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id="toc-1601–1650" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1601–1650"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1601–1650</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1601–1650-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1651–1700" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1651–1700"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1651–1700</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1651–1700-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions,_discoveries,_introductions" class="vector-toc-list-item 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aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Focus_on_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focus_on_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Focus on Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focus_on_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">17th century</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/17de_eeu" title="17de eeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="17de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._Jahrhundert" title="17. Jahrhundert – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="17. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="17ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="17ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_17" title="القرن 17 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 17" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XVII" title="Sieglo XVII – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XVII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII%C3%A9mo_si%C3%A8cllo" title="XVIIémo siècllo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="XVIIémo siècllo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XVII" title="Sieglu XVII – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XVII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XVII гӀасру – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XVII гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%C9%99sr" title="XVII əsr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XVII əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B7._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۷. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۷. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-17" title="Abad ka-17 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-17" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="17 sè-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="17 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-17" title="Abad kaping-17 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-17" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XVII быуат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XVII быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XVII стагоддзе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XVII стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XVII стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XVII стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="17 век – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="17 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._vijek" title="17. vijek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="17. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIIvet_kantved" title="XVIIvet kantved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XVIIvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XVII" title="Segle XVII – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XVII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XVII ĕмĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XVII ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._stolet%C3%AD" title="17. století – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="17. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/17eg_ganrif" title="17eg ganrif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="17eg ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="17. århundrede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="17. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600-lohku_(jahke%C4%8Duohti)" title="1600-lohku (jahkečuohti) – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1600-lohku (jahkečuohti)" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._Jahrhundert" title="17. Jahrhundert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="17. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._sajand" title="17. sajand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="17. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="17ος αιώνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="17ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_s%C3%A9col" title="XVII sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XVII sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XVII пинге – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XVII пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVII" title="Siglo XVII – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XVII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-a_jarcento" title="17-a jarcento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="17-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XVII" title="Sigru XVII – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XVII" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII._mendea" title="XVII. mendea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XVII. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سده هفدهم میلادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده هفدهم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="17th century" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._%C3%B8ld" title="17. øld – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="17. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIe siècle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XVIIe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/17e_iuw" title="17e iuw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="17e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%C3%BA_haois" title="17ú haois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="17ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/17oo_eash" title="17oo eash – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="17oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/17mh_Linn" title="17mh Linn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="17mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVII" title="Século XVII – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XVII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="17世紀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="17世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="17세기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="17세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="17-րդ դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="17-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="सत्रहवीं शताब्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सत्रहवीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._stolje%C4%87e" title="17. stoljeće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="17. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/17ma_yarcento" title="17ma yarcento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="17ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-17" title="Abad ke-17 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-17" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_17" title="Seculo 17 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 17" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="XVII æнус – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="XVII æнус" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._%C3%B6ldin" title="17. öldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="17. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_secolo" title="XVII secolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XVII secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-17" title="המאה ה-17 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-17" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_17" title="Abad ping 17 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 17" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AD%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="೧೭ನೇ ಶತಮಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೭ನೇ ಶತಮಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XVII საუკუნე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XVII საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XVII ғасыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XVII ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/17ves_kansbledhen" title="17ves kansbledhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="17ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_17" title="Karne ya 17 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 17" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-eafa_decemda" title="17-eafa decemda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="17-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_17an" title="Sedsala 17an – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 17an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_17" title="Saeculum 17 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 17" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._gadsimts" title="17. gadsimts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="17. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._Joerhonnert" title="17. Joerhonnert – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="17. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XVII виш йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XVII виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_am%C5%BEius" title="XVII amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XVII amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_secolo" title="XVII secolo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XVII secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeventiende_iew" title="Zeventiende iew – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zeventiende iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_17" title="Sentenio 17 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 17" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_XVII" title="Sécul XVII – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul XVII" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._sz%C3%A1zad" title="17. század – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="17. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="17 век – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="17 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seklu_17" title="Seklu 17 – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Seklu 17" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_17" title="Rautau 17 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 17" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १७ वे शतक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १७ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XVII ოშწანურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XVII ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن السبعتاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن السبعتاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-17" title="Abad ke-17 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-17" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="17 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="17 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="17-р зуун – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="17-р зуун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%87_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၇ ရာစုနှစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၇ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XVII" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XVII – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XVII" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/17e_eeuw" title="17e eeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="17e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/17e_eeuw" title="17e eeuw – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="17e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="17世紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="17世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_seculo" title="XVII seculo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XVII seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XVII бӀешо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XVII бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._juarhunert" title="17. juarhunert – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="17. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._%C3%A5rhundre" title="17. århundre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="17. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600-talet" title="1600-talet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1600-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIIe_s." title="XVIIe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XVIIe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/17esmi_sekle" title="17esmi sekle – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="17esmi sekle" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XVII" title="Sègle XVII – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XVII" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XVII курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XVII курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_asr" title="XVII asr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XVII asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="17ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="17ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ستارہويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ستارہويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_17" title="Siglo 17 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siglo 17" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._Johrhunnert" title="17. Johrhunnert – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="17. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_wiek" title="XVII wiek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XVII wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVII" title="Século XVII – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XVII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XVII-lea" title="Secolul al XVII-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XVII-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="17 ñiqin pachakwata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="17 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XVII. стороча – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XVII. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XVII век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XVII век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XVII үйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XVII үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/17t_century" title="17t century – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="17t century" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._Jierhunnert" title="17. Jierhunnert – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="17. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_17" title="Ngwagakgolo 17 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 17" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XVII" title="Shekulli XVII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XVII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_XVII" title="Sèculu XVII – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XVII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="17th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._storo%C4%8Die" title="17. storočie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="17. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._stoletje" title="17. stoletje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="17. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="سەدەی ١٧یەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٧یەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="17. век – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="17. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._vijek" title="17. vijek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="17. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-17" title="Abad ka-17 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-17" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600-luku" title="1600-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1600-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600-talet" title="1600-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1600-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-17_dantaon" title="Ika-17 dantaon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-17 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="17-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="17-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XVII гасыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XVII гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_17" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 17 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 17" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="17 వ శతాబ్దం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="17 వ శతాబ్దం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_17" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 17 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 17" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XVII" title="Садаи XVII – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XVII" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="17. yüzyıl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="17. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-nji_asyr" title="17-nji asyr – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="17-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XVII століття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XVII століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سترہویں صدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سترہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_seco%C5%82o" title="XVII secoło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XVII secoło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_17" title="Thế kỷ 17 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 17" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/17._aastagasada" title="17. aastagasada – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="17. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/17inme_sieke" title="17inme sieke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="17inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-17_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-17 nga gatostuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-17 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="17世纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="17世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="17טער י"ה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="17טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="17世紀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="17世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_17%C4%B1ne" title="Seserra 17ıne – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 17ıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/17e_e%C3%AAuw" title="17e eêuw – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="17e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVII_om%C5%BEios" title="XVII omžios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XVII omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="17世纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="17世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasoron%D3%99_17" title="Sasoronә 17 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sasoronә 17" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7016#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Millennium</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">17th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_16th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 16th century">16th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_17th_century" title="Timeline of the 17th century">17th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_18th_century" title="Timeline of the 18th century">18th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> State leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_16th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 16th century">16th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_17th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 17th century">17th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_18th_century" title="List of state leaders in the 18th century">18th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1600s_(decade)" title="1600s (decade)">1600s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1610s" title="1610s">1610s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620s" title="1620s">1620s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1630s" title="1630s">1630s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1640s" title="1640s">1640s</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1650s" title="1650s">1650s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660s" title="1660s">1660s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1670s" title="1670s">1670s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1680s" title="1680s">1680s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1690s" title="1690s">1690s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories:</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_births" title="Category:17th-century births">Births</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_deaths" title="Category:17th-century deaths">Deaths</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_establishments" title="Category:17th-century establishments">Establishments</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_disestablishments" title="Category:17th-century disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Centurybox" title="Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Centurybox" title="Template talk:Centurybox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Centurybox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>17th century</b> lasted from January 1, <a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> MDCI), to December 31, <a href="/wiki/1700" title="1700">1700</a> (MDCC). </p><p>It falls into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> cultural movement, the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the French <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a></i> dominated by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, the world's first public company and <a href="/wiki/Megacorporation" title="Megacorporation">megacorporation</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, and according to some historians, <a href="/wiki/The_General_Crisis" title="The General Crisis">the General Crisis</a>. </p><p> From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, where royal power was solidified domestically in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">the Fronde</a>. The semi-feudal territorial <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> was weakened and subjugated to the power of an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> through the reinvention of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> from a hunting lodge to a gilded prison, in which a greatly expanded royal court could be more easily kept under surveillance. With domestic peace assured, Louis XIV caused the borders of France to be expanded. It was during this century that the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of England">English monarch</a> became increasingly involved in conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> - this would culminate in the English civil war and an end to the dominance of the English monarchy.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendrick_Avercamp_-_A_Scene_on_the_Ice_-_WGA01076.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hendrick_Avercamp_-_A_Scene_on_the_Ice_-_WGA01076.jpg/316px-Hendrick_Avercamp_-_A_Scene_on_the_Ice_-_WGA01076.jpg" decoding="async" width="316" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hendrick_Avercamp_-_A_Scene_on_the_Ice_-_WGA01076.jpg/474px-Hendrick_Avercamp_-_A_Scene_on_the_Ice_-_WGA01076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hendrick_Avercamp_-_A_Scene_on_the_Ice_-_WGA01076.jpg/632px-Hendrick_Avercamp_-_A_Scene_on_the_Ice_-_WGA01076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6315" data-file-height="4003" /></a><figcaption>A scene on the ice, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, first half of the 17th century</figcaption></figure><p>By the end of the century, Europeans were masters of <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal gravitation">universal gravitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_Laws_of_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's Laws of Motion">Newton's Laws of Motion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pressure">air pressure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calculating_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Calculating machines">calculating machines</a> due to the work of the first scientists of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fermat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Fermat">Pierre Fermat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>. It was also a period of development of culture in general (especially theater, music, visual arts and philosophy). Some of the greatest inventions took place in this century. </p><p>It was during this period that the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a> began in earnest, including the exploitation of the silver deposits, which resulted in bouts of inflation as wealth was drawn into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Seventeenth-Century_Decline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Seventeenth-Century_Decline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during this period, there would be a more intense European presence in Southeast Asia and East Asia (such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">colonization of Taiwan</a>). These foreign elements would contribute to a <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a> would be the major powers of the region, especially during the first half of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Seventeenth-Century_Decline_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Seventeenth-Century_Decline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder empires</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> – grew in strength as well. The southern half of India would see the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a> and extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a> would <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">colonize Ceylon</a> and endure hostilities with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a>. The end of the 17th century saw the first major surrender of Ottoman territory in Europe when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> ceded most of Hungary to the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> in 1699. </p><p>In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> at the beginning of the century, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>; the isolationist <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a> policy began in the 1630s and lasted until the 19th century. In China, the collapsing <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> was challenged by a series of conquests led by the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> warlord <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a>, which were consolidated by his son <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> and finally consummated by his grandson, the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a> spent decades of this century with economic problems (results of civil wars between the Qing and former Ming dynasty loyalists), only recovering well at the end of the century. </p><p>The greatest military conflicts of the century were the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TYW-WNEC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TYW-WNEC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1649%E2%80%931653)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid Wars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Qing annexation of the Ming</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_17th_century" title="Timeline of the 17th century">Timeline of the 17th century</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1601–1650"><span id="1601.E2.80.931650"></span>1601–1650</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1601–1650"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polska_rullen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_55709.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Polska_rullen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_55709.tif/lossy-page1-171px-Polska_rullen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_55709.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Polska_rullen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_55709.tif/lossy-page1-257px-Polska_rullen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_55709.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Polska_rullen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_55709.tif/lossy-page1-342px-Polska_rullen_-_Livrustkammaren_-_55709.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3813" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Persian</a> Ambassador during his entry into <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> for the wedding ceremonies of King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund III of Poland">Sigismund III of Poland</a> in 1605.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a>: <a href="/wiki/4th_Spanish_Armada" title="4th Spanish Armada">4th Spanish Armada</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinsale" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kinsale">Battle of Kinsale</a>, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a>–<a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%931603" title="Russian famine of 1601–1603">Russian famine of 1601–1603</a> kills perhaps one-third of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-cycles_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cycles-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>: <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> produces the <a href="/wiki/Kunyu_Wanguo_Quantu" title="Kunyu Wanguo Quantu">Map of the Myriad Countries of the World</a> (坤輿萬國全圖, <i>Kūnyú Wànguó Quántú</i>), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) is established by merging competing <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> trading companies.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its success contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> dies and is succeeded by her cousin King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a>, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> takes the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>. This begins the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, which will last until 1868.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, the Portuguese Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Rodrigues_T%C3%A7uzu" title="João Rodrigues Tçuzu">João Rodrigues</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Nippo_Jisho" title="Nippo Jisho">Nippo Jisho</a></i>, the first dictionary of Japanese to a European (Portuguese) language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>: The King of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gowa" title="Sultanate of Gowa">Gowa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Makassar_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar (people)">Makassarese</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, converts to Islam.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsar_Mikhail_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tsar_Mikhail_I.jpg/116px-Tsar_Mikhail_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tsar_Mikhail_I.jpg/174px-Tsar_Mikhail_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tsar_Mikhail_I.jpg/232px-Tsar_Mikhail_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Tsar Michael I of Russia</a> reigned 1613–1645</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>–<a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>: The reign of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> after the death of emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long Turkish War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> is ended with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Zsitvatorok" title="Peace of Zsitvatorok">Peace of Zsitvatorok</a>—Austria abandons <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1606)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1606)">Treaty of Vienna</a> ends an anti-Habsburg uprising in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1538%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)">Royal Hungary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Janszoon" title="Willem Janszoon">Willem Janszoon</a> captained the first recorded European landing on the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australian</a> continent, sailing from <a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Duyfken" title="Duyfken">Duyfken</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1607" title="1607">1607</a>: <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a> (the fleeing of most of the native <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>) occurs from <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> in the west of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> in Ireland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1607" title="1607">1607</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Muda" title="Iskandar Muda">Iskandar Muda</a> becomes the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a> for 30 years. He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> army defeats combined Russian–Swedish forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Battle of Klushino</a> and conquers Moscow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>: <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_IV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry IV of France">King Henry IV of France</a> is assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ravaillac" title="François Ravaillac">François Ravaillac</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>: The Pontifical and Royal <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a>, the oldest existing university in Asia, is established by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> in Manila<sup id="cite_ref-history_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>: The first publication of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Olimpick_Games" title="Cotswold Olimpick Games">Cotswold Olympic Games</a>, an annual public celebration of games and sports begins in the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>, England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a> in Russia ends with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">House of Romanov</a>, which rules until 1917.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>–<a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> is invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Tatars</a> dozens of times.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_de_Critz_the_Elder_James_I_of_England_with_a_Red_Curtain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_de_Critz_the_Elder_James_I_of_England_with_a_Red_Curtain.jpg/170px-John_de_Critz_the_Elder_James_I_of_England_with_a_Red_Curtain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_de_Critz_the_Elder_James_I_of_England_with_a_Red_Curtain.jpg/255px-John_de_Critz_the_Elder_James_I_of_England_with_a_Red_Curtain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_de_Critz_the_Elder_James_I_of_England_with_a_Red_Curtain.jpg/340px-John_de_Critz_the_Elder_James_I_of_England_with_a_Red_Curtain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England and VI of Scotland</a> ruled in the first quarter of the 17th century</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> is forced to evacuate <a href="/wiki/Gresik_Regency" title="Gresik Regency">Gresik</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> siege in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>. The dutch negotiates with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in <a href="/wiki/Jepara" title="Jepara">Jepara</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>–<a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a> (last major threat to <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>) ends.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>: The last remaining <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a> (Moors who had nominally <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Christianity">converted to Christianity</a>) in Spain are expelled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>: English poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> dies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defenestrations_of_Prague" title="Defenestrations of Prague">The Defenestration of Prague</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> precipitates the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> start invading China. Their <a href="/wiki/Manchu_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu conquest">conquest</a> eventually topples the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>: European slaving reaches America when the first Africans are brought to the present-day United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> storm <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jayakarta</a> and withstand a months-long siege by the combined <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Bantenese</a> and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> and a fleet of ships from <a href="/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku">Ambon</a>. The dutch destroys <a href="/wiki/Jayakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayakarta">Jayakarta</a> and builds its new headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a>, on top of it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>–<a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">Polish–Ottoman War</a> over <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bethlen_Gabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethlen Gabor">Bethlen Gabor</a> allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> takes place. The Polish suffer a disaster at <a href="/wiki/Cecora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecora">Cecora</a> on the River <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a> sets sail from <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth, England">Plymouth, England</a> to what became the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/220px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/330px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg/440px-1622_massacre_jamestown_de_Bry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622" title="Indian massacre of 1622">1622 massacre</a> was instrumental in causing English colonists to view all natives as enemies</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Battle of Chocim</a>: Poles and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a> defeat the Ottomans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamestown massacre">Jamestown massacre</a>: <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> natives kill 347 English settlers outside <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a> (approximately one-third of the colony's population)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and burn the <a href="/wiki/Henricus" title="Henricus">Henricus</a> settlement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>–<a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>: As chief minister, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Jean_du_Plessis,_Cardinal_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> centralises power in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in the Vatican completed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">Aurochs</a> go extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>–<a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Agung">Sultan Agung</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> launches a failed campaign to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">conquer Dutch Batavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> king, died.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>: <a href="/wiki/Armand_Jean_du_Plessis,_Cardinal_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> to counter <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II's</a> expansion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>: Birth of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shivneri_Fort" title="Shivneri Fort">Shivneri fort</a>, in present day Maharashtra, India, who later founded <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a> in year 1674.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius#Later_eruptions_from_the_3rd_to_the_19th_centuries" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius erupts.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Battle of Lützen</a>, death of king of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav II Adolf">Gustav II Adolf</a>.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_van_der_Hoecke_-_The_Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen,_1634.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jan_van_der_Hoecke_-_The_Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen%2C_1634.jpg/210px-Jan_van_der_Hoecke_-_The_Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen%2C_1634.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jan_van_der_Hoecke_-_The_Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen%2C_1634.jpg/315px-Jan_van_der_Hoecke_-_The_Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen%2C_1634.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jan_van_der_Hoecke_-_The_Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen%2C_1634.jpg/420px-Jan_van_der_Hoecke_-_The_Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen%2C_1634.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen (1634)</a>. The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> army, bolstered by professional <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spanish</a> troops won a great victory in the battle over the combined Protestant armies of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> and their German allies</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> building work started in <a href="/wiki/Agra,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra, India">Agra, India</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>: <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> arrives in Rome for his trial before the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>–<a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>: Japan transforms into <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">"locked country"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Battle of Nördlingen</a> results in Catholic victory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> of Japanese Christians, <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">rōnin</a> and peasants against Edo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>: The first opera house, <a href="/wiki/Teatro_San_Cassiano" title="Teatro San Cassiano">Teatro San Cassiano</a>, opens in Venice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>: <a href="/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Manchu invasion of Korea">Qing dynasty attacked the Joseon dynasty.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>: Naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Battle of the Downs</a> – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_United_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the United Provinces">Republic of the United Provinces</a> fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>: Disagreements between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Farnese" title="House of Farnese">Farnese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a> escalate into the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Castro" title="Wars of Castro">Wars of Castro</a> and last until 1649.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>–<a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>–<a href="/wiki/1668" title="1668">1668</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a> led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg/300px-Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg/450px-Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg/600px-Turun_akatemian_vihki%C3%A4iset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>The inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="Royal Academy of Turku">Royal Academy of Turku</a> in 1640.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a>, by Irish Catholics who wanted an end to discrimination, greater self-governance, and reverse ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">plantations of Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1641" title="1641">1641</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> publishes <i>Meditationes de prima philosophia</i> <a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>: Beginning of <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>, the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%27incoronazione_di_Poppea" title="L'incoronazione di Poppea">L'incoronazione di Poppea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monterverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> conquer China ending the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> rules until 1912.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>–<a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Char_Bouba_war" title="Char Bouba war">Mauritanian Thirty-Year War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>–<a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>: Ottoman war with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. The Ottomans invade <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and capture <a href="/wiki/Canea" class="mw-redirect" title="Canea">Canea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>–<a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville" title="Great Plague of Seville">Great Plague of Seville</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> ends the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> and marks the ends of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> as major European powers.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_map_1648.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Europe_map_1648.png/200px-Europe_map_1648.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Europe_map_1648.png/300px-Europe_map_1648.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Europe_map_1648.png/400px-Europe_map_1648.png 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Map of Europe in 1648 at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>–<a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a> civil war in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>–<a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> – a Cossack rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>–<a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(Polish_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Deluge (Polish history)">The Deluge</a> wars leave <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in ruins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>–<a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> capture <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Siege of Candia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> is executed for high treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> and put to death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a>–<a href="/wiki/1653" title="1653">1653</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1651–1700"><span id="1651.E2.80.931700"></span>1651–1700</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1651–1700"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_ronda_de_noche,_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/220px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/330px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg/440px-La_ronda_de_noche%2C_por_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14168" data-file-height="11528" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night Watch (painting)">The Night Watch</a></i> or <i>The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq</i>, 1642. Oil on canvas; on display at the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>: <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Battle of Worcester</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>–<a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Köprülü">Mehmed Köprülü</a> is <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1655" title="1655">1655</a>–<a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wars" title="Northern Wars">Northern Wars</a> cement <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden's</a> rise as a <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Sweden_as_a_Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Sweden as a Great Power">Great Power</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a> : <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a>, the second King of Maratha Empire and eldest son of King Shivaji was born at <a href="/wiki/Purandar_Fort" title="Purandar Fort">Purandar Fort</a> on 14 May.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1658" title="1658">1658</a>: After his father <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> completes the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> deposes him as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi dynasty's</a> general <a href="/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(general)" title="Afzal Khan (general)">Afzal Khan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pratapgad_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratapgad Fort">Pratapgad fort</a> on 9 November.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> ends and the monarchy is brought back during the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Civil_War" title="Bruneian Civil War">Bruneian Civil War</a> begins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1661" title="1661">1661</a>: The reign of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> of China begins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Hungary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1664" title="1664">1664</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)">Battle of St. Gotthard</a>: count <a href="/wiki/Raimondo_Montecuccoli" title="Raimondo Montecuccoli">Raimondo Montecuccoli</a> defeats the Ottomans. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vasvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Vasvar">Peace of Vasvar</a> – intended to keep the peace for 20 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> King <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar</a> with Mughal general <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_I" title="Jai Singh I">Jai Singh I</a> after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Purandar" title="Battle of Purandar">Battle of Purandar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> discovers cells using a microscope.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo Empire">Kongo Empire</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila" title="Battle of Mbwila">Battle of Mbwila</a>.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_(Edited).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/210px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/315px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/420px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, completed by 1653 and commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World" title="Wonders of the World">Wonders of the World</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a>–<a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> fought between <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1666" title="1666">1666</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660s_in_archaeology" title="1660s in archaeology">1666</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a> and forced him into house arrest. Shivaji later escaped and returned to the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Kingdom" title="Maratha Kingdom">Maratha kingdom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Medway" title="Raid on the Medway">Raid on the Medway</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>–<a href="/wiki/1668" title="1668">1668</a>: The <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a>: France invades the Netherlands. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> (1668) brings this to a halt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a>–<a href="/wiki/1699" title="1699">1699</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> halts the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s expansion into Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>–<a href="/wiki/1673" title="1673">1673</a>: Ottoman campaign to help the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Cossacks">Ukrainian Cossacks</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Sobieski" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sobieski">John Sobieski</a> defeats the Ottomans at the second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">battle of Khotyn (1673)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>–<a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a> fought between <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>–<a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">Polish–Ottoman War</a>.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1680_van_der_Meulen_Louis_XIV_bei_Lobith_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1680_van_der_Meulen_Louis_XIV_bei_Lobith_anagoria.JPG/200px-1680_van_der_Meulen_Louis_XIV_bei_Lobith_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1680_van_der_Meulen_Louis_XIV_bei_Lobith_anagoria.JPG/300px-1680_van_der_Meulen_Louis_XIV_bei_Lobith_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1680_van_der_Meulen_Louis_XIV_bei_Lobith_anagoria.JPG/400px-1680_van_der_Meulen_Louis_XIV_bei_Lobith_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3643" /></a><figcaption>French invasion of the Netherlands, which <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> initiated in 1672, starting the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a>–<a href="/wiki/1678" title="1678">1678</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1673" title="1673">1673</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Civil_War" title="Bruneian Civil War">Bruneian Civil War</a> ends with <a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_of_Brunei" title="Muhyiddin of Brunei">Muhiyiddin</a> winning the war.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1674" title="1674">1674</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> and crowned himself as first <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chatrapati</a> of the empire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>–<a href="/wiki/1681" title="1681">1681</a>: Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> commence the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish Wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1678" title="1678">1678</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Treaty of Nijmegen</a> ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lasalle_au_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lasalle_au_Mississippi.jpg/170px-Lasalle_au_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lasalle_au_Mississippi.jpg/256px-Lasalle_au_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lasalle_au_Mississippi.jpg/341px-Lasalle_au_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Claiming <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> for France in 1682</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1680" title="1680">1680</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> drives the Spanish out of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">New Mexico</a> until 1692.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1680" title="1680">1680</a>: Prince <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a> crowned himself as the second <i><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chatrapati</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> 20 July.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1682" title="1682">1682</a>: French explorer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">Robert La Salle</a> claims all the land east of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1683" title="1683">1683</a>: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> conquers the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> and annexes <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1683" title="1683">1683</a>: The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Siege of Vienna</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1683" title="1683">1683</a>–<a href="/wiki/1699" title="1699">1699</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> leads to the conquest of most of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a> by the Habsburgs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1687" title="1687">1687</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1688" title="1688">1688</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">Siege of Derry</a>, the first major event in the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1688" title="1688">1688</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siamese revolution of 1688</a> ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1688" title="1688">1688</a>–<a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> starts with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> invading England, England becomes a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1688" title="1688">1688</a>–<a href="/wiki/1691" title="1691">1691</a>: <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">The War of the Two Kings</a> in Ireland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1688" title="1688">1688</a>–<a href="/wiki/1697" title="1697">1697</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">Grand Alliance</a> sought to stop French expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Killiecrankie" title="Battle of Killiecrankie">Battle of Killiecrankie</a> is fought between <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamite" title="Williamite">Williamite</a> forces in Highland <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh rebellion</a> is crushed in present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_050-De_belegering_van_Wenen_door_de_Turken_in_1683.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_050-De_belegering_van_Wenen_door_de_Turken_in_1683.jpeg/190px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_050-De_belegering_van_Wenen_door_de_Turken_in_1683.jpeg" decoding="async" width="190" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_050-De_belegering_van_Wenen_door_de_Turken_in_1683.jpeg/285px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_050-De_belegering_van_Wenen_door_de_Turken_in_1683.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_050-De_belegering_van_Wenen_door_de_Turken_in_1683.jpeg/380px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_050-De_belegering_van_Wenen_door_de_Turken_in_1683.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4482" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> (1683) marked the historic end of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">expansion of the Ottoman Empire</a> into Europe</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a> gains royal consent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1689" title="1689">1689</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Toleration" title="A Letter Concerning Toleration">A Letter Concerning Toleration</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1690" title="1690">1690</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> in Ireland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1692" title="1692">1692</a>: <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> in Jamaica is struck by an earthquake and a tsunami. Approximately 2,000 people die and 2,300 are injured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1692" title="1692">1692</a>–<a href="/wiki/1694" title="1694">1694</a>: Famine in France kills two million.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1693" title="1693">1693</a>: <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, by a royal charter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1694" title="1694">1694</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> is established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1695" title="1695">1695</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> nearly bans the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in response to pirate <a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a>'s capture of the trading ship <i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1696" title="1696">1696</a>–<a href="/wiki/1697" title="1697">1697</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">Famine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> wipes out almost one-third of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1697" title="1697">1697</a>–<a href="/wiki/1699" title="1699">1699</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Embassy_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Grand Embassy of Peter the Great">Grand Embassy of Peter the Great</a> to Western Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1699" title="1699">1699</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Thomas Savery</a> demonstrates his first <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583–1634), supreme commander of the armies of the Imperial Army during the Thirty Years War"><img alt="Catholic general Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583–1634), supreme commander of the armies of the Imperial Army during the Thirty Years War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg/117px-Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg/176px-Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg/235px-Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catholic general <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a> (1583–1634), <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">supreme commander</a> of the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Army_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Emperor">Imperial Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629), the founder of Batavia, was an officer of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), holding two terms as its Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies"><img alt="Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629), the founder of Batavia, was an officer of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), holding two terms as its Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg/112px-Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg/168px-Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg/225px-Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> (1587–1629), the founder of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a>, was an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC), holding two terms as its <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies">Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_i_samtal_med_Sveriges_drottning,_Kristina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="René Descartes (1596–1650) with Queen Christina of Sweden (1626–1689)"><img alt="René Descartes (1596–1650) with Queen Christina of Sweden (1626–1689)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_i_samtal_med_Sveriges_drottning%2C_Kristina.jpg/150px-Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_i_samtal_med_Sveriges_drottning%2C_Kristina.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_i_samtal_med_Sveriges_drottning%2C_Kristina.jpg/225px-Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_i_samtal_med_Sveriges_drottning%2C_Kristina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_i_samtal_med_Sveriges_drottning%2C_Kristina.jpg/300px-Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_i_samtal_med_Sveriges_drottning%2C_Kristina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596–1650) with Queen <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina of Sweden">Christina of Sweden</a> (1626–1689)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Mazarin_by_Pierre_Mignard_(Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardinal Mazarin (1602–1661), who served as the chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV"><img alt="Cardinal Mazarin (1602–1661), who served as the chief minister to the kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cardinal_Mazarin_by_Pierre_Mignard_%28Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9%29.jpg/127px-Cardinal_Mazarin_by_Pierre_Mignard_%28Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cardinal_Mazarin_by_Pierre_Mignard_%28Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9%29.jpg/191px-Cardinal_Mazarin_by_Pierre_Mignard_%28Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cardinal_Mazarin_by_Pierre_Mignard_%28Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9%29.jpg/255px-Cardinal_Mazarin_by_Pierre_Mignard_%28Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a> (1602–1661), who served as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">chief minister</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of France">kings of France</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (1618–1707), who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years"><img alt="Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (1618–1707), who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg/124px-Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg/185px-Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg/247px-Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (1618–1707), who ruled over almost the entire <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> for a period of 49 years</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630–1680) founder of Maratha Empire is widely regarded as one of the greatest Hindu rulers"><img alt="Chhatrapati Shivaji (1630–1680) founder of Maratha Empire is widely regarded as one of the greatest Hindu rulers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/106px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/160px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg/213px-Shivaji_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a> <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> (1630–1680) founder of <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> is widely regarded as one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> rulers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) one of the most influential emperors of the Qing dynasty"><img alt="Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) one of the most influential emperors of the Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/95px-Portrait_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/142px-Portrait_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/189px-Portrait_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> (1661–1722) one of the most influential emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder of Japan's final shogunate, which lasted well into the 19th century"><img alt="Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder of Japan's final shogunate, which lasted well into the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG/131px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG/197px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG/263px-Tokugawa_Ieyasu2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">Shōgun</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> was the founder of Japan's final shogunate, which lasted well into the 19th century </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions,_discoveries,_introductions"><span id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions"></span>Inventions, discoveries, introductions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inventions, discoveries, introductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#17th_century" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions § 17th century</a></div> <p>Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a> reintroduced in Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffee</a> become popular in Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">Central Banking</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">modern Finance</a> by Scottish economist <a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">John Law</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minarets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam%C3%A9_Mosque_of_Isfahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamé Mosque of Isfahan">Jamé Mosque of Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> (Iran), are built.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>: Supernova <a href="/wiki/SN_1604" class="mw-redirect" title="SN 1604">SN 1604</a> is observed in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> starts investigating <a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">elliptical orbits</a> of planets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Carolus" title="Johann Carolus">Johann Carolus</a> of Germany publishes the 'Relation', the first newspaper.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>: <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">Refracting telescopes</a> first appear. Dutch spectacle-maker <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lippershey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Lippershey">Hans Lippershey</a> tries to obtain a patent on one, spreading word of the invention.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a> is identified by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Claude_Fabri_de_Peiresc" title="Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc">Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc</a> of France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>: <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> observe <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>: <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a> or 'Authorized Version' first published.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>: The first <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> likely created for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">gunsmith</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marin_Bourgeois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marin Bourgeois (page does not exist)">Marin Bourgeois</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> introduces the <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithm</a> to simplify calculations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>: <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Zucchi" title="Niccolò Zucchi">Niccolò Zucchi</a> describes experiments with a bronze <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic mirror</a> trying to make a <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Drebbel" title="Cornelis Drebbel">Cornelis Drebbel</a>, funded by <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>, builds the first '<a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>' made of wood and greased leather.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>: The third English dictionary, <i>English Dictionarie</i>, is published by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cockeram" title="Henry Cockeram">Henry Cockeram</a>, listing difficult words with definitions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a> publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">circulatory system</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>: Dutch Bible published.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>: <a href="/wiki/Teatro_San_Cassiano" title="Teatro San Cassiano">Teatro San Cassiano</a>, the first public opera house, opened in Venice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat">Pierre de Fermat</a> formulates his so-called <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem" title="Fermat's Last Theorem">Last Theorem</a>, unsolved until 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>: Although Chinese <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> were earlier described in the 14th century <i><a href="/wiki/Huolongjing" title="Huolongjing">Huolongjing</a></i>, the <i>Tian Gong Kai Wu</i> book of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Song_Yingxing" title="Song Yingxing">Song Yingxing</a> describes naval mines wrapped in a <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> mechanism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> invents the mechanical calculator called <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal's calculator">Pascal's calculator</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a> engraving introduces grey tones to printed images.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>: <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> of Italy invents the mercury <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Torelli" title="Giacomo Torelli">Giacomo Torelli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy invents the first rotating stage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli" title="Giovanni Battista Riccioli">Giovanni Riccioli</a> renames the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">lunar maria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1656" title="1656">1656</a>: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> describes the true shape of the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">rings of Saturn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a>: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> develops the first functional <a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">pendulum clock</a> based on the learnings of <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1659" title="1659">1659</a>: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> first to observe surface details of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Merret" title="Christopher Merret">Christopher Merret</a> presents first paper on the production of sparkling wine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(astronomer_and_mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician)">James Gregory</a> publishes designs for a reflecting telescope.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1669" title="1669">1669</a>: The first known operational reflecting telescope is built by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>: First measurement of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1679" title="1679">1679</a>: <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">Binary system</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1684" title="1684">1684</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a> independently developed by both Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a> and used to formulate <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved December 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323101012/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Crimean_Khanate">"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Crimean_Khanate">the original</a> on 2016-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152435/http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/Documents/Library/docs/agri16_95.pdf">"History of the Aurochs (<i>Bos taurus primigenius</i>) in Poland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Animal Genetics Resources Information</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1014233900004582">10.1017/S1014233900004582</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agtr.ilri.cgiar.org/agtrweb/Documents/Library/docs/agri16_95.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Genetics+Resources+Information&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Aurochs+%28Bos+taurus+primigenius%29+in+Poland&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1014233900004582&rft.au=Rokosz%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagtr.ilri.cgiar.org%2Fagtrweb%2FDocuments%2FLibrary%2Fdocs%2Fagri16_95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A17th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Itihas</i> <bdi lang="mr">इतिहास</bdi> [<i>History, class fourth</i>] (in Marathi). Maharashtra, India: Pathyapustak nirmiti madal, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itihas+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&rft.place=Maharashtra%2C+India&rft.pub=Pathyapustak+nirmiti+madal%2C+Pune&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A17th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/london-museum-correct-record-on-general-disembowellment-by-shivaji-343788">"London museum correct record on general disembowelment by Chhatrapati Shivaji"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=London+museum+correct+record+on+general+disembowelment+by+Chhatrapati+Shivaji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Flondon-museum-correct-record-on-general-disembowellment-by-shivaji-343788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A17th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Robert-Cavelier-sieur-de-La-Salle">"René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 30 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ren%C3%A9-Robert+Cavelier%2C+sieur+de+La+Salle&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRene-Robert-Cavelier-sieur-de-La-Salle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A17th+century" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Macfarlane (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGsCGAdH4YQC&pg=PA64">The savage wars of peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian trap</a></i>. Wiley . p. 64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18117-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18117-2">0-631-18117-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen J. Cullen (2010). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RiLjHZdt-sMC&pg=PA20">Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of the 1690s</a></i>". <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-3887-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-3887-3">0-7486-3887-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Tekke_Lot_86_2019.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Detail_of_Tekke_Lot_86_2019.jpeg/220px-Detail_of_Tekke_Lot_86_2019.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Detail_of_Tekke_Lot_86_2019.jpeg/330px-Detail_of_Tekke_Lot_86_2019.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Detail_of_Tekke_Lot_86_2019.jpeg/440px-Detail_of_Tekke_Lot_86_2019.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a 17th-century Tekke <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> carpet</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Chang, Chun-shu, and Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang. <i>Crisis and Transformation in Seventeenth-Century China</i> (1998).</li> <li>Langer, William. <i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i> (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00lang">online free</a></li> <li>Reid, A. J. S. <i>Trade and State Power in 16th & 17th Century Southeast Asia</i> (1977).</li> <li>Spence, J. D. <i>The Death of Woman Wang: Rural Life in China in the 17th Century</i> (1978).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focus_on_Europe">Focus on Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_century&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Focus on Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Norman_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="George Norman Clark">Clark, George</a>. <i>The Seventeenth Century</i> (2nd ed. 1945).</li> <li>Hampshire, Stuart. <i>The Age of Reason the 17th Century Philosophers, Selected, with Introduction and Interpretive Commentary</i> (1961).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugon1997" class="citation book cs1">Hugon, Cécile (1997) [1911]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/17france-soc.asp">"Social Conditions in 17th-Century France (1649-1652)"</a>. In Halsall, Paul (ed.). <i>Social France in the XVII Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>172, 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780548161944" title="Special:BookSources/9780548161944"><bdi>9780548161944</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823191829/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/17france-soc.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Conditions+in+17th-Century+France+%281649-1652%29&rft.btitle=Social+France+in+the+XVII+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E172%2C+189&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780548161944&rft.aulast=Hugon&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fmod%2F17france-soc.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A17th+century" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewitter, Lucian Ryszard. "Poland, the Ukraine and Russia in the 17th Century." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review" title="The Slavonic and East European Review">The Slavonic and East European Review</a></i> (1948): 157–171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4204006">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ogg_(historian)" title="David Ogg (historian)">Ogg, David</a>. <i>Europe in the Seventeenth Century</i> (6th ed. 1965).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowbotham,_Sheila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowbotham, Sheila">Rowbotham, Sheila</a>. <i>Hidden from history: Rediscovering women in history from the 17th century to the present</i> (1976).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor-Roper,_Hugh_R." class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor-Roper, Hugh R.">Trevor-Roper, Hugh R.</a> "The general crisis of the 17th century." <i><a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a></i> 16 (1959): 31–64.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Millennia</li><li>Centuries</li><li>Decades</li><li>Years</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decades_and_years37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decades_and_years" title="Template talk:Decades and years"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decades_and_years" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decades and years"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decades_and_years37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>17th century</b><br /><small><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a> ← <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a> ← ↔ → <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a> → <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></span></small> <table border="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/1590s" title="1590s"><b>1590s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1590" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1590">1590</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1591" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1591">1591</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1592" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1592">1592</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1593" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1593">1593</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1594" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1594">1594</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1595" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1595">1595</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1596" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1596">1596</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1597" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1597">1597</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1598" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1598">1598</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1599" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1599">1599</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1600s_(decade)" title="1600s (decade)"><b>1600s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1600" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1600">1600</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1601" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1601">1601</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1602" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1602">1602</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1603" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1603">1603</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1604" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1604">1604</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1605" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1605">1605</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1606" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1606">1606</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1607" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1607">1607</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1608" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1608">1608</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1609" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1609">1609</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1610s" title="1610s"><b>1610s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1610" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1610">1610</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1611" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1611">1611</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1612" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1612">1612</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1613" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1613">1613</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1614" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1614">1614</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1615" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1615">1615</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1616" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1616">1616</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1617" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1617">1617</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1618" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1618">1618</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1619">1619</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1620s" title="1620s"><b>1620s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1620" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1620">1620</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1621" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1621">1621</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1622" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1622">1622</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1623" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1623">1623</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1624" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1624">1624</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1625" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1625">1625</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1626">1626</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1627" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1627">1627</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1628" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1628">1628</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1629" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1629">1629</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1630s" title="1630s"><b>1630s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1630" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1630">1630</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1631" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1631">1631</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1632" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1632">1632</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1633" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1633">1633</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1634" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1634">1634</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1635" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1635">1635</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1636" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1636">1636</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1637" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1637">1637</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1638" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1638">1638</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1639" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1639">1639</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1640s" title="1640s"><b>1640s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1640" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1640">1640</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1641" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1641">1641</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1642" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1642">1642</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1643" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1643">1643</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1644" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1644">1644</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1645" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1645">1645</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1646" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1646">1646</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1647" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1647">1647</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1648" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1648">1648</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1649" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1649">1649</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1650s" title="1650s"><b>1650s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1650" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1650">1650</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1651" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1651">1651</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1652" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1652">1652</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1653" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1653">1653</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1654" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1654">1654</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1655" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1655">1655</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1656" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1656">1656</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1657" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1657">1657</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1658" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1658">1658</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1659" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1659">1659</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1660s" title="1660s"><b>1660s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1660" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1660">1660</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1661" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1661">1661</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1662" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1662">1662</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1663" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1663">1663</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1664" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1664">1664</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1665" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1665">1665</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1666" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1666">1666</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1667" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1667">1667</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1668" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1668">1668</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1669" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1669">1669</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1670s" title="1670s"><b>1670s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1670" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1670">1670</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1671" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1671">1671</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1672" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1672">1672</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1673" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1673">1673</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1674" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1674">1674</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1675" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1675">1675</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1676" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1676">1676</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1677" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1677">1677</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1678" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1678">1678</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1679" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1679">1679</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1680s" title="1680s"><b>1680s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1680" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1680">1680</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1681" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1681">1681</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1682" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1682">1682</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1683" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1683">1683</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1684" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1684">1684</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1685" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1685">1685</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1686" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1686">1686</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1687" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1687">1687</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1688" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1688">1688</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1689">1689</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1690s" title="1690s"><b>1690s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1690" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1690">1690</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1691" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1691">1691</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1692" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1692">1692</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1693" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1693">1693</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1694" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1694">1694</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1695" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1695">1695</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1696" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1696">1696</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1697" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1697">1697</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1698" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1698">1698</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1699" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1699">1699</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/1700s_(decade)" title="1700s (decade)"><b>1700s</b></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffeedd"><a href="/wiki/AD_1700" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1700">1700</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1701" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1701">1701</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1702" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1702">1702</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1703" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1703">1703</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1704" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1704">1704</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1705" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1705">1705</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1706" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1706">1706</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1707">1707</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1708" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1708">1708</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffffff"><a href="/wiki/AD_1709" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1709">1709</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Centuries_and_millennia50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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colspan="10" style="background-color:#efefef; width:90%;">Century</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="11" style="background-color:#ccf;">BC (BCE)</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:9%"><b><a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th</a></b></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/40th_century_BC" title="40th century BC">40th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/39th_century_BC" title="39th century BC">39th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/38th_century_BC" title="38th century BC">38th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/37th_century_BC" title="37th century BC">37th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/36th_century_BC" title="36th century BC">36th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/35th_century_BC" title="35th century BC">35th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/34th_century_BC" title="34th century BC">34th</a></td> <td style="width:9%"><a href="/wiki/33rd_century_BC" title="33rd century BC">33rd</a></td> <td 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century">28th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="29th century">29th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="30th century">30th</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7016#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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