP-112">[112]</a> The Reformists desperately besought the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> as well as British authorities, to intervene on their behalf, but to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-Fenwick2-113">[113]</a> The British colonial administration abstained from extending their crucial endorsement to any one faction, thereby disengaging themselves from local church matters. Thus, the rival parties had to settle their disputes, entirely by means of court litigations.<a href="#cite_note-BaylyS-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-GregoriosP1982-114">[114]</a> Dionysious V and his supporters filed a case on 4 March 1879. (Case O.S. No. 439 of 1054) demanding the possession of the seminary and the control of assets of the Church. Thomas Athanasius was then the Metropolitan. During the course of this litigation (1879–1889), answering a question Thomas Athanasius Metropolitan said, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Episcopal throne of Patriarch is the throne of St. Peter, while the throne of Malankara Church is that of St. Thomas. Malankara Church is as old as the Church in Antioch, equal in status, and both are independent.</blockquote> A meeting was convened by the Maharaja of Travancore, before the final verdict was given, Athanasius testified that, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Malankara Church was never under any foreign rule and that he was unwilling to move away from the teachings or give the authority and the Church possessions to a foreign Patriarch.</blockquote> The final verdict which came on 12 July 1889, upheld the conservative position on the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a>, as being the only competent ecclesiastical authority historically authorized to ordain and appoint bishops to the Malankara Metropolitanate.<a href="#cite_note-VargheseAP-115">[115]</a> The ruling declared <a href="/wiki/Dionysious_V" title="Dionysious V">Dionysious V</a> the rightful Malankara Metropolitan owing to his loyalty to the Antiochian patriarchate known as <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Historiography_and_History_of_Kerala_–_G._Krishnan_Nadar_–_Google_Books-18">[18]</a> wherefrom he received direct consecration and his acceptance by the majority of Malankara Christians.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzieGT-33">[33]</a> The judgement also dismissed all claims of the reformists and their leader Thomas Athanasius to the Metropolitanate or its assets.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzieGT-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlexanderPV-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoffettSH-15">[15]</a> The Metran Kakshi decided to remain as an independent Malankara Church, and to give primary authority to the Holy Bible and continue as the successors of St. Thomas throne. They separated and established the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant</a> Mar Thoma Syrian Church.<a href="#cite_note-MoffettSH-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-JamesonRef-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlexanderPV-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mar_Thoma_church_during_Indian_Independence_Movement">Mar Thoma church during Indian Independence Movement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. (November 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Many in the Church were fascinated by Gandhian philosophy and particularly its Primates Abraham Thoma, Yuhanon Mar Thoma, and Alexander Mar Thoma were strong Advocates of Gandhian methods. They wore Ecclesiastical robes stitched from <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a>. The church actively worked in areas of education, empowerment of women, eradication of social evils, and self-reliance. Mar Thoma Sabha councils and Maramon Convention became a platform for disseminating Nationalist ideas. Many nationalist leaders like K. Keshavan, C. V. Kunjiraman, <a href="/wiki/T._M._Varghese" title="T. M. Varghese">T. M. Varghese</a>, Pattam Thanupillai had used <a href="/wiki/Maramon_Convention" title="Maramon Convention">Maramon Convention</a> to mobilize people against Divan Sir <a href="/wiki/C.P._Ramaswami_Iyer" class="mw-redirect" title="C.P. Ramaswami Iyer">C.P. Ramaswami Iyer</a>'s move to form an Independent Travancore separate from India. In 1936 Kunjiraman through his speech at Maramon gave an ultimatum to Travancore Royalty to give freedom of worship in temples for all Hindus immediately or see mass conversions to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The practice of political leaders attending with the Christian gathering at Maramon has its origin from that period. Ramaswami Iyer liquidated the Quilon bank and sealed off Malayala Manorama, the leading newspaper, for criticizing the divan. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Mar_Thoma" title="Abraham Mar Thoma">Abraham Mar Thoma</a> spoke about these notorious acts and visited those who were jailed by him. He further visited the Maharaja of Travancore and complaint about Divans tyrannical rule. Mar Thoma church at this point passed a church resolution against Divan and independent Travancore which infuriated the divan and ordered for the Metropolitans arrest and imprisonment. However, the arrest order was not executed. It was all done at a point of time when other churches and communities of Travancore praised divan or feared to utter a word against the divan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later the Mar Thoma church had to pay the price for that social action. The land allotted in the heart of Thiruvananthapuram to construct a church by Maharaja Sree <a href="/wiki/Moolam_Thirunal" title="Moolam Thirunal">Moolam Thirunal</a> was taken back. Mar Thoma church was selectively targeted by Divan, by not giving permissions for the construction of cemeteries and new church buildings.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Thevarthundiyil Titus popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Titusji" title="Titusji">Titusji</a> was the only Christian in the band of 78 inmates selected by Gandhiji from Sabarmati Ashram for breaking the salt law at Dandi in 1930 (Popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a>).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 1937 when Mahatma Gandhiji was touring Kottayam, Mar Thoma Seminary School opened its doors to Gandhiji. He stayed a night there with K. K. Kuruvila is popularly known as Kerala Deenabandhu (because of his close association with C. F. Andrews Deenabandhu), then principal of the school, he was an MA graduate from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity College (Connecticut)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Kuruvila was the founder of newspaper Kerala Bhooshanam which was active during the movement for responsible government in Travancore during the 1940s. K. C. Thomas<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> (1901–1976) another noted freedom fighter of the era and once President of "Nivarthana Prasthanam" was in the thick of the agitations against Sir C.P.'s rule in Travancore. He was the secretary of the Jilla Committee of the State Congress was arrested along with Kannara Gopala Panikkar and jailed on 21 September 1938. Their Arrests led to widespread protests in Chengannur and finally led to the infamous 'Mills Maidhan Event' on 28 September 1938 where Divans police used brutal force to dismiss the protesting crowd which resulted in bloodshed. Cherian Thomas son of K.C. Thomas was actively involved with the Bhoodan Movement of Acharya Vinoba Bhave. N.G. Chacko,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> the freedom fighter plunged into freedom struggle during 1920. He was arrested and jailed for anti-British protests and waving black flag in protest against the visit of the Prince of Wales Lord Wellington, then Governor-General in 1921. P.T. Punnoose<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> is another leader of the era, he started his political activities through Congress party in 1938 however later he became a Communist leader. He was the Secretary of Travancore Communist Party and one of the organisers of the Punnapra Vayalar Revolt. He laid strong foundations for the Communist party in Ambalappuzha, Cherthala, and Alappuzha. He was later elected from Ambalapuzha Constituency to the Indian Parliament. <a href="/wiki/T._M._Varghese" title="T. M. Varghese">T. M. Varghese</a> was a Christian among the trio who formed the Joint Political Party and spearheaded for the formation of a responsible Government.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Another Mar Thoma Syrian and Gandhian of that era K.A. Mathew<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> started his activities by writing articles in the magazine "The Christian Patriot" which articulated the dissemination of nationalist feelings among Indian Christians. In 1939 at Amsterdam when the <a href="/wiki/Union_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Union jack">union jack</a> was raised in "International Christian Youth Assembly" for Indian delegates, K.A. Mathew raised the Indian flag in solidarity and carried along with him. Back in Travancore he was active in the movement against Divan Sir C.P. and his independent Travancore. He opposed a move among the Syrian Christians of Tiruvalla to erect a statue of Divan at the center of the town.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> He was implicated in many false allegations and cases by the divan and jailed him many times. He was elected to legislative assembly in 1948. <a href="/wiki/George_Joseph_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Joseph (Kerala)">Barrister George Joseph</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and a <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a> proponent mobilized the people in the <a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a> in early stages but later handed over the leadership to <a href="/wiki/K._Kelappan" title="K. Kelappan">K. Kelappan</a> as per the wishes of Gandhiji. During his stay in Madurai he was closely associated with labour union movement and worked in changing the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA), which targeted specifically <a href="/wiki/Kallar_(caste)" title="Kallar (caste)">Kallar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukkulathor" title="Mukkulathor">Mukkulathor</a> community. They affectionately called him Rosappu Durai (Master with a rose flower). He was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> and Tamil Poet Subramanya Bharathi. Subramanya Bharathi Penned the patriotic song "Viduthalai Viduthalai" when he was staying at George's home. Seven years prior to his death George Joseph joined the Catholic church. Many young Syrian Christians who were staying in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> during the 1940s was attracted to Netaji <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> and joined the INA. O.C. Chacko a Marthomite from Kuriannoor, joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> in 1943 when he was in Singapore. A Mar Thoma priest, Rev. C.V. George from Ranny in his youth as an advocate was an active member in the freedom struggle and was jailed for his involvement in activities against British Raj. He is the only Mar Thoma Priest who is recognized and awarded as a freedom fighter by the Government. After India attained its freedom in 1947, the Government of India lowered to the level of a despotic rule during the time of <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">Emergency</a> of 1975. The Emergency was followed after election malpractice allegation and following the verdict against Indira Gandhi. All leaders who spoke against the Emergency rule were jailed or kept in house arrest. It was at this time Yuhanon Mar Thoma<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> wrote a letter to Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India criticizing emergency and requesting to follow ideals of constitution. There were strong rumors about the anticipatory arrest of Yuhanon Mar Thoma. <a href="/wiki/Madathilparampil_Mammen_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madathilparampil Mammen Thomas">M.M.Thomas</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> another Mar Thoma Syrian and theologian advocating Ecumenism of Churches had written many articles on the emergency situation. In spite of criticism from many Christian groups, M.M. Thomas made his point in depicting the basic fact of violation of human rights and stressed the need of the democratic organization of the people for the realization of social justice in India. Mar Thoma Church also passed a resolution against Emergency and for the restoration of democracy privately.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mar Thoma church was also closely associated with the land for the landless and home for the homeless movement much before Acharya Vinoba Bhave initiated <a href="/wiki/Bhoodan_movement" title="Bhoodan movement">Bhoodan movement</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faith_and_practices_of_the_church">Faith and practices of the church</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban_%282%29.JPG/250px-Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban_%282%29.JPG/375px-Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban_%282%29.JPG/500px-Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Ramban Bible, translated by <a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam_Philipose_Ramban" title="Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban">Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban</a></figcaption></figure> The word "liturgy" is derived from the Greek word leitourgia (leitos/loas: people +ergos: work) which means a service rendered to God and people. When the Bible was not available, the liturgy took the role of the Bible, much of the scripture is formed in the liturgical context. The original liturgical language used by the Malankara Church was Aramaic and Hebrew. The Bible that was in use also was in Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Later when Syriac replaced Aramaic in eastern countries, and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a> people from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in AD 345, the Malankara Church began using Syriac. The Bible used in the Malankara Church is called the "Peshitta" and was in Estrangelo Syriac.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan1-77">[77]</a> This was the Bible that was in use till Malayalam (the language of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>) translation was available. The first printed Malayalam Bible, translated from Syriac was published in 1811 by Philipose Ramban with the provision of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Buchanan" title="Claudius Buchanan">Claudius Buchanan</a>, known as Ramban Bible it contained the four Gospels. (A copy of this Bible was later presented to Buchanan and is kept at Cambridge University Library.) By 1841, the whole Bible was translated, printed and released by missionary-scholar <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bailey_(missionary)" title="Benjamin Bailey (missionary)">Benjamin Bailey</a> with the help of Chandu Menon, a tahsildar in the Madras State service. Even though bishops from Syrian churches visited <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, they did not attempt to change the Bible into the newer forms of Syriac or to the native language. In June 1876, Patriarch of Antioch Ignatius Pathrose IV visited <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and a majority of the Malankara Church accepted him as the head of their church. But those who did not join them continued to follow their own leaders and kept their peculiar identity garnered from reformation. After Mar Thoma Church had begun to use the liturgy in mother tongue <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, other churches continued to follow the same for a deeper engagement with the laity. A revised version of the ancient and apostolic liturgy known as People's liturgy, the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St James">Liturgy of St James</a> (Gal.1:18-19), was adopted in the church, later the liturgy has been translated into various languages including English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada. The Mar Thoma church follows the West Syrian liturgical tradition and is Eastern in the nature of its worship and ethos. There are six liturgies other than Saint James liturgy (Mar Yakub liturgy) used in the church and a priest can exercise freedom in using them but should satisfy the requirement of "joint congregation act/involvement" and permission from the respective diocese head. The six other liturgies are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li>Mar Dionysius Liturgy</li> <li>Patriarch Mar Christos Liturgy</li> <li>Mar Peter Liturgy</li> <li>Mar Juhanon Liturgy</li> <li>Mar Thoma of Harkalia Liturgy</li> <li>Mar Ivanios Liturgy</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonical_hours">Canonical hours</h3></div> The Marthomites pray the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> as contained in the <a href="/wiki/Shehimo" title="Shehimo">Shehimo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a> while facing the <a href="/wiki/Direction_of_prayer" title="Direction of prayer">eastward direction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richards1908-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments_of_the_church">Sacraments of the church</h3></div> The seven sacraments (Koodashas) of Mar Thoma Church are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a> (Smearing of Holy Muron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> (Mamodisa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Common Confession</a> (Kumbasaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Holy Communion</a> (Qurbana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Unction</a> (Anointing of the Sick)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Ordination</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Mar Thoma Syrian Church">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (November 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_marthoma_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jerusalem_marthoma_church.jpg/200px-Jerusalem_marthoma_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jerusalem_marthoma_church.jpg/300px-Jerusalem_marthoma_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jerusalem_marthoma_church.jpg/400px-Jerusalem_marthoma_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Madbaha and Thronos of a Mar Thoma Syrian Church (Niranam Jerushalem Church)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chengannur_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chengannur_2.JPG/200px-Chengannur_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chengannur_2.JPG/300px-Chengannur_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chengannur_2.JPG/400px-Chengannur_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An old Syrian Christian church with architectural similarities of a temple in Chengannur, Alappuzha, Kerala</figcaption></figure> Those who were converted by St. Thomas in the 1st century continued worshiping in synagogues. Then they moved to their homes and by the 2nd century, they began to build their own churches (called ‘'Palli'’) in various places. It is believed that there were such small gatherings at Maliankara, <a href="/wiki/Piravom" title="Piravom">Piravom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niranam" title="Niranam">Niranam</a> (Nelcynda) and Nilakkal. St. Thomas Christians in Kerala, still construct their churches combining the design of Solomon's temple at Jerusalem, and Indian <a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a>. So from outside it looks like a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple</a> but inside it is like a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Jewish temple</a>. It is divided into Sanctuary (Madbaha) and <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">Nave</a> (Haickala). Mar Thoma Churches are built east–west with the Sanctuary (Madbaha) to the east. East is the place of the rising suns that is the symbol of the Risen Christ and His Second coming. East also symbolizes the Garden of Eden that was situated in the east. The Sanctuary is separated from the rest of the place by a veil with the sign of a cross. The worship of the Eastern churches symbolizes heavenly worship. Madbaha symbolically represents Heaven and Haickala, the earth, and veil the sky. The Madbaha is demarcated from the <a href="/wiki/Bema" title="Bema">bema</a> with an open arch and a veil. At the beginning of Holy Qurbana Service, the veil is drawn from the right side to left. Mar Thoma Syrians have abandoned the West syriac tradition of erecting more than one Altar and Madhbaha in Church and also forbade dedication of Altar/Thronos in name of a Saint or a Holy church father and conducting Holy Qurbana at Altar simultaneously or separate. The pulpit and lectern are also usually found at the extension of the bema. Bema is demarcated from the nave and transept (widely uses a vestibule space before the nave) with <a href="/wiki/Altar_rails" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar rails">altar rails</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a> is seated at one end of the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> in the same level of the nave. Now there is a tendency to follow western architectural designs and introducing <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(architecture)" title="Ciborium (architecture)">ciboriums</a>, semi-domes, etc. Cross used in Mar Thoma Church Chancel particularly at the center of the Altar is the Easter Cross. In Mar Thoma worship practice the visual Sign of the Cross is used many times. When the Priest gives the blessing he performs the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a>; the worshipers, as a sign of accepting the blessing also reciprocates blessing oneself. The same is done at the time of the declaration of the Trinity and also at the time of indication of the Cross. Generally <a href="/wiki/Iconostases" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconostases">iconostases</a>, pictures or statues of saints are not kept in Mar Thoma churches. Until the middle of the 20th century, all worshipers were seated on a mat spread on the floor. Children occupy the first rows and behind them on right side females and towards left males are seated. A narrow space between left and right is demarcated with a red carpet starting from the main door signifying that the church is sharing the worship space of heaven and joining the communion. Now many churches provide chairs or benches. During the Passion week services, chairs are removed, to facilitate worshiping according to their ancient custom, which includes prostrating a number of times. Everyone including clergy and the laity, who take part in the worship, faces east for the service.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fasts_and_Festivals_of_Mar_Thoma_Church">Fasts and Festivals of Mar Thoma Church</h2></div> Mar Thoma Church's evolution from a reformation base only strengthened it to follow best practices of its Syriac traditions. Lents (Nombu) and other church festivals are church's structural and liturgical base.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Feasts and fasts are an integral part of the traditions of a Christian community. However, the way believers follow these fasts and feasts differ from church to church. Mar Thoma church being a part of Antiochian tradition churches, follows all the canonical feasts and fasts which are related to important events in the life of Jesus Christ. The constitution of the church states that the feasts, fasts or lents are not to be removed or altered from the church at any time. It Includes Observance of the Sunday as the day of the lord and other fast and feast days in the church calendar. Each Sunday is dedicated to meditating on subjects prescribed in church lectionary.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasts_of_the_Church">Fasts of the Church</h3></div> The church mainly observes the fifty days before the period of Easter and twenty-five days before Christmas as fast days. Mar Thoma church doesn't have a canonical instruction on how a believer should follow the Lents. However, as a matter of practice believers follow certain dietary restrictions with the right spiritual diet as followed over generations. A person committed to lent, is in a spiritual training with introspection and renewal of their commitment to be an imitation of set principles by Jesus Christ. With the will for fellowship, each person anchors bio-psycho-spiritually with Jesus Christ through prayer. Lent is often considered as a refreshful practice for thoughts and soul for cultivating seven gifts of the Holy Spirit (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2011:1–3&version=nrsv">11:1–3</a>). An amount of money that is saved by giving up certain types of luxuries during the lent period is typically deposited in the offertory on Good Friday for Church's social services for the afflicted and hungry (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=amp:Isaiah%2058:7–12">58:7–12</a>). <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Post-modernistic</a> view about lent is as an empowering practice that transforms a person for making social and interpersonal impact.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Every <a href="/wiki/Weekday" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekday">weekday</a> in Great Lent there are specific liturgical services which include <a href="/wiki/Prostration#Christianity" title="Prostration">prostration</a> or profound bows a number of times. The lents of the church are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fast">Great Fast</a>: consists of 40 days from the second week of February (Petrutha:Reconciliation) ending with 40th Friday, this <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">symbolizes</a> the forty days fast of Jesus Christ in the desert and extends with a ten days fast, that signifies the betrayal, passion, and crucifixion of Jesus Christ (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Passion week</a>-Hasha) as per oriental tradition. It spreads to 7 weeks with a total of 50 days (Ambathu Nombu). <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a> is the first Wednesday of the lent, it is not observed with significance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a> (Yeldo lent): 25 days prior to Christmas which includes annunciation to Zechariah and to Joseph.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of Mary</a> (Shunoyo Lent): 15 days, in August.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> (This is not observed widely but some may fulfill this fast along with the reformation day celebration without the doctrinal underpinnings.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Nineveh" title="Fast of Nineveh">Fast of Nineveh</a> (Lent of Yonah): 3 days in January.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>Apostles' Fast (Lent of Sleeha's): 13 specific days from the second week of June.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feasts_of_the_Church">Feasts of the Church</h3></div> The main feast or festival days of the church are Feast of Nativity, Baptism of Jesus, Feast of Annunciation, Palm Sunday, Easter, Feast of the Ascension, Day of Pentecost, and Feast of the Transfiguration. The most important festivals of the church are that of in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> (Hasha) and Christmas. The festivals of Mar Thoma Church can be divided into 4 categories, they are: <ul><li>Maranaya Festivals- Festivals that are based on events in the life of Jesus Christ: Mainly they are Danaha (<a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Christ">Baptism of Christ</a>/Epiphany), Mayaltho (<a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a>), Suboro (<a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Feast of the Annunciation</a>), Hosanna (<a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>), <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (Resurrection Sunday or Kyomtho), Christmas (<a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Feast of Nativity</a> or Yaldo).</li> <li>Roohanaya Festivals- Festivals related to Holy Spirit. Mainly they are Suloko (<a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Feast of the Ascension</a>), Sunday of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> or Trinity Sunday- It is fifty days after Easter Day (at times it is observed separately), it commemorates the descent of the holy spirit on to the Church, Day of <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a>- 10th week after the day of Pentecost, this is when traditionally low abv vinification is started at homes for Christmas.</li> <li>Ethanaya Festivals- Festivals related to the church like Kudos Etho: The sanctification of the church and beginning of <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hudos Etho</a> – The dedication or renewal of the church, Reformation Day (August), Mar Thoma Church Day (In relation to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> on 21 December).</li> <li>Dukrano Festivals: Church day separated for meditation on Martyrdom of Apostles without <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercession</a> (This is not observed widely except <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a>).</li></ul> The Ethanaya Feasts Kudos Etho and Hudos Etho is in the second and third Sundays of November, it is also considered as the beginning of a liturgical year.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy week">Holy week</a> or passion week (Hasha) is the week before Easter and the last week of <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>, this includes <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> (Hosanna- Commemorating princely entry of Christ into Jerusalem), <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a>- Commemorating last meal or passover of Jesus Christ with his disciples and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> was instituted on this day<a href="#cite_note-Corinthians-141">[a]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (Holy Friday – Commemorating <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> of Christ at <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a>), <a href="/wiki/Joyous_Saturday" class="mw-redirect" title="Joyous Saturday">Joyous Saturday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (Resurrection Sunday – Commemorating Resurrection of Christ). Christmas is celebrated by all members of the Church, to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ. During this time, parishes will be involved in <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carols</a> and the celebration of Christmas Day church services with <a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Christmas cakes</a>. Before the 1850s, Mar Thoma church celebrated Christmas on 6 January, the day of Epiphany.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the end of last century, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Christmas Stars</a>-an illuminative paper decoration made in the form of star or <a href="/wiki/Sunburst" title="Sunburst">sunburst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_lantern" title="Sky lantern">Sky lanterns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity crib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>' and other related festive traditions have appeared in the church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ordination_of_Women_and_Transgender_people">Ordination of Women and Transgender people</h2></div> There are no theological impediments to the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women#Christianity" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>, in the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.<a href="#cite_note-BEM-WCC-142">[141]</a> Being theologically <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JamesonRef-7">[7]</a> this church endorses the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThomasMM1998-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-PallikunnilJK2-101">[101]</a> However the church hasn't ordained women yet, as it is not in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> traditions. Female Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Kay_Goldsworthy" title="Kay Goldsworthy">Kay Goldsworthy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican Church of Australia</a>, was one of the main speakers at the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Maramon_Convention" title="Maramon Convention">Maramon Convention</a>, organized by the Mar Thoma Church.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> On the question of women's ordination, the Mar Thoma church's official response to the <a href="/wiki/Baptism,_Eucharist_and_Ministry" title="Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry">Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry</a> document of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> reads, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Women now are able to share responsibilities which were formerly exclusively male. This change in society must be seen as an act of God. This must be reflected in increased sharing by women in the priestly ministry of the church. There is no theological barrier to such a development in the Mar Thoma Church. However, the Mar Thoma Church presently has barriers due to custom, culture and tradition in allowing women to share in the ordained ministry of the church. It is earnestly hoped that these will break down as men develop greater consciousness of the change of times and women become willing and open to new challenges that God is opening before them. At the same time we also earnestly hope that ways will be found so that ordination of women does not create new barriers on the way to mutual recognition of ministry and sacraments.<a href="#cite_note-BEM-WCC-142">[141]</a></blockquote> Howsoever it is to be noted that the Mar Thoma Church has provided caution that the BEM Document should not be considered as a confession of faith and order, rather it should be seen as a document that closes that gap between Churches across the world. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A word of caution is necessary before we conclude this response. While the Mar Thoma Church accepts the BEM document as a satisfactory starting point for interchurch conversation, we are eager that it should not be made a confession of faith and order. The churches should be free to develop patterns of church life drawing upon the indigenous cultural heritage remaining in continuity and faithfulness to the authentic tradition of the church across the ages.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mar Thoma Sabha Council, Churches respond to BEM VOL 4, Faith and order. Page 13</cite></div></blockquote> The Mar Thoma Church is involved with several movements and projects, aiming at the upliftment and empowerment of the <a href="/wiki/Transgender_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender community">Transgender community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheHindu1-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-TimesofIndia1-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-HindustanTimes1-147">[146]</a> In 2018, two transgender speakers were given the stage, to address the Maramon convention of the Mar Thoma Church.<a href="#cite_note-TimesofIndia2-148">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar_Thoma" title="Joseph Mar Thoma">Joseph Mar Thoma</a>, a former head of the Mar Thoma Church, made it clear that there are no biblical grounds to deny priesthood and baptism for transgender individuals.<a href="#cite_note-TheHindu2-149">[148]</a> It is also noteworthy that Joseph Mar Thoma, the former head of the Mar Thoma Church took the example of "Philip and the Eunuch", and how the Eunuch played an important role in development of Ethiopian Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Mar_Thoma" title="Theodosius Mar Thoma">Theodosius Mar Thoma</a> the current head of the Mar Thoma Church, has said that the time will come, when transgender people would be ordained as priests in the church. He said, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is quite possible. But don’t expect this all of a sudden. It may take time, but it is likely.<a href="#cite_note-TimesofIndia3-151">[150]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auxiliary_organizations">Auxiliary organizations</h3></div> Development Department; Christian Agency for Rural Development (CARD); Mar Thoma Medical Mission; Mar Thoma Sabha Mandiram Fellowship; Social Welfare Institutions; Theological Institutions; Educational Institutions; Technical Institutions; Study Centres; Church Animation Centre; and Camp Centres are other empowerment organizations of the church. <table class="wikitable" style="width: 30%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#dcdcdc; width:50%; color:#001;">Organizations of Mar Thoma Church </th> <th style="background:#dcdcdc; width:25%; color:#001;">Purpose </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Mar Thoma Evangelistic Association </td> <td>Missionary wing of the Church </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Mar Thoma Sunday School Samajam </td> <td>Christian Education of Children </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Yuvajana_Sakhyam" title="Mar Thoma Yuvajana Sakhyam">Mar Thoma Yuvajana Sakhyam</a> </td> <td>Youth Wing of the Church </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Mar Thoma Suvishesha Sevika Sangam </td> <td>Women's Wing </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Mar Thoma Voluntary Evangelist's Association </td> <td>Fellowship and Parish Mission </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Department of Sacred Music and Communications </td> <td>Music department of the Church </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h3></div> Nine colleges, six higher secondary schools, one vocational higher secondary school, eight high schools, one training school, five technical institutions plus other educational institutions owned and managed by individuals and by parishes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_institutions">Other institutions</h3></div> There are 38 social welfare institutions, 14 destitute homes, and ten hospitals. The Mar Thoma Theological Seminary, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> (established 1926) & Karukachal (Annex), Dharmajyoti Vidyapeedom, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, E.J. Institute of Evangelism, and 4 other institutes cater to the theological education of both the clergy and the laity.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Three study centres at Managanam, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> and Trivandrum for arranging regular study programs and to provide opportunities for creative dialogue between Church and society on various ethical, moral, social and religious issues. The religious education of children is looked after by the Sunday School Samajam (organized in 1905) and the work among youth is carried on by the Youth Department, (the <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Yuvajana_Sakhyam" title="Mar Thoma Yuvajana Sakhyam">Yuvajana Sakhyam</a> organized in 1933). The Church has a Women's Department (the Mar Thoma Suvisesha Sevika Sanghom organized in 1919). <table class="wikitable" style="width: 30%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#dcdcdc; width:50%; color:#001;">Abbeys of Mar Thoma Church </th> <th style="background:#dcdcdc; width:25%; color:#001;">Location </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Christu Mitra Ashram </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Ankola </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Christa Panthi Ashram </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Sihora </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Suvartha Premi Samithi </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Pithoragarh </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Christu Dasa Ashram </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Palakkad </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Mar Thoma Dayaraya Samooham </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Punalur </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8ff;"> <td>Santhigiri Ashram </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Aluva </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;"> <td>Mar Thoma Sanyasini Samooham </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Elanthoor </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maramon_Convention">Maramon Convention</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maramon_Convention" title="Maramon Convention">Maramon Convention</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:55%;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Maramon_convention.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="113th Maramon Convention – 2008"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Maramon_convention.JPG/240px-Maramon_convention.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Maramon_convention.JPG/360px-Maramon_convention.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Maramon_convention.JPG/480px-Maramon_convention.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4097" data-file-height="1098" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Maramon_convention.JPG" title="File:Maramon convention.JPG"> </a></div>113th Maramon Convention – 2008</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width:55%;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:MaramonConvention_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="114th Maramon Convention – 2009"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MaramonConvention_2009.JPG/240px-MaramonConvention_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MaramonConvention_2009.JPG/360px-MaramonConvention_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MaramonConvention_2009.JPG/480px-MaramonConvention_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5423" data-file-height="1048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MaramonConvention_2009.JPG" title="File:MaramonConvention 2009.JPG"> </a></div>114th Maramon Convention – 2009</div></div></div> The Mar Thoma Evangelistic Association, the missionary wing of the Mar Thoma Church, is in charge of organising the <a href="/wiki/Maramon_Convention" title="Maramon Convention">Maramon Convention</a>, One of the largest annual Christian gathering in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> It takes place in <a href="/wiki/Maramon" title="Maramon">Maramon</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a>, during February on the vast sand-bed of the Pampa River next to the <a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a> Bridge. The first convention was held in March 1895 for 10 days. The Maramon Convention is principally an assembly of Christians who go there once a year to listen to the gospel as read and expounded by Christian leaders from all over India as well as abroad. This provides a revived ideological and experiential faith in accordance to the need of the laity and period of time. It is in tune with Mathew 6:5. Attendees sit on the sand bed, Old and invalid people are given chairs with separate sponsored or paid seating arrangements. Generally, one session is for ecumenical messages by invited leaders of other churches.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenical_relations">Ecumenical relations</h2></div> The church actively participates in the programs of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Conference_of_Asia" title="Christian Conference of Asia">Christian Conference of Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a> and the Kerala Christian Council.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Mar Thoma Church was attending meetings of <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> from its first meeting in 1948 at Amsterdam. At the WCC meetings held in Evanston, <a href="/wiki/Juhanon_Mar_Thoma" title="Juhanon Mar Thoma">Juhanon Mar Thoma</a> Metropolitan was elected as one of its presidents. Since then the Church representatives attended all the General meetings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_Anglican_Communion">Relationship with the Anglican Communion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consecration_of_Malayil_Sabu_Koshy_Cherian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consecration_of_Malayil_Sabu_Koshy_Cherian.jpg/280px-Consecration_of_Malayil_Sabu_Koshy_Cherian.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consecration_of_Malayil_Sabu_Koshy_Cherian.jpg/420px-Consecration_of_Malayil_Sabu_Koshy_Cherian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consecration_of_Malayil_Sabu_Koshy_Cherian.jpg/560px-Consecration_of_Malayil_Sabu_Koshy_Cherian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_laying_on_of_hands" title="Christian laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a> by <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">CSI</a> Moderator <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraj_Rasalam" title="Dharmaraj Rasalam">Dharmaraj Rasalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Mar_Thoma" title="Theodosius Mar Thoma">Theodosius Mar Thoma</a> Metropolitan and other bishops, during the bishopric consecration of <a href="/wiki/Sabu_Koshy_Cherian" title="Sabu Koshy Cherian">Sabu Koshy Cherian</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consecrating_the_Bishop_of_Colombo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Consecrating_the_Bishop_of_Colombo.jpg/280px-Consecrating_the_Bishop_of_Colombo.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Consecrating_the_Bishop_of_Colombo.jpg/420px-Consecrating_the_Bishop_of_Colombo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ee/Consecrating_the_Bishop_of_Colombo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Rev. Canagasabey being consecrated as bishop by Rt. Rev. Duleep Chickera, Rt. Rev. Shantha Francis and Rt. Rev. Dr. Euyakim Mar Coorilos Episcopa</figcaption></figure> Due to the historic links of the Malankara reformation to the Anglican missionary enterprise in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a> and the resultant formative influence, the Mar Thoma Church maintain close relations with the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kanjamala-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FelicitationAC-155">[154]</a> The Church's theology and doctrines are closest to that of Anglicans; hence Mar Thoma as well as some Anglican Churches commemorate each other's bishops, in their respective <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The Mar Thoma church is in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with all the churches of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. The two denominations fully accept each other's ministry.<a href="#cite_note-MarThomaOttawa-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Mar Thoma bishops also take part in the <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conferences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AC-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarThomaOttawa-158">[157]</a> Pastoral care and episcopal oversight for Mar Thoma congregations and dioceses in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, comes from territorial Anglican provinces, on an as-needed basis. In the UK, such a partnership exists with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, in Ireland with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, in the US with the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, in Canada with the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a> and in Australia with the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican Church of Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FelicitationAC-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarThomaOttawa-158">[157]</a> In India, their communion partners are the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>. These three churches work together on various issues as the <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_Churches_in_India" title="Communion of Churches in India">Communion of Churches in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> One such issue is focusing on transgender rights.<a href="#cite_note-time-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Mar Thoma bishops have acted as <a href="/wiki/Co-consecrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-consecrator">co-consecrators</a> in the ordination of Anglican bishops, on a number of occasions.<a href="#cite_note-MarThomaOttawa-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuchananC-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-MiltonMorris-167">[166]</a> In 1970, Mar Thoma bishop <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mar_Thoma" title="Alexander Mar Thoma">Alexander Mar Theophilus</a> was a co-consecrator, who ordained seven original CNI bishops, as part of the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant">united</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WilliamsBrady-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrossLivingstone-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCCofIndia-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-CHAofIndia-171">[170]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar_Thoma" title="Joseph Mar Thoma">Joseph Mar Thoma</a> participated as co-consecrator, in the episcopal ordination of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_K._Oommen" title="Thomas K. Oommen">Thomas K. Oommen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In 2011, Mar Thoma bishop Euyakim Mar Coorilos participated as co-consecrator, in the episcopal ordination of <a href="/wiki/Dhiloraj_Canagasabey" title="Dhiloraj Canagasabey">Dhiloraj Canagasabey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ceylon" title="Church of Ceylon">Church of Ceylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> In 2015, Mar Thoma bishop <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Mar_Thoma" title="Theodosius Mar Thoma">Geevarghese Mar Theodosius</a> participated as co-consecrator, in the episcopal ordination of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Eaton" title="Peter Eaton">Peter Eaton</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church (United States)</a>. Female primate <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Jefferts_Schori" title="Katharine Jefferts Schori">Katharine Jefferts Schori</a> was the principal consecrator for this ordination.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Malabar_Independent_Syrian_church">Relationship with Malabar Independent Syrian church</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church##" title="Talk:Mar Thoma Syrian Church">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church%22">"Mar Thoma Syrian Church"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THOZHIYOOR_AND_MARTHOMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/THOZHIYOOR_AND_MARTHOMA.jpg/250px-THOZHIYOOR_AND_MARTHOMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/THOZHIYOOR_AND_MARTHOMA.jpg/375px-THOZHIYOOR_AND_MARTHOMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/THOZHIYOOR_AND_MARTHOMA.jpg/500px-THOZHIYOOR_AND_MARTHOMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The ordinations of Juhanon Thimothious (later Juhanon Thoma) and Mathews Athanasius, by <a href="/wiki/Titus_II_Mar_Thoma" title="Titus II Mar Thoma">Titus II Mar Thoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Mar_Thoma" title="Abraham Mar Thoma">Abraham Mar Thoma</a> and Metropolitan of Thozhiyoor Kuriakose Koorilos</figcaption></figure> There is a historic relationship between Mar Thoma Syrian Church and Malabar Independent Syrian Church, although the doctrinal positions are not mutually accepted in full. Church of Thozhiyoor (Anjoor) and its primates have come in rescue of Malankara church many times. After the demise of Pulikkottil Joseph Dionysious (Mar Thoma X) and Punnathra Geevarghese Dionysious, Kidangan Geevarghese Philoxinos of Thozhiyoor Church reigned as Malankara Metropolitan as per the Royal Proclamation and returned the title back to Malankara Church without any claim after consecrating Punnathra Geevarghese Dionysious and Cheppad Geevarghese mar Dionysious for Malankara church. Similarly in 1863 Malankara Metropolitan Mathews Athanasious defended Thozhiyoor Church as an Independent Syrian Church in Madras High Court against Euyakim Koorilos Design to subordinate the Thozhiyoor Church under Antioch. From that verdict onwards Church of Thozhiyoor came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>. When the Metropolitan Thomas Athanasius died without consecrating a successor in 1893, it was the Metropolitan of the Thozhiyoor Church who consecrated Metropolitan Titus I Mar Thoma, and helped the Mar Thoma Church in a serious crisis. Mar Thoma Metropolitans have since then helped in consecrating the Metropolitans of Thozhiyoor Church and vice versa. According to the constitution of the Thozhiyoor Church, when difficulties arise the Thozhiyoor Church should seek the advice and guidance of the Mar Thoma Metropolitan despite the fact that either Church has no authority over the other. Thus the relation between the Thozhiyoor Church and Mar Thoma Church is unique. The centenary of the fraternal relationship between the two Churches was celebrated in the Sabha Mandalam on 14 September 1994.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Syrian_Church_and_the_Patriarch_of_Antioch">Relationship with Syrian Church and the Patriarch of Antioch</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Most._Revd._Dr._Joseph_Mar_Thoma_and_Dr._Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom_with_Moran_Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Most._Revd._Dr._Joseph_Mar_Thoma_and_Dr._Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom_with_Moran_Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II.jpg/250px-Most._Revd._Dr._Joseph_Mar_Thoma_and_Dr._Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom_with_Moran_Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Most._Revd._Dr._Joseph_Mar_Thoma_and_Dr._Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom_with_Moran_Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II.jpg/375px-Most._Revd._Dr._Joseph_Mar_Thoma_and_Dr._Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom_with_Moran_Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Most._Revd._Dr._Joseph_Mar_Thoma_and_Dr._Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom_with_Moran_Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II.jpg/500px-Most._Revd._Dr._Joseph_Mar_Thoma_and_Dr._Philipose_Mar_Chrysostom_with_Moran_Mor_Ignatius_Aphrem_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> Joseph Mar Thoma (Mar Thoma XXI), Moran Mor Ignatius Aphrem II (Patriarch of Antioch) and Philipose Chrysostom Mar Thoma (Mar Thoma XX).</figcaption></figure> Mar Thoma Church has special regards and respect to Syriac Orthodox Church. The Apostolic succession of Mar Thoma Episcopacy, St James liturgy, Ecclesiastical tradition, and order are all from West Syriac Tradition of Antioch. The First Reforming Metropolitan of Malankara Mathews Athanasious was ordained to ecclesiastical orders by Patriarch Elias of Antioch in 1842. After Demise of Mathews Athanasious, the ecclesiastical robe and other insignia were sent to the Patriarch of Antioch as per tradition. It was later returned to Mar Thoma Church during the time of Patriarch Zakka I. Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I and Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II have visited Maraman Convention and blessed its faithful. Mar Thoma Church has made a convention or practice that it will never consecrate a bishop with the name "Ignatius" the Ecclesiastical Title of Patriarch. Other Malankara churches started consecrating their own Holy Muron, Mar Thoma church still have not done that. Mar Thoma church hitherto has been increasing and using the holy muron Consecrated by Patriarch Elias and brought to Malankara by Mathews Athanasious in 1842. Mar Thoma church maintains good relations with <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>. There is an active ecumenical dialogue between the Syrian orthodox church and Mar Thoma Church for mutual acceptance and wider communion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church">Relationship with Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</h3></div> Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church and <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> have the same <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara</a> antiquity and heritage that dates back to Saint Thomas' mission in Kerala, as well as <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> St James liturgical traditions dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Puthenkoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Puthenkoor">Puthenkoor</a> faction. These churches are often referred as Swadeshi Churches as both have their spiritual and temporal leaders based within Kerala, India unlike many other Christian Churches of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> However, there is no official Holy communion relationship between both the churches. At the same time, both clergy and laity come together in matters of social and public concern. Ecumenical worship services during Christmas season is common outside Kerala among the diaspora,<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> and also at many places within Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Marriages between the members of the two Churches are very common given the mutual historical <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_among_Indian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system among Indian Christians">privileged caste</a> status of Kerala Syrian Christian community, although ecclesiastical authorities like to discourage such alliances and may not grant proper documents. Leaders of both churches have held ecumenical dialogues to discuss their differences in theology, traditions or practices that still remain pending clarification for mutual recognition, joint theological education and research, and communion; such efforts remain ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> There are many church leaders in both the churches who are widely respected across the larger Syrian Christian community, irrespective of their individual affiliation. Mar Thoma church has established an internal tradition that it will never consecrate an Episcopal or Metropolitan with the Greek name Baselios The ecclesiastical title of Catholicos of Edessa, which is now being used for primates of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>( holding the ecclesiastical title of <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_the_East_and_Malankara_Metropolitan" title="Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan">Catholicos of the East</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (holding ecclesiastical title of <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_India" title="Catholicos of India">Catholicos of India</a>).<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Both Mar Thoma Church and Malankara Orthodox Church believes that their Primates are occupying the Ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Throne_of_Malankara_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Throne of Malankara See">Throne of St Thomas</a>. Both churches share church buildings to conduct their worship services at several places such as <a href="/wiki/Pazhaya_Suriyani_Pally" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazhaya Suriyani Pally">Chengannur</a>, Koorthamala,<a href="#cite_note-koorthamala_church-187">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> etc. with peace and mutual love. These serve as examples of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Christian Unity</a> and brotherhood that many other churches can learn from and replicate.<a href="#cite_note-koorthamala_church-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_STECI,_Old_Catholic_and_Lutheran_churches">Relationship with STECI, Old Catholic and Lutheran churches</h3></div> The Mar Thoma Church has concluded its ecumenical dialogue with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Churches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Union of Utrecht</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> This dialogue is in the process of reception. There is an ecumenical dialogue of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church with the Lutheran churches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Eastern_Catholic_Churches_in_India">Relationship with Eastern Catholic Churches in India</h3></div> The church maintains friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a>; but the Catholic doctrines are not accepted by Mar Thoma church in their fullness. The Mar Thoma Church keeps a multifaceted approach in these relationships by adapting to the spiritual and cultural environment of the communions yet strongly abiding with the Mar Thoma Syrian identity. The Mar Thoma Church also keeps good ecumenical relations with other Christian churches around the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marthoma_Syrian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Marthoma Syrian Christians">List of Marthoma Syrian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Syrian_Metropolitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Syrian Metropolitans">Malankara Syrian Metropolitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India_Reformed_Churches" title="South India Reformed Churches">South India Reformed Churches</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Corinthians-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Corinthians_141-0">^</a> First Corinthians 11:23-26 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nelson's_Dictionary-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson's_Dictionary_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKurian2001" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas (21 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmA18QOiBUUC&dq=mar+thoma&pg=PT6066">Nelson's Dictionary of Christianity: The Authoritative Resource on the Christian World</a>. Thomas Nelson. pp. 562, 973, 6066. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-3981-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-3981-8"><bdi>978-1-4185-3981-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208102801/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmA18QOiBUUC&dq=mar+thoma&pg=PT6066#v=onepage&q=mar%20thoma&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Dictionary+of+Christianity%3A+The+Authoritative+Resource+on+the+Christian+World&rft.pages=562%2C+973%2C+6066&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2001-03-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-3981-8&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmA18QOiBUUC%26dq%3Dmar%2Bthoma%26pg%3DPT6066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hedlund1979-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Hedlund1979_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedlund1979" class="citation book cs1">Hedlund, Roger E (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfMpKxKHjwsC">World Christianity Vol. 3 South Asia</a>. Missions Advanced Research and Communication Center. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912552-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912552-33-0"><bdi>978-0-912552-33-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240102085234/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfMpKxKHjwsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <q>The Mar Thoma Syrian Church, which represents the Protestant Reform movement, broke away from the Syrian Orthodox Church in the 19th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Christianity+Vol.+3+South+Asia&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Missions+Advanced+Research+and+Communication+Center&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-912552-33-0&rft.aulast=Hedlund&rft.aufirst=Roger+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfMpKxKHjwsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leustean-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeustean2014" class="citation book cs1">Leustean, Lucian N. (30 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA568">Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century</a>. Routledge. p. 568. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-81866-3"><bdi>978-1-317-81866-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208102758/https://books.google.com/books?id=zt2vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA568#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>The Syrian Orthodox also became the target of Anglican missionary activity, as a result of which the Mar Thoma Church separated from the Orthodox in 1874, adopting the Anglican confession of faith and a reformed Syrian liturgy conforming to Protestant principles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Christianity+and+Politics+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.isbn=978-1-317-81866-3&rft.aulast=Leustean&rft.aufirst=Lucian+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt2vAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgess2005-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burgess2005_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgess2005_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2005" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhbZAAAAMAAJ">The Eastern Orthodox Churches: Concise Histories with Chronological Checklists of Their Primates</a>. McFarland. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2145-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-2145-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114201848/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhbZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023. <q>On the death of Mathews Mar Athanasios, Metran of the Malankara Syrian Church, in 1877, he was succeeded by Thomas Mar Athanasios, who lost control over most of his parishes and church buildings in a series of lawsuits filed during his sixteen-year reign by rival Metran Dionysios V. Subsequently, his movement was renamed the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, and gradually absorbed elements of both Anglicanism and evangelism, as new parishes were established and reforms effected. It remains today the most Protestant of all the Malabar Syrian churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Orthodox+Churches%3A+Concise+Histories+with+Chronological+Checklists+of+Their+Primates&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2145-9&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhbZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FernandoSauch-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FernandoSauch_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandoGispert-Sauch2004" class="citation book cs1">Fernando, Leonard; Gispert-Sauch, G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dgYjLCSa0wC&q=Mar+Thoma">Christianity in India: Two Thousand Years of Faith</a>. Penguin Books. pp. 64, 156, 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-05769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-05769-6"><bdi>978-0-670-05769-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404235633/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dgYjLCSa0wC&q=Mar+Thoma">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+of+Faith&rft.pages=64%2C+156%2C+176&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-670-05769-6&rft.aulast=Fernando&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.au=Gispert-Sauch%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dgYjLCSa0wC%26q%3DMar%2BThoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oslington2014-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Oslington2014_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOslington2014" class="citation book cs1">Oslington, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D9jQAgAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Christianity and Economics</a>. OUP USA. pp. 448–449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972971-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972971-5"><bdi>978-0-19-972971-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Christianity+and+Economics&rft.pages=448-449&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972971-5&rft.aulast=Oslington&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD9jQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesonRef-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JamesonRef_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamesonRef_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamesonRef_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamesonRef_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamesonRef_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JamesonRef_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallikunnil2017" class="citation book cs1">Pallikunnil, Jameson K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hSODgAAQBAJ&q=nature+and+identity+of+mar+thoma+church&pg=PT48">The Eucharistic Liturgy: A Liturgical Foundation for Mission in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>. AuthorHouse. pp. 48, 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5246-7652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5246-7652-0"><bdi>978-1-5246-7652-0</bdi></a>. <q>Metropolitan Juhanon Mar Thoma called it "a Protestant Church in an oriental grab."...As a reformed Oriental Church, it agrees with the reformed doctrines of the Western Churches. Therefore, there is much in common in faith and doctrine between the MTC and the reformed Churches of the West. As the Church now sees it, just as the Anglican Church is a Western Reformed Church, the MTC is an Eastern Reformed Church. At the same time as it continues in the apostolic episcopal tradition and ancient oriental practices, it has much in common with the Oriental Orthodox Churches. Thus, it is regarded as a "bridging Church".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eucharistic+Liturgy%3A+A+Liturgical+Foundation+for+Mission+in+the+Malankara+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church&rft.pages=48%2C+53&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5246-7652-0&rft.aulast=Pallikunnil&rft.aufirst=Jameson+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hSODgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnature%2Band%2Bidentity%2Bof%2Bmar%2Bthoma%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlexMetroRef-8"><a href="#cite_ref-AlexMetroRef_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_(Metropolitan_of_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church.)2010" class="citation book cs1">Alexander (Metropolitan of Mar Thoma Syrian Church.) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7-5YgEACAAJ&q=The+Marthoma+Church+Heritage+and+Mission+alexander+mar+thoma">The Marthoma Church: Heritage and Mission</a>. Christava Sahitya Samithy. pp. 14–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7821-207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7821-207-4"><bdi>978-81-7821-207-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Mar Thoma Church combines evangelical and reformed doctrines with ancient forms of worship and practices. As a reformed Church with progressive outlook, it agrees with the reformed doctrines of Western Churches. Therefore, in the days of ecumenism, there is much in common between the Mar Thoma Church and other reformed Churches. At the same time as it continues the Apostolic Episcopal tradition and ancient Oriental practices, it has much in common with the Orthodox Churches. Thus it is regarded by many in the ecumenical world as a bridging Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marthoma+Church%3A+Heritage+and+Mission&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=Christava+Sahitya+Samithy&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7821-207-4&rft.au=Alexander+%28Metropolitan+of+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7-5YgEACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BMarthoma%2BChurch%2BHeritage%2Band%2BMission%2Balexander%2Bmar%2Bthoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingD-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KingD_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KingD_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2018" class="citation book cs1">King, Daniel (12 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ&q=reformed+mar+thoma+church&pg=PT518">"Chapter Seven. The Syrian Church Denominations. & Chapter Twenty-Three. The Liturgies of the Syriac Churches"</a>. The Syriac World. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48211-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48211-6"><bdi>978-1-317-48211-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Seven.+The+Syrian+Church+Denominations.+%26+Chapter+Twenty-Three.+The+Liturgies+of+the+Syriac+Churches&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-48211-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-GEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dreformed%2Bmar%2Bthoma%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPT518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-GEDSH-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e-GEDSH_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-GEDSH_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-GEDSH_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-GEDSH_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-GEDSH_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-GEDSH_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick" class="citation journal cs1">Fenwick, John R. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Mar-Thoma-Syrian-Church-Malankara">"Mar Thoma Syrian Church (Malankara)"</a>. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123171013/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Mar-Thoma-Syrian-Church-Malankara">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gorgias+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Syriac+Heritage%3A+Electronic+Edition&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church+%28Malankara%29&rft.aulast=Fenwick&rft.aufirst=John+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgedsh.bethmardutho.org%2FMar-Thoma-Syrian-Church-Malankara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HindsonMitchell-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HindsonMitchell_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HindsonMitchell_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindsonMitchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Hindson, Edward E.; Mitchell, Daniel R. (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAvGNlIWg9IC&pg=PA225">The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History: The People, Places, and Events That Shaped Christianity</a>. Harvest House Publishers. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-4807-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-4807-4"><bdi>978-0-7369-4807-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115121336/https://books.google.com/books?id=iAvGNlIWg9IC&pg=PA225">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Encyclopedia+of+Church+History%3A+The+People%2C+Places%2C+and+Events+That+Shaped+Christianity&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2013-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-4807-4&rft.aulast=Hindson&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAvGNlIWg9IC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurian&Day-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurian&Day_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianDay2017" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Day, Sarah Claudine (14 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AA_eDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT488">The Essential Handbook of Denominations and Ministries</a>. Baker Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0640-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4934-0640-1"><bdi>978-1-4934-0640-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208102643/https://books.google.com/books?id=AA_eDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT488#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Handbook+of+Denominations+and+Ministries&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4934-0640-1&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Day%2C+Sarah+Claudine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAA_eDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1913" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, Adrian (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA370">The lesser eastern churches</a>. London: Catholic Truth Society. pp. 368–371, 374–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-177-70798-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-177-70798-5"><bdi>978-1-177-70798-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103823/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA370#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2022. <q>The Reformers calls themselves the "Mar Thomas Christians". They are considerably Protestantized. They have no images, denounce the idea of the Eucharistic sacrifice, pray neither to the saints nor for the dead, and use the vernacular (Malayalam) for their services…If only we knew what the views of the Church of England in matters of faith are, it would be easier to estimate those of the Mar Thomas Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lesser+eastern+churches&rft.place=London&rft.pages=368-371%2C+374-375&rft.pub=Catholic+Truth+Society&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-1-177-70798-5&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKbuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malpan-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malpan_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malpan_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malpan_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malpan_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malpan_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malpan_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malpan_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malpan_14-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolath2010" class="citation web cs1">Kolath, Alex (15 August 2010) [7 February 2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.musementpark.com/Abraham_Malpan_v2.pdf">"Abraham Malpan"</a> (PDF). papers.musementpark.com (2nd ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201165844/http://papers.musementpark.com/Abraham_Malpan_v2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=papers.musementpark.com&rft.atitle=Abraham+Malpan&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft.aulast=Kolath&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.musementpark.com%2FAbraham_Malpan_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoffettSH-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoffettSH_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoffettSH_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoffettSH_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoffettSH_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoffettSH_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoffettSH_15-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffett2014" class="citation book cs1">Moffett, Samuel Hugh (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7gdBAAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Asia+1500-1900+abraham+malpan&pg=PT492">A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. II: 1500–1900</a>. Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60833-163-5"><bdi>978-1-60833-163-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208102643/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7gdBAAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Asia+1500-1900+abraham+malpan&pg=PT492#v=snippet&q=A%20History%20of%20Christianity%20in%20Asia%201500-1900%20abraham%20malpan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Asia%2C+Vol.+II%3A+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60833-163-5&rft.aulast=Moffett&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ7gdBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DA%2BHistory%2Bof%2BChristianity%2Bin%2BAsia%2B1500-1900%2Babraham%2Bmalpan%26pg%3DPT492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heritage-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_16-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marthoma.in/the-church/heritage/">"Heritage – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404224702/https://marthoma.in/the-church/heritage/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+%E2%80%93+Malankara+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarthoma.in%2Fthe-church%2Fheritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2016" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4UGDAAAQBAJ&dq=reformed+Marthoma+church&pg=PA208">Eucharistic Sacramentality in an Ecumenical Context</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 208–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14011-5"><bdi>978-1-317-14011-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406082256/https://books.google.com/books?id=c4UGDAAAQBAJ&dq=reformed+Marthoma+church&pg=PA208">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eucharistic+Sacramentality+in+an+Ecumenical+Context&rft.pages=208-209&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-14011-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4UGDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dreformed%2BMarthoma%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historiography_and_History_of_Kerala_–_G._Krishnan_Nadar_–_Google_Books-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historiography_and_History_of_Kerala_–_G._Krishnan_Nadar_–_Google_Books_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historiography_and_History_of_Kerala_–_G._Krishnan_Nadar_–_Google_Books_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadar2001" class="citation book cs1">Nadar, G. Krishnan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXowAQAAIAAJ&q=jacobite+">Historiography and History of Kerala</a>. Learners' Book House. p. 82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208102643/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXowAQAAIAAJ&q=jacobite+">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiography+and+History+of+Kerala&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Learners%27+Book+House&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Nadar&rft.aufirst=G.+Krishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXowAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Djacobite%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oikumene-19"><a href="#cite_ref-oikumene_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/mar-thoma-syrian-church-of-malabar">"Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar – World Council of Churches"</a>. oikoumene.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226050033/https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/mar-thoma-syrian-church-of-malabar">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church+of+Malabar+%E2%80%93+World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fmar-thoma-syrian-church-of-malabar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Donald Anderson McGavran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCaLJq3ADQgC&pg=PA41">Ethnic Realities and the Church: Lessons from India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208102644/https://books.google.com/books?id=XCaLJq3ADQgC&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 8 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. William Carey Library; 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-168-4">978-0-87808-168-4</a>. p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadasivan2000-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Sadasivan2000_21-0">^</a> S. N. Sadasivan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA442">A Social History of India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208102644/https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&pg=PA442#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 8 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. APH Publishing; 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-170-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-170-0">978-81-7648-170-0</a>. p. 442. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoriosRoberson2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gregorios, Paulos; Roberson, Ronald G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Muziris">"Syrian Orthodox Churches in India"</a>. In Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milič; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Vischer, Lukas (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Vol. 5. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 285–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-2417-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125190758/https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Muziris#v=snippet&q=Muziris&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syrian+Orthodox+Churches+in+India&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=285-286&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2&rft.aulast=Gregorios&rft.aufirst=Paulos&rft.au=Roberson%2C+Ronald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZUBZlth2qgC%26q%3DMuziris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathew,_K._S._1993-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Mathew,_K._S._1993_23-0">^</a> Mathew, K. S. (1993). The Faith and Practice of the Mar Thoma Church. </li> <li id="cite_note-marthoma.in-2012-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marthoma.in-2012_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marthoma.in-2012_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marthoma.in/">"Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar"</a>. marthoma.in. Mar Thoma Syrian Church. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923074051/http://marthoma.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marthoma.in&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church+of+Malabar&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marthoma.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/">"World Council of Churches"</a>. www.oikoumene.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309104711/https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/response-by-hh-patriarch-kirill-of-moscow-to-rev-prof-dr-ioan-sauca">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/mar-thoma-syrian-church-of-malabar">"Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar – World Council of Churches"</a>. oikoumene.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226050033/https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/mar-thoma-syrian-church-of-malabar">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oikoumene.org&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church+of+Malabar+%E2%80%93+World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fmar-thoma-syrian-church-of-malabar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf">K.C. Zachariah, "Religious Denominations of Kerals" (Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India), Working Paper 468, April 2016, p. 29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417114220/http://cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/WP468.pdf">Archived</a> 17 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (downloaded 5 September 2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddes1694" class="citation book cs1">Geddes, Michael (1694). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchurcho00gedd">History of Church of Malabar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Church+of+Malabar&rft.date=1694&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchurcho00gedd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthoma.in/the-church/overview/">"Mar Thoma Syrian Church – Overview"</a>. marthoma.in. 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Retrieved 18 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marthoma.in&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarthoma.in%2Fthe-church%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indexp_Oct29-30"><a href="#cite_ref-indexp_Oct29_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/29/mar-theodosius-to-be-installed-as-22nd-mar-thoma-metropolitan-on-november-14-2216350.html">"Mar Theodosius to be installed as 22nd Mar Thoma Metropolitan on November 14 – New Indian Express"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mar+Theodosius+to+be+installed+as+22nd+Mar+Thoma+Metropolitan+on+November+14+%E2%80%93+New+Indian+Express&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fkerala%2F2020%2Foct%2F29%2Fmar-theodosius-to-be-installed-as-22nd-mar-thoma-metropolitan-on-november-14-2216350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theHindu_Oct28-31"><a href="#cite_ref-theHindu_Oct28_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/theodosius-to-be-new-mar-thoma-metropolitan/article32964265.ece">"Theodosius to be new Mar Thoma Metropolitan – The Hindu"</a>. The Hindu. 28 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029214336/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/theodosius-to-be-new-mar-thoma-metropolitan/article32964265.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Theodosius+to+be+new+Mar+Thoma+Metropolitan+%E2%80%93+The+Hindu&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Ftheodosius-to-be-new-mar-thoma-metropolitan%2Farticle32964265.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfonsoAV-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AfonsoAV_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AfonsoAV_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfonso2009" class="citation book cs1">Afonso, A. V. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5tAAQAAIAAJ&q=patriarch+peter+iii+excommunicate+mathews+athanasius">Indian Christianity</a>. Centre. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87586-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87586-41-8"><bdi>978-81-87586-41-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406082309/https://books.google.com/books?id=X5tAAQAAIAAJ&q=patriarch+peter+iii+excommunicate+mathews+athanasius">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. 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Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 36–45, 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-343-33052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-343-33052-1"><bdi>978-0-343-33052-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103229/https://books.google.com/books?id=qkJ6vQEACAAJ&q=christianity+in+travancore+mackenzie">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. 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(Ed). India and Egypt. Co-sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_for_Cultural_Relations" title="Indian Council for Cultural Relations">Indian Council for Cultural Relations</a>, and Marg Publications, Bombay, 1993. p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Kerala Council for Historical Research findings in 2005–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiśraʼel1995" class="citation book cs1">Yiśraʼel, Muzeon (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC">The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities</a>. 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Claudius, Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India. Page 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> ‘'Niranam Grantavari, Record of History written during 1770–1830'’. Chapter 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FrykenbergRE-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrykenbergRE_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrykenbergRE_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrykenbergRE_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrykenbergRE_79-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&q=Christianity+In+India+From+Beginnings+To+The+Present+Robert+Eric+Frykenberg">Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 246–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826377-7"><bdi>978-0-19-826377-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103217/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&q=Christianity+In+India+From+Beginnings+To+The+Present+Robert+Eric+Frykenberg#v=snippet&q=Christianity%20In%20India%20From%20Beginnings%20To%20The%20Present%20Robert%20Eric%20Frykenberg&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=246-249&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826377-7&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXgSDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DChristianity%2BIn%2BIndia%2BFrom%2BBeginnings%2BTo%2BThe%2BPresent%2BRobert%2BEric%2BFrykenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhitehouseT-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhitehouseT_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhitehouseT_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhitehouseT_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhitehouseT_80-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse1873" class="citation book cs1">Whitehouse, Thomas (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie4CAAAAQAAJ&q=Lingerings+of+light+in+a+dark+land%3A+researches+into+the+Syrian+church+of+Malabar">Lingerings of light in a dark land: researches into the Syrian church of Malabar</a>. William Brown & Co., London. pp. 236–264, 237, 239, 241, 279–280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103307/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie4CAAAAQAAJ&q=Lingerings+of+light+in+a+dark+land%3A+researches+into+the+Syrian+church+of+Malabar#v=snippet&q=Lingerings%20of%20light%20in%20a%20dark%20land%3A%20researches%20into%20the%20Syrian%20church%20of%20Malabar&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingerings+of+light+in+a+dark+land%3A+researches+into+the+Syrian+church+of+Malabar&rft.pages=236-264%2C+237%2C+239%2C+241%2C+279-280&rft.pub=William+Brown+%26+Co.%2C+London&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIe4CAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DLingerings%2Bof%2Blight%2Bin%2Ba%2Bdark%2Bland%253A%2Bresearches%2Binto%2Bthe%2BSyrian%2Bchurch%2Bof%2BMalabar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630114451/http://www.stgeorgecheppaud.org/mscr/chathuruthil/mavelikara__padiyola.htm">"Mavelikara Padiyola"</a>. stgeorgecheppaud.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stgeorgecheppaud.org/mscr/chathuruthil/mavelikara__padiyola.htm">the original</a> on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stgeorgecheppaud.org&rft.atitle=Mavelikara+Padiyola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stgeorgecheppaud.org%2Fmscr%2Fchathuruthil%2Fmavelikara__padiyola.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StephenNeill-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StephenNeill_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StephenNeill_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StephenNeill_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill2002" class="citation book cs1">Neill, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA240">A History of Christianity in India: 1707–1858</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89332-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89332-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103158/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+1707%E2%80%931858&rft.pages=236-254&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89332-9&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXi-tvrYbYxMC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The CMS ‘'Missionary Register'’, January 1816, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The CMS ‘'Missionary Register'’, January 1818, pp. 103–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/The_Indian_Christians_of_St._Thomas.pdf">"W.J. Richards, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas Otherwise Called The Syrian Christians of Malabar (Bemrose, London, 1908), p. 22"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209232357/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/The_Indian_Christians_of_St._Thomas.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W.J.+Richards%2C+The+Indian+Christians+of+St.+Thomas+Otherwise+Called+The+Syrian+Christians+of+Malabar+%28Bemrose%2C+London%2C+1908%29%2C+p.+22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F6%2F64%2FThe_Indian_Christians_of_St._Thomas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollinsR-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CollinsR_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CollinsR_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1873" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Richard (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ceUCAAAAQAAJ&q=Missionary+enterprise+in+the+East+%3A+with+especial+reference+to+the+Syrian+Christians+of+Malabar+and+the+results+of+modern+missions&pg=PP11">Missionary enterprise in the East, with especial reference to the Syrian Christians of Malabar</a>. Henry S. King & Co. London. p. 103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103318/https://books.google.com/books?id=ceUCAAAAQAAJ&q=Missionary+enterprise+in+the+East+%3A+with+especial+reference+to+the+Syrian+Christians+of+Malabar+and+the+results+of+modern+missions&pg=PP11#v=snippet&q=Missionary%20enterprise%20in%20the%20East%20%3A%20with%20especial%20reference%20to%20the%20Syrian%20Christians%20of%20Malabar%20and%20the%20results%20of%20modern%20missions&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+enterprise+in+the+East%2C+with+especial+reference+to+the+Syrian+Christians+of+Malabar&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Henry+S.+King+%26+Co.+London&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DceUCAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DMissionary%2Benterprise%2Bin%2Bthe%2BEast%2B%253A%2Bwith%2Bespecial%2Breference%2Bto%2Bthe%2BSyrian%2BChristians%2Bof%2BMalabar%2Band%2Bthe%2Bresults%2Bof%2Bmodern%2Bmissions%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaylyS-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BaylyS_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaylyS_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaylyS_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaylyS_87-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2004" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&q=Saints%2C+Goddesses+And+Kings+-+Muslims+and+Christians+in+South+Indian+Society">Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 285, 300–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89103-5"><bdi>978-0-521-89103-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103700/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&q=Saints%2C+Goddesses+And+Kings+-+Muslims+and+Christians+in+South+Indian+Society">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints%2C+Goddesses+and+Kings%3A+Muslims+and+Christians+in+South+Indian+Society%2C+1700%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=285%2C+300-305&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89103-5&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxqtx8SflEsC%26q%3DSaints%252C%2BGoddesses%2BAnd%2BKings%2B-%2BMuslims%2Band%2BChristians%2Bin%2BSouth%2BIndian%2BSociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanjamala-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kanjamala_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanjamala_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanjamala_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kanjamala_88-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanjamala2014" class="citation book cs1">Kanjamala, Augustine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaENBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Future+of+Christian+Mission+in+India%3A+Toward+a+New+Paradigm+for+the+Third+Millennium+abraham+malpan&pg=PA8">The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-485-8"><bdi>978-1-63087-485-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103811/https://books.google.com/books?id=FaENBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Future+of+Christian+Mission+in+India%3A+Toward+a+New+Paradigm+for+the+Third+Millennium+abraham+malpan&pg=PA8#v=snippet&q=The%20Future%20of%20Christian%20Mission%20in%20India%3A%20Toward%20a%20New%20Paradigm%20for%20the%20Third%20Millennium%20abraham%20malpan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Christian+Mission+in+India%3A+Toward+a+New+Paradigm+for+the+Third+Millennium&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-63087-485-8&rft.aulast=Kanjamala&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaENBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BFuture%2Bof%2BChristian%2BMission%2Bin%2BIndia%253A%2BToward%2Ba%2BNew%2BParadigm%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BThird%2BMillennium%2Babraham%2Bmalpan%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2015" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, T. P. (2015). Mar Thoma Syrian Church through the centuries. Thiruvalla: CSS Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church+through+the+centuries&rft.place=Thiruvalla&rft.pub=CSS+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parampathoor-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parampathoor_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parampathoor_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parampathoor_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParampathoor" class="citation journal cs1">Parampathoor, Moncy Mammen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37718005">"Martin Luther of Kerala: A Historical-Missional Reading of Abraham Malpan's Reformation in Malankara Syrian Church"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175859/https://www.academia.edu/37718005">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+of+Kerala%3A+A+Historical-Missional+Reading+of+Abraham+Malpan%27s+Reformation+in+Malankara+Syrian+Church&rft.aulast=Parampathoor&rft.aufirst=Moncy+Mammen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37718005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Mar Thoma Sabha Directory (1999), p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Memorandum issued by Abraham Malpan along with eleven other clergy on 6 September 1836. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Royal Court of Final Appeal, Case No:III of 1061, Vol III pp. 26, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Overview-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Overview_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marthoma.in/the-church/overview/">"Overview – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175900/http://marthoma.in/the-church/overview/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+%E2%80%93+Malankara+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarthoma.in%2Fthe-church%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PallikunnilJK1-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PallikunnilJK1_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PallikunnilJK1_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallikunnil2017" class="citation book cs1">Pallikunnil, Jameson K. (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hSODgAAQBAJ">The Eucharistic Liturgy: A Liturgical Foundation for Mission in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>. AuthorHouse. pp. 94, 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5246-7652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5246-7652-0"><bdi>978-1-5246-7652-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404235636/https://books.google.com/books?id=6hSODgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2020. <q>The Church has accepted the Bible and the Nicene Creed, as the basis of its faith and doctrines…Another major change was that <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead#Christianity" title="Prayer for the dead">prayers for the departed souls</a> and Saints were removed from the liturgy and considers praying for the dead and <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">praying to the Blessed Virgin Mary and to Saints</a> are opposed to the canon and Scripture. The Church does not validate the practice of seeking the intercession of Saints for lack of biblical reference. In the case of priesthood, the Church believes that the priest is only the representative of the people. The Church affirms the priesthood of the laity and believes that Christ alone is the mediator...Regarding the priesthood, the Church believes that the celebrant is a representative of the people and affirms that Christ alone is the mediator. This Church does not recognize the "priestly mediation".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eucharistic+Liturgy%3A+A+Liturgical+Foundation+for+Mission+in+the+Malankara+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church&rft.pages=94%2C+96-97&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-5246-7652-0&rft.aulast=Pallikunnil&rft.aufirst=Jameson+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hSODgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TennentTC2010-96"><a href="#cite_ref-TennentTC2010_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennent2010" class="citation book cs1">Tennent, Timothy C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RhRjQWyObwEC&q=mar+thoma+church+justification+by+faith+alone&pg=PA307">Invitation to World Missions: A Trinitarian Missiology for the Twenty-first Century</a>. Kregel Academic. pp. 307–308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3883-7"><bdi>978-0-8254-3883-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103702/https://books.google.com/books?id=RhRjQWyObwEC&q=mar+thoma+church+justification+by+faith+alone&pg=PA307#v=snippet&q=mar%20thoma%20church%20justification%20by%20faith%20alone&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+World+Missions%3A+A+Trinitarian+Missiology+for+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pages=307-308&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-3883-7&rft.aulast=Tennent&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRhRjQWyObwEC%26q%3Dmar%2Bthoma%2Bchurch%2Bjustification%2Bby%2Bfaith%2Balone%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThomasMM1998-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThomasMM1998_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThomasMM1998_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThomasMM1998_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1998" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Madathilparampil M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwoXOgAACAAJ">Towards an Indian Christian Theology: Life and Thought of Some Pioneers</a>. Christava Sahitya Samithi. p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406082132/https://books.google.com/books?id=pwoXOgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>But his main emphasis was the gospel of personal salvation through faith in Christ and the renewal of personal life and relations, which justification by faith would make possible. This of course was the new emphasis he had learned from the western mission. It was with this end in view that he made the revision in the liturgy of Holy Communion. Besides emphasising justification by faith rather than by religious works, the Malpan gave expression to the priesthood of the whole people of Christ over against the priesthood of the clergy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+an+Indian+Christian+Theology%3A+Life+and+Thought+of+Some+Pioneers&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Christava+Sahitya+Samithi&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Madathilparampil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwoXOgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeorgeMathew2005-98"><a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeMathew2005_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr.)2005" class="citation book cs1">Dr.), George Mathew (Rev (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBGYgEACAAJ">The Faith and Sacraments of the Mar Thoma Church</a>. Tiruvalla: Christava Sahitya Samithy. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7821-053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7821-053-7"><bdi>978-81-7821-053-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175900/https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBGYgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>Following are the major changes Abraham Malpan made in his revision of liturgy and practice. The reformers also emphasized that we are saved by the grace of God and not by any human deed or work. Through repentance and confession, we have to come to the Lord to receive His grace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+and+Sacraments+of+the+Mar+Thoma+Church&rft.place=Tiruvalla&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Christava+Sahitya+Samithy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7821-053-7&rft.aulast=Dr.%29&rft.aufirst=George+Mathew+%28Rev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8eBGYgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathai2019-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathai2019_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathai2019_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathai2019_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathai2019" class="citation book cs1">Mathai, Philip K. (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12SLDwAAQBAJ">Songs as Locus for a Lay Theology: Moshe Walsalam Sastriyar and Sadhu Kochukunju Upadeshi</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-550-0"><bdi>978-1-62564-550-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103711/https://books.google.com/books?id=12SLDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+as+Locus+for+a+Lay+Theology%3A+Moshe+Walsalam+Sastriyar+and+Sadhu+Kochukunju+Upadeshi&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-550-0&rft.aulast=Mathai&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12SLDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FarhadianCE2007-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FarhadianCE2007_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FarhadianCE2007_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FarhadianCE2007_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhadian2007" class="citation book cs1">Farhadian, Charles E. (16 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEFia1T4i_EC">Christian Worship Worldwide: Expanding Horizons, Deepening Practices</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2853-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2853-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2853-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103704/https://books.google.com/books?id=eEFia1T4i_EC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Worship+Worldwide%3A+Expanding+Horizons%2C+Deepening+Practices&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2853-8&rft.aulast=Farhadian&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEFia1T4i_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PallikunnilJK2-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PallikunnilJK2_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PallikunnilJK2_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallikunnil2017" class="citation book cs1">Pallikunnil, Jameson K. (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hSODgAAQBAJ&dq=mar+thoma+church+priest+hood+of+all+believers&pg=PT42">The Eucharistic Liturgy: A Liturgical Foundation for Mission in the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>. pp. 42–43, 49, 83–84, 94, 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5246-7652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5246-7652-0"><bdi>978-1-5246-7652-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406082311/https://books.google.com/books?id=6hSODgAAQBAJ&dq=mar+thoma+church+priest+hood+of+all+believers&pg=PT42">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>The reformation in the Malankara Church had several elements of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformation">protestant reformation</a> that took place in the 16th century in Europe under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>...A recovery of the Lutheran maxim of the "<a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>" and the reclamation of the Christian vocation as the task of the whole Church, signalled a re-alignment of the nature of the ministry and mission. The ministry was no longer solely equated with the activities of the clergy, but rather became something exercised by the whole people of God, in the Church and the world.(pages 42-43) The office of the priesthood: The role of the priest was accepted as a representative of the people, before God. An emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a> (the general priesthood) was give more importance in the liturgy.(pages 83-84) In the case of priesthood, the Church believes that the priest is only the representative of the people. The Church affirms the priesthood of the laity and believes that Christ alone is the mediator.(page 94) Regarding the priesthood, the Church believes that the celebrant is a representative of the people and affirms that Christ alone is the mediator. This Church does not recognize the "priestly mediation".(pages 96-97)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eucharistic+Liturgy%3A+A+Liturgical+Foundation+for+Mission+in+the+Malankara+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church&rft.pages=42-43%2C+49%2C+83-84%2C+94%2C+96-97&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-5246-7652-0&rft.aulast=Pallikunnil&rft.aufirst=Jameson+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hSODgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmar%2Bthoma%2Bchurch%2Bpriest%2Bhood%2Bof%2Ball%2Bbelievers%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1811RambanBibleMalayalam">"Ramban Bible Malayalam : Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive"</a>. Internet Archive. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Ramban+Bible+Malayalam+%3A+Kayamkulam+Philipose+Ramban+%3A+Free+Download+%26+Streaming+%3A+Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1811RambanBibleMalayalam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Zac Varghese & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History. pp.33. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Mar Thoma Sabha Directory. (1999). pp. 82-89. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Youth Monthly, Madras-Calcutta Diocese (1997) by Rev. Dr. M.J. Joseph </li> <li id="cite_note-AlexanderPV-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderPV_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderPV_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderPV_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarghese2008" class="citation book cs1">Varghese, Alexander P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&q=patriarch+peter+iii+synod+1875&pg=PA377">India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 377–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0903-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0903-2"><bdi>978-81-269-0903-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103705/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&q=patriarch+peter+iii+synod+1875&pg=PA377#v=snippet&q=patriarch%20peter%20iii%20synod%201875&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020. <q>Under the influence of the British officers and the missionaries, the Government by Royal Proclamation recognised Mathews Mar Athanasius as Malankara Metropolitan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+Vision+and+Contribution+to+the+World&rft.pages=377-378&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0903-2&rft.aulast=Varghese&rft.aufirst=Alexander+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7GKwhuea9kC%26q%3Dpatriarch%2Bpeter%2Biii%2Bsynod%2B1875%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Mathew, N.M. (2007). Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, Volume II. 2007. Page 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Varughese, Rev. K.C., Malabar Swathantra Suryani Sabhyude Charitram.1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-JFenwick-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JFenwick_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFenwick_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick2009" class="citation book cs1">Fenwick, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zl9tQAACAAJ&q=The+Forgotten+Bishops+The+Malabar+Independent+Syrian+Church+and+Its+Place+in+the+Story+of+the+St.+Thomas+Christians+of+South+India">The Forgotten Bishops: The Malabar Independent Syrian Church and Its Place in the Story of the St. Thomas Christians of South India</a>. Gorgias Press. pp. 531–535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-619-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-619-0"><bdi>978-1-60724-619-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103707/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zl9tQAACAAJ&q=The+Forgotten+Bishops+The+Malabar+Independent+Syrian+Church+and+Its+Place+in+the+Story+of+the+St.+Thomas+Christians+of+South+India">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020. <q>No doubt conscious of the fact that Mathews Mar Athanasios enjoyed support from the British, the Patriarch travelled first to London where he met the Archbishop of Canterbury and a number of Government representatives.......Gradually the British Government and the Churchmen involved came to accept that a position of neutrality regarding who should be Malankara Metropolitan was the only realistic compromise. Archbishop Tait communicated this to Peter III, though his references to the desirability of worship in the vernacular and the distribution of the Scriptures, show where his instincts lay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Bishops%3A+The+Malabar+Independent+Syrian+Church+and+Its+Place+in+the+Story+of+the+St.+Thomas+Christians+of+South+India&rft.pages=531-535&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60724-619-0&rft.aulast=Fenwick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zl9tQAACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BForgotten%2BBishops%2BThe%2BMalabar%2BIndependent%2BSyrian%2BChurch%2Band%2BIts%2BPlace%2Bin%2Bthe%2BStory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSt.%2BThomas%2BChristians%2Bof%2BSouth%2BIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue1-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue1_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1913" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, A. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbuAgAAQBAJ&q=lesser+eastern+churches+mar+thoma&pg=PA374">The lesser eastern churches</a>. London: Catholic Truth Society. pp. 370–371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-177-70798-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-177-70798-5"><bdi>978-1-177-70798-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103707/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbuAgAAQBAJ&q=lesser+eastern+churches+mar+thoma&pg=PA374#v=snippet&q=lesser%20eastern%20churches%20mar%20thoma&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lesser+eastern+churches&rft.pages=370-371&rft.pub=London%3A+Catholic+Truth+Society&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-1-177-70798-5&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKbuAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlesser%2Beastern%2Bchurches%2Bmar%2Bthoma%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VadakkekaraB-111"><a href="#cite_ref-VadakkekaraB_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadakkekara2007" class="citation book cs1">Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ">Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique</a>. Media House. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7495-258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7495-258-5"><bdi>978-81-7495-258-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125210225/https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>In 1875 Patriarch Peter III Ignatius visited Malabar. Perceiving that his authority was getting steadily eroded because of the popularity of Mathew Mar Athanasius, the patriarch excommunicated him and his clique.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+A+Historiographical+Critique&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Media+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7495-258-5&rft.aulast=Vadakkekara&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7f3YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PallathP-112"><a href="#cite_ref-PallathP_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallath2003" class="citation book cs1">Pallath, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjQvAAAAYAAJ">The Catholic Church in India</a>. Mar Thoma Yogam. p. 141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404232622/https://books.google.com/books?id=bjQvAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>The Patriarch excommunicated Mathew Mar Athanasius and the pro-Anglican group from the Malankara Jacobite Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+in+India&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Mar+Thoma+Yogam&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pallath&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbjQvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenwick2-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Fenwick2_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenwick2009" class="citation book cs1">Fenwick, John R. K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zl9tQAACAAJ&q=The+Forgotten+Bishops+The+Malabar+Independent+Syrian+Church+and+Its+Place+in+the+Story+of+the+St.+Thomas+Christians+of+South+India">The Forgotten Bishops: The Malabar Independent Syrian Church and Its Place in the Story of the St. Thomas Christians of South India</a>. Gorgias Press. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-619-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-619-0"><bdi>978-1-60724-619-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103707/https://books.google.com/books?id=8zl9tQAACAAJ&q=The+Forgotten+Bishops+The+Malabar+Independent+Syrian+Church+and+Its+Place+in+the+Story+of+the+St.+Thomas+Christians+of+South+India">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2020. <q>Letters, petitions and telegrams were sent by the Reformers to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the British Government and the Governor in Madras. Some of these were from individual Syrian Christians, others from groups. Eighteen individuals from Kunnamkulam, the nearest town to Thozhiyur, for example, sent a Memorial to <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Tait</a>, begging him to intervene on behalf of Mathews Mar Athanasios. Thomas Mar Athanasios, the Suffragan Metropolitan, asked Tait to save the Syrian Church from 'the thraldom which threatens it at present'. Mathews Mar Athanasios himself sent a Memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquis of Salisbury</a>, pointing out that the Malabar Church was independent and that there was no precedent of a Patriarch ever deposing or excommunicating a Malankara Metropolitan. It was all to no avail. Mathews Mar Athanasios was to all intents and purposes abandoned by the Archbishop of Canterbury.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Bishops%3A+The+Malabar+Independent+Syrian+Church+and+Its+Place+in+the+Story+of+the+St.+Thomas+Christians+of+South+India&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60724-619-0&rft.aulast=Fenwick&rft.aufirst=John+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8zl9tQAACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BForgotten%2BBishops%2BThe%2BMalabar%2BIndependent%2BSyrian%2BChurch%2Band%2BIts%2BPlace%2Bin%2Bthe%2BStory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSt.%2BThomas%2BChristians%2Bof%2BSouth%2BIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GregoriosP1982-114"><a href="#cite_ref-GregoriosP1982_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerghèseGregorios1982" class="citation book cs1">Verghèse, Paul; Gregorios, Paulos (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwLZAAAAMAAJ">The Orthodox Church in India: An Overview</a>. Sophia Publications. p. 57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208103708/https://books.google.com/books?id=IwLZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>1876 Patriarch Peter tries to persuade British to declare Mar Dionysius V as lawful Metropolitan, since he had excommunicated Mathews Mar Athanasius. British refuse, withdraw recognition of Mar Athanasius and ask the Indian Christians to approach the civil courts to decide who is lawful Metropolitan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+India%3A+An+Overview&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Sophia+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Vergh%C3%A8se&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gregorios%2C+Paulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwLZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VargheseAP-115"><a href="#cite_ref-VargheseAP_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarghese2008" class="citation book cs1">Varghese, Alexander P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&dq=royal+court+verdict+1889+patriarch&pg=PA363">India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 363–364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0903-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0903-2"><bdi>978-81-269-0903-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404235632/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&dq=royal+court+verdict+1889+patriarch&pg=PA363">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+Vision+and+Contribution+to+the+World&rft.pages=363-364&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0903-2&rft.aulast=Varghese&rft.aufirst=Alexander+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7GKwhuea9kC%26dq%3Droyal%2Bcourt%2Bverdict%2B1889%2Bpatriarch%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.V._Chitaley1959" class="citation book cs1">D.V. Chitaley (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3xRAQAAIAAJ&q=malankara+orthodox+syrian+church+All+India+REporter">All India Reporter</a>. D.V. Chitaley. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406082316/https://books.google.com/books?id=q3xRAQAAIAAJ&q=malankara+orthodox+syrian+church+All+India+REporter">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+India+Reporter&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=D.V.+Chitaley&rft.date=1959&rft.au=D.V.+Chitaley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3xRAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmalankara%2Borthodox%2Bsyrian%2Bchurch%2BAll%2BIndia%2BREporter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kanaka Jubilee Grantham. Cherthala: SNDP Yogam. 1952. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanaka+Jubilee+Grantham&rft.place=Cherthala&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=SNDP+Yogam&rft.date=1952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew2010" class="citation book cs1">Mathew, K. M. (2010). Ettamathe Mothiram. kottayam: malayala manorama.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ettamathe+Mothiram&rft.place=kottayam&rft.pub=malayala+manorama&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mapping-the-unknown-marcher/">"Mapping the unknown marcher"</a>. The Indian Express. 9 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719174519/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mapping-the-unknown-marcher/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2020. 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The Hindu. 28 November 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313221908/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-gentle-giant/article6641000.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020. 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Retrieved 24 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bu.edu&rft.atitle=Thomas%2C+M%28adathilparampil%29+M%28ammen%29+%281916%E2%80%931996%29+%26%23124%3B+History+of+Missiology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fmissiology%2Fmissionary-biography%2Ft-u-v%2Fthomas-madathilparampil-mammen-1916-1996%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a> of Eusebius (AD 260–341) Book V, Chapter 10.) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/TheChristiansOfStThomas">The Christians of St. Thomas and their liturgies: comprising the anaphorae of St. James, St. Peter, the twelve Apostles, Mar Dionysius, Mar Xystus, and Mar Evannis, together with the Ordo communis</a>. 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Parker. 7 December 1864. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-5233-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-5233-0"><bdi>978-0-7905-5233-0</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christians+of+St.+Thomas+and+their+liturgies%3A+comprising+the+anaphorae+of+St.+James%2C+St.+Peter%2C+the+twelve+Apostles%2C+Mar+Dionysius%2C+Mar+Xystus%2C+and+Mar+Evannis%2C+together+with+the+Ordo+communis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=J.+Henry+and+J.+Parker&rft.date=1864-12-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7905-5233-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheChristiansOfStThomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards1908-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Richards1908_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1908" class="citation book cs1">Richards, William Joseph (1908). 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The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113073720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/navodaya-movement-to-aid-rehabilitation-of-transgenders/articleshow/58406454.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Navodaya+movement+to+aid+rehabilitation+of+transgenders+%E2%80%93+Kochi+News&rft.date=2017-04-28&rft.aulast=Apr+28&rft.aufirst=Jaikrishnan+Nair+%2F+TNN+%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkochi%2Fnavodaya-movement-to-aid-rehabilitation-of-transgenders%2Farticleshow%2F58406454.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-HindustanTimes1-147"><a href="#cite_ref-HindustanTimes1_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-church-to-conduct-seminar-for-transgenders-welfare/story-PTW9XqdCcvUU8edFENZtZL.html">"Kerala church to conduct seminar for transgenders' welfare"</a>. Hindustan Times. 25 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113072211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-church-to-conduct-seminar-for-transgenders-welfare/story-PTW9XqdCcvUU8edFENZtZL.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Kerala+church+to+conduct+seminar+for+transgenders%27+welfare&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fkerala-church-to-conduct-seminar-for-transgenders-welfare%2Fstory-PTW9XqdCcvUU8edFENZtZL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesofIndia2-148"><a href="#cite_ref-TimesofIndia2_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeb_152018" class="citation news cs1">Feb 15, Jaikrishnan Nair / TNN / (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/history-made-at-maramon-transgenders-address-largest-christian-convention-in-asia/articleshow/62935581.cms">"History made at Maramon, transgenders address largest Christian convention in Asia – Kochi News"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113073721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/history-made-at-maramon-transgenders-address-largest-christian-convention-in-asia/articleshow/62935581.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=History+made+at+Maramon%2C+transgenders+address+largest+Christian+convention+in+Asia+%E2%80%93+Kochi+News&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Feb+15&rft.aufirst=Jaikrishnan+Nair+%2F+TNN+%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkochi%2Fhistory-made-at-maramon-transgenders-address-largest-christian-convention-in-asia%2Farticleshow%2F62935581.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-TheHindu2-149"><a href="#cite_ref-TheHindu2_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Church-not-against-priesthood-for-transgenders/article17264450.ece">"Church not against priesthood for transgenders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 9 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419194327/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Church-not-against-priesthood-for-transgenders/article17264450.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021. <q>Christianity never banned priesthood and baptism for transgender people, and the Holy Bible very well clarified this, the Mar Thoma Metropolitan, Joseph Mar Thoma, has said...He said the baptism of an Ethiopian eunuch by Philip and the prophesy of Isaiah amply justified this bare truth. The role played by the eunuch in the formation of the Ethiopian Church too was noteworthy in this regard, he said. The Metropolitan said the tendency to keep the transgender people away from the mainstream by misinterpreting the Gospel and the prophesies should be rejected.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Church+not+against+priesthood+for+transgenders&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2FChurch-not-against-priesthood-for-transgenders%2Farticle17264450.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMar_Thoma2017" class="citation news cs1">Mar Thoma, Joseph (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Church-not-against-priesthood-for-transgenders/article17264450.ece">"Church not against priesthood for transgenders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419194327/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Church-not-against-priesthood-for-transgenders/article17264450.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021. <q>"The baptism of an Ethiopian eunuch by Philip and the prophesy of Isaiah amply justified this bare truth. The role played by the eunuch in the formation of the Ethiopian Church too was noteworthy in this regard.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Church+not+against+priesthood+for+transgenders&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Mar+Thoma&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2FChurch-not-against-priesthood-for-transgenders%2Farticle17264450.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesofIndia3-151"><a href="#cite_ref-TimesofIndia3_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNov_142020" class="citation news cs1">Nov 14, Jaikrishnan Nair / TNN / Updated (14 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mar-thoma-churchs-new-head-is-a-guru-scholar/articleshow/79215468.cms">"Kerala: Mar Thoma Church's new head is a Guru scholar – Kochi News"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516025945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/mar-thoma-churchs-new-head-is-a-guru-scholar/articleshow/79215468.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021. <q>Theodosius believes the time will come when transgender people will be ordained as priests in the church. "It is quite possible. But don't expect this all of a sudden. It may take time, but it is likely."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Kerala%3A+Mar+Thoma+Church%27s+new+head+is+a+Guru+scholar+%E2%80%93+Kochi+News&rft.date=2020-11-14&rft.aulast=Nov+14&rft.aufirst=Jaikrishnan+Nair+%2F+TNN+%2F+Updated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkochi%2Fmar-thoma-churchs-new-head-is-a-guru-scholar%2Farticleshow%2F79215468.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthoma.in/institution_type/theological-institutions/">"Theological Institutions"</a>. Mar Thoma Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618164739/http://marthoma.in/institution_type/theological-institutions/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theological+Institutions&rft.pub=Mar+Thoma+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarthoma.in%2Finstitution_type%2Ftheological-institutions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/press-centre/news/wcc-general-secretary-to-address-largest-christian-gathering-in-asia">"WCC general secretary to address largest Christian gathering in Asia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228175140/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/press-centre/news/wcc-general-secretary-to-address-largest-christian-gathering-in-asia/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCC+general+secretary+to+address+largest+Christian+gathering+in+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fpress-centre%2Fnews%2Fwcc-general-secretary-to-address-largest-christian-gathering-in-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keralacouncilofchurches.org/">"Kerala Council of Churches – Kerala Council of Churches"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220035319/http://www.keralacouncilofchurches.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerala+Council+of+Churches+%E2%80%93+Kerala+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralacouncilofchurches.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FelicitationAC-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FelicitationAC_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FelicitationAC_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marthoma.in/felicitation-address-at-the-reception-to-his-grace-the-most-rev-dr-rowan-williams/">"Felicitation Address at the Reception to His Grace the Most Rev. Dr. Rowan Williams – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404224700/https://marthoma.in/felicitation-address-at-the-reception-to-his-grace-the-most-rev-dr-rowan-williams/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Felicitation+Address+at+the+Reception+to+His+Grace+the+Most+Rev.+Dr.+Rowan+Williams+%E2%80%93+Malankara+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarthoma.in%2Ffelicitation-address-at-the-reception-to-his-grace-the-most-rev-dr-rowan-williams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarughese" class="citation web cs1">Varughese, Dr. Santosh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728135523/https://www.marthomachurchalain.com/doc/Sunday%20School/Liturgy.pdf">"A study on the Symbols and the Liturgy of the Mar Thoma Church Holy Communion Service – a guide for today's youth"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marthomachurchalain.com/doc/Sunday%20School/Liturgy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+study+on+the+Symbols+and+the+Liturgy+of+the+Mar+Thoma+Church+Holy+Communion+Service+%E2%80%93+a+guide+for+today%27s+youth&rft.aulast=Varughese&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Santosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marthomachurchalain.com%2Fdoc%2FSunday%2520School%2FLiturgy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthomadc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EnglishCommunionPDF.pdf">"HOLY COMMUNION SERVICE"</a> (PDF). Mar Thoma Development Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728123754/http://marthomadc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EnglishCommunionPDF.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HOLY+COMMUNION+SERVICE&rft.pub=Mar+Thoma+Development+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarthomadc.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F11%2FEnglishCommunionPDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarThomaOttawa-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarThomaOttawa_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarThomaOttawa_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarThomaOttawa_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarThomaOttawa_158-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222082354/http://www.ottawamarthoma.ca/pages/affiliations.html">"Mar Thoma Church Ottawa Official Website"</a>. ottawamarthoma.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottawamarthoma.ca/pages/affiliations.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2020. <q>It was also agreed that in the consecration of Bishops by either Church, the Bishops of the other Church should participate. Thus ministry of the two Churches was mutually accepted in full.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ottawamarthoma.ca&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma+Church+Ottawa+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottawamarthoma.ca%2Fpages%2Faffiliations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229022307/https://www.diosef.org/about-us/bishop/">"The Episcopal diocese of Southeast Florida"</a>. diosef.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diosef.org/about-us/bishop">the original</a> on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diosef.org&rft.atitle=The+Episcopal+diocese+of+Southeast+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diosef.org%2Fabout-us%2Fbishop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-160"><a href="#cite_ref-AC_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice" class="citation web cs1">Office, Anglican Communion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ecumenism/churches-in-communion.aspx">"Anglican Communion: Churches in Communion"</a>. Anglican Communion Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717092502/https://www.anglicancommunion.org/ecumenism/churches-in-communion.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2019. 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Diocese of Dublin & Glendalough. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175901/https://dublin.anglican.org/news/2018/06/17/nazareth-mar-thoma-church-members">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diocese+of+Dublin+%26+Glendalough&rft.atitle=Nazareth+Mar+Thoma+Church+Members+Celebrate+With+Their+Metropolitan+in+St+Maelruain%27s+Tallaght&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdublin.anglican.org%2Fnews%2F2018%2F06%2F17%2Fnazareth-mar-thoma-church-members&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWHqkmFdbxIC&q=anglican+consultative+council+mar+thoma&pg=PA14">Living Communion</a>. Church Publishing, Inc. pp. 14, 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-796-4"><bdi>978-0-89869-796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Communion&rft.pages=14%2C+467&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-796-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWHqkmFdbxIC%26q%3Danglican%2Bconsultative%2Bcouncil%2Bmar%2Bthoma%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/mar-thoma-church-head-joseph-mar-thoma-dies-pm-modi-condoles-his-death-2312175">"Mar Thoma Church Head Joseph Mar Thoma Dies"</a>. NDTV.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319151722/https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/mar-thoma-church-head-joseph-mar-thoma-dies-pm-modi-condoles-his-death-2312175">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma+Church+Head+Joseph+Mar+Thoma+Dies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fkerala-news%2Fmar-thoma-church-head-joseph-mar-thoma-dies-pm-modi-condoles-his-death-2312175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justicenews.co.in/mar-thoma-church-to-reach-out-to-transgender-people/">"Mar Thoma Church to reach out to transgender people"</a>. justicenews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516030640/https://www.justicenews.co.in/mar-thoma-church-to-reach-out-to-transgender-people/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justicenews&rft.atitle=Mar+Thoma+Church+to+reach+out+to+transgender+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justicenews.co.in%2Fmar-thoma-church-to-reach-out-to-transgender-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuchananC-166"><a href="#cite_ref-BuchananC_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2015" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Colin (22 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFCbCgAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 398, 548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5016-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-5016-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Anglicanism&rft.pages=398%2C+548&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5016-1&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFCbCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiltonMorris-167"><a href="#cite_ref-MiltonMorris_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiltonGregoryStrongSachs2017" class="citation book cs1">Milton, Anthony; Gregory, Jeremy; Strong, Rowan; Sachs, William L.; Morris, Jeremy N. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_U-DwAAQBAJ">The Oxford History of Anglicanism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964301-1"><bdi>978-0-19-964301-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175908/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_U-DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Anglicanism&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964301-1&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gregory%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Strong%2C+Rowan&rft.au=Sachs%2C+William+L.&rft.au=Morris%2C+Jeremy+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_U-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsBrady-168"><a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsBrady_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBrady1996" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond Brady; Brady, Williams Raymond (13 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1uk6zZQKzAC&pg=PA88">Christian Pluralism in the United States: The Indian Immigrant Experience</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57016-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57016-9"><bdi>978-0-521-57016-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406082129/https://books.google.com/books?id=w1uk6zZQKzAC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Pluralism+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Indian+Immigrant+Experience&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57016-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Brady&rft.au=Brady%2C+Williams+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw1uk6zZQKzAC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossLivingstone-169"><a href="#cite_ref-CrossLivingstone_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1169">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406082313/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1169">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=1169&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCCofIndia-170"><a href="#cite_ref-NCCofIndia_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Council_of_India1981" class="citation book cs1">Christian Council of India, National (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPzYAAAAMAAJ&q=cni+bishop+consecrate+mar+thoma">The National Christian Council Review</a>. Vol. 101. Wesley Press. p. 563. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175913/https://books.google.com/books?id=IPzYAAAAMAAJ&q=cni+bishop+consecrate+mar+thoma">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>While the new Bishops knelt before the Moderator of the CNI, Most Rev. Dr R. S. Bhandare, His Grace Metropolitan Alexander Mar Thoma, and seven other bishops of the CNI put their hands upon the heads the Bishops, thereby invoking the Holy Spirit by saying: Send forth your Holy Spirit upon your servants</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Christian+Council+Review&rft.pages=563&rft.pub=Wesley+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Christian+Council+of+India&rft.aufirst=National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPzYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcni%2Bbishop%2Bconsecrate%2Bmar%2Bthoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHAofIndia-171"><a href="#cite_ref-CHAofIndia_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_Association_of_India1972" class="citation book cs1">History Association of India, Church (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8nL0SngQl0C&q=cni+bishop+consecrate+mar+thoma">Indian Church History Review</a>. Church History Association of India. p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404234127/https://books.google.com/books?id=-8nL0SngQl0C&q=cni+bishop+consecrate+mar+thoma">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>Then followed the Consecration of new Bishops coming from the UCNI, ' British ' Methodist, Baptist, Disciples and Church – of – the Brethren traditions. The Bishops taking part in the Consecration were the retiring Metropolitan of the Anglican Church in India, the Most Rev. Lakdasa de Mel, and the Right Revs. Christopher Robinson and John Sadiq, together with the Moderator of the CSI and Bishop Mar Theophilus of the Mar Thoma Church. The Ordinal used was that of the Church of South India</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Church+History+Review&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Church+History+Association+of+India&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=History+Association+of+India&rft.aufirst=Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8nL0SngQl0C%26q%3Dcni%2Bbishop%2Bconsecrate%2Bmar%2Bthoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134906/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article452522.ece?service=print">"Thomas K Oommen ordained CSI diocese bishop"</a>. The New Indian Express. 6 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article452522.ece?service=print">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Thomas+K+Oommen+ordained+CSI+diocese+bishop&rft.date=2011-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fthiruvananthapuram%2Farticle452522.ece%3Fservice%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Thomas-Oommen-installed-as-CSI-central-Kerala-Bishop/article14935620.ece">"Thomas Oommen installed as CSI central Kerala Bishop"</a>. The Hindu. 5 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922000357/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Thomas-Oommen-installed-as-CSI-central-Kerala-Bishop/article14935620.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Thomas+Oommen+installed+as+CSI+central+Kerala+Bishop&rft.date=2011-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2FThomas-Oommen-installed-as-CSI-central-Kerala-Bishop%2Farticle14935620.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Babu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantoday.co.in/news/csi-madhya-kerala-diocese-gets-new-bishop.html">"CSI Madhya Kerala Diocese gets new Bishop"</a>. www.christiantoday.co.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922071859/https://www.christiantoday.co.in/news/csi-madhya-kerala-diocese-gets-new-bishop.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christiantoday.co.in&rft.atitle=CSI+Madhya+Kerala+Diocese+gets+new+Bishop&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Babu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.co.in%2Fnews%2Fcsi-madhya-kerala-diocese-gets-new-bishop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.lk/article/30531/Episcopal-Ordination-of-15th-Bishop-of-Colombo-today">"Episcopal Ordination of 15th Bishop of Colombo today"</a>. www.ft.lk. Daily FT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208071100/https://www.ft.lk/article/30531/Episcopal-Ordination-of-15th-Bishop-of-Colombo-today">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. 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Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trinitymiami.org&rft.atitle=Trinity+Cathedral+%E2%80%93+Miami+%E2%80%93+Clergy+%E2%80%93+The+Right+Reverend%3A+Peter+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrinitymiami.org%2Fpeter_eaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2015/05/14/peter-david-eaton-consecrated-bishop-coadjutor-of-southeast-florida/">"Peter David Eaton consecrated bishop coadjutor of Southeast Florida"</a>. Episcopal News Service. 14 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208071108/https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2015/05/14/peter-david-eaton-consecrated-bishop-coadjutor-of-southeast-florida/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrechter-union.org/pagina/399/die_mar_thoma_syrian_church">the original</a> on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=utrechter-union.org&rft.atitle=Die+Mar+Thoma+Syrian+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utrechter-union.org%2Fpagina%2F399%2Fdie_mar_thoma_syrian_church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMar+Thoma+Syrian+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> In English: <ol><li>Constitution of Mar Thoma Syrian Church. (2008)</li> <li>Juhanon Mar Thoma Metropolitan, The Most Rev. Dr. (1952). Christianity in India and a Brief History of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church. Pub: K.M. Cherian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Mathew" class="mw-redirect" title="K. V. Mathew">K. V. Mathew</a> (1985) The Faith and Practice of The Mar Thoma Church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Menachery" title="George Menachery">George Menachery</a> (1973) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India Vol. II.</li> <li>Mathew N.M. (2003). St. Thomas Christians of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_(Northern_Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar (Northern Kerala)">Malabar</a> Through Ages, C.S.S. Tiruvalla. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-782-1008-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-782-1008-8">81-782-1008-8</a> and CN 80303</li> <li>Pothen, S.G. (1963). The Syrian Christians of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Asia Publishing House, London.</li> <li>Zac Varghese Dr. & Mathew A. Kallumpram. (2003). Glimpses of Mar Thoma Church History. London, England. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-900854-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-900854-4-1">81-900854-4-1</a></li> <li>Koshy Mathew Karinjapally (2005). Roots and Wings Bangalore, India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85447-21-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-85447-21-7">81-85447-21-7</a></li> <li>Cheriyan, Dr. C.V. Orthodox Christianity in India <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>2003.</li></ol> In Malayalam: <ol><li>Chacko, T.C. (1936) Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charithra Samgraham. (Concise History of Mar Thoma Church), Pub: E.J. Institute, Kompady, Tiruvalla.</li> <li>Daniel, K.N. (1924) Malankara Sabha Charitravum Upadesangalum, (History and Doctrines of Malankara Church). M.C.Chacko, R.V.Press, Tiruvalla.</li> <li>Daniel, K.N. (1952). <a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a> Sunnahadosinte Canonukal. (Canons of Synod of Diamper) Pub: C.S.S., Tiruvalla.</li> <li>Eapen, Prof. Dr. K.V. (2001). Malankara Marthoma Suryani Sabha Charitram. (History of Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church). Pub: Kallettu, Muttambalam, Kottayam.</li> <li>George Alexander, Rev. (Ed). Maramon Convention Sathapdhi Valum-'95.</li> <li>George Kassessa, Rev. M.C. (1919). Palakunnathu Abraham Malpan. (Biography in Malayalam), CLS, Tiruvalla.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathews_Mar_Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathews Mar Athanasius">Mathews Mar Athanasius</a> Metropolitan. (1857). Mar Thoma Sleehayude Idavakayakunna Malankara Suryani Sabhaudai Canon. (Canon of the Malankara Syrian Church of Saint Thomas). Printed at <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> Syrian Seminary.</li> <li>Mathew, N.M. (2007). Malankara Marthoma Sabha Charitram, (History of the Mar Thoma Church), Volume 1 (2006), Volume II (2007). Volume III (2008) Pub. E.J.Institute, Thiruvalla</li> <li>Varughese, Rev. K.C., (1972). Malabar Swathantra Suryani Sabhyude Charitram (History of the Malankar Independent Suryani Church)</li> <li>Mar Thoma Sabha Directory. (1999) Pub. The Publication Board of The Mar Thoma Church, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India.</li> <li>P. V. Mathew. Nazrani Christians of Kerala (Malayalam) Vol.2 Kochi, 1993.</li> <li>Joseph Cheeran, Rev. Dr. Adv. P.C. Mathew (Pulikottil) and K.V. Mammen (Kottackal). Indian Orthodox Church History and Culture. (Malayalam) Kottackal Publishers, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>. 2002.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthoma.in/">Official Site of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavar_(Goan)_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmavar (Goan) Orthodox Church">Brahmavar Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Eastern_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Eastern Christianity">Oriental Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church">Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_Lutheran_Church" title="Arcot Lutheran Church">Arcot Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Bodo Evangelical Lutheran Church">Bodo Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Madhya Pradesh">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_the_Himalayan_States" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Himalayan States">Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Himalayan States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossner_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Chotanagpur_and_Assam" title="Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam">Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="India Evangelical Lutheran Church">India Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeypore_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church">Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church">Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andhra_Lutheran_Church" title="South Andhra Lutheran Church">South Andhra Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church">Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Evangelical_Lutheran_Churches_in_India" title="United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India">United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Church_in_India" title="Congregational Church in India">Congregational Church in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Maraland" title="Evangelical Church of Maraland">Evangelical Church of Maraland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church,_Kalimpong" title="Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong">Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_India" title="Presbyterian Church of India">Presbyterian Church of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Free_Church_of_Central_India" title="Presbyterian Free Church of Central India">Presbyterian Free Church of Central India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_North_East_India" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India">Reformed Presbyterian Church North East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_India" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of India">Reformed Presbyterian Church of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India_Reformed_Churches" title="South India Reformed Churches">South India Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Northern_India_%E2%80%93_Presbyterian_Synod" title="United Church of Northern India – Presbyterian Synod">United Church of Northern India – Presbyterian Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>/United</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_denominations_in_India" title="List of Baptist denominations in India">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Church_of_Mizoram" title="Baptist Church of Mizoram">Baptist Church of Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_North_India" title="Baptist Union of North India">Baptist Union of North India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Orissa_Bihar_Baptist_Convention" title="Bengal Orissa Bihar Baptist Convention">Bengal Orissa Bihar Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Baptist_Church_Association" title="Boro Baptist Church Association">Boro Baptist Church Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Baptist_Convention" title="Boro Baptist Convention">Boro Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Baptist_Churches_of_Northern_Circars" title="Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars">Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Baptist_Churches_in_Northeast_India" title="Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India">Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Arunachal Baptist Church Council">Arunachal Baptist Church Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Baptist_Convention" title="Assam Baptist Convention">Assam Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Baptist_Convention" title="Garo Baptist Convention">Garo Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi-Anglong_Baptist_Convention" title="Karbi-Anglong Baptist Convention">Karbi-Anglong Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Baptist_Convention" title="Manipur Baptist Convention">Manipur Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Nagaland Baptist Church Council">Nagaland Baptist Church Council</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Baptist_Convention" title="Evangelical Baptist Convention">Evangelical Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_Baptist_Kebang" title="Mising Baptist Kebang">Mising Baptist Kebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bank_Baptist_Christian_Association" title="North Bank Baptist Christian Association">North Bank Baptist Christian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_Baptist_Evangelistic_Crusade" title="Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade">Orissa Baptist Evangelistic Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavesam_of_Telugu_Baptist_Churches" title="Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches">Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Baptist_Church_Council" title="Telugu Baptist Church Council">Telugu Baptist Church Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Baptist_Christian_Union" title="Tripura Baptist Christian Union">Tripura Baptist Christian Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblies of God in India">Assemblies of God in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Congregation_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Congregation in India">Christian Congregation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Revival_Church" title="Christian Revival Church">Christian Revival Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna_Full_Gospel_Churches" title="Manna Full Gospel Churches">Manna Full Gospel Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Indian Pentecostal Church of God">Indian Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Maranatha_Gospel_Church" title="Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church">Pentecostal Maranatha Gospel Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Asia_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_India" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in India">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Christian_Council" title="All India Christian Council">All India Christian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church%27s_Auxiliary_for_Social_Action" title="Church's Auxiliary for Social Action">Church's Auxiliary for Social Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_India" title="National Council of Churches in India">National Council of Churches in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Assam" title="Christianity in Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jharkhand" title="Christianity in Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Karnataka" title="Christianity in Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Maharashtra" title="Christianity in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Manipur" title="Christianity in Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Meghalaya" title="Christianity in Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="Christianity in Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Odisha" title="Christianity in Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Christianity in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_in_Northeast_India" title="List of Christian denominations in Northeast India">List of Christian denominations in Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_denominations_in_India" title="Category:Christian denominations in India">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Template:Christianity in Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Template talk:Christianity in Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Christianity in Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God_of_India" title="General Council of the Assemblies of God of India">Assemblies of God in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Full_Gospel)_in_India" title="Church of God (Full Gospel) in India">Church of God (Full Gospel) in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Indian Pentecostal Church of God">Indian Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Brethren" title="Kerala Brethren">Kerala Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:India_image_with_Golden_cross_on_it.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India_image_with_Golden_cross_on_it.png/120px-India_image_with_Golden_cross_on_it.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India_image_with_Golden_cross_on_it.png/180px-India_image_with_Golden_cross_on_it.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India_image_with_Golden_cross_on_it.png/240px-India_image_with_Golden_cross_on_it.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Retreat_Centre,_Muringoor" title="Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor">Divine Retreat Centre, Muringoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Retreat_Center" title="Jerusalem Retreat Center">Jerusalem Retreat Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Catholic_Bishops%27_Council" title="Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council">Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala_Seminary" title="Parumala Seminary">Parumala Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potta_Ashram" title="Potta Ashram">Potta Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkunnathu_Seminary" title="Thrikkunnathu Seminary">Thrikkunnathu Seminary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Catholic_Union" title="All India Catholic Union">All India Catholic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly_police_firing" title="Angamaly police firing">Angamaly police firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Hanxleden" title="Johann Ernst Hanxleden">Arnos Pathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bailey_(missionary)" title="Benjamin Bailey (missionary)">Benjamin Bailey (missionary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Malayalam" title="Bible translations into Malayalam">Bible translations into Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Carmelites of Mary Immaculate">Carmelites of Mary Immaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux">Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Hermann Gundert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara-Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Malankara-Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara-Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramon_Convention" title="Maramon Convention">Maramon Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism_in_Kerala" title="Pentecostalism in Kerala">Pentecostalism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Abhaya_murder_case" title="Sister Abhaya murder case">Sister Abhaya murder case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute" title="Sisters of the Destitute">Sisters of the Destitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_churches_of_Kerala" title="Syrian churches of Kerala">Syrian churches of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Syrian Malabar Nasrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varthamanappusthakam" title="Varthamanappusthakam">Varthamanappusthakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niranam_Grandhavari" title="Niranam Grandhavari">Niranam Grandhavari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" 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title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_Primates%27_Meetings" title="Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings">Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conferences</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Lambeth_Conference" title="Fifteenth Lambeth Conference">2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion">Homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Report" title="Windsor Report">Windsor Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion">Ordination of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_and_ecumenism" title="Anglican Communion and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Communion_dioceses" title="List of Anglican Communion dioceses">Dioceses</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Anglican_rose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anglican_rose.svg/80px-Anglican_rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anglican_rose.svg/120px-Anglican_rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Anglican_rose.svg/160px-Anglican_rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="701" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal/Anglican_Province_of_Alexandria" title="Episcopal/Anglican Province of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Anglican_Church_of_Burundi" title="Province of the Anglican Church of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Province_of_Central_Africa" title="Church of the Province of Central Africa">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Anglican_Church_of_the_Congo" title="Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Province_of_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Kenya" title="Anglican Church of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Mozambique_and_Angola" title="Anglican Church of Mozambique and Angola">Mozambique and Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Nigeria" title="Church of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Rwanda" title="Anglican Church of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Anglican Church of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Episcopal_Church_of_South_Sudan" title="Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Episcopal_Church_of_Sudan" title="Province of the Episcopal Church of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Tanzania" title="Anglican Church of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Uganda" title="Church of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Province_of_West_Africa" title="Church of the Province of West Africa">West Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-American provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Episcopal_Church_of_Brazil" title="Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Central_America" title="Anglican Church in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Chile" title="Anglican Church of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Mexico" title="Anglican Church of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_South_America" title="Anglican Church of South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_the_Province_of_the_West_Indies" title="Church in the Province of the West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Bangladesh" title="Church of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sheng_Kung_Hui" title="Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui">Hong Kong and Macao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Japan" title="Anglican Church in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Middle_East" title="Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East">Jerusalem and the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Korea" title="Anglican Church of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Province_of_Myanmar" title="Church of the Province of Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">North India</a> (United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Pakistan" title="Church of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Episcopal Church in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Province_of_South_East_Asia" title="Church of the Province of South East Asia">South East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">South India</a> (United)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">England</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_in_Europe" title="Diocese in Europe">Diocese in Europe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanian provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Aotearoa,_New_Zealand_and_Polynesia" title="Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia">Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Melanesia" title="Anglican Church of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extra-provincial_Anglican_churches" title="Extra-provincial Anglican churches">Extra-provincial churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Bermuda" title="Anglican Church of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ceylon" title="Church of Ceylon">Ceylon (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Parish of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_Catholic_Apostolic_Evangelical_Church" title="Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Union of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syriac_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syriac Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syriac_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a>, legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> (685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (512)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a>, legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (the "Nestorian Church") (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>–<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christians</a>, legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> (active 1st century–1601) in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Catholic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac) (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> (West Syriac) (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a> (1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nestorian (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian Church</a> (1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh" title="Jacob of Serugh">Jacob of Serugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Jew" title="Paul the Jew">Paul the Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Philoxenus of Mabbug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Syrian" title="Isaac the Syrian">Isaac the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Salibi" title="Dionysius bar Salibi">Dionysius bar Salibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Angamaly" title="Abraham of Angamaly">Abraham of Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_I" title="Thoma I">Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Koorilos_I" title="Abraham Koorilos I">Abraham Koorilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Andrew_Akijan" title="Ignatius Andrew Akijan">Ignatius Andrew Akijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_Tanas" title="Cyril VI Tanas">Cyril VI Tanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Mellus" title="Elias Mellus">Elias Mellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Vattasseril">Dionysius of Vattasseril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Ivanios" title="Geevarghese Ivanios">Geevarghese Ivanios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorilos_Paulose" title="Coorilos Paulose">Coorilos Paulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoma_Darmo" title="Thoma Darmo">Thoma Darmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II" title="Baselios Paulose II">Baselios Paulose II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koy_Sanjaq_Christian_Neo-Aramaic" title="Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic">Koy Sanjaq Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Syriac Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Liturgical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara%E2%80%93Persian_ecclesiastical_relations" title="Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations">Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Defunct with <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">schism of 1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Protestants" title="Template:Eastern Protestants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Eastern_Protestants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Eastern Protestants (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Protestants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Protestants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Protestant_Churches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Protestant">Eastern Protestant</a> Churches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Traditions</a> from which they <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">developed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Romania" title="Evangelical Church of Romania">Evangelical Church of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovenia" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protestant_Evangelical_Church" title="Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church">Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Lutheran_Church" title="Ukrainian Lutheran Church">Ukrainian Lutheran Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers_Eastern_Church" title="Believers Eastern Church">Believers Eastern Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1827463#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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