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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macedonian_autonomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian_autonomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Macedonian autonomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian_autonomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Kingdom of Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>Socialist Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.7</span> <span>Declaration of independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2001_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>2001 insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Antiquisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU_and_NATO_path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_and_NATO_path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>EU and NATO path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_and_NATO_path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naming_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Naming dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Public holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>International rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 261 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-261" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">261 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%A8donia_Utara" title="Makèdonia Utara – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Makèdonia Utara" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Ишъхъэрэ Македониэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ишъхъэрэ Македониэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ишъхъэрэ Македоние – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ишъхъэрэ Македоние" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Masedonië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noord-Masedonië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordmazedonien" title="Nordmazedonien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nordmazedonien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%89%84%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ስሜን መቄዶንያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሜን መቄዶንያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tave-Makedonia" title="Tave-Makedonia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tave-Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर मैसेडोनिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उत्तर मैसेडोनिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%BEm%C3%A6cedonia_Cynew%C4%ABse" title="Norþmæcedonia Cynewīse – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norþmæcedonia Cynewīse" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A9%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Аҩадатәи Македониа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҩадатәи Македониа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مقدونيا الشمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقدونيا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonya_d%27o_Norte" title="Macedonya d'o Norte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Macedonya d'o Norte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D_%DC%A1%DC%A9%DC%95%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machidunii_di_Nord" title="Machidunii di Nord – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Machidunii di Nord" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%C3%A8dou%C3%A8na_de_Bise" title="Macèdouèna de Bise – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Macèdouèna de Bise" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_del_Norte" title="Macedonia del Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Macedonia del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर मैसिडोनिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उत्तर मैसिडोनिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvate_Masend%C3%B3%C3%B1a" title="Yvate Masendóña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvate Masendóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Республика Македония – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Республика Македония" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_Makedoniya" title="Şimali Makedoniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali Makedoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87" title="شومالی مقدونیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شومالی مقدونیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%A9donia_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Makédonia Kalér – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Makédonia Kalér" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উত্তর মেসিডোনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর মেসিডোনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Macedonia" title="Pak Macedonia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak Macedonia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_Lor" title="Makedonia Lor – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Makedonia Lor" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Төньяҡ Македония – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ Македония" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паўночная Македонія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Македонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паўночная Македонія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночная Македонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर मैसीडोनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उत्तर मैसीडोनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_na_Masedonya" title="Amihanan na Masedonya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Amihanan na Masedonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Masedonia" title="Not Masedonia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Not Masedonia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северна Македония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна Македония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noadmazedonien" title="Noadmazedonien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Noadmazedonien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D_(%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D)" title="མ་སེ་ཌོ་ནིཡ། (རྒྱལ་ཁབ།) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་སེ་ཌོ་ནིཡ། (རྒྱལ་ཁབ།)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Makedonija" title="Sjeverna Makedonija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjeverna Makedonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_an_Norzh" title="Makedonia an Norzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Makedonia an Norzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хойто Македони – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хойто Македони" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B2nia_del_Nord" title="Macedònia del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Macedònia del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Çурçĕр Македони Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕр Македони Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanang_Makedoniya" title="Amihanang Makedoniya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Amihanang Makedoniya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Makedonie" title="Severní Makedonie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní Makedonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_del_Norte" title="Macedonia del Norte – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Macedonia del Norte" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masedhoniya_Maodzanyemba" title="Masedhoniya Maodzanyemba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Masedhoniya Maodzanyemba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_di_u_Nordu" title="Macedonia di u Nordu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Macedonia di u Nordu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogledd_Macedonia" title="Gogledd Macedonia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gogledd Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordmakedonien" title="Nordmakedonien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordmakedonien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مقدونيا الشمالية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مقدونيا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davvi-Makedonia" title="Davvi-Makedonia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Davvi-Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordmazedonien" title="Nordmazedonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordmazedonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%AC%DE%91%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="މެސެޑޯނިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މެސެޑޯނިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82n%C3%A9z%C3%ADtah_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dziłnézítah Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłnézítah Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82nocna_Makedo%C5%84ska" title="Pódpołnocna Makedońska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołnocna Makedońska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="म्यासेडोनिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="म्यासेडोनिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Makedoonia" title="Põhja-Makedoonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Makedoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βόρεια Μακεδονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Μακεδονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пелевеёнксонь Македония Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пелевеёнксонь Македония Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_del_Norte" title="Macedonia del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macedonia del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Makedonio" title="Nord-Makedonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nord-Makedonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_del_Norti" title="Macedonia del Norti – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Macedonia del Norti" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar_Mazedoniako_Errepublika" title="Ipar Mazedoniako Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar Mazedoniako Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="North Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مقدونیه شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقدونیه شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="North Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_Nor%C3%B0urmaked%C3%B3nia" title="Lýðveldið Norðurmakedónia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lýðveldið Norðurmakedónia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord" title="Macédoine du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macédoine du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noard-Masedoanje" title="Noard-Masedoanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noard-Masedoanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masedoniya" title="Masedoniya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Masedoniya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonie_dal_Nord" title="Macedonie dal Nord – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Macedonie dal Nord" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhacad%C3%B3in_Thuaidh" title="An Mhacadóin Thuaidh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhacadóin Thuaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vassadoan_Hwoaie" title="Yn Vassadoan Hwoaie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vassadoan Hwoaie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poyraz_Makedoniya" title="Poyraz Makedoniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Poyraz Makedoniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masadoinia_a_Tuath" title="Masadoinia a Tuath – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Masadoinia a Tuath" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_do_Norte" title="Macedonia do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Macedonia do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="મેસેડોનિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેસેડોનિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌹𐌳𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर मॅसिडोनिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उत्तर मॅसिडोनिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Macedonia" title="Pet Macedonia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pet Macedonia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EB%A7%88%EC%BC%80%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="북마케도니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북마케도니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masadoiniya_ta_Arewa" title="Masadoiniya ta Arewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masadoiniya ta Arewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repupalika_o_%CA%BB%C4%80kau_Masedonia" title="Repupalika o ʻĀkau Masedonia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Repupalika o ʻĀkau Masedonia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հյուսիսային Մակեդոնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային Մակեդոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर मैसिडोनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर मैसिडोनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerna_Makedonska" title="Sewjerna Makedonska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerna Makedonska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Makedonija" title="Sjeverna Makedonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverna Makedonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_Makedonia" title="Norda Makedonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Norda Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia" title="Macedonia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianan_a_Macedonia" title="Amianan a Macedonia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Amianan a Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেসিডোনিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মেসিডোনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" title="Makedonia Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makedonia Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_del_Nord" title="Macedonia del Nord – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Macedonia del Nord" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Macedonia" title="Nord-Macedonia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nord-Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Цæгат Македони – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæгат Македони" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMantla_eMakedoni" title="EMantla eMakedoni – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="EMantla eMakedoni" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INyakatho_Masedoniya" title="INyakatho Masedoniya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INyakatho Masedoniya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Maked%C3%B3n%C3%ADa" title="Norður-Makedónía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norður-Makedónía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_del_Nord" title="Macedonia del Nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macedonia del Nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מקדוניה הצפונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדוניה הצפונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Mak%C3%A9donia_Lor" title="Républik Makédonia Lor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik Makédonia Lor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಮ್ಯಾಸೆಡೊನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಮ್ಯಾಸೆಡೊನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulung_Makedonia" title="Pangulung Makedonia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pangulung Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шимал Македония – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Шимал Македония" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩრდილოეთი მაკედონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი მაკედონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordow%C3%B4_Macedoni%C3%B4" title="Nordowô Macedoniô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nordowô Macedoniô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Солтүстік Македония – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік Македония" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedoni_Gledh" title="Makedoni Gledh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Makedoni Gledh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masedoniya_ya_Ruguru" title="Masedoniya ya Ruguru – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Masedoniya ya Ruguru" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Masedonia_Kaskazini" title="Jamhuri ya Masedonia Kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri ya Masedonia Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Македония Республика – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Македония Республика" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia" title="Makedonia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentefa_Makedonia" title="Lentefa Makedonia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lentefa Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repiblik_d_Masedoni" title="Repiblik d Masedoni – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Repiblik d Masedoni" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C3%A9dwann_(p%C3%A9yi)" title="Masédwann (péyi) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Masédwann (péyi)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonyaya_Bakur" title="Makedonyaya Bakur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Makedonyaya Bakur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түндүк Македония – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түндүк Македония" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_dl_Nord" title="Macedonia dl Nord – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Macedonia dl Nord" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_del_Norte" title="Makedonia del Norte – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Makedonia del Norte" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD" title="ປະເທດມາເຊດວນເໜືອ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດມາເຊດວນເໜືອ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABme%C4%BCmakedoneja" title="Zīmeļmakedoneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Zīmeļmakedoneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_Septentrionalis" title="Macedonia Septentrionalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Macedonia Septentrionalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCma%C4%B7edonija" title="Ziemeļmaķedonija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļmaķedonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordmazedonien" title="Nordmazedonien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nordmazedonien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кеферпатан Македония – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кеферпатан Македония" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Makedonija" title="Šiaurės Makedonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Makedonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ed%C3%B2nia_do_N%C3%B2rd" title="Maçedònia do Nòrd – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Maçedònia do Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Macedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Macedonië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Noord-Macedonië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masedoni_ya_Nola" title="Masedoni ya Nola – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Masedoni ya Nola" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_Norde" title="Macedonia Norde – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Macedonia Norde" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjas-Makedounii" title="Pohjas-Makedounii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pohjas-Makedounii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_dol_Nord" title="Macedonia dol Nord – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Macedonia dol Nord" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szak-Maced%C3%B3nia" title="Észak-Macedónia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észak-Macedónia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia" title="Makedonia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="म्यासेडोनिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="म्यासेडोनिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Македонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Македонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mased%C3%B4nia_Avaratra" title="Masedônia Avaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Masedônia Avaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="വടക്ക് മാസിഡോണിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടക്ക് മാസിഡോണിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblika_tal-Ma%C4%8Bedonja_ta%27_Fuq" title="Repubblika tal-Maċedonja ta' Fuq – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Repubblika tal-Maċedonja ta' Fuq" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker%C5%8Dnia" title="Makerōnia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Makerōnia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मॅसिडोनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅसिडोनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოორუე მაკედონია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოორუე მაკედონია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مقدونيا الشماليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مقدونيا الشماليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87" title="شمالی مقدونیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شمالی مقدونیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_Utara" title="Macedonia Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Macedonia Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Makedonia" title="Republik Makedonia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Republik Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1e%CC%A4k_M%C4%81-g%C3%AC-d%C3%B3ng" title="Báe̤k Mā-gì-dóng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báe̤k Mā-gì-dóng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B3nia_de_l_Norte" title="Macedónia de l Norte – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Macedónia de l Norte" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кельмеширень Македония – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кельмеширень Македония" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Умард Македон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Умард Македон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မြောက်မက်စီဒိုးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြောက်မက်စီဒိုးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Macedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Macedonië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Macedonië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordmacedonie" title="Noordmacedonie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Noordmacedonie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर म्यासेडोनिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तर म्यासेडोनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="म्यासेडोनिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्यासेडोनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B1%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="北マケドニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北マケドニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Къилбаседа Македони – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилбаседа Македони" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurd-Matsedoonien" title="Nuurd-Matsedoonien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurd-Matsedoonien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Masedoenya" title="North Masedoenya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="North Masedoenya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Makedonia" title="Nord-Makedonia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nord-Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Makedonia" title="Nord-Makedonia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nord-Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republike_de_North_Makedonia" title="Republike de North Makedonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Republike de North Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B2nia_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Macedònia del Nòrd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Macedònia del Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%B1%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Йӱдвел Македоний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йӱдвел Македоний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqedooniyaa" title="Maqedooniyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maqedooniyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_Makedoniya" title="Shimoliy Makedoniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy Makedoniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਮਕਦੂਨੀਆ ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਕਦੂਨੀਆ ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मेसेडोनिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मेसेडोनिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_na_Masedoniya" title="Baybay na Masedoniya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Baybay na Masedoniya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia" title="Macedonia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شمالی مقدونیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی مقدونیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB" title="မာသီဒိုနီးယားခမ်းထင်ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မာသီဒိုနီးယားခမ်းထင်ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nort_Macedonia" title="Nort Macedonia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nort Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87" title="شمالي مقدونیه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمالي مقدونیه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripoblik_a_Masiduonia" title="Ripoblik a Masiduonia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ripoblik a Masiduonia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ойвыв Македония – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ойвыв Македония" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%84" title="ម៉ាសេដូនៀខាងជើង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាសេដូនៀខាងជើង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%C3%A9do%C3%A8ne_(pa%C3%AFs)" title="Machédoène (païs) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Machédoène (païs)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B2nia_d%C3%ABl_N%C3%B2rd" title="Macedònia dël Nòrd – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Macedònia dël Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of Macedonia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Republic of Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordmakedonien" title="Noordmakedonien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Noordmakedonien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Macedonia Północna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Macedonia Północna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βόρεια Μακεδονία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βόρεια Μακεδονία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B3nia_do_Norte" title="Macedónia do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macedónia do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqa_Makedoniya" title="Arqa Makedoniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arqa Makedoniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimaliy_Makedoniya" title="Şimaliy Makedoniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şimaliy Makedoniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_de_Nord" title="Macedonia de Nord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Macedonia de Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordutni_Makedoniya" title="Nordutni Makedoniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Nordutni Makedoniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_dal_Nord" title="Macedonia dal Nord – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Macedonia dal Nord" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_Masithu%C3%B1a" title="Chinchay Masithuña – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chinchay Masithuña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%A3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сѣверна Македония – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сѣверна Македония" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северная Македония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Македония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Хотугу Македония Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хотугу Македония Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia" title="Macedonia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripapelika_o_Maketonia" title="Ripapelika o Maketonia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ripapelika o Maketonia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तरमेसिडोनिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उत्तरमेसिडोनिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzed%C3%B2nia_de_su_Norte" title="Matzedònia de su Norte – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Matzedònia de su Norte" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonie" title="North Macedonie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="North Macedonie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia" title="Macedonia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noudmakedonien" title="Noudmakedonien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Noudmakedonien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqedonia_e_Veriut" title="Maqedonia e Veriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maqedonia e Veriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macidonia_d%C3%BB_Nord" title="Macidonia dû Nord – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Macidonia dû Nord" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="උතුරු මැසඩෝනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උතුරු මැසඩෝනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اتر مقدونيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اتر مقدونيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMakhedoniya_leseNyakatfo" title="IMakhedoniya leseNyakatfo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMakhedoniya leseNyakatfo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%A9_Maced%C3%B3nsko" title="Severné Macedónsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severné Macedónsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna_Makedonija" title="Severna Makedonija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severna Makedonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%A3%D0%B2%D1%94%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Сѣвєрьна Макєдонїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сѣвєрьна Макєдонїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%AF%C5%82nocno_Maced%C5%AF%C5%84ijo" title="Půłnocno Macedůńijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Půłnocno Macedůńijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makidoniyada_Wuqooyi" title="Makidoniyada Wuqooyi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Makidoniyada Wuqooyi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مەقدوونیای باکوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەقدوونیای باکوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masedoniyakondre" title="Masedoniyakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Masedoniyakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Северна Македонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северна Македонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna_Makedonija" title="Severna Makedonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Severna Makedonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%A9donia_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Makédonia Kalér – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Makédonia Kalér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Makedonia" title="Pohjois-Makedonia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordmakedonien" title="Nordmakedonien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordmakedonien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilagang_Masedonya" title="Hilagang Masedonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hilagang Masedonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடக்கு மக்கெதோனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%E1%B8%8Dunya_Tagafayt" title="Makḍunya Tagafayt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Makḍunya Tagafayt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masidunya_n_Ugafa" title="Masidunya n Ugafa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Masidunya n Ugafa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macidonie_d%27u_Nord" title="Macidonie d'u Nord – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Macidonie d'u Nord" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Төньяк Македония – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төньяк Македония" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မႄႇၶေႇတူဝ်းၼီးယႃးႁွင်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မႄႇၶေႇတူဝ်းၼီးယႃးႁွင်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia" title="Macedonia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఉత్తర మేసిడోనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్తర మేసిడోనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mased%C3%B3nia_Norte" title="Masedónia Norte – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Masedónia Norte" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ประเทศมาซิโดเนียเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศมาซิโดเนียเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Мақдунияи Шимолӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мақдунияи Шимолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maset%C5%8Dnia_fakatokelau" title="Masetōnia fakatokelau – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Masetōnia fakatokelau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%BF_%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%A0" title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎹᏏᏙᏂᎢᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎹᏏᏙᏂᎢᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Makedonya" title="Kuzey Makedonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Makedonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirgazyk_Makedoni%C3%BDa" title="Demirgazyk Makedoniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demirgazyk Makedoniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CC%B1kidoniya_A%CC%B1za" title="Ma̱kidoniya A̱za – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ma̱kidoniya A̱za" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уйпал Македония – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Уйпал Македония" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Північна Македонія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Македонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شمالی مقدونیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی مقدونیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ماكېدونىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماكېدونىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baek_Macedonia" title="Baek Macedonia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Baek Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mased%C3%B2nia_del_Nord" title="Masedònia del Nord – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Masedònia del Nord" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoi%C5%BEmakedonii" title="Pohjoižmakedonii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pohjoižmakedonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Macedonia" title="Bắc Macedonia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol%C3%BCda%E2%B8%97Makedon%C3%A4n" title="Nolüda⸗Makedonän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nolüda⸗Makedonän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5h%27a_Mak%C3%B5doonia" title="Põh'a Makõdoonia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põh'a Makõdoonia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijhe-Macedwene" title="Bijhe-Macedwene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bijhe-Macedwene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="北馬其頓" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Macedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Macedonië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Noord-Macedonië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_nga_Macedonia" title="Norte nga Macedonia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Norte nga Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_Maseduwaan" title="Réewum Maseduwaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum Maseduwaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF" title="北马其顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北马其顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="North Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="צפון מאקעדאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפון מאקעדאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%E1%BA%B9d%C3%B3n%C3%AD%C3%A0_%C3%80r%C3%ADw%C3%A1" title="Masẹdóníà Àríwá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Masẹdóníà Àríwá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北馬其頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_Makedonyay_Z%C4%B1mey" title="Cumhuriyetê Makedonyay Zımey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyetê Makedonyay Zımey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%B4rd-Macedoni%C3%AB" title="Noôrd-Macedonië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Noôrd-Macedonië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Makeduon%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Šiaurės Makeduonėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Macedonia&params=42_N_22_E_type:country_region:MK"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°N</span> <span class="longitude">22°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°N 22°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42; 22</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Macedonia (disambiguation)">Macedonia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of North Macedonia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span class="nowrap"><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">Република Северна Македонија<wbr /></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Republika e Maqedonisë së Veriut<wbr /></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of North Macedonia"><img alt="Flag of North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/125px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/188px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/250px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flag of North Macedonia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of North Macedonia"><img alt="National emblem of North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_North_Macedonia" title="National emblem of North Macedonia"> National emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Denes_nad_Makedonija" title="Denes nad Makedonija">Денес над Македонија</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Macedonian)</span></span><br />"Today over Macedonia"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="North_Macedonia's_national_anthem_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/b/b6/North_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg/North_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/North_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=el&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=mk&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mk" label="македонски ‪(mk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=sr-el&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Latn" label="srpski (latinica) ‪(sr-el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorth_Macedonia%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Macedonia_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of North Macedonia (green) in Europe (dark grey)  –  [Legend]"><img alt="Location of North Macedonia (green) in Europe (dark grey)  –  [Legend]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_Macedonia_Europe.png/250px-Location_Macedonia_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_Macedonia_Europe.png/375px-Location_Macedonia_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_Macedonia_Europe.png/500px-Location_Macedonia_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of North Macedonia (green)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:Location_Macedonia_Europe.png" title="File:Location Macedonia Europe.png">Legend</a>]</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Macedonia&params=42_0_N_21_26_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°0′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°26′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.000°N 21.433°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.000; 21.433</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-language1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-language2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Official regional languages</li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_North_Macedonia_census" title="2021 North Macedonia census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>58.4% <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></li><li>24.3% <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a></li><li>3.9% <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Turks</a></li><li>2.5% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">Roma</a></li><li>1.3% <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_North_Macedonia" title="Serbs in North Macedonia">Serbs</a></li><li>0.9% <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Bosniaks in North Macedonia">Bosniaks</a></li><li>0.5% <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Aromanians in North Macedonia">Aromanians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>)</li><li>1.0% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Other</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"> 7.2% Did not participate</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_North_Macedonia_census" title="2021 North Macedonia census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>60.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Macedonia">Christianity</a></li><li>—46.1% <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li><li>—14.3% Other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li><li>32.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">Islam</a></li><li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></li><li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">Other</a></li><li>7.2% Data taken from administrative sources</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Macedonian</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hristijan_Mickoski" title="Hristijan Mickoski">Hristijan Mickoski</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia">Chairman of the Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afrim_Gashi" title="Afrim Gashi">Afrim Gashi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment history</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 August 1944</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Independence referendum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,436<sup id="cite_ref-SSO_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (9,821 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,836,713<sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">71.43/km<sup>2</sup> (185.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">122nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $44.055 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.MK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">130th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $21,391<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.MK_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">75th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $15.801 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.MK_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">143rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $7,672<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.MK_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">90th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2019)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 30.7<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.765<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Macedonian denar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MKD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telephone numbers in North Macedonia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telephone numbers in North Macedonia">+389</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MK" title="ISO 3166-2:MK">MK</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.mk" title=".mk">.mk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B4" title=".мкд">.мкд</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>North Macedonia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MASS</span>-ih-<span style="font-size:90%">DOH</span>-nee-ə</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of North Macedonia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. It shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kosovo_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosovo-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the northwest and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">region of Macedonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's population of 1.83 million. The majority of the residents are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic people</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a> form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_North_Macedonia" title="Serbs in North Macedonia">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Bosniaks in North Macedonia">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Aromanians in North Macedonia">Aromanians</a> and a few other minorities. </p><p>The region's history begins with the <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">kingdom of Paeonia</a>. In the late sixth century BC, the area was subjugated by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, then incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Kingdom of Macedonia</a> in the fourth century BC. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> conquered the region in the second century BC and made it part of its larger province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>. The area remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but was often raided and settled by <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic tribes</a> beginning in the sixth century of the Christian era. Following <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">centuries of contention</a> between the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a>, Byzantine, and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empires</a>, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from the mid-14th until the early 20th century, when, following the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912 and 1913, the modern territory of North Macedonia came under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbian</a> rule. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the territory was ruled by Bulgaria. After the end of the war, it returned to Serbian rule as part of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">Second World War</a>, it was again ruled by Bulgaria; and in 1945 it was established as a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">constituent state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">communist Yugoslavia</a>, which it remained until <a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">its peaceful secession in 1991</a>. The country became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) in 1993, but as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">dispute with Greece</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)" title="Macedonia (terminology)">name "Macedonia"</a>, it was admitted under the provisional description "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (abbreviated as "FYR Macedonia" or "FYROM"). In 2018, the dispute was <a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">resolved with an agreement</a> that the country should rename itself "Republic of North Macedonia". This renaming came into effect in early 2019. </p><p>North Macedonia is also a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>. Since 2005, it has also been a <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">candidate for joining the European Union</a>. North Macedonia is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita#Upper-middle-income_group" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">upper-middle-income country</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s definitions<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has undergone considerable economic reform since its independence in developing an <a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">open economy</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, ranked 82nd on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>; and provides <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Macedonia" title="Health in North Macedonia">universal health care</a> system, and free <a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">primary and secondary education</a> to its citizens. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology"><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names_and_etymology"></span>Names and etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)" title="Macedonia (terminology)">Macedonia (terminology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a></div> <p>The state's name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> word <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Μακεδονία">Μακεδονία</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Makedonía</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macedonia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macedonia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">kingdom</a> (later, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">region</a>) named after the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">ancient Macedonians</a>. Their name, <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Μακεδόνες">Μακεδόνες</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Makedónes</i></span>), ultimately derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> adjective <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Makednos" class="mw-redirect" title="Makednos">μακεδνός</a></span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">makednós</i></span>), meaning 'tall' or 'taper',<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shares the same root as the adjective <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μακρός">μακρός</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">makrós</i></span>, 'long, tall, high') in ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is believed to have originally meant either 'highlanders' or 'the tall ones', possibly descriptive of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macedonia_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macedonia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to linguist <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert S. P. Beekes</a>, both terms are of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">pre-Greek substrate</a> origin and cannot be explained in terms of Indo-European morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to linguist Filip De Decker, Beekes's arguments are insufficiently supported.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Macedonia</a>, the name "Macedonia" was largely forgotten as a geographical denomination through the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)#Medieval_Macedonia" title="Macedonia (region)">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> eras but was revived by <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> nationalist movements from the early 19th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was revived only in middle of the century, with the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century the region was already a national cause, contested among Bulgarian, Greek, and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a> nationalists. During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> the use of the name "Macedonia" was prohibited in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, due to the implemented policy of <a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a> of the local Slavic-speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Macedonia" was adopted officially for the first time at the end of the Second World War by the new <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a>, which became one of the six constituent countries of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, this federal entity declared independence and changed its official name to the "Republic of Macedonia" in 1991. Prior to June 2018, the use of the name "Macedonia" was <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">disputed between Greece and the then-Republic of Macedonia</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prespa_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prespa agreement">Prespa agreement</a> of June 2018 saw the country change its name to the "Republic of North Macedonia" eight months later.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A non-binding<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2018_Macedonian_referendum" title="2018 Macedonian referendum">national referendum</a> on the matter passed with 90% approval but did not reach the required 50% turnout amidst a boycott, leaving the final decision with parliament to ratify the result.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament approved of the name change on 19 October, reaching the required two-thirds majority needed to enact constitutional changes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vote to amend the constitution and change the name of the country passed on 11 January 2019 in favour of the amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment entered into force on 12 February, following the ratification of the Prespa agreement and the Protocol on the Accession of North Macedonia to NATO by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Parliament">Greek Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the renaming, the country is unofficially referred to as "Macedonia" by most of its citizens and most local media outlets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">History of North Macedonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_North_Macedonia" title="Historiography in North Macedonia">Historiography in North Macedonia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia (kingdom)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PreMacedon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PreMacedon.png/220px-PreMacedon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PreMacedon.png/330px-PreMacedon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PreMacedon.png/440px-PreMacedon.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Tribal ethnes in the Southern Balkans prior to the expansion of Macedon</figcaption></figure> <p>North Macedonia geographically roughly corresponds to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">kingdom of Paeonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-waterfield19_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterfield19-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ovidbsl_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovidbsl-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roisman10_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roisman10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reames08_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reames08-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peshkopia15_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peshkopia15-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was located immediately north of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">kingdom of Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-strabo_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strabo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paeonia was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a>, whilst the northwest was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> and the southwest by tribes known historically as the <a href="/wiki/Enchelei" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchelei">Enchelae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelagones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagones">Pelagones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lynkestis" title="Lynkestis">Lyncestae</a>; the latter two are generally regarded as <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossian</a> tribes of the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> group, whilst the former two are considered <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian tribes">Illyrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-willkes96_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willkes96-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sealey76_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sealey76-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-evans07_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans07-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-borza92_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borza92-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lewis94_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis94-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caman3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caman3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Axios_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Axios river">Axios river</a> are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> as the home of the <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a> allies of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perseus_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perseus-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 6th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Persia">Achaemenid Persians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonians</a>, incorporating what is today North Macedonia within their vast territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoweReames2008239_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweReames2008239-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoismanWorthington2011135–138,_342–345_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoismanWorthington2011135–138,_342–345-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-livius_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the loss in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> in 479 BC, the Persians eventually withdrew from their European territories, including from what is today North Macedonia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancientbitola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ancientbitola.jpg/220px-Ancientbitola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ancientbitola.jpg/330px-Ancientbitola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ancientbitola.jpg/440px-Ancientbitola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lyncestis" title="Heraclea Lyncestis">Heraclea Lyncestis</a>, a city founded by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> in the 4th century BC; ruins of the Byzantine "Small Basilica"</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> absorbed<sup id="cite_ref-Rome_page_75_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rome_page_75-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the regions of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a> (Lynkestis and Pelagonia) and the southern part of Paeonia (<a href="/wiki/Deuriopus" title="Deuriopus">Deuriopus</a>) into the kingdom of Macedon in 356 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-poulton00_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poulton00-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the remainder of the region and incorporated it in his <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">empire</a>, reaching as far north as <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a>, but the city and the surrounding area remained part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nurigiani67_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nurigiani67-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celtic</a> armies began to bear down on the southern regions, threatening the kingdom of Macedon. In 310 BC, they attacked the area, but were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">The Romans</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">province of Macedonia</a> in 146 BC. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, the province had been subdivided between <i>Macedonia Prima</i> ("first Macedonia") on the south, encompassing most of the kingdom of Macedon, and <i>Macedonia Salutaris</i> (meaning "wholesome Macedonia", known also as <i>Macedonia Secunda</i>, "second Macedonia") on the north, encompassing partially Dardania and the whole of Paeonia; most of the country's modern boundaries fell within the latter, with the city of <a href="/wiki/Stobi" title="Stobi">Stobi</a> as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-roisman549_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roisman549-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman expansion brought the Scupi area under Roman rule in the time of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (81–96 AD), and it fell within the Province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> remained the dominant language in the eastern part of the Roman empire, especially south of the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a>, Latin spread to some extent in Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-christides07_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christides07-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Bulgaria (theme)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Vardar_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Vardar Macedonia">Ottoman Vardar Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:66-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/66-manasses-chronicle.jpg/170px-66-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/66-manasses-chronicle.jpg/255px-66-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/66-manasses-chronicle.jpg/340px-66-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2351" data-file-height="3259" /></a><figcaption>Miniature from the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Manasses" title="Constantine Manasses">Manasses Chronicle</a>, depicting the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuil</a> by <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> and the return of his blinded soldiers</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic tribes</a> settled in the Balkan region including North Macedonia by the late 6th century AD. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Little2007_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bü_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bü-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slavs settled on places of earlier settlements and probably merged later with the local populations to form mixed Byzantine-Slavic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical records document that in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 680</span> a <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> ruler called <a href="/wiki/Kuber" title="Kuber">Kuber</a> led a group of largely Christians called <a href="/wiki/Sermesianoi" title="Sermesianoi">Sermesianoi</a>, who were his subjects, and they settled in the region of <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a>. They may have consisted of Bulgars, Byzantines, Slavs and even Germanic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no more information of Kuber's life.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Presian_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Presian I of Bulgaria">Presian</a>'s reign apparently coincides with the extension of Bulgarian control over the Slavic tribes in and around Macedonia. The Slavic tribes that settled in the region of Macedonia converted to Christianity around the 9th century during the reign of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I of Bulgaria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid Literary School</a> became one of the two major cultural centres of the First Bulgarian Empire, along with the <a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a>. Established in Ohrid in 886 by Saint <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement of Ohrid</a> on the order of Boris I, the Ohrid Literary School was involved in the spreading of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Sophia_(Ohrid).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg/220px-St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg/330px-St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg/440px-St_Sophia_%28Ohrid%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5457" data-file-height="3414" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_San_Pantale%C3%B3n,_Ohrid,_Macedonia,_2014-04-17,_DD_35_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Iglesia_de_San_Pantale%C3%B3n%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_35_HDR.jpg/220px-Iglesia_de_San_Pantale%C3%B3n%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_35_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Iglesia_de_San_Pantale%C3%B3n%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_35_HDR.jpg/330px-Iglesia_de_San_Pantale%C3%B3n%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_35_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Iglesia_de_San_Pantale%C3%B3n%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_35_HDR.jpg/440px-Iglesia_de_San_Pantale%C3%B3n%2C_Ohrid%2C_Macedonia%2C_2014-04-17%2C_DD_35_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4713" data-file-height="3258" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Sophia,_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid">Church of St. Sophia</a>, the first synod church of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archbishopric of Ohrid</a> (top). The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Clement_and_Panteleimon" title="Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon">Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon</a> (bottom). Both churches are located in <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav%27s_invasion_of_Bulgaria" title="Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria">Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria</a>, the Byzantines took control of East Bulgaria. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuil</a> was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Tsar of Bulgaria</a>. He moved the capital to Skopje and then to Ohrid, which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since Boris I's rule. Samuil re-established Bulgarian power, but after several decades of conflicts, in 1014, the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> defeated his armies, and within four years the Byzantines restored control over the Balkans (modern-day North Macedonia was included into a new province, called <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Bulgaria</a>). The rank of the autocephalous <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Patriarchate">Bulgarian Patriarchate</a> was lowered due to its subjugation to <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and it was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archbishopric of Ohrid</a>. By the late 12th century, Byzantine decline saw the region contested by various political entities, including a brief <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> occupation in the 1080s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 13th century, a revived <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> gained control of the region. Plagued by political difficulties, the empire did not last, and the region came once again under Byzantine control in the early 14th century. In the 14th century, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>. Skopje became the capital of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a>'s empire. Following Dušan's death, a weak successor appeared, and power struggles between nobles divided the Balkans once again. These events coincided with the entry of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> into Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Vardar_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Vardar Macedonia">Ottoman Vardar Macedonia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prilep" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Prilep">Kingdom of Prilep</a> was one of the short-lived states that emerged from the collapse of the Serbian Empire in the 14th century, which was seized by the Ottomans at the end of the same century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, all of the central Balkans were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and remained under its domination for five centuries as part of the province or <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a>. The name <i><a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i>Rumeli</i>) means "Land of the Romans" in Turkish, referring to the lands conquered by the Ottoman Turks from the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, Rumelia Eyalet was reduced in size through administrative reforms, until by the 19th century it consisted of a region of central Albania and western North Macedonia with its capital at Manastir or present-day <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb19_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb19-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumelia Eyalet was abolished in 1867 and that territory of Macedonia subsequently became part of vilayets of <a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Selanik</a> until the end of Ottoman rule in 1912. With the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">Bulgarian National Revival</a> in the 19th century, many of the reformers were from this region, including the <a href="/wiki/Miladinov_brothers" title="Miladinov brothers">Miladinov brothers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rayko_Zhinzifov" title="Rayko Zhinzifov">Rajko Žinzifov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoakim_Karchovski" title="Yoakim Karchovski">Joakim Krčovski</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiril_Peychinovich" title="Kiril Peychinovich">Kiril Pejčinoviḱ</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. The bishoprics of Skopje, <a href="/wiki/Debar" title="Debar">Debar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veles (city)">Veles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strumica" title="Strumica">Strumica</a> voted to join the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a> after it was established in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macedonian_autonomism">Macedonian autonomism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian Millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_for_Macedonia_and_Adrianople_regions" title="Autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions">Autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_for_the_Macedonians" title="Macedonia for the Macedonians">Macedonia for the Macedonians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikola_Karev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nikola_Karev.jpg/170px-Nikola_Karev.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nikola_Karev.jpg/255px-Nikola_Karev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nikola_Karev.jpg/340px-Nikola_Karev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Karev" title="Nikola Karev">Nikola Karev</a>, head of the provisional government of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic" title="Kruševo Republic">Kruševo Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ilinden_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilinden uprising">Ilinden uprising</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krushevo_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krushevo_1918.jpg/220px-Krushevo_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krushevo_1918.jpg/330px-Krushevo_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krushevo_1918.jpg/440px-Krushevo_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of the Ilinden Uprising in Kruševo during <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">WWI Bulgarian occupation of Southern Serbia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several movements whose goals were the establishment of an autonomous Macedonia, which would encompass the entire region of Macedonia, began to arise in the late 19th century; the earliest of these was the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Macedonian-Adrianople_Revolutionary_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees">Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees</a>, later becoming Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (SMARO). In 1905 it was renamed the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO), and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the organisation separated into the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> (IMRO) and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Thracian_Revolutionary_Organisation" title="Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation">Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation</a> (ITRO).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years of the organisation, membership eligibility was exclusive to Bulgarians, but later it was extended to all inhabitants of European Turkey regardless of ethnicity or religion.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of its members were <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, IMRO organised the <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, which after some initial successes, including the forming of the <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic" title="Kruševo Republic">Kruševo Republic</a>, was crushed with much loss of life.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising and the forming of the Kruševo Republic are considered the cornerstone and precursors to the eventual establishment of the Macedonian state.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of the Ilinden uprising are celebrated as national heroes in North Macedonia. The names of IMRO revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Gotse_Delchev" title="Gotse Delchev">Gotse Delchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitu_Guli" title="Pitu Guli">Pitu Guli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Gruev" title="Dame Gruev">Dame Gruev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yane_Sandanski" title="Yane Sandanski">Yane Sandanski</a> were included into the lyrics of the national anthem of the state of North Macedonia "<a href="/wiki/Denes_nad_Makedonija" title="Denes nad Makedonija">Denes nad Makedonija</a>" ("Today over Macedonia"). The major national holiday of North Macedonia, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Republic Day (North Macedonia)">Republic Day</a>, is celebrated on 2 August, Ilinden (St. Elijah day), the day of the Ilinden uprising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a></div> <p>Following the two <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912 and 1913 and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a>, most of its European-held territories were divided between Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle2008162_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle2008162-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost the territory that was to become North Macedonia was annexed by Serbia conforming to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">treaty of peace</a> concluded at Bucharest.<sup id="cite_ref-Saucerman_1937_p._195_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saucerman_1937_p._195-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Strumica" title="Strumica">Strumica</a> region was passed to Bulgaria. Following the partition, an anti-Bulgarian campaign was carried out in the areas under Serbian and Greek control.<sup id="cite_ref-Banac_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banac-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 641 Bulgarian schools and 761 churches were closed by the Serbs, while Exarchist clergy and teachers were expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Banac_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banac-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of all <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian dialects">Macedonian dialects</a> and standard Bulgarian were proscribed.<sup id="cite_ref-Banac_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banac-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IMRO, together with local Albanians, organised the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid–Debar uprising</a> against the Serbian rule. Within a few days the rebels captured the towns of Gostivar, Struga and Ohrid, expelling the Serbian troops. According to the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> report, a Serbian army of 100,000 regulars suppressed the uprising. Many were killed and tens of thousands refugees fled to Bulgaria and Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_Wars_Boundaries_cleanup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries_cleanup.jpg/220px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries_cleanup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries_cleanup.jpg/330px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries_cleanup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries_cleanup.jpg/440px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries_cleanup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption>The division of the Ottoman territories in Europe (including the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">region of Macedonia</a>) after the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, most of today's North Macedonia was part of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Bulgarian occupied zone of Serbia</a> after the country was <a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">invaded</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in the fall of 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Banac_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banac-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was known as the "Military Inspection Area of Macedonia" and was administered by a Bulgarian military commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Király_Rothenberg_1985_p.2512_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Király_Rothenberg_1985_p.2512-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A policy of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a> of the region and its population was immediately initiated,<sup id="cite_ref-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bianchi_2012_p.163_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bianchi_2012_p.163-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the period the IMRO arose from a clandestine organisation to serve as gendarmerie, taking control of the whole police structure, enforcing the Bulgarisation of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerwarth" title="Robert Gerwarth">Robert Gerwarth</a>, the Bulgarian denationalisation policy, including its paramilitary aspect, was almost identical in its intent and execution to the Serbian policy that preceded it.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulgarian language was to be exclusively used, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a> was forbidden, Serbian priests were arrested and deported, Serbian-sounding names had to be changed to Bulgarian ones,<sup id="cite_ref-Laffan_1989_p.252_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laffan_1989_p.252-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> school teachers were brought from Bulgaria while Serbian books were taken from schools and libraries and publicly destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_of_the_Interallied_Commission_on_the_Violation_of_the_Hague_Convention_p.2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_of_the_Interallied_Commission_on_the_Violation_of_the_Hague_Convention_p.2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult males were sent to labour camps or forced to join the Bulgarian Army, representatives of the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> were deported or executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bianchi_2012_p.163_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bianchi_2012_p.163-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mojzes" title="Paul Mojzes">Paul Mojzes</a> the aim of the Bulgarian government was to create pure Bulgarian territories by denationalising the non-Bulgarian Slavic population of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Mojzes_2011_p.422_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mojzes_2011_p.422-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbia (1919–1922)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a></div> <p>After the capitulation of Bulgaria and the end of the First World War, the area returned under Belgrade control as part of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Naš_rod_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naš_rod-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and saw a reintroduction of anti-Bulgarian measures. Bulgarian teachers and clergy were expelled, Bulgarian language signs and books removed, and all Bulgarian organisations dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Banac_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banac-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, the Strumica region was annexed to Serbian Macedonia in 1919. </p><p>The Serbian government pursued a policy of forced <a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a> in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included systematic suppression of Bulgarian activists, altering family surnames, internal colonisation, exploiting workers, and intense propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To aid the implementation of this policy, some 50,000 Serbian army and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Gendarmerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> were stationed in present-day North Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Banac_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banac-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1940 about 280 Serbian colonies (comprising 4,200 families) were established as part of the government's internal colonisation program (initial plans envisaged 50,000 families settling in present-day North Macedonia).<sup id="cite_ref-Banac_85-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banac-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, the Kingdom was officially renamed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, and divided into provinces called <a href="/wiki/Banovinas_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banovinas of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><i>banovinas</i></a>. South Serbia, including all of present-day North Macedonia, became the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a> of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-WOW_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WOW-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> (IMRO) promoted the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(IMRO)" title="Independent Macedonia (IMRO)">Independent Macedonia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. Its leaders—including <a href="/wiki/Todor_Alexandrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Todor Alexandrov">Todor Alexandrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Protogerov" title="Aleksandar Protogerov">Aleksandar Protogerov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mihailov" title="Ivan Mihailov">Ivan Mihailov</a>—promoted independence of the Macedonian territory split between Serbia and Greece for the whole population, regardless of religion and ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian government of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Malinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Malinov">Alexander Malinov</a> in 1918 offered to give <a href="/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia" title="Pirin Macedonia">Pirin Macedonia</a> for that purpose after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Great Powers did not adopt this idea because Serbia and Greece opposed it. In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern) suggested that all Balkan communist parties adopt a platform of a "<a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a>" but the suggestion was rejected by the Bulgarian and Greek communists.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IMRO followed by starting an insurgent war in Vardar Macedonia, together with <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Youth_Secret_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization">Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization</a>, which also conducted guerrilla attacks against the Serbian administrative and army officials there. In 1923 in Stip, a paramilitary organisation called <a href="/wiki/Association_against_Bulgarian_Bandits" title="Association against Bulgarian Bandits">Association against Bulgarian Bandits</a> was formed by Serbian <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">chetniks</a>, IMRO renegades and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Federative_Organization" title="Macedonian Federative Organization">Macedonian Federative Organization</a> (MFO) members to oppose IMRO and MMTRO.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 October 1934, IMRO member <a href="/wiki/Vlado_Chernozemski" title="Vlado Chernozemski">Vlado Chernozemski</a> assassinated <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander I of Yugoslavia</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Macedonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonism">Macedonist</a> ideas increased in Yugoslav Vardar Macedonia and among the left diaspora in Bulgaria during the interwar period. They were supported by the Comintern.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, the Comintern issued a <a href="/wiki/Resolution_of_the_Comintern_on_the_Macedonian_question" title="Resolution of the Comintern on the Macedonian question">special resolution</a> in which for the first time directions were provided for recognising the existence of a separate Macedonian nation and Macedonian language.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Skopje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Liberation_of_Skopje.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Skopje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Liberation_of_Skopje.jpg/330px-Liberation_of_Skopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/Liberation_of_Skopje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Vlahov" title="Dimitar Vlahov">Dimitar Vlahov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Apostolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Apostolski">Mihajlo Apostolski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metodija_Andonov-%C4%8Cento" title="Metodija Andonov-Čento">Metodija Andonov-Čento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski" title="Lazar Koliševski">Lazar Koliševski</a> and others, greeted in Skopje on 20 November 1944, a week after its liberation<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, Yugoslavia was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> from 1941 to 1945. The Vardar Banovina was divided between Bulgaria and Italian-occupied Albania. <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Action_Committees" title="Bulgarian Action Committees">Bulgarian Action Committees</a> were established to prepare the region for the new Bulgarian administration and army.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committees were mostly formed by former members of IMRO and Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization (MYSRO, but some <a href="/wiki/IMRO_(United)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMRO (United)">IMRO (United)</a> former members also participated.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni1998223_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni1998223-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As leader of the Vardar Macedonian communists, <a href="/wiki/Metodi_Shatorov" title="Metodi Shatorov">Metodi Shatorov</a> ("Sharlo") switched from the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Communist Party">Yugoslav Communist Party</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni1998223_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni1998223-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refused to start military action against the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Army">Bulgarian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian authorities, under German pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were responsible for the round-up and deportation of over 7,000 Jews in Skopje and <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harsh rule by the occupying forces encouraged many Vardar Macedonians to support the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Communist Partisan</a> resistance movement of <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> after 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_War_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation War of Macedonia">National Liberation War</a> ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-НОБ_на_Македонија_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-НОБ_на_Македонија-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Историја_на_МК_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Историја_на_МК-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Vardar Macedonia, after the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944">Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944</a>, the Bulgarian troops, surrounded by German forces, fought their way back to the old borders of Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of the new Bulgarian pro-Soviet government, four armies, 455,000 strong in total, were mobilised and reorganised. Most of them re-entered occupied Yugoslavia in early October 1944 and moved from <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, Skopje and <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> with the strategic task of blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian army would <a href="/wiki/Nagykanizsa%E2%80%93K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive">reach the Alps</a> in Austria, participating in the expulsion of the Germans to the west, through Yugoslavia and Hungary. </p><p>Compelled by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> with a view towards the creation of a large <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slav Federation</a>, in 1946 the new Communist government, led by <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, agreed to give Bulgarian Macedonia to a <a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1947)" title="Bled agreement (1947)">Bled agreement</a>, in 1947 Bulgaria formally confirmed the envisioned unification of the Macedonian region, but postponed this act until after the formation of the future Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time it accepted the existence of a separate Macedonian ethnicity and language. After the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> the region of Pirin Macedonia remained part of Bulgaria and later the Bulgarian Communist Party revised its view of the existence of a separate Macedonian nation and language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socialist_Yugoslavia">Socialist Yugoslavia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazar_Kolishevski_left.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lazar_Kolishevski_left.jpg/160px-Lazar_Kolishevski_left.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lazar_Kolishevski_left.jpg/240px-Lazar_Kolishevski_left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lazar_Kolishevski_left.jpg/320px-Lazar_Kolishevski_left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski" title="Lazar Koliševski">Lazar Koliševski</a> was the political leader of SR Macedonia and briefly of SFR Yugoslavia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia</a> (ASNOM) proclaimed the People's Republic of Macedonia as part of the People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASNOM remained an acting government until the end of the war. The Macedonian alphabet was codified by linguists of ASNOM, who based their alphabet on the phonetic alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Stefanovi%C4%87_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuk Stefanović Karadžić">Vuk Stefanović Karadžić</a> and the principles of <a href="/wiki/Krste_Misirkov" title="Krste Misirkov">Krste Petkov Misirkov</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">civil war in Greece</a> (1946–1949), Macedonian communist insurgents supported the Greek communists. Many refugees fled to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia from there. The state removed "Socialist" from its name in 1991 when it peacefully seceded from Yugoslavia. </p><p>The new republic became one of the six republics of the Yugoslav federation. Following the federation's renaming as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> in 1963, the People's Republic of Macedonia was likewise renamed the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declaration_of_independence">Declaration of independence</h4></div> <p>North Macedonia officially celebrates 8 September 1991 as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Independence Day (North Macedonia)">Independence day</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Ден на независноста</span>, <i>Den na nezavisnosta</i>), with regard to <a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">the referendum endorsing independence from Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NS_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anniversary of the start of the <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden Uprising</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">St. Elijah</a>'s Day) on 2 August is also widely celebrated on an official level as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Republic Day (North Macedonia)">Day of the Republic</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Robert Badinter</a>, as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a>, recommended EC recognition in January 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January 1992, Bulgaria was the first country to recognise the independence of the republic. </p><p>Macedonia remained at peace through the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> of the early 1990s. A few very minor changes to its border with Yugoslavia were agreed upon to resolve problems with the demarcation line between the two countries. It was seriously destabilised by the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> in 1999, when an estimated 360,000 ethnic Albanian refugees from Kosovo took refuge in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They departed shortly after the war, and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalists</a> on both sides of the border took up arms soon after in pursuit of autonomy or independence for the Albanian-populated areas of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001_insurgency">2001 insurgency</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency in Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_Macedonian_insurgency_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2001_Macedonian_insurgency_map.svg/220px-2001_Macedonian_insurgency_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2001_Macedonian_insurgency_map.svg/330px-2001_Macedonian_insurgency_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2001_Macedonian_insurgency_map.svg/440px-2001_Macedonian_insurgency_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Map of operations during the 2001 insurgency</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">conflict</a> took place between the government and ethnic Albanian insurgents, mostly in the north and west of the country, between February and August 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stat.gov.mk2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat.gov.mk2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war ended with the intervention of a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> ceasefire monitoring force. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Agreement">Ohrid Agreement</a>, the government agreed to devolve greater political power and cultural recognition to the Albanian minority.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian side agreed to abandon separatist demands and to recognise all Macedonian institutions fully. In addition, according to this accord, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(North_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Army (North Macedonia)">NLA</a> were to disarm and hand over their weapons to a NATO force.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Macedonian security forces had two more armed confrontations with Albanian militant groups, in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Storm" title="Operation Mountain Storm">2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/2015_Kumanovo_clashes" title="2015 Kumanovo clashes">2015</a> respectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/2012_Republic_of_Macedonia_inter-ethnic_violence" title="2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence">Inter-ethnic tensions</a> flared in Macedonia in 2012, with incidents of violence between ethnic Albanians and Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2017, about 200 protesters - reportedly mostly from the conservative VMRO-DPMNE party, <a href="/wiki/2017_storming_of_Macedonian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 storming of Macedonian Parliament">stormed</a> the Macedonian Parliament in response to the election of Talat Xhaferi, an ethnic Albanian and former <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Army (Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a> commander during the 2001 conflict, as the Speaker of the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Service_2017_b496_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service_2017_b496-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_Guardian_2017_y829_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Guardian_2017_y829-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiquisation">Antiquisation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antiquisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquisation">Antiquisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonism">Macedonism</a></div> <p>Upon its coming to power in 2006, but especially since the country's non-invitation to NATO in 2008, the VMRO-DPMNE government pursued a policy of "<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism#Post-independence_period_and_Antiquisation" title="Macedonian nationalism">Antiquisation</a>" ("Antikvizatzija") as a way of putting pressure on Greece as well as for the purposes of domestic identity-building.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgievski_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgievski-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statues of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip of Macedon</a> have been erected in several cities across the country. Additionally, many pieces of public infrastructure, such as airports, highways, and stadiums were renamed after Alexander and Philip. These actions were seen as deliberate provocations in neighbouring Greece, exacerbating the dispute and further stalling the country's EU and NATO applications.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy has also attracted criticism domestically, as well as from EU diplomats,<sup id="cite_ref-Georgievski_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgievski-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, following the Prespa agreement, it has been partly reversed after 2016 by the new <a href="/wiki/SDSM" class="mw-redirect" title="SDSM">SDSM</a> government of North Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, per Prespa agreement both countries have acknowledged that their respective understanding of the terms "Macedonia" and "Macedonian" refers to a different historical context and cultural heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EU_and_NATO_path">EU and NATO path</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prespa_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prespa agreement">Prespa agreement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="North Macedonia–NATO relations">North Macedonia–NATO relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations">Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_(17.06.2018,_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0)_(42853677381).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%2817.06.2018%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%29_%2842853677381%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%2817.06.2018%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%29_%2842853677381%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%2817.06.2018%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%29_%2842853677381%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%2817.06.2018%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%29_%2842853677381%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%2817.06.2018%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%29_%2842853677381%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%2817.06.2018%2C_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%29_%2842853677381%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>Symbolic signing of the Prespa agreement</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 2017, what was then the Republic of Macedonia signed a <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations#Friendship_treaty_and_beyond" title="Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations">friendship agreement</a> with Bulgaria, aiming to end the "anti-Bulgarian ideology" in the country and to solve the historical issues between the two. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Prespa_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prespa agreement">Prespa agreement</a>, signed with Greece on 17 June 2018, the country agreed to change its name to the Republic of North Macedonia and stop public use of the <a href="/wiki/Vergina_Sun" title="Vergina Sun">Vergina Sun</a>. It retained the demonym "Macedonian", but clarified this as distinct from the Hellenistic Macedonian identity in northern Greece. The agreement included removal of irredentist material from textbooks and maps in both countries, and official UN recognition of the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian language</a>. It replaced the bilateral Interim Accord of 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-2018FinalAgreement_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018FinalAgreement-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The withdrawal of the Greek veto, along with the signing the friendship agreement with Bulgaria, resulted in the European Union on 27 June approving the start of <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">accession talks</a>, which were expected to take place in 2019, under the condition that the Prespa deal was implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 July, the Prespa agreement was ratified by the Macedonian parliament with 69 MPs voting in favour of it.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 July, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> invited Macedonia to start accession talks in a bid to become the alliance's 30th member.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 July, the parliament of Macedonia approved plans to hold a non-binding <a href="/wiki/2018_Macedonian_referendum" title="2018 Macedonian referendum">referendum on changing the country's name</a>, which took place on 30 September.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninety-one percent of voters voted in favour with a 37% turnout,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the referendum was not carried because of a constitutional requirement for a 50% turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Macedonia_Joins_NATO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/North_Macedonia_Joins_NATO.jpg/220px-North_Macedonia_Joins_NATO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/North_Macedonia_Joins_NATO.jpg/330px-North_Macedonia_Joins_NATO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/North_Macedonia_Joins_NATO.jpg/440px-North_Macedonia_Joins_NATO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6783" data-file-height="4845" /></a><figcaption>North Macedonia commemorates its accession to NATO at the US Department of State.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 February 2019, the permanent representatives of NATO member states and Macedonian Foreign Affairs Minister Nikola Dimitrov, signed in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of North Macedonia to NATO">accession protocol</a> of North Macedonia into NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocol was then ratified on 8 February by the Greek parliament, thus completing all the preconditions for putting into force the Prespa agreement. Subsequently, on 12 February the Macedonian government announced the formal activation of the constitutional amendments which effectively renamed the country as North Macedonia and informed accordingly the United Nations and its member states.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, after the ratification process by all NATO members was completed, North Macedonia <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="North Macedonia–NATO relations">acceded to NATO</a>, becoming the 30th member state.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> formally gave approval to North Macedonia to begin talks to join the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 November 2020, Bulgaria refused to approve the European Union's negotiation framework for North Macedonia, effectively blocking the official start of accession talks with this country.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The explanation from the Bulgarian side was: no implementation of the friendship treaty from 2017, state-supported hate speech, minority claims, and an "ongoing nation-building process" based on historical negationism of the Bulgarian identity, culture and legacy in the broader <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">region of Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veto received condemnation by intellectuals from both states<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and criticism from international observers.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protests broke out in <a href="/wiki/2022_North_Macedonia_protests" title="2022 North Macedonia protests">July 2022</a>, organized by the opposition parties, over the French proposal for the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">accession of North Macedonia to the EU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accession talks for the accession of North Macedonia to the EU officially began in the same month, after the French proposal was passed by the Assembly of North Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2023 European Commission Progress Report has cited the unfulfilled constitutional changes, as the primary reasons for the blocking of the further country's accession path. The EU's intention regarding the country's accession seems unclear, excluding desire to maintain its geopolitical influence here, countering the Chinese and Russian impact in the Western Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 September 2024, the EU announced the separation of Albania from North Macedonia on the EU accession path, due to the disputes between North Macedonia and Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the decision, the EU opened negotiations on the first chapters with Albania separately on October 15, 2024. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Geography of North Macedonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geology of North Macedonia">Geology of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Korab,_Republic_of_Macedonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mount_Korab%2C_Republic_of_Macedonia.jpg/220px-Mount_Korab%2C_Republic_of_Macedonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mount_Korab%2C_Republic_of_Macedonia.jpg/330px-Mount_Korab%2C_Republic_of_Macedonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mount_Korab%2C_Republic_of_Macedonia.jpg/440px-Mount_Korab%2C_Republic_of_Macedonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Korab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Korab">Mount Korab</a>, the highest mountain in North Macedonia.</figcaption></figure> <p>North Macedonia has a total area of 25,436 km<sup>2</sup> (9,821 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-SSO_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40°</a> and <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43° N</a>, and mostly between longitudes <a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_east" title="20th meridian east">20°</a> and <a href="/wiki/23rd_meridian_east" title="23rd meridian east">23° E</a> (a small area lies east of 23°). North Macedonia has some 748 km (465 mi) of boundaries, shared with <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (62 km or 39 mi) to the North, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (159 km or 99 mi) to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (148 km or 92 mi) to the east, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (228 km or 142 mi) to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (151 km or 94 mi) to the west. It is a transit way for shipment of goods from Greece, through the Balkans, towards Eastern, Western and Central Europe and through Bulgaria to the east. It is part of the larger region of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Greek Macedonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad Province</a> in southwestern Bulgaria. </p><p>North Macedonia is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> that is geographically clearly defined by a central valley formed by the Vardar river and framed along its borders by mountain ranges. The terrain is mostly rugged, located between the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osogovo" title="Osogovo">Osogovo</a>, which frame the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river. Three large lakes—<a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Lake Prespa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dojran_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Dojran Lake">Dojran Lake</a>—lie on the southern borders, bisected by the frontiers with Albania and Greece. Ohrid is considered to be one of the oldest lakes and biotopes in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is seismically active and has been the site of destructive earthquakes in the past, most recently in 1963 when Skopje was heavily damaged by a major earthquake, killing over 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_2011_v637_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2011_v637-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Macedonia also has scenic mountains. They belong to two different mountain ranges: the first is the Šar Mountains<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that continues to the West Vardar/Pelagonia group of mountains (<a href="/wiki/Baba_Mountain,_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Mountain, Macedonia">Baba Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nid%C5%BEe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nidže">Nidže</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BEuf" title="Kožuf">Kožuf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakupica" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakupica">Jakupica</a>), also known as the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric range</a>. The second range is the <a href="/wiki/Osogovo" title="Osogovo">Osogovo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Belasica" title="Belasica">Belasica</a> mountain chain, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope range</a>. The mountains belonging to the Šar Mountains and the West Vardar/Pelagonia range are younger and higher than the older mountains of the Osogovo-Belasica mountain group. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Korab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Korab">Mount Korab</a> of the Šar Mountains on the Albanian border, at 2,764 m (9,068 ft), is the tallest mountain in North Macedonia. In North Macedonia there are 1,100 large sources of water. The rivers flow into three different basins: the Aegean, the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matka2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Matka2.jpg/220px-Matka2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Matka2.jpg/330px-Matka2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Matka2.jpg/440px-Matka2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matka_Canyon" title="Matka Canyon">Matka Canyon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Aegean basin is the largest. It covers 87% of the territory of North Macedonia, which is 22,075 square kilometres (8,523 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a>, the largest river in this basin, drains 80% of the territory or 20,459 square kilometres (7,899 sq mi). Its valley plays an important part in the economy and the communication system of the country. The Vardar Valley project is considered to be crucial for the strategic development of the country. The river <a href="/wiki/Black_Drin" title="Black Drin">Black Drin</a> forms the Adriatic basin, which covers an area of about 3,320 km<sup>2</sup> (1,282 sq mi), i.e., 13% of the territory. It receives water from Lakes Prespa and Ohrid. The Black Sea basin is the smallest with only 37 km<sup>2</sup> (14 sq mi). It covers the northern side of Mount <a href="/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora" title="Skopska Crna Gora">Skopska Crna Gora</a>. This is the source of the river <a href="/wiki/Bina%C4%8Dka_Morava" title="Binačka Morava">Binačka Morava</a>, which joins the <a href="/wiki/Great_Morava" title="Great Morava">Morava</a>, and later, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, which flows into the Black Sea. North Macedonia has around fifty ponds and three natural lakes, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Lake Prespa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dojran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dojran">Lake Dojran</a>. In North Macedonia there are nine spa towns and resorts: Banište, Banja Bansko, Istibanja, Katlanovo, <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%BEovica" title="Kežovica">Kežovica</a>, Kosovrasti, Banja Kočani, Kumanovski Banji and Negorci. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia#Climate" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Climate of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_MKD_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MKD_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MKD_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MKD_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MKD_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MKD_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MKD_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen–Geiger">Köppen–Geiger</a> climate classification map for North Macedonia</figcaption></figure> <p>Four different seasons are found in the country with warm and dry summers and moderately cold and snowy winters. The range of temperatures recorded throughout the year ranges from −20 °C (−4 °F) in winter, to 40 °C (104 °F) in summer. Low winter temperatures are influenced by winds from the north while heat seasons during summer arise due to the subtropical pressure of the Aegean Sea and climate influences from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, with the latter causing dry periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni199873_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni199873-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three main climatic zones in the country: mildly <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> in the north, temperate <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain climate">mountainous</a> in the zones with high altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni199831_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni199831-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the valleys of the Vardar and <a href="/wiki/Strumica_(river)" title="Strumica (river)">Strumica</a> rivers, in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Gevgelija" title="Gevgelija">Gevgelija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valandovo" title="Valandovo">Valandovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dojran" title="Dojran">Dojran</a>, Strumica, and <a href="/wiki/Radovi%C5%A1" title="Radoviš">Radoviš</a>, the climate is temperate Mediterranean. The warmest regions are <a href="/wiki/Demir_Kapija" title="Demir Kapija">Demir Kapija</a> and Gevgelija, where the temperature in July and August frequently exceeds 40 °C (104 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Average annual precipitation varies from 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western mountainous area to 500 mm (19.7 in) in the eastern area. There is a low level of precipitation in the Vardar valley with 500 mm (19.7 in) of water per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni199873_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni199873-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate and irrigation diversity allow the cultivation of different plant types, including <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>, poppies, peanuts, and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni19982_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni19982-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are thirty main and regular weather stations in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia" title="Wildlife of North Macedonia">Wildlife of North Macedonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lynx_lynx_poing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lynx_lynx_poing.jpg/170px-Lynx_lynx_poing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lynx_lynx_poing.jpg/255px-Lynx_lynx_poing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lynx_lynx_poing.jpg/340px-Lynx_lynx_poing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarplaninac_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sarplaninac_front.jpg/170px-Sarplaninac_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Sarplaninac_front.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arplaninac" title="Šarplaninac">Šarplaninec</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The flora of North Macedonia is represented by around 210 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, 920 <a href="/wiki/Genus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genus (biology)">genera</a>, and around 3,700 plant species. The most abundant group are the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> with around 3,200 species, followed by <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> (350 species) and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> (42). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, North Macedonia belongs to the Illyrian province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> (WWF) and the Digital Map of European Ecological Regions by the <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a>, the territory of the Republic can be subdivided into four terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Pindus Mountains mixed forests">Pindus Mountains mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests" title="Balkan mixed forests">Balkan mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodope_montane_mixed_forests" title="Rodope montane mixed forests">Rodope montane mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_and_Western_Turkey_sclerophyllous_and_mixed_forests" title="Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests">Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Macedonia had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.42/10, ranking it 40th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The native forest fauna is abundant and includes bears, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boars</a>, wolves, foxes, squirrels, <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a> and deer. The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">lynx</a> is found, very rarely, in the mountains of western Macedonia, while deer can be found in the region of <a href="/wiki/Demir_Kapija" title="Demir Kapija">Demir Kapija</a>. Forest birds include the <a href="/wiki/Blackcap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackcap">blackcap</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">black grouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle" title="Eastern imperial eagle">imperial eagle</a> and the forest owl. </p><p>The country has <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of national parks in North Macedonia">four national parks</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Size </th> <th class="unsortable">Map </th> <th class="unsortable">Picture </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mavrovo_National_Park" title="Mavrovo National Park">Mavrovo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1948 </td> <td style="text-align:center">731 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:80px;float:left;clear:left"><div style="width:80px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:80px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Macedonia is located in North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia is located in North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/80px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/120px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/160px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.444%;left:16.207%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mavrovo-Lake-Autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mavrovo-Lake-Autumn.jpg/100px-Mavrovo-Lake-Autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mavrovo-Lake-Autumn.jpg/150px-Mavrovo-Lake-Autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mavrovo-Lake-Autumn.jpg/200px-Mavrovo-Lake-Autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gali%C4%8Dica" title="Galičica">Galičica</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1958 </td> <td style="text-align:center">227 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap" style="width:80px;float:left;clear:left"><div style="width:80px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:80px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Macedonia is located in North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia is located in North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/80px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/120px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/160px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.667%;left:17.586%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galichitsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Galichitsa.jpg/100px-Galichitsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Galichitsa.jpg/150px-Galichitsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Galichitsa.jpg/200px-Galichitsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pelister_National_Park" title="Pelister National Park">Pelister</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">1948 </td> <td style="text-align:center">125 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap" style="width:80px;float:left;clear:left"><div style="width:80px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:80px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Macedonia is located in North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia is located in North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/80px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/120px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/160px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.333%;left:30.345%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Pelister_MK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mount_Pelister_MK.jpg/100px-Mount_Pelister_MK.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mount_Pelister_MK.jpg/150px-Mount_Pelister_MK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mount_Pelister_MK.jpg/200px-Mount_Pelister_MK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="584" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar Mountains</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">2021 </td> <td style="text-align:center">244 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap" style="width:80px;float:left;clear:left"><div style="width:80px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:80px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Macedonia is located in North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia is located in North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/80px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/120px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/160px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.778%;left:25.862%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%28%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%29.jpg/100px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%28%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%28%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%29.jpg/150px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%28%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%28%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%29.jpg/200px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%28%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">Politics of North Macedonia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_Macedonia" title="Special:EditPage/North Macedonia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22North+Macedonia%22">"North Macedonia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22North+Macedonia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22North+Macedonia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22North+Macedonia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22North+Macedonia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22North+Macedonia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MK_presidential_office_handover_2024_-_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MK_presidential_office_handover_2024_-_Cropped.jpg/137px-MK_presidential_office_handover_2024_-_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MK_presidential_office_handover_2024_-_Cropped.jpg/206px-MK_presidential_office_handover_2024_-_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/MK_presidential_office_handover_2024_-_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="366" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hristijan_Mickoski_official_portrait_2024_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hristijan_Mickoski_official_portrait_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/149px-Hristijan_Mickoski_official_portrait_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hristijan_Mickoski_official_portrait_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Hristijan_Mickoski_official_portrait_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hristijan_Mickoski_official_portrait_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/298px-Hristijan_Mickoski_official_portrait_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="804" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska<br />Davkova</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">President</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hristijan_Mickoski" title="Hristijan Mickoski">Hristijan Mickoski</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">Prime Minister</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>North Macedonia is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive government</a> composed of a coalition of parties from the <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral legislature</a> (<span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">Собрание</span></span>, <span title="Macedonian-language text"><i lang="mk-Latn">Sobranie</i></span>; <i>Assembly</i> in English) and an independent <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial branch</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_court" title="Constitutional court">constitutional court</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Assembly</a> is made up of 120 seats and the members are elected every four years. The role of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">president</a> is mostly ceremonial, with the real power resting in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">prime minister</a>. The president is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the state armed forces and a president of the <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">State Security</a> Council. The president is elected every five years and he or she can be elected twice at most. </p><p>Since 2019, local government functions are divided between 80 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">municipalities</a> (<span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">општини</span></span>, <span title="Macedonian-language text"><i lang="mk-Latn">opštini</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>: <span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk">општина</span></span>, <span title="Macedonian-language text"><i lang="mk-Latn">opština</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital, Skopje, is governed as a group of ten municipalities collectively referred to as the "City of Skopje". Municipalities in North Macedonia are units of local self-government. Neighbouring municipalities may establish co-operative arrangements. </p><p>The country's main political divergence is between the largely ethnically based political parties representing the country's ethnic Macedonian majority and Albanian minority. The issue of the power balance between the two communities led to a brief war in 2001, following which a power-sharing agreement was reached. In August 2004, parliament passed legislation redrawing local boundaries and giving greater local autonomy to ethnic Albanians in areas where they predominate. </p><p>After a troublesome pre-election campaign, North Macedonia saw a relatively calm and democratic change of government in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Macedonian_parliamentary_election" title="2006 Macedonian parliamentary election">elections held on 5 July 2006</a>. The elections were marked by a decisive victory of the centre-right party <a href="/wiki/VMRO%E2%80%93DPMNE" class="mw-redirect" title="VMRO–DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Gruevski" title="Nikola Gruevski">Nikola Gruevski</a>. Gruevski's decision to include the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albanians" title="Democratic Party of Albanians">Democratic Party of Albanians</a> in the new government, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_Integration" title="Democratic Union for Integration">Democratic Union for Integration</a>–<a href="/wiki/Party_for_Democratic_Prosperity" title="Party for Democratic Prosperity">Party for Democratic Prosperity</a> coalition which won the majority of the Albanian votes, triggered protests throughout the parts of the country with a respective number of Albanian population. A dialogue was later established between the Democratic Union for Integration and the ruling VMRO-DMPNE party as an effort to talk about the disputes between the two parties and to support European and NATO aspirations of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the early parliamentary elections held in 2008, VMRO-DPMNE and Democratic Union for Integration formed a ruling coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2009, presidential and local elections in the country were carried out peacefully, which was crucial for Macedonian aspirations to join the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling conservative VMRO-DPMNE party won a victory in the local elections and the candidate supported by the party, Gjorgi Ivanov, was elected as the new president. </p><p>In June 2017, <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Zaev" title="Zoran Zaev">Zoran Zaev</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Macedonia" title="Social Democratic Party of Macedonia">Social Democratic Party</a>, became the new prime minister six months after early elections. The new center-left government ended 11 years of conservative VMRO-DPMNE rule led by former prime minister Nikola Gruevski.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 4 January 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Macedonia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the acting prime minister of North Macedonia was <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Spasovski" title="Oliver Spasovski">Oliver Spasovski</a> and the president of the Parliament was <a href="/wiki/Talat_Xhaferi" title="Talat Xhaferi">Talat Xhaferi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xhaferi_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xhaferi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election of Xhaferi was immediately met with protests led by VMRO-DPMNE, which was quickly handled by the police.<sup id="cite_ref-xhaferi_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xhaferi-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early parliamentary elections took place on 15 July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoran Zaev has served as the prime minister of the Republic of North Macedonia again since August 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stevo_Pendarovski" title="Stevo Pendarovski">Stevo Pendarovski</a> was sworn in as North Macedonia's president in May 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime minister Zoran Zaev announced his resignation after his party, the Social Democratic Union, suffered losses in local elections in October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2022, <a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Kova%C4%8Devski" title="Dimitar Kovačevski">Dimitar Kovačevski</a> was elected as prime minister. The new coalition cabinet composed of Kovačevski's Social Democrats and two ethnic Albanian parties.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova</a> took office on 12 May 2024, becoming the country's first female president.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliament, or Assembly (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Собрание</span>, <span title="Macedonian-language text"><i lang="mk-Latn">Sobranie</i></span>), is the country's legislative body. It makes, proposes and adopts laws. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">Constitution of North Macedonia</a> has been in use since shortly after the independence of the republic in 1991. It limits the power of the governments, both local and national. The military is also limited by the constitution. The constitution states that North Macedonia is a social free state, and that Skopje is the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 120 members are elected for a mandate of four years through a general election. Each citizen aged 18 years or older can vote for one of the political parties. The current president of Parliament is <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Mitreski" title="Jovan Mitreski">Jovan Mitreski</a> since 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Executive power in North Macedonia is exercised by the Government, whose prime minister is the most politically powerful person in the country. The members of the government are chosen by the prime minister and there are ministers for each branch of the society. There are ministers for economy, finance, information technology, society, internal affairs, foreign affairs and other areas. The members of the Government are elected for a mandate of four years. Judiciary power is exercised by courts, with the court system being headed by the Judicial <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme court</a>, Constitutional Court and the Republican Judicial Council. The assembly appoints the judges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_dispute">Naming dispute</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)" title="Macedonia (terminology)">Macedonia (terminology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Macedonia_(1992%E2%80%931995).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the then-Republic of Macedonia between 1992 and 1995, bearing the <a href="/wiki/Vergina_Sun" title="Vergina Sun">Vergina Sun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the name "<a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)" title="Macedonia (terminology)">Macedonia</a>" was disputed between Greece and North Macedonia. The specific naming dispute was reignited after the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> and the newly gained independence of the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece opposed the use of the name without a geographical qualifier so as to avoid confusion with its own region of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Greek Macedonia</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As some ethnic Greeks identify themselves as Macedonians, unrelated to the Slavic people who are associated with North Macedonia, Greece further objected to the use of the term <i>Macedonian</i> for the neighbouring country's largest ethnic group; it accused the country of appropriating symbols and figures that are historically considered parts of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece's culture</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Vergina_Sun" title="Vergina Sun">Vergina Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>), and of promoting the <a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">irredentist</a> concept of a <a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a>, which would include territories of Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UN adopted the provisional reference <i>the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Поранешна Југословенска Република Македонија</span>) when the country was admitted to the organisation in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower-cased "former" was chosen intentionally to display the provisionality of the name although most UN member countries soon abandoned the provisional reference and recognised the country as the <i>Republic of Macedonia</i> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most international organisations adopted the same convention along with over 100 UN members and four of the five permanent <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period between 1991 and 2019, the country's name was an ongoing issue in bilateral and international relations. The UN set up a negotiating process with a mediator, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nimetz" title="Matthew Nimetz">Matthew Nimetz</a>, and the two parties to try to mediate the dispute. Following the ratification of the Prespa agreement, most major international organisations welcomed the settlement of the long-standing dispute, and adopted the country's new name.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Macedonia" title="Foreign relations of North Macedonia">Foreign relations of North Macedonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of diplomatic missions of North Macedonia">List of diplomatic missions of North Macedonia</a></div> <p>North Macedonia became a member state of the UN on 8 April 1993, eighteen months after its independence from Yugoslavia. It was referred to within the UN as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", until the resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">long-running dispute</a> with Greece about the country's name. </p><p>The major interest of the country is a full integration in the European and the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transatlantic" class="extiw" title="wikt:transatlantic">Trans-Atlantic</a> integration processes.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Macedonia is a member of the following international and regional organisations:<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> (since 1992), <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> (since 1993), <a href="/wiki/EBRD" class="mw-redirect" title="EBRD">EBRD</a> (since 1993), <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a> (since 1993), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (since 1995), <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> (since 1995), <a href="/wiki/Southeast_European_Cooperative_Initiative" title="Southeast European Cooperative Initiative">SECI</a> (since 1996), <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">La Francophonie</a> (since 2001), <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a> (since 2003), <a href="/wiki/CEFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CEFTA">CEFTA</a> (since 2006), and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (since 2020). </p><p>In 2005, the country was officially recognised as a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> candidate state. </p><p>At the NATO <a href="/wiki/2008_Bucharest_summit" title="2008 Bucharest summit">2008 Bucharest summit</a>, Macedonia failed to gain an invitation to join the organisation because Greece vetoed the move after the dispute over the name issue.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. had previously expressed support for an invitation,<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the summit then decided to extend an invitation only on condition of a resolution of the naming conflict with Greece. </p><p>In March 2009, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> expressed support for North Macedonia's EU candidacy and asked the EU Commission to grant the country a date for the start of accession talks by the end of 2009. The parliament also recommended a speedy lifting of the visa regime for Macedonian citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Prespa agreement, the country failed to receive a start date for accession talks as a result of the naming dispute. However, after the Prespa agreement, North Macedonia became a member state of NATO on 27 March 2020. The EU's stance was similar to NATO's in that resolution of the naming dispute was a precondition for the start of accession talks. </p><p>In October 2012, the EU Enlargement Commissioner <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_F%C3%BCle" title="Štefan Füle">Štefan Füle</a> proposed a start of accession negotiations with the country for the fourth time, while the previous efforts were blocked each time by Greece. At the same time Füle visited Bulgaria in a bid to clarify the state's position with respect to Macedonia. He established that Bulgaria had almost joined Greece in vetoing the accession talks. The Bulgarian position was that Sofia cannot grant an EU certificate to Skopje, which is systematically employing an ideology of hate towards Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">Army of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Soldiers_in_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Macedonian_Soldiers_in_Kabul.jpg/220px-Macedonian_Soldiers_in_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Macedonian_Soldiers_in_Kabul.jpg/330px-Macedonian_Soldiers_in_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Macedonian_Soldiers_in_Kabul.jpg/440px-Macedonian_Soldiers_in_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Macedonian soldiers of the Special Operations Regiment in Kabul, Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM) is led by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(North_Macedonia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (North Macedonia)">General Staff</a>, below which are the Operations Command, whose forces include the <a href="/wiki/1st_Mechanized_Infantry_Brigade_(North_Macedonia)" title="1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (North Macedonia)">Mechanized Infantry Brigade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Air Force">Air Brigade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Regiment_(North_Macedonia)" title="Special Operations Regiment (North Macedonia)">Special Operations Regiment</a>, and several independent battalions; the Training and Doctrine Command, which also oversees the <a href="/wiki/Military_Reserve_Force_(North_Macedonia)" title="Military Reserve Force (North Macedonia)">Military Reserve Force</a>; and the Logistics Base. There is also an Honor Guard Battalion that is directly subordinated to the General Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARSM has 8,000 active personnel and 4,850 reservists, as well as a military budget of US$235 million in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been a volunteer military since conscription was ended in 2007. North Macedonia has deployed troops to Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iraq, Kosovo, and Lebanon, as part of NATO, EU, or UN missions.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Defence develops the Republic's defence strategy and assesses possible threats and risks. It is also responsible for the defence system, including training, readiness, equipment, and development, and for drawing up and presenting the defence budget.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="Human rights in North Macedonia">Human rights in North Macedonia</a></div> <p>North Macedonia is a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and the UN Geneva <a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">Convention against Torture</a>, and the Constitution guarantees basic human rights to all Macedonian citizens. </p><p>According to human rights organisations, in 2003 there were suspected extrajudicial executions, threats against, and intimidation of, human rights activists and opposition journalists, and allegations of torture by the police.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrw2006_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw2006-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Statistical regions of North Macedonia">Statistical regions of North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">Municipalities of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_urban_and_rural_municipalities_of_North_Macedonia_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_urban_and_rural_municipalities_of_North_Macedonia_en.svg/220px-Map_of_urban_and_rural_municipalities_of_North_Macedonia_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_urban_and_rural_municipalities_of_North_Macedonia_en.svg/330px-Map_of_urban_and_rural_municipalities_of_North_Macedonia_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Map_of_urban_and_rural_municipalities_of_North_Macedonia_en.svg/440px-Map_of_urban_and_rural_municipalities_of_North_Macedonia_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Rural/Urban municipalities</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MSR.png/220px-MSR.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MSR.png/330px-MSR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MSR.png/440px-MSR.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Statistical regions of North Macedonia</figcaption></figure> <p>North Macedonia's statistical regions exist solely for legal and statistical purposes. The regions are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_statistical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern statistical region">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_statistical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern statistical region">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagonia_statistical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagonia statistical region">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polog_statistical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Polog statistical region">Polog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje_statistical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Skopje statistical region">Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_statistical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern statistical region">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_statistical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern statistical region">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_statistical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardar statistical region">Vardar</a></li></ul> <p>In August 2004, the country was reorganised into 84 municipalities (<span title="Macedonian-language text"><i lang="mk">opštini</i></span>; sing. <span title="Macedonian-language text"><i lang="mk">opština</i></span>); 10 of the municipalities constitute the City of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, a distinct unit of local self-government and the country's capital. </p><p>Most of the current municipalities were unaltered or merely amalgamated from the previous 123 municipalities established in September 1996; others were consolidated and their borders changed. Prior to this, local government was organised into 34 administrative districts, communes, or counties (also opštini). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">Economy of North Macedonia</a></div> <p>Ranked as the fourth "best reformatory state" out of 178 countries ranked by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 2009, North Macedonia has undergone considerable economic reform since independence.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has developed an <a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">open economy</a> with trade accounting for more than 90% of GDP in recent years. Since 1996, North Macedonia has witnessed steady, though slow, economic growth with GDP growing by 3.1% in 2005. This figure was projected to rise to an average of 5.2% in the 2006–2010 period.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank-devdata_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank-devdata-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has proven successful in its efforts to combat inflation, with an <a href="/wiki/Inflation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation rate">inflation rate</a> of only 3% in 2006 and 2% in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has implemented policies focused on attracting <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a> and promoting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5_-_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5_-_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5_-_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5_-_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5_-_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5_-_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5_-_%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Vineyard in North Macedonia</figcaption></figure> <p>The current government introduced a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a> system with the intention of making the country more attractive to foreign investment. The flat tax rate was 12% in 2007 and was further lowered to 10% in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Macedonia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> North Macedonia's <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment rate</a> was 37.2%<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Macedonia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> its <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty rate</a> was 22%.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank-devdata_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank-devdata-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a number of employment measures as well as the successful process of attracting multinational corporations, and according to the State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, the country's unemployment rate in the first quarter of 2015 decreased to 27.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government's policies and efforts in regards to foreign direct investments have resulted with the establishment of local subsidiaries of several world leading manufacturing companies, especially from the automotive industry, such as: <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Controls" title="Johnson Controls">Johnson Controls Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Hool" title="Van Hool">Van Hool NV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey plc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lear_Corporation" title="Lear Corporation">Lear Corp.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visteon" title="Visteon">Visteon Corp.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostal-Gruppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kostal-Gruppe (page does not exist)">Kostal GmbH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentherm_Incorporated" title="Gentherm Incorporated">Gentherm Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4xlmaier_Group" title="Dräxlmaier Group">Dräxlmaier Group</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromberg_%26_Schubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromberg & Schubert (page does not exist)">Kromberg & Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquardt_Group" title="Marquardt Group">Marquardt GmbH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphenol" title="Amphenol">Amphenol Corp.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekno_Hose_SpA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekno Hose SpA (page does not exist)">Tekno Hose SpA</a>, <a href="/wiki/KEMET_Corporation" title="KEMET Corporation">KEMET Corp.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_Safety_Systems_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Key Safety Systems Inc. (page does not exist)">Key Safety Systems Inc.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ODW-Elektrik_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ODW-Elektrik GmbH (page does not exist)">ODW-Elektrik GmbH</a>, etc. </p><p>In terms of GDP structure, as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Macedonia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the manufacturing sector (including mining and construction)constituted the largest part of GDP at 21.4%, up from 21.1% in 2012. The trade, transportation and accommodation sector represents 18.2% of GDP in 2013, up from 16.7% in 2012, while agriculture represents 9.6%, up from 9.1% in the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of foreign trade, the largest sector contributing to the country's export in 2014 was "chemicals and related products" at 21.4%, followed by the "machinery and transport equipment" sector at 21.1%. North Macedonia's main import sectors in 2014 were "manufactured goods classified chiefly by material" with 34.2%, "machinery and transport equipment" with 18.7% and "mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials" with 14.4% of the total imports. Even 68.8% of the foreign trade in 2014 was done with the EU which makes the Union by far the largest trading partner of North Macedonia (23.3% with Germany, 7.9% with the UK, 7.3% with Greece, 6.2% with Italy, etc.). Almost 12% of the total external trade in 2014 was done with the Western Balkan countries.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, North Macedonia's information technology market increased 63.8% year on year, which was the fastest growing in the Adriatic region.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Macedonia has one of the highest shares of people struggling financially, with 72% of its citizens stating that they could manage on their household's income only "with difficulty" or "with great difficulty", though North Macedonia, along with Croatia, was the only country in the Western Balkans to not report an increase in this statistic.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption and a relatively ineffective legal system also act as significant restraints on successful <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>. North Macedonia still has one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita GDPs</a> in Europe. Furthermore, the country's <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">grey market</a> is estimated at close to 20% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PPS GDP per capita stood at 36% of the EU average in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a GDP per capita of US$9,157 at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> of 0.701, North Macedonia is less developed and has a considerably smaller economy than most of the former Yugoslav states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> <p>The outbreak of the Yugoslav wars and the imposition of sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> caused great damage to the country's economy, with Serbia constituting 60% of its markets before the disintegration of Yugoslavia. When Greece imposed a <a href="/wiki/Trade_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade embargo">trade embargo</a> on the Republic in 1994–95, the economy was also affected. Some relief was afforded by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> in November 1995 and the lifting of the Greek embargo, but the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> of 1999 and the 2001 Albanian crisis caused further destabilisation. </p><p>Since the end of the Greek embargo, Greece has become the country's most important business partner. (See <a href="/wiki/Greek_investments_in_North_Macedonia" title="Greek investments in North Macedonia">Greek investments in North Macedonia</a>.) Many Greek companies have bought former state companies in North Macedonia,<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a> Okta, the baking company Zhito Luks, a marble mine in <a href="/wiki/Prilep" title="Prilep">Prilep</a>, textile facilities in Bitola, etc., and employ 20,000 people. The moving of business to North Macedonia in the oil sector has been caused by the rise of Greece in the oil markets.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other key partners are Germany, Italy, the United States, Slovenia, Austria and Turkey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Tourism in North Macedonia">Tourism in North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St._John_at_Kaneo_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Church_of_St._John_at_Kaneo_6.jpg/220px-Church_of_St._John_at_Kaneo_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Church_of_St._John_at_Kaneo_6.jpg/330px-Church_of_St._John_at_Kaneo_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Church_of_St._John_at_Kaneo_6.jpg/440px-Church_of_St._John_at_Kaneo_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5210" data-file-height="3315" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._John_at_Kaneo" title="Church of St. John at Kaneo">church of St. John at Kaneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a>, one of the most popular tourist destinations in North Macedonia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> plays a significant role in the economy of North Macedonia accounting for 6.7% of its GDP in 2016. The annual income from tourism was estimated at 38.5 billion denars (€616 million) in that year.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following its independence, the most serious negative impact on tourism performance occurred due to the armed conflicts taking place in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-marinoski_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinoski-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of foreign visitors has been on the rise since, with a 14.6% increase in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-tourism_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, North Macedonia received 1,184,963 tourist arrivals out of which 757,593 foreign.<sup id="cite_ref-State_Statistical_Office_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Statistical_Office-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most numerous are tourists from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, neighboring Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and other countries of Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-tourism2019_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourism2019-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest bulk of tourists, approximately 60% of the million tourists that visited the country in 2017, was situated in Skopje and the southwestern region of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most significant tourism branches are lake tourism as there are three lakes in Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran and over 50 small glacial lakes of variable sizes, mountainous tourism as there are 16 mountains higher than 2,000 metres. Other forms of tourism also include rural and ecotourism, city tourism and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">cultural tourism</a>, represented through gastronomy, traditional music, cultural celebrations and cultural heritage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-marinoski_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinoski-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Macedonia" title="Transport in North Macedonia">Transport in North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Macedonian_Highway_System.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/North_Macedonian_Highway_System.svg/220px-North_Macedonian_Highway_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/North_Macedonian_Highway_System.svg/330px-North_Macedonian_Highway_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/North_Macedonian_Highway_System.svg/440px-North_Macedonian_Highway_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Map of current and planned highways</figcaption></figure> <p>North Macedonia (along with <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and Kosovo) belongs to the less-developed southern region of the former Yugoslavia. It suffered severe economic difficulties after independence, when the Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">internal market</a> collapsed and subsidies from Belgrade ended. In addition, it faced many of the same problems faced by other former socialist <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">East European</a> countries during the transition to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>. Its main land and rail exports route, through Serbia, remains unreliable with high transit costs, thereby affecting the export of its formerly highly profitable, early vegetables market to Germany. </p><p>North Macedonia is a landlocked country in the middle of the Balkan peninsula, and the main transport links in the country are those that connect the different parts of the peninsula (trans-Balkan links). Particularly important is the connection between north–south and Vardar valley, which connects Greece with the rest of Europe. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Macedonia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 10,591 km (6,581 mi) of roads, of which about 6,000 km (3,700 mi) were paved.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt2019_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt2019-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_-_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_-_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.JPG/220px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_-_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_-_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.JPG/330px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_-_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_-_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.JPG/440px-%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81_-_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_-_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">European route E75</a> in North Macedonia</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Macedonia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the total length of the railway network in North Macedonia was 922 km (573 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt2019_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt2019-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operated by <a href="/wiki/Makedonski_%C5%BDeleznici" title="Makedonski Železnici">Makedonski Železnici</a>, the most important railway line is the line on the border with Serbia–Kumanovo–Skopje–Veles–Gevgelija–border with Greece. Since 2001, the railway line Beljakovci has been built—the border with Bulgaria, which will get a direct connection Skopje-Sofia. The most important railway hub in the country is Skopje, while the other two are Veles and Kumanovo. </p><p><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonia Post">North Macedonia Post</a> is the state-owned company for the provision of postal traffic. It was founded in 1992 as PTT Macedonia. In 1993 it was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">World Postal Union</a> in 1997, PTT Macedonia was divided into Macedonian Telekom and Macedonian Post (later renamed North Macedonia Post). </p><p>As far as water transport is concerned, only lake traffic through Ohrid and Prespan Lake has been developed, mostly for tourist purposes. </p><p>There are officially 17 airports in North Macedonia, of which 11 are with solid substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt2019_234-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt2019-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two are international airports: <a href="/wiki/Skopje_International_Airport" title="Skopje International Airport">Skopje International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_St._Paul_the_Apostle_Airport" title="Ohrid St. Paul the Apostle Airport">Ohrid St. Paul the Apostle Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt2019_234-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt2019-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">Education in North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_2.jpg/220px-Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_2.jpg/330px-Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_2.jpg/440px-Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4162" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje" title="Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University</a> in Skopje.</figcaption></figure> <p>The higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> can be obtained at one of the five state universities: <a href="/wiki/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje" title="Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Clement_of_Ohrid_University_of_Bitola" title="St. Clement of Ohrid University of Bitola">St. Clement of Ohrid University of Bitola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_University_of_%C5%A0tip" title="Goce Delčev University of Štip">Goce Delčev University of Štip</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Tetova" title="State University of Tetova">State University of Tetova</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Information_Science_and_Technology_%22St._Paul_The_Apostle%22" title="University of Information Science and Technology "St. Paul The Apostle"">University of Information Science and Technology "St. Paul The Apostle"</a> in Ohrid. There are a number of private university institutions, such as the European University,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavic University in <a href="/wiki/Sveti_Nikole" title="Sveti Nikole">Sveti Nikole</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_East_European_University" title="South East European University">South East European University</a> and others. North Macedonia was ranked 58th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> has underwritten a project called <i>Macedonia Connects</i>, which has made North Macedonia the first all-broadband wireless country in the world. The Ministry of Education and Sciences reports that 461 schools (primary and secondary) are now connected to the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> (On.net), has created a MESH Network to provide WIFI services in the 11 largest cities/towns in the country. The national library of North Macedonia, <a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_%22St._Kliment_of_Ohrid%22" title="National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"">National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"</a>, is in Skopje. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Demographics of North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of cities in North Macedonia">List of cities in North Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians (ethnic group)</a></div> <div class="noprint"> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:200px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups in 2021</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><b>Macedonians</b></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:58.44%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">58.44%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Albanians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:24.30%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24.30%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">DNP/refused</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:7.20%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.20%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Turks</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:violet; width:3.86%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.86%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Romani</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.53%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.53%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Serbs</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:1.30%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.30%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Bosniaks</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:0.87%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.87%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:0.47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.47%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:1.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.03%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;"><small>The above table shows ethnic affiliation of the population according to the <a href="/wiki/2021_North_Macedonia_census" title="2021 North Macedonia census">2021 census</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-2021_census_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_census-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> </div> <p>The results from the last <a href="/wiki/2021_North_Macedonia_census" title="2021 North Macedonia census">2021 census</a> show a population of 1,836,713. The population density of the country is 72.2 persons per km<sup>2</sup> and the average age of the population is 40.08 years. 598,632 households were recorded with an average number of household members of 3.06. The gender balance of the country is 50.4% female to 49.6% male.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the 2021 census data, the largest ethnic group in the country are the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>. The second-largest group are the <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a>, who dominated much of the northwestern part of the country. Following them, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Turks</a> are the third-biggest ethnic group of the country where official census data put them close to 70,000 and unofficial estimates suggest numbers between 170,000 and 200,000. Some unofficial estimates indicate that there are possibly up to 260,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">Roma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">Religion in North Macedonia</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Chartreuse; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 202.51256191925px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 199.34765443401px; border-left-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:60.793029769461px 79.399039864784px 0 0; border-top-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 447.37428292116px 100px 0; border-right-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 399.88857067245px 100px 0; border-right-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in North Macedonia (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (46.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepSkyBlue; color:black;"> </span> Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> (13.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:MediumSeaGreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (32.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Honeydew; color:black;"> </span> None (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Chartreuse; color:black;"> </span> Others (7.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> is the most practiced religion in North Macedonia, making up 46.1% of the population, the vast majority of whom belong to the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a>. Various other Christian denominations account for 13.9% of the population. Muslims constitute 32.2% of the population. North Macedonia has the fifth-highest proportion of Muslims in Europe, after those of Kosovo (96%),<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey (90%),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Albania (59%),<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bosnia and Herzegovina (51%).<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Muslims are Albanians, Turks, Romani or Bosniaks; few are <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian Muslims</a>. The remaining 1.4% was determined to be "unaffiliated" by a 2010 Pew Research estimation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew1_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew1-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 1,842 churches and 580 mosques in the country at the end of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-dnevnik_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnevnik-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orthodox and Islamic religious communities have secondary religion schools in Skopje. There is an Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">theological college</a> in the capital. The Macedonian Orthodox Church has jurisdiction over 10 provinces (seven in the country and three abroad), has 10 bishops and about 350 priests. A total of 30,000 people are baptised in all the provinces every year. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2_%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2_%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0.JPG/150px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2_%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2_%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0.JPG/225px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2_%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2_%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0.JPG/300px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2_%D0%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalkandelen_-_Alaca_Cami_R01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kalkandelen_-_Alaca_Cami_R01.JPG/150px-Kalkandelen_-_Alaca_Cami_R01.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kalkandelen_-_Alaca_Cami_R01.JPG/225px-Kalkandelen_-_Alaca_Cami_R01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kalkandelen_-_Alaca_Cami_R01.JPG/300px-Kalkandelen_-_Alaca_Cami_R01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="5067" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Staro_Nagori%C4%8Dane" title="Church of St. George, Staro Nagoričane">The Church of St. George</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arena_D%C5%BEamija" class="mw-redirect" title="Šarena Džamija">Šarena Džamija Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>The Macedonian Orthodox Church, which declared <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> in 1967, remained unrecognised by the other Orthodox Churches until 2022 when it restored relations with the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a>, which has been followed by recognition from other churches.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reaction of the Macedonian Orthodox Church was to cut off all relations with the new Ohrid Archbishopric and to prevent bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church from entering North Macedonia. Bishop Jovan was jailed for 18 months for "defaming the Macedonian Orthodox church and harming the religious feelings of local citizens" by distributing Serbian Orthodox church calendars and pamphlets.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_-_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_-_Macedonian_Hanukkah_menorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_-_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_-_Macedonian_Hanukkah_menorah.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_-_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_-_Macedonian_Hanukkah_menorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_-_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_-_Macedonian_Hanukkah_menorah.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_-_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_-_Macedonian_Hanukkah_menorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_-_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_-_Macedonian_Hanukkah_menorah.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_-_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_-_Macedonian_Hanukkah_menorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century silver <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">menorah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian Byzantine Catholic Church</a> has approximately 11,000 adherents in North Macedonia. The Church was established in 1918, and is made up mostly of converts to Catholicism and their descendants. The Church is of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> and is in communion with the Roman and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>. Its liturgical worship is performed in Macedonian.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a small <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> community. The most famous Protestant in the country is the late president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski" title="Boris Trajkovski">Boris Trajkovski</a>. He was from the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> community, which is the largest and oldest Protestant church in the Republic, dating back to the late 19th century. Since the 1980s the Protestant community has grown, partly through new confidence and partly with outside missionary help.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">country's Jewish community</a>, which numbered some 7,200 people on the eve of World War II, was almost entirely destroyed during the war: only 2% survived <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their liberation and the end of the War, most opted to emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Today, the country's Jewish community numbers approximately 200 persons, almost all of whom live in Skopje. Most Macedonian Jews are <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a>—the descendants of 15th-century refugees who had been expelled from <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Castile, Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages of North Macedonia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_views_on_the_Macedonian_language" title="Political views on the Macedonian language">Political views on the Macedonian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makedonija_-_Jezicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makedonija_-_Jezicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif/220px-Makedonija_-_Jezicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makedonija_-_Jezicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif/330px-Makedonija_-_Jezicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Makedonija_-_Jezicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif/440px-Makedonija_-_Jezicki_sastav_po_naseljima_2002.gif 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="3283" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map of North Macedonia, 2002 census</figcaption></figure> <p>The national and official language in all aspects of the whole territory of North Macedonia and in its international relations is the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian language</a>. Since 2019 <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> is co-official at a state level (excluding defense, central police and monetary policy).<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macedonian belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic language group</a>, while Albanian occupies an independent branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European family of languages</a>. In municipalities where at least 20% of the population is part of another ethnic minority, those individual languages are used for official purposes in local government, alongside Macedonian and Albanian or just Macedonian. </p><p>Macedonian is closely related to and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with standard <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>. It also has some similarities with standard <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and the intermediate <a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shopi#Dialects" title="Shopi">Shop</a> dialects spoken mostly in southeastern Serbia and western Bulgaria (and by speakers in the northeastern corner of the country). The <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a> was <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codified</a> in the period following World War II and has accumulated a thriving literary tradition. </p><p>Besides Macedonian and Albanian, minority languages with substantial numbers of speakers are <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Gagauz Turkish language">Balkan Gagauz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Eurominority_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurominority-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian Sign Language</a> is the primary language of those of the deaf community who did not pick up an oral language in childhood. </p><p>According to the last census, 1,344,815 citizens of North Macedonia declared that they spoke Macedonian, 507,989 declared Albanian, 71,757 Turkish, 38,528 Romani, 24,773 Serbian, 8,560 Bosnian, 6,884 Aromanian and 19,241 spoke other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in North Macedonia</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><sup id="cite_ref-PxWeb_x960_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PxWeb_x960-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in North Macedonia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of cities in North Macedonia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Statistical regions of North Macedonia">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in North Macedonia by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in North Macedonia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of cities in North Macedonia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Statistical regions of North Macedonia">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in North Macedonia by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_-_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skopje"><img alt="Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Skopje_-_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_Bridge.jpg/120px-Skopje_-_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Skopje_-_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_Bridge.jpg/180px-Skopje_-_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Skopje_-_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_Bridge.jpg/240px-Skopje_-_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4166" data-file-height="2572" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumanovo"><img alt="Kumanovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/120px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/180px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg/240px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region" title="Skopje Statistical Region">Skopje Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">526,502</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kavadarci" title="Kavadarci">Kavadarci</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Statistical_Region" title="Vardar Statistical Region">Vardar Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,038 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitola_to_mount_Baba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bitola"><img alt="Bitola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bitola_to_mount_Baba.jpg/120px-Bitola_to_mount_Baba.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bitola_to_mount_Baba.jpg/180px-Bitola_to_mount_Baba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bitola_to_mount_Baba.jpg/240px-Bitola_to_mount_Baba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prilep_from_Towers_of_Marko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prilep"><img alt="Prilep" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prilep_from_Towers_of_Marko.jpg/120px-Prilep_from_Towers_of_Marko.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prilep_from_Towers_of_Marko.jpg/180px-Prilep_from_Towers_of_Marko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Prilep_from_Towers_of_Marko.jpg/240px-Prilep_from_Towers_of_Marko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Prilep" title="Prilep">Prilep</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Statistical_Region" title="Northeastern Statistical Region">Northeastern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,051</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dani" title="Kočani">Kočani</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Statistical_Region" title="Eastern Statistical Region">Eastern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,632 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagonia_Statistical_Region" title="Pelagonia Statistical Region">Pelagonia Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,287</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo" title="Kičevo">Kičevo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Statistical_Region" title="Southwestern Statistical Region">Southwestern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,428 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prilep" title="Prilep">Prilep</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagonia_Statistical_Region" title="Pelagonia Statistical Region">Pelagonia Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,308</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gevgelija" title="Gevgelija">Gevgelija</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Statistical_Region" title="Southeastern Statistical Region">Southeastern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,156 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polog_Statistical_Region" title="Polog Statistical Region">Polog Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,176</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Struga" title="Struga">Struga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Statistical_Region" title="Southwestern Statistical Region">Southwestern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,009 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Statistical_Region" title="Eastern Statistical Region">Eastern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Radovi%C5%A1" title="Radoviš">Radoviš</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Statistical_Region" title="Southeastern Statistical Region">Southeastern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veles (city)">Veles</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Statistical_Region" title="Vardar Statistical Region">Vardar Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,664</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kriva_Palanka" title="Kriva Palanka">Kriva Palanka</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Statistical_Region" title="Northeastern Statistical Region">Northeastern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Statistical_Region" title="Southwestern Statistical Region">Southwestern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38 818</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Negotino" title="Negotino">Negotino</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Statistical_Region" title="Vardar Statistical Region">Vardar Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Strumica" title="Strumica">Strumica</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Statistical_Region" title="Southeastern Statistical Region">Southeastern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,825</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Debar" title="Debar">Debar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Statistical_Region" title="Southwestern Statistical Region">Southwestern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gostivar" title="Gostivar">Gostivar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polog_Statistical_Region" title="Polog Statistical Region">Polog Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,814</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sveti_Nikole" title="Sveti Nikole">Sveti Nikole</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Statistical_Region" title="Eastern Statistical Region">Eastern Statistical</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,728 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">Culture of North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="List of Macedonians (ethnic group)">List of Macedonians (ethnic group)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">Music of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanec_folk_ensemble_Macedonia_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tanec_folk_ensemble_Macedonia_3.jpg/220px-Tanec_folk_ensemble_Macedonia_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tanec_folk_ensemble_Macedonia_3.jpg/330px-Tanec_folk_ensemble_Macedonia_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Tanec_folk_ensemble_Macedonia_3.jpg/440px-Tanec_folk_ensemble_Macedonia_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Folk dancers</figcaption></figure> <p>North Macedonia has a rich cultural heritage in art, architecture, poetry and music. It has many ancient, protected religious sites. Poetry, cinema, and music festivals are held annually. <a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian music</a> styles developed under the strong influence of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a> church music. North Macedonia has a significant number of preserved <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> fresco paintings, mainly from the period between the 11th and 16th centuries. There are several thousands of square metres of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> painting preserved, the major part of which is in very good condition and represent masterworks of the Macedonian school of ecclesiastical painting. </p><p>The most important cultural events in the country are the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Summer_Festival" title="Ohrid Summer Festival">Ohrid Summer Festival</a> of classical music and drama, the <a href="/wiki/Struga_Poetry_Evenings" title="Struga Poetry Evenings">Struga Poetry Evenings</a> which gather poets from more than 50 countries in the world, International Camera Festival in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, Open Youth Theatre and <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Jazz_Festival" title="Skopje Jazz Festival">Skopje Jazz Festival</a> in Skopje etc. The National Opera opened in 1947, then named "Macedonian Opera", with a performance of <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a></i> under the direction of Branko Pomorisac. Every year, the May Opera Evenings are held in Skopje for around 20 nights. The first May Opera performance was that of <a href="/wiki/Kiril_Makedonski" title="Kiril Makedonski">Kiril Makedonski</a>'s <i>Tsar Samuil</i> in May 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0(%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5)_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%28%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%29_%283%29.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%28%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%29_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%28%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%29_%283%29.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%28%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%29_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%28%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%29_%283%29.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%28%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%29_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tav%C4%8De_grav%C4%8De" title="Tavče gravče">Tavče gravče</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The country's cuisine is representative of that of the Balkans—reflecting <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a>) influences, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a> and Eastern European (especially <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a>) ones.<sup id="cite_ref-friedman_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatively warm climate in North Macedonia provides excellent growth conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits. Thus, Macedonian cuisine is particularly diverse. </p><p>Macedonian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of its <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>, wines, and local alcoholic beverages, such as <a href="/wiki/Rakija" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakija">rakija</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tav%C4%8De_grav%C4%8De" title="Tavče gravče">Tavče gravče</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">mastika</a> are considered the national dish and drink of North Macedonia, respectively. Some other important dishes include <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0opska_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Šopska salad">Šopska salad</a>, an appetiser and side dish that accompanies the main meal, <a href="/wiki/Ajvar" title="Ajvar">ajvar</a>, stuffed peppers, <a href="/wiki/Pastrmajlija" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastrmajlija">pastrmajlija</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SStandPhilipIIArena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SStandPhilipIIArena.jpg/220px-SStandPhilipIIArena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SStandPhilipIIArena.jpg/330px-SStandPhilipIIArena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SStandPhilipIIArena.jpg/440px-SStandPhilipIIArena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski_Arena" title="Toše Proeski Arena">Toše Proeski Arena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HC_Vardar_in_Skopje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HC_Vardar_in_Skopje.jpg/220px-HC_Vardar_in_Skopje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HC_Vardar_in_Skopje.jpg/330px-HC_Vardar_in_Skopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HC_Vardar_in_Skopje.jpg/440px-HC_Vardar_in_Skopje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The welcoming ceremony for <a href="/wiki/RK_Vardar" title="RK Vardar">RK Vardar</a> after winning the <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EHF_Champions_League" title="2016–17 EHF Champions League">2016–17 EHF Champions League</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> are the most popular sports in North Macedonia. The <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_national_football_team" title="North Macedonia national football team">North Macedonia national football team</a> is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Macedonia" title="Football Federation of Macedonia">Football Federation of Macedonia</a>. Their home stadium is the <a href="/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski_Arena" title="Toše Proeski Arena">Toše Proeski Arena</a>. In November 2003, to celebrate <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>'s jubilee, <a href="/wiki/Darko_Pan%C4%8Dev" title="Darko Pančev">Darko Pančev</a> was selected as the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Jubilee_Awards" title="UEFA Jubilee Awards">Golden Player</a> of Macedonia as their most outstanding player of the past 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the winner of the <a href="/wiki/European_Golden_Shoe" title="European Golden Shoe">European Golden Boot</a> award in 1991 and he is best known for scoring the winning penalty in the <a href="/wiki/1991_European_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 European Cup Final">1991 European Cup Final</a>, bringing <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade" title="Red Star Belgrade">Red Star Belgrade</a> the most prestigious trophy in European football for the first time in its 50-year existence. In 2020, the national team qualified for <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020" title="UEFA Euro 2020">UEFA Euro 2020</a> (held in 2021), their first major tournament in the country's history.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handball is the other important team sport in the country. Macedonian clubs have enjoyed success in European competitions. <a href="/wiki/RK_Vardar" title="RK Vardar">RK Vardar</a> won <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EHF_Champions_League" title="2016–17 EHF Champions League">2016–17</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_EHF_Champions_League" title="2018–19 EHF Champions League">2018–19 EHF Champions League</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Kometal_Gjor%C4%8De_Petrov_Skopje" class="mw-redirect" title="Kometal Gjorče Petrov Skopje">Kometal Gjorče Petrov Skopje</a> won the 2002 <a href="/wiki/EHF_Champions_League" title="EHF Champions League">EHF Women's Champions League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="European Women's Handball Championship">European Women's Handball Championship</a> took place in 2008 in North Macedonia in Skopje and Ohrid; the <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_women%27s_national_handball_team" title="North Macedonia women's national handball team">women's national team</a> finished seventh place. The country's <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_men%27s_national_handball_team" title="North Macedonia men's national handball team">men's national team</a> has appeared in the European and World championships multiple times, with a best finish of fifth at the former (<a href="/wiki/2012_European_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2012 European Men's Handball Championship">2012</a>) and ninth at the latter (<a href="/wiki/2015_World_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2015 World Men's Handball Championship">2015</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="North Macedonia men's national basketball team">North Macedonia national basketball team</a> represents North Macedonia in international basketball. The team is run by the Basketball Federation of North Macedonia, the governing body of basketball in North Macedonia which was created in 1992 and joined FIBA in 1993. North Macedonia has participated in three <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">EuroBaskets</a> since then with its best finish at 4th place in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2011" title="EuroBasket 2011">2011</a>. It plays its home games at the <a href="/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski_Sports_Center" title="Boris Trajkovski Sports Center">Boris Trajkovski Sports Center</a> in Skopje. <a href="/wiki/Pero_Anti%C4%87" title="Pero Antić">Pero Antić</a> became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_NBA_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of foreign NBA players">first Macedonian basketball player</a> to play in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>. He also won three <a href="/wiki/EuroLeague" title="EuroLeague">EuroLeague</a> trophies. </p><p>In the summer months the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Swimming_Marathon" title="Ohrid Swimming Marathon">Ohrid Swimming Marathon</a> is an annual event on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a> and during the winter months there is skiing in North Macedonia's winter sports centres. North Macedonia also takes part in the Olympic Games. Participation in the Games is organised by the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Committee_of_North_Macedonia" title="Olympic Committee of North Macedonia">Olympic Committee of North Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magomed_Ibragimov_(wrestler,_born_1974)" title="Magomed Ibragimov (wrestler, born 1974)">Magomed Ibragimov</a> competed for Macedonia in the <a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_freestyle_85_kg" title="Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 85 kg">freestyle 85 kg competition</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a> and won the bronze medal, which was the first medal for independent country. Wrestlers <a href="/wiki/Shaban_Trstena" title="Shaban Trstena">Shaban Trstena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaban_Sejdiu" title="Shaban Sejdiu">Shaban Sejdiu</a> born in North Macedonia, as well as boxers <a href="/wiki/Red%C5%BEep_Red%C5%BEepovski" title="Redžep Redžepovski">Redžep Redžepovski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ace_Rusevski" title="Ace Rusevski">Ace Rusevski</a>, won Olympic medals as part of Yugoslav Olympic team. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">Cinema of North Macedonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milcho_Manchevski.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Milcho_Manchevski.JPG/220px-Milcho_Manchevski.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Milcho_Manchevski.JPG/330px-Milcho_Manchevski.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Milcho_Manchevski.JPG/440px-Milcho_Manchevski.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milcho_Manchevski" title="Milcho Manchevski">Milcho Manchevski</a> is a critically acclaimed Macedonian film and TV director who won the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">history of film</a> making in the country dates back over 110 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first film to be produced on the territory of the present-day country was made in 1895 by <a href="/wiki/Manakis_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Manakis brothers">Janaki and Milton Manaki</a> in Bitola. Throughout the past century, the medium of film has depicted the history, culture and everyday life of the Macedonian people. Over the years many Macedonian films have been presented at film festivals around the world and several of these films have won prestigious awards. The first Macedonian feature film was <i>Frosina</i>, released in 1952 and directed by <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Nanovi%C4%87" title="Vojislav Nanović">Vojislav Nanović</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first feature film in colour was <i>Miss Stone</i>, a movie about a Protestant missionary in Ottoman Macedonia. It was released in 1958. The highest grossing feature film in North Macedonia was <i><a href="/wiki/Bal-Can-Can" title="Bal-Can-Can">Bal-Can-Can</a></i>, having been seen by over 500,000 people in its first year alone. In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Milcho_Manchevski" title="Milcho Manchevski">Milcho Manchevski</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Before_the_Rain_(1994_film)" title="Before the Rain (1994 film)">Before the Rain</a></i> was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> in the category of <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Best International Feature Film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchevski continues to be the most prominent modern filmmaker in the country having subsequently written and directed <i><a href="/wiki/Dust_(2001_film)" title="Dust (2001 film)">Dust</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_(2007_film)" title="Shadows (2007 film)">Shadows</a></i>. In 2020, the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Honeyland_(2019_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeyland (2019 film)">Honeyland</a></i> (2019) directed by <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Kotevska" title="Tamara Kotevska">Tamara Kotevska</a> and Ljubomir Stefanov, received nominations in the categories for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Best International Feature Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Best Documentary Feature</a> at the <a href="/wiki/92nd_Academy_Awards" title="92nd Academy Awards">92nd Academy Awards</a>, making it the first non-fictional film to receive a nomination in both categories.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_North_Macedonia" title="Mass media in North Macedonia">Mass media in North Macedonia</a></div> <p>The oldest newspaper in the country is <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Makedonija" title="Nova Makedonija">Nova Makedonija</a></i> from 1944. Other well known newspaper and magazines are: <i><a href="/wiki/Utrinski_vesnik" title="Utrinski vesnik">Utrinski vesnik</a></i>, <span title="Macedonian-language text"><i lang="mk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dnevnik_(Skopje)" title="Dnevnik (Skopje)">Dnevnik</a></i></span>, <i>Vest</i>, <i>Fokus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Der_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Večer (Skopje)">Večer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tea_Moderna_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea Moderna (magazine)">Tea Moderna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Makedonsko_Sonce" title="Makedonsko Sonce">Makedonsko Sonce</a></i>, and <i>Koha</i>. Public channel is <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Radio_Television" title="Macedonian Radio Television">Macedonian Radio Television</a> founded in 1993 by the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Assembly of North Macedonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/TEKO_TV" title="TEKO TV">TEKO TV</a> (1989) from <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a> is the first private television channel in the country. Other popular private channels are: <a href="/wiki/Sitel_(TV_channel)" title="Sitel (TV channel)">Sitel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanal_5_(Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanal 5 (Macedonia)">Kanal 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telma_(TV_channel)" title="Telma (TV channel)">Telma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa_TV_(TV_channel_Macedonia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa TV (TV channel Macedonia) (page does not exist)">Alfa TV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alsat-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsat-M">Alsat-M</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">Public holidays in North Macedonia</a></div> <p>The main public holidays in North Macedonia are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>English name</th> <th>Macedonian name</th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>1–2 January</td> <td>New Year</td> <td>Нова Година, <i>Nova Godina</i></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 January</td> <td>Christmas Day (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>)</td> <td>Прв ден Божиќ, <i>Prv den Božiḱ</i></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>April/May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> (Orthodox)</td> <td>Велики Петок, <i>Veliki Petok</i></td> <td>Orthodox Easter and other Easter dates do not match; see: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_for_Easter" title="List of dates for Easter">List of dates for Easter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April/May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> (Orthodox)</td> <td>Прв ден Велигден, <i>Prv den Veligden</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April/May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a> (Orthodox)</td> <td>Втор ден Велигден, <i>Vtor den Veligden</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 May</td> <td>Labour Day</td> <td>Ден на трудот, <i>Den na trudot</i></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 May</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius Day">Saints Cyril and Methodius Day</a></td> <td>Св. Кирил и Методиј, Ден на сèсловенските просветители; <i>Sv. Kiril i Metodij, Den na sèslovenskite prosvetiteli</i></td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 August</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Republic Day (North Macedonia)">Republic Day</a></td> <td>Ден на Републиката, <i>Den na Republikata</i></td> <td>Day when the Republic was established in 1944, also <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden Uprising</a> in 1903. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Independence Day (North Macedonia)">Independence Day</a></td> <td>Ден на независноста, <i>Den na nezavisnosta</i></td> <td>Day of independence from <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Macedonian_Uprising" title="Day of the Macedonian Uprising">Day of the Macedonian Uprising</a></td> <td>Ден на востанието, <i>Den na vostanieto</i></td> <td>Beginning of Anti-fascist war during WWII in 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Struggle_(Holiday)" title="Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle (Holiday)">Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle (Holiday)</a></td> <td>Ден на македонската револуционерна борба,<i>Den na makedonskata revolucionarna borba</i></td> <td>Day when the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> (IMRO) was established in 1893. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Shawwal</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a></td> <td>Рамазан Бајрам, <i>Ramazan Bajram</i></td> <td>moveable, see: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Calendar">Islamic Calendar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 December</td> <td>Saint <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement of Ohrid</a> Day</td> <td>Св. Климент Охридски, <i>Sv. Kliment Ohridski</i></td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Besides these, there are several major religious & minorities holidays. (See: <i><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">Public holidays in North Macedonia</a></i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of flags of North Macedonia">List of flags of North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_North_Macedonia" title="National symbols of North Macedonia">National symbols of North Macedonia</a></div> <ul><li><b>Sun</b>: The official <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flag of North Macedonia">flag of North Macedonia</a>, adopted in 1995, is a yellow sun with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field.</li> <li><b>Coat of arms</b>: After independence in 1991, North Macedonia retained the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of North Macedonia">coat of arms</a> adopted in 1946 by the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Macedonia on its second extraordinary session held on 27 July 1946, later on altered by article 8 of the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Macedonia. The coat-of-arms is composed by a double bent garland of ears of wheat, tobacco and poppy, tied by a ribbon with the embroidery of a traditional folk costume. In the center of such a circular room there are mountains, rivers, lakes and the sun. All this is said to represent "the richness of our country, our struggle, and our freedom".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_rankings">International rankings</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Organisation </th> <th>Survey </th> <th>Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Economics_and_Peace" title="Institute for Economics and Peace">Institute for Economics and Peace</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a> 2019<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>65 out of 163 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> </td> <td>Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2019<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>95 out of 180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>/<a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a> 2019<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>33 out of 180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> </td> <td>Corruption Perceptions Index 2019<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>106 out of 180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> 2019<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>82 out of 189 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">Ease of doing business index</a> 2019<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10 out of 190 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">North Macedonia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Macedonia" title="Outline of North Macedonia">Outline of North Macedonia</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-language1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> National and official language in all aspects of the whole territory of the state and in its international relations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Co-official language at a state level (excluding defence, central police and monetary policy) and in local self-government units where speakers are 20% or more.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Северна Македонија</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">Severna Makedonija</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">[ˈsɛvɛrna<span class="wrap"> </span>makɛˈdɔnija]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Maqedonia e Veriut</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sq-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[macɛˈdɔnja<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>vɛɾˈjut]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">Република Северна Македонија</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Macedonian-language romanization"><i lang="mk-Latn">Republika Severna Makedonija</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">[rɛˈpublika<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsɛvɛrna<span class="wrap"> </span>makɛˈdɔnija]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Republika e Maqedonisë së Veriut</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sq-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[rɛˈpublika<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>macɛˈdɔnis<span class="wrap"> </span>sə<span class="wrap"> </span>vɛɾˈjut]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosovo-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> North Macedonia has recognised Kosovo since 9 October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This policy changed after 1943 with the arrival of Tito's envoy Montenegrin Serb <a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Vukmanovi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Vukmanović">Svetozar Vukmanović</a>-Tempo. He began in earnest to organise armed resistance to the Bulgarian rule and sharply criticised <a href="/wiki/Metodi_Shatorov" title="Metodi Shatorov">Sharlo</a>'s pro-Bulgarian policy. At a meeting of the partisan brigades, as well as a group of battalions in the <a href="/wiki/Resen,_North_Macedonia" title="Resen, North Macedonia">Resen</a> region on 21 December 1943, Tempo makes the following comments about Shatorov and the leadership of the MCP: "They thought that the Macedonian people were Bulgarians and that they were oppressed by the hegemony of Great Serbia and had to be transferred to Bulgaria. Their basic slogan is: 'All non-Macedonians out of Macedonia'. The capital <i>J</i> [Serbo-Croatian spelling of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian, etc.] was deleted from all documents. In fact they did not want Yugoslavia, no matter where it stood politically. When the war started, the initial decision of this leadership was to be separate from Yugoslavia and from Tito. They declared that Macedonia would be free as soon as the Bulgarians came...."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf">"Census final data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>stat.gov.mk</i>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.mk&rft.atitle=Census+final+data&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2FPublikacii%2FknigaX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_census-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_census_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?rbrtxt=146">"State Statistical Office – News release: Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, 2021 – first dataset ,2021"</a>. <i>Stat.gov.mk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stat.gov.mk&rft.atitle=State+Statistical+Office+%E2%80%93+News+release%3A+Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia%2C+2021+%E2%80%93+first+dataset+%2C2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2FPrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx%3Frbrtxt%3D146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331074832/https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2022/2.1.22.10-mk-en.pdf">"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 – прв сет на податоци"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2022/2.1.22.10-mk-en.pdf/">the original</a> on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%2C+2021+%E2%80%93+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2Fpdf%2F2022%2F2.1.22.10-mk-en.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSO-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SSO_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SSO_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=1">Territorial Units</a>. <i>State Statistical Office</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.MK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MK_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MK_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MK_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MK_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=962,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (MK)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28MK%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D962%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu/eurostat</i>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu%2Feurostat&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081116102337/http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=288">"Basic Facts"</a>. <i>North Macedonia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=288">the original</a> on 16 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Macedonia%2C+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Basic+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.mk%2Fdefault1.aspx%3FItemID%3D288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/northmacedonia">"The World Bank in North Macedonia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Bank+in+North+Macedonia&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fnorthmacedonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364599">Μακεδονία</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macedonia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonia_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macedonia_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, Online Etymology Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364596">μακεδνός</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmakro%2Fs1">μακρός</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_N._Borza" title="Eugene N. Borza">Eugene N. Borza</a>, <i>Makedonika</i>, Regina Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941690-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-941690-65-2">0-941690-65-2</a>, p. 114: The "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin both to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical "Dorians".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Guy Wilson (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</i>, Routledge, p. 439: The latest archaeological findings have confirmed that Macedonia took its name from a tribe of tall, Greek-speaking people, the Makednoi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert</a> (2010), <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i>, vol. II, Leiden, Boston: Brill, p. 894</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=894&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Decker2016" class="citation journal cs1">De Decker, Filip (2016). "AN ETYMOLOGICAL CASE STUDY ON THE AND VOCABULARY IN ROBERT BEEKES'S NEW ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF GREEK". <i>Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis</i>. <b>133</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F20834624SL.16.006.5152">10.4467/20834624SL.16.006.5152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1897-1059">1897-1059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Linguistica+Universitatis+Iagellonicae+Cracoviensis&rft.atitle=AN+ETYMOLOGICAL+CASE+STUDY+ON+THE+AND+VOCABULARY+IN+ROBERT+BEEKES%27S+NEW+ETYMOLOGICAL+DICTIONARY+OF+GREEK&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F20834624SL.16.006.5152&rft.issn=1897-1059&rft.aulast=De+Decker&rft.aufirst=Filip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"What is often overlooked is how <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> collaborated unknowingly from the middle decades of the 19th century onward in breathing new life into the geographical name Macedonia, which was all but forgotten during the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)#Medieval_Macedonia" title="Macedonia (region)">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> periods. In the late Ottoman period, "Macedonia" as such did not exist as an administrative unit in the empire... <a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek nationalism</a>, fixated on the continuity between ancient and modern Hellenes, was keen to project the name Macedonia as a way to assert the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Greek historical character of the area</a>. In 1845, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">the story of Alexander</a> was published in a Slavo-Macedonian dialect scripted in Greek characters... For their part, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian nationalists</a> readily accepted Macedonia as a regional denomination... Macedonia had become one of the "historic" Bulgarian lands... and "Macedonian Bulgarian" turned into a standard phrase." Dimitar Bechev, Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Scarecrow Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6295-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6295-6">0-8108-6295-6</a>, Introduction, p. VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the early 19th c. the modern Greeks with their Western-derived obsession with antiquity played a crucial role in reviving the classical name 'Macedonia' in the popular consciousness of the Balkan peoples. For a thousand years before that the name 'Macedonia' had meant different things for Westerners and Balkan Christians: for Westerners it always denoted the territories of the ancient Macedonians, but for the Greeks and all other Balkan Christians the name 'Macedonia' – if at all used – covered the territories of the former Byzantine theme 'Macedonia', situated between Adrianople (Edrine) and the river Nestos (Mesta) in classical and present-day Thrace. The central and northern parts of present-day 'geographic Macedonia' were traditionally called either 'Bulgaria' and 'Lower Moesia', but within a generation after Greek independence (gained in 1830) these names were replaced by 'Macedonia' in the minds of both Greeks and non-Greeks." Drezov K. (1999) Macedonian identity: an overview of the major claims. In: Pettifer J. (eds) The New Macedonian Question. St Antony's Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-53579-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-53579-8">0-230-53579-8</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1813 Macedonia did not exist. A century later, it had become a hotly contested nationalist cause, a battlefield, and an obsession. What led to this dramatic transformation was modernity: a chilly wind of West European provenance that propelled to the Balkans concepts that few in the region understood, wanted or cared about. Among these, the idea of nationalism was the most potent, and the most lethal. Before the 1850s, Macedonia was a poverty-stricken province of the Ottoman Empire, where an Orthodox Christian and mostly peasant population speaking a variety of Slavonic idioms, Greek, or Vlach, was trying to eke out a modest living, and protect it from rapacious brigands and a decaying Ottoman administrative system. Religion was the only collective identity that most of them could make sense of, for ethnicity and language played little role in shaping their loyalties. But the winds of change quickly gathered momentum, and eventually shattered that multi-ethnic community, producing a 'Greek', or a 'Bulgarian', out of a 'Christian'." D. Livanios' review of Vemund Aarbakke, Ethnic Rivalry and the Quest for Macedonia, 1870–1913 in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Jan. 2005), pp. 141–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The ancient name 'Macedonia' disappeared during the period of Ottoman rule and was only restored in the nineteenth century originally as geographical term.</i> The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920919-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920919-7">0-19-920919-7</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The region was not called "Macedonia" by the Ottomans, and the name "Macedonia" gained currency together with the ascendance of rival nationalism." Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97648-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97648-3">0-275-97648-3</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Greeks were amongst the first to define these lands since the beginning of the 19th century. For educated Greeks, Macedonia was the historical Greek land of kings Philip and Alexander the Great." John S. Koliopoulos, Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History since 1821. A New History of Modern Europe, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4443-1483-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4443-1483-1">1-4443-1483-1</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Bloxham, The Final Solution: A Genocide, OUP Oxford, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-955033-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-955033-6">0-19-955033-6</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, Peter Lang, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-0343-0196-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-0343-0196-0">3-0343-0196-0</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/greece-macedonia-sign-agreement-change-180617074429644.html">"Greece and Macedonia sign agreement on name change"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Greece+and+Macedonia+sign+agreement+on+name+change&rft.date=2018-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F06%2Fgreece-macedonia-sign-agreement-change-180617074429644.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitsantonis2018" class="citation news cs1">Kitsantonis, Niki (17 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/17/world/europe/greece-macedonia-name-dispute.html">"Macedonia and Greece Sign Historic Deal on Name Change"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Macedonia+and+Greece+Sign+Historic+Deal+on+Name+Change&rft.date=2018-06-17&rft.aulast=Kitsantonis&rft.aufirst=Niki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fgreece-macedonia-name-dispute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTestoridesBecatoros2018" class="citation web cs1">Testorides, Konstantin; Becatoros, Elena (30 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cp24.com/world/macedonia-referendum-approves-name-change-but-turnout-low-1.4115262">"Macedonia: Referendum approves name change, but turnout low"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macedonia%3A+Referendum+approves+name+change%2C+but+turnout+low&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft.aulast=Testorides&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft.au=Becatoros%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp24.com%2Fworld%2Fmacedonia-referendum-approves-name-change-but-turnout-low-1.4115262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45704860">"PM to press on with Macedonia name change"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=PM+to+press+on+with+Macedonia+name+change&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-45704860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgencies2018" class="citation web cs1">Agencies (20 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/20/welcome-to-north-macedonia-parliament-votes-for-name-change">"Welcome to North Macedonia: parliament votes for name change"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+North+Macedonia%3A+parliament+votes+for+name+change&rft.date=2018-10-20&rft.au=Agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Foct%2F20%2Fwelcome-to-north-macedonia-parliament-votes-for-name-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasule2019" class="citation web cs1">Casule, Kole (11 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-macedonia-name-parliament-idUSKCN1P5238">"Macedonia parliament agrees to change country's name"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Macedonia+parliament+agrees+to+change+country%27s+name&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.aulast=Casule&rft.aufirst=Kole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-macedonia-name-parliament-idUSKCN1P5238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47002865">"Greece vote settles 27-year Macedonia row"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Greece+vote+settles+27-year+Macedonia+row&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-47002865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waterfield19-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waterfield19_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterfield2019" class="citation book cs1">Waterfield, Robin (2019). <i>The Library, Books 16–20: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Successors</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875988-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-875988-1"><bdi>978-0-19-875988-1</bdi></a>. <q>Paeonia is roughly equivalent to the country currently known as the Republic of North Macedonia (the former FYROM).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%2C+Books+16%E2%80%9320%3A+Philip+II%2C+Alexander+the+Great%2C+and+the+Successors&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-875988-1&rft.aulast=Waterfield&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ovidbsl-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ovidbsl_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvid2005" class="citation book cs1">Ovid (2005). Green, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsofexiletris00ovid/page/319"><i>The Poems of Exile: Tristia and the Black Sea Letters</i></a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsofexiletris00ovid/page/319">319</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24260-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24260-9</bdi></a>. <q>Ovid was lax in his geography, not least over Paeonia (in fact roughly coextensive with the present Slav Republic of Macedonia).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems+of+Exile%3A+Tristia+and+the+Black+Sea+Letters&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24260-9&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoemsofexiletris00ovid%2Fpage%2F319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roisman10-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roisman10_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2010" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC"><i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reames08-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reames08_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReamesHowe2008" class="citation book cs1">Reames, Jeanne; Howe, Timothy (2008). <i>Macedonian Legacies: Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza</i>. Regina Books. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930053-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930053-56-4"><bdi>978-1-930053-56-4</bdi></a>. <q>Having just conquered Paeonia (roughly where the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is today).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonian+Legacies%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Macedonian+History+and+Culture+in+Honor+of+Eugene+N.+Borza&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Regina+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-930053-56-4&rft.aulast=Reames&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft.au=Howe%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peshkopia15-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peshkopia15_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeshkopia2015" class="citation book cs1">Peshkopia, Ridvan (2015). <i>Conditioning Democratization: Institutional Reforms and EU Membership Conditionality in Albania and Macedonia</i>. Anthem Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-325-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-325-2"><bdi>978-0-85728-325-2</bdi></a>. <q>Indeed, the territory of the Republic of Macedonia encompasses little of the ancient kingdom of Macedon, which, in most part, overlaps with the current region of the contemporary Greece, but the name Macedonia "flowed" northward with the creation of Roman region of Macedonia, after the Romans occupied Greece in 168 BC. Besides the former kingdom of Macedon, the Roman region included the territories of Paeonia, where the contemporary FYR Macedonia rests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conditioning+Democratization%3A+Institutional+Reforms+and+EU+Membership+Conditionality+in+Albania+and+Macedonia&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-325-2&rft.aulast=Peshkopia&rft.aufirst=Ridvan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strabo-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strabo_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, <i>Geography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3Dfragments%3Asection%3D4">Book 7, Frg. 4:</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-willkes96-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-willkes96_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillkes1996" class="citation book cs1">Willkes, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA170"><i>The Illyrians</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9"><bdi>978-0-631-19807-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19807-9&rft.aulast=Willkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sealey76-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sealey76_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSealey1976" class="citation book cs1">Sealey, Raphael (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekci0000seal"><i>A history of the Greek city states, ca. 700–338 B.C.</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekci0000seal/page/442">442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03177-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03177-7"><bdi>978-0-520-03177-7</bdi></a>. <q>illyrian lychnitis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Greek+city+states%2C+ca.+700%E2%80%93338+B.C.&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03177-7&rft.aulast=Sealey&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgreekci0000seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evans07-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evans07_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2007" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Thammy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CpYot4N2PUC&pg=RA1-PA13"><i>Macedonia</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-186-9"><bdi>978-1-84162-186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-186-9&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Thammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CpYot4N2PUC%26pg%3DRA1-PA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-borza92-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-borza92_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorza1992" class="citation book cs1">Borza, Eugene N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=614pd07OtfQC&pg=PA99"><i>In the shadow of Olympus: the emergence of Macedon</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00880-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00880-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+shadow+of+Olympus%3A+the+emergence+of+Macedon&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00880-6&rft.aulast=Borza&rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D614pd07OtfQC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis94-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis94_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_D.M.1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, D.M.; et al., eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC&pg=RA6-PA750"><i>The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C.</i></a> Cambridge University Press. pp. 723–724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23348-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23348-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history%3A+The+fourth+century+B.C.&rft.pages=723-724&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23348-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx251bK988gC%26pg%3DRA6-PA750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caman3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caman3_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman and N. G. L. Hammond, 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23447-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23447-6">0-521-23447-6</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perseus-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perseus_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/invalidquery.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0073:entry=entry=">"No document found"</a>. <i>Perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=No+document+found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Finvalidquery.jsp%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3Dentry%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoweReames2008239-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoweReames2008239_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoweReames2008">Howe & Reames 2008</a>, p. 239.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHoweReames2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoismanWorthington2011135–138,_342–345-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoismanWorthington2011135–138,_342–345_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011">Roisman & Worthington 2011</a>, pp. 135–138, 342–345.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livius-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-livius_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724223725/https://www.livius.org/ia-in/influence/influence02.html">"Persian influence on Greece (2)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ia-in/influence/influence02.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+influence+on+Greece+%282%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fia-in%2Finfluence%2Finfluence02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rome_page_75-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rome_page_75_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warfare in the ancient world: from the Bronze Age to the fall of Rome. By Stefan G. Chrissanthos, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poulton00-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poulton00_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulton,_Hugh2000" class="citation book cs1">Poulton, Hugh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ppbuavUZKEwC&pg=PA187"><i>Who are the Macedonians?</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-534-3"><bdi>978-1-85065-534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Macedonians%3F&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-534-3&rft.au=Poulton%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DppbuavUZKEwC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nurigiani67-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nurigiani67_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macedonia yesterday and today Author Giorgio Nurigiani, Publisher Teleurope, 1967 p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). 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Christidis (2007). <i>A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 351: "Despite Roman domination, there was no retreat on the part of Greek tradition in the eastern part of the empire, and only in Macedonia did Latin spread in some extent".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little2007-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Little2007_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester_K._Little2007" class="citation book cs1">Lester K. Little, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKhLOd6gGlAC"><i>Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15, 24, 116, 118, 125, 286–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84639-4"><bdi>978-0-521-84639-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague+and+the+End+of+Antiquity%3A+The+Pandemic+of+541%E2%80%93750&rft.pages=15%2C+24%2C+116%2C+118%2C+125%2C+286-287&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84639-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDKhLOd6gGlAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, David Curtis (1997). 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(2003), The ethnoarchaeology of a 'passive' ethnicity: The Arvanites of Central Greece, p. 142. In: Brown K.S., Hamilakis Y. (Eds.) The Usable Past. Greek Metahistories. Lanham-Boulder: Lexington Books. 129–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Hupchick (2002) The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, Springer, p. 33, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29913-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29913-3">0-312-29913-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorin_Curta2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Florin Curta</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"</a></span>. <i>Archive.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.org&rft.atitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Florin+Curta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"><bdi>0-472-08149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08149-7&rft.au=John+Van+Antwerp+Fine+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Runciman" class="citation web cs1">S. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6"><bdi>978-0-521-43991-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+Centuries+of+Byzantium%2C+%281261%E2%80%931453%29&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43991-6&rft.au=Nicol%2C+Donald+Macgillivray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2d6OHLqwEsC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064407/Rumelia">Encyclopædia Britannica – Rumelia</a> at Encyclopædia Britannica.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb19-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb19_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUEhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA464"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences ..., Volume 19</i></a>. 1859. p. 464.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+or%2C+Dictionary+of+arts%2C+sciences+...%2C+Volume+19&rft.pages=464&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUEhAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2004" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, John (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macedoniawarlord00phil"><i>Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans</i></a></span>. I.B. Tauris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macedoniawarlord00phil/page/n51">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-841-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-841-0"><bdi>978-1-86064-841-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia%3A+Warlords+and+Rebels+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-841-0&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacedoniawarlord00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampimon2006" class="citation book cs1">Sampimon, Janette (2006). <i>Becoming Bulgarian: The articulation of Bulgarian identity in the nineteenth century in its international context: An intellectual history</i>. Pegasus. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6143-311-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6143-311-8"><bdi>978-90-6143-311-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Bulgarian%3A+The+articulation+of+Bulgarian+identity+in+the+nineteenth+century+in+its+international+context%3A+An+intellectual+history&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Pegasus&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-6143-311-8&rft.aulast=Sampimon&rft.aufirst=Janette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeHupchick1988" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, James Franklin; Hupchick, Dennis P. (1988). <i>The pen and the sword: Studies in Bulgarian history</i>. East European Monographs. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-149-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-149-4"><bdi>978-0-88033-149-4</bdi></a>. <q>Peichinovich of Tetovo, Macedonia, author of one of the first Bulgarian books</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pen+and+the+sword%3A+Studies+in+Bulgarian+history&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-149-4&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=James+Franklin&rft.au=Hupchick%2C+Dennis+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawrych2006" class="citation book cs1">Gawrych, George (2006). <i>The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5"><bdi>978-1-84511-287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crescent+and+the+Eagle%3A+Ottoman+Rule%2C+Islam+and+the+Albanians%2C+1874%E2%80%931913&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-287-5&rft.aulast=Gawrych&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechev2009" class="citation book cs1">Bechev, Dimitar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jSg3lxgSy8C&q=thracian+revolutionary+organization&pg=PA100"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5565-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5565-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-5565-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Macedonia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5565-6&rft.aulast=Bechev&rft.aufirst=Dimitar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jSg3lxgSy8C%26q%3Dthracian%2Brevolutionary%2Borganization%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothBrunnbauer2008" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Klaus; Brunnbauer, Ulf (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RveDmHbIv8C&pg=PA136"><i>Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1387-1"><bdi>978-3-8258-1387-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Region%2C+Regional+Identity+and+Regionalism+in+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-1387-1&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Brunnbauer%2C+Ulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RveDmHbIv8C%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1977" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA209"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29166-8"><bdi>978-0-521-29166-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey%3A+Volume+2%2C+Reform%2C+Revolution%2C+and+Republic%3A+The+Rise+of+Modern+Turkey+1808%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29166-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIET_7ji7YAC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There was even an attempt to form a kind of revolutionary government led by the socialist Nikola Karev. The Krushevo manifesto was declared, assuring the population that the uprising was against the Sultan and not against Muslims in general, and that all peoples would be included. As the population of Krushevo was two-thirds hellenised Vlachs and Patriarchist Slavs, this was a wise move. Despite these promises, the insurgent flew Bulgarian flags everywhere and in many places the uprising did entail attacks on Muslim Turks and Albanians who themselves organised for self-defence." Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-238-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-238-4">1-85065-238-4</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact Macedonian historians as <a href="/wiki/Blaze_Ristovski" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaze Ristovski">Blaze Ristovski</a> have recognized, that the "government" of the "republic", nowadays a symbol of Macedonian statehood, was actually composed of people who identified themselves as "Greeks", "Vlachs" and "Bulgarians". "We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe" Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9776-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9776-28-9">963-9776-28-9</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The IMARO activists saw the future autonomous Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so on." Historical Dictionary of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6295-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6295-6">0-8108-6295-6</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The political and military leaders of the Slavs of Macedonia at the turn of the century seem not to have heard the call for a separate Macedonian national identity; they continued to identify themselves in a national sense as Bulgarians rather than Macedonians.[...] (They) never seem to have doubted "the predominantly Bulgarian character of the population of Macedonia". "The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world", Princeton University Press, Danforth, Loring M. 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04356-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04356-6">0-691-04356-6</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle2008162-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle2008162_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle2008">Nicolle 2008</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saucerman_1937_p._195-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saucerman_1937_p._195_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaucerman1937" class="citation book cs1">Saucerman, S.B. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KrJ9AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA195"><i>International Transfers of Territory in Europe with Names of the Affected Political Subdivisions</i></a>. Department of State publication. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Transfers+of+Territory+in+Europe+with+Names+of+the+Affected+Political+Subdivisions&rft.series=Department+of+State+publication&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Saucerman&rft.aufirst=S.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKrJ9AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banac-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banac_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banac_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banac_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banac_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banac_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banac_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banac_85-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanac1984" class="citation book cs1">Banac, Ivo (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalquestion0000bana/page/317"><i>The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics</i></a>. London and Ithaka: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1675-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1675-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-1675-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Question+in+Yugoslavia.+Origins%2C+History%2C+Politics&rft.place=London+and+Ithaka&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1675-0&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalquestion0000bana%2Fpage%2F317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (2011). <i>Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-0663-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Genocides%3A+Holocaust+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Йосиф Разсуканов, 85 години от Охриско-Дебърското въстание, в-к "Македония", брой 33, 16 септември 1998 г.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Király_Rothenberg_1985_p.2512-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Király_Rothenberg_1985_p.2512_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirályRothenberg1985" class="citation book cs1">Király, B.K.; Rothenberg, G.E. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGrfAAAAMAAJ"><i>War and Society in East Central Europe: East central European society in World War I</i></a>. Atlantic studies. Brooklyn College Press. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-089-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-089-3"><bdi>978-0-88033-089-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Society+in+East+Central+Europe%3A+East+central+European+society+in+World+War+I&rft.series=Atlantic+studies&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Brooklyn+College+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-089-3&rft.aulast=Kir%C3%A1ly&rft.aufirst=B.K.&rft.au=Rothenberg%2C+G.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGrfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerwarth_Horne_2013_p.150_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarthHorne2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerwarth, R.; Horne, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lao-AAAAQBAJ"><i>War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War</i></a>. The Greater War. OUP Oxford. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968605-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968605-6"><bdi>978-0-19-968605-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Peace%3A+Paramilitary+Violence+in+Europe+After+the+Great+War&rft.series=The+Greater+War&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968605-6&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Horne%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlao-AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bianchi_2012_p.163-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bianchi_2012_p.163_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bianchi_2012_p.163_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchi2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bianchi, B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ln1FLgEACAAJ"><i>War crimes and crimes against humanity: violence against civilians on the eastern front (1914–1919)</i></a>. Biblioteca di storia contemporanea (in Italian). UNICOPLI. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-400-1579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-400-1579-8"><bdi>978-88-400-1579-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+crimes+and+crimes+against+humanity%3A+violence+against+civilians+on+the+eastern+front+%281914%E2%80%931919%29&rft.series=Biblioteca+di+storia+contemporanea&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=UNICOPLI&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-400-1579-8&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dln1FLgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laffan_1989_p.252-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laffan_1989_p.252_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffan1989" class="citation book cs1">Laffan, R.G.D. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MwlAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Serbs: The Guardians of the Gate</i></a>. Armenian Research Center collection. Dorset Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-413-3"><bdi>978-0-88029-413-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs%3A+The+Guardians+of+the+Gate&rft.series=Armenian+Research+Center+collection&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-413-3&rft.aulast=Laffan&rft.aufirst=R.G.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_MwlAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report_of_the_Interallied_Commission_on_the_Violation_of_the_Hague_Convention_p.2-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Report_of_the_Interallied_Commission_on_the_Violation_of_the_Hague_Convention_p.2_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxakAAAAMAAJ"><i>Report of the Interallied Commission on the Violation of the Hague Convention</i></a>. Imprimerie "Yougoslavia". 1919. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Interallied+Commission+on+the+Violation+of+the+Hague+Convention&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Imprimerie+%22Yougoslavia%22&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxakAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mojzes_2011_p.422-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mojzes_2011_p.422_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwW2O7v7CUcC"><i>Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-0663-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Genocides%3A+Holocaust+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwW2O7v7CUcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naš_rod-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naš_rod_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kraljevina Jugoslavija! Novi naziv naše države. No, mi smo itak med seboj vedno dejali Jugoslavija, četudi je bilo na vseh uradnih listih Kraljevina Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev. In tudi drugi narodi, kakor Nemci in Francozi, so pisali že prej v svojih listih mnogo o Jugoslaviji. 3. oktobra, ko je kralj Aleksander podpisal "Zakon o nazivu in razdelitvi kraljevine na upravna območja", pa je bil naslov kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev za vedno izbrisan." (Naš rod ("Our Generation", a monthly Slovenian language periodical), Ljubljana 1929/30, št. 1, str. 22, letnik I.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMyZdvTympMC&pg=PA123">Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918–1992</a></i>, p. 123, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGnKpNf2RbAC&pg=PA20">Eastern Europe in the twentieth century – and after</a></i>, p. 20, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/ban/pww2.html#60">"An article by Dimiter Vlahov about the persecution of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia"</a>. newspaper "Balkanska federatsia", No. 140, 20 August 1930, Vienna, original in Bulgarian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+article+by+Dimiter+Vlahov+about+the+persecution+of+the+Bulgarian+population+in+Macedonia&rft.pub=newspaper+%22Balkanska+federatsia%22%2C+No.+140%2C+20+August+1930%2C+Vienna%2C+original+in+Bulgarian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fknigi%2Fen%2Fban%2Fpww2.html%2360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WOW-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WOW_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGeJzd6BLU4C&pg=PA43">War of words: Washington tackles the Yugoslav conflict</a></i>, p. 43, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2007" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&q=Mihailov,%20Macedonia;%20A%20Switzerland%20%20Balkans%20%20bulgarian%20state&pg=PA127"><i>Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-455-2"><bdi>978-1-55753-455-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Strongmen%3A+Dictators+and+Authoritarian+Rulers+of+South+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-455-2&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMZaPjrHqYYC%26q%3DMihailov%2C%2520Macedonia%3B%2520A%2520Switzerland%2520%2520Balkans%2520%2520bulgarian%2520state%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerginov, Kr., Bilyarski, Ts. Unpublished documents for Todor Alexandrov's activities 1910–1919, magazine VIS, book 2, 1987, p. 214 – Гергинов, Кр. Билярски, Ц. Непубликувани документи за дейността на Тодор Александров 1910–1919, сп. ВИС, кн. 2 от 1987, с. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Roudometof, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xoww453NVQMC&dq=%22united+macedonia%22&pg=PA100"><i>Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question</i></a>, Praeger, 2002 p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassil_Karloukovski" class="citation web cs1">Vassil Karloukovski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/ag/ag_4_6.html">"Гиза, Антони, "Балканските държави и Македония", Македонски Научен Институт София, 2001 г"</a>. Promacedonia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C+%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C+%22%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%22%2C+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+2001+%D0%B3&rft.pub=Promacedonia.org&rft.au=Vassil+Karloukovski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.promacedonia.org%2Fag%2Fag_4_6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechev2009" class="citation book cs1">Bechev, Dimitar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilGfCIF4Ao4C&q=macedonism&pg=PA140"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6295-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6295-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-6295-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Macedonia&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6295-1&rft.aulast=Bechev&rft.aufirst=Dimitar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DilGfCIF4Ao4C%26q%3Dmacedonism%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way" in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot (eds.), Politics, power and the struggle for Democracy in South-Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitre Inadeski, Hronologija na Skopje: rabotničkoto i narodnoosloboditelnoto dviženje 1939–1945, tom 2, Arhiv, 1974, str. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/bugarash/bccc_1941/index.html">Bulgarian Campaign Committees in Macedonia – 1941</a> Dimitre Mičev</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/bugarash/bccc_1941/Chapter1_3.html">"Forming of the Local Campaign Committees"</a>. <i>kroraina.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kroraina.com&rft.atitle=Forming+of+the+Local+Campaign+Committees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fknigi%2Fbugarash%2Fbccc_1941%2FChapter1_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni1998223-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni1998223_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgievaKonechni1998223_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgievaKonechni1998">Georgieva & Konechni 1998</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Poulton1995" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Poulton (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_NbmSoRsRcC&q=Metodi+Shatorov+bulgarian+communist&pg=PA102"><i>Who are the Macedonians?</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-238-0"><bdi>978-1-85065-238-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Macedonians%3F&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-238-0&rft.au=Hugh+Poulton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_NbmSoRsRcC%26q%3DMetodi%2BShatorov%2Bbulgarian%2Bcommunist%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1975" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Marshall Lee (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjSsAAAAIAAJ&q=Metodi+Shatarov+bulgarian+communist&pg=PA130"><i>Bulgaria during the Second World War</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0870-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0870-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-0870-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0870-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Marshall+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjSsAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMetodi%2BShatarov%2Bbulgarian%2Bcommunist%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulgaria managed to save its entire 48,000-strong Jewish population during World War II from deportation to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, but under German pressure those Jews from their newly annexed territories without Bulgarian citizenship were deported, such as those from Vardar Macedonia and <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006804"><i>The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry</i></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Cohen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006803">The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry</a>, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-НОБ_на_Македонија-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-НОБ_на_Македонија_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"НОБ на Македонија" Јован Поповски. Скопје, 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Историја_на_МК-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Историја_на_МК_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Историја на Македонскиот Народ" Александар Стојановски, Иван Катарџиев, Данчо Зографски. Скопје, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Bulgaria</i>, Petar Delev et al., 2001, p. 364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8X6UH58dlgC&pg=PA33"><i>Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45</i></a>. Bloomsbury. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-473-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-473-2"><bdi>978-1-85532-473-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Forces+in+Yugoslavia+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-473-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8X6UH58dlgC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Horncastle, The Macedonian Slavs in the Greek Civil War, 1944–1949, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4985-8505-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4985-8505-1">1-4985-8505-1</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Rossos, Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History, Hoover Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-4883-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-4883-X">0-8179-4883-X</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Мичев, Добрин. Партизанското движение във Вардарска Македония, 1941–1944 г. сп. Македонски преглед, кн. 2, стр. 5–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slvesnik.com.mk/Issues/0AF2E0456C964935B7705FB5BF6F31F9.pdf">"Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 1974 – Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Socialist+Republic+of+Macedonia%2C+1974+%E2%80%93+Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+Macedonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slvesnik.com.mk%2FIssues%2F0AF2E0456C964935B7705FB5BF6F31F9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Устав Федеративне Народне Републике Југославије (1946), <a class="external text" href="https://sr.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%281946%29">sr.wikisource.org</a>, retrieved on 19 October 2007. <span class="languageicon">(in Serbo-Croatian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Устав Социјалистичке Федеративне Републике Југославије (1963), <a class="external text" href="https://sr.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%281963%29">sr.wikisource.org</a>, retrieved on 19 October 2007. <span class="languageicon">(in Serbo-Croatian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NS_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> & Stöver, P (2010) <i>Elections in Europe: A data handbook</i>, p. 1278 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7">978-3-8329-5609-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050215223455/http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No1/art8-02.html">"Recognition of States: Annex 3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol4/No1/art8-02.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-964-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-964-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-964-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yugoslav+Wars+%282%29%3A+Bosnia%2C+Kosovo+And+Macedonia+1992%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-964-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da7cOQ9Nch2AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1231596.stm">"Who are the rebels?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+rebels%3F&rft.date=2001-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1231596.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat.gov.mk2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stat.gov.mk2_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/kniga_13.pdf">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002 – Book XIII, Skopje, 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=KLA+veterans+linked+to+latest+bout+of+violence+in+Macedonia&rft.date=2001-03-12&rft.aulast=Huggler&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fkla-veterans-linked-to-latest--bout-of-violence-in-macedonia-686995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunnbauer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brunnbauer, Ulf (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233057/http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2002/nr1/Focus1-2002Brunnbauer.pdf">"The implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethnic Macedonian resentments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe</i> (1/2002). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macedonian+unemployment+rate&rft.pub=Worldbank.org.mk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org.mk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State Statistical Office <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?rbrtxt=98">Active population – Unemployment data</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State Statistical Office <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?id=32&rbr=1495">Gross domestic product 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State Statistical Office <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?id=78&rbr=1590">External trade volume 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idc-cema.com/?showproduct=34598">"Investment in Government, Finance, and Telecom Sectors Makes Macedonia's IT Market the Fastest Growing in the Adriatic Region, Says IDC"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022031748/http://idc-cema.com/?showproduct=34598">Archived</a> 22 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>IDC</i> (global provider of market intelligence)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkan-monitor.eu/files/BalkanMonitor-2010_Summary_of_Findings.pdf">Gallup Balkan Monitor</a>, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227084847/http://www.balkan-monitor.eu/files/BalkanMonitor-2010_Summary_of_Findings.pdf">Archived</a> 27 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2006 <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/north-macedonia/">CIA Factbook Macedonia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114&plugin=1">"GDP per capita in PPS"</a>. Eurostat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+per+capita+in+PPS&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtec00114%26plugin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719013921/http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/Content/en/Article.aspx?office=1">"Greek investments in FYROM at 1 bil. Euros"</a>. Greekembassy.org. 16 July 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+investments+in+FYROM+at+1+bil.+Euros&rft.pub=Greekembassy.org&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greekembassy.org%2Fembassy%2FContent%2Fen%2FArticle.aspx%3Foffice%3D1%26folder%3D19%26article%3D24108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419105856/https://www.neweurope.eu/article/depa-sees-natural-gas-role-greece-exiting-crisis/">"DEPA sees natural gas role for Greece exiting from the crisis"</a>. <i>New Europe</i>. 3 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neweurope.eu/article/depa-sees-natural-gas-role-greece-exiting-crisis/">the original</a> on 19 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Europe&rft.atitle=DEPA+sees+natural+gas+role+for+Greece+exiting+from+the+crisis&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neweurope.eu%2Farticle%2Fdepa-sees-natural-gas-role-greece-exiting-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovanovski2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jovanovski, Mirche (April 2017). "Политичката криза не е добра реклама за туризмот" [The political crisis is not a good advertisement for tourism]. <i>Ekonomija I Biznis</i>. <b>19</b> (226): 44–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ekonomija+I+Biznis&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=226&rft.pages=44-47&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Jovanovski&rft.aufirst=Mirche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marinoski-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marinoski_229-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marinoski_229-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinoskiKorunovski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Marinoski, Naume; Korunovski, Saso (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2012.05.001">"Tourism in Macedonia in Changing Environment"</a>. <i>Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. <b>44</b>: 19–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2012.05.001">10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+%E2%80%93+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tourism+in+Macedonia+in+Changing+Environment&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=19-31&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2012.05.001&rft.aulast=Marinoski&rft.aufirst=Naume&rft.au=Korunovski%2C+Saso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sbspro.2012.05.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tourism_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://makstack.com/2011/03/15/the-state-of-tourism-in-macedonia/">"The State of Tourism in Macedonia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Tourism+in+Macedonia&rft.pub=Makstack&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmakstack.com%2F2011%2F03%2F15%2Fthe-state-of-tourism-in-macedonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-State_Statistical_Office-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-State_Statistical_Office_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2020/8.1.20.03_mk.pdf"><bdi lang="mk">Туризам во декември 2019</bdi></a> [Tourism in December 2019] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Macedonian). State Statistical Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8+2019&rft.pub=State+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2Fpdf%2F2020%2F8.1.20.03_mk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism2019-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tourism2019_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://makstat.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb/pxweb/mk/MakStat/MakStat__TirizamUgostitel__Turizam/250_Turizam_RM_ZemjiMes_ml.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=7695dab9-15aa-4a0e-ac4b-75d3194ce355"><bdi lang="mk">Број на туристи и ноќевања по земја на припадност, по месеци</bdi></a> [Number of tourists and nights spent by country of origin, by months] (in Macedonian). State Statistical Office. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8&rft.pub=State+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmakstat.stat.gov.mk%2FPXWeb%2Fpxweb%2Fmk%2FMakStat%2FMakStat__TirizamUgostitel__Turizam%2F250_Turizam_RM_ZemjiMes_ml.px%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout2%2F%3Frxid%3D7695dab9-15aa-4a0e-ac4b-75d3194ce355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanevski2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janevski, Ljupčo (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ako.mk/%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86/"><bdi lang="mk">Македонија како туристичка дестинација за 4 сезони</bdi></a> [Macedonia as a tourist destination for 4 seasons]. <i>Ako.mk</i> (in Macedonian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ako.mk&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+4+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Janevski&rft.aufirst=Ljup%C4%8Do&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fako.mk%2F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE-%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt2019-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt2019_234-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt2019_234-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt2019_234-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt2019_234-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThammy_EvansPhilip_Briggs2019" class="citation book cs1">Thammy Evans; Philip Briggs (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ2SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>North Macedonia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bradt_Travel_Guides" title="Bradt Travel Guides">Bradt Travel Guides</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784770846" title="Special:BookSources/9781784770846"><bdi>9781784770846</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Macedonia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781784770846&rft.au=Thammy+Evans&rft.au=Philip+Briggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZ2SDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oic.org.mk/">"Home"</a>. <i>Oic.org.mk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oic.org.mk&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oic.org.mk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf">"Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.wipo.int</i>. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fassets%2F67729%2F2000%2520Global%2520Innovation%2520Index%25202024_WEB2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/">"U.S. Agency for International Development"</a>. Macedonia.usaid.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.pub=Macedonia.usaid.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/InfoGraphic/2022/Broshura-en-web.pdf">"Census 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2021&rft.pub=Republic+of+North+Macedonia+State+Statistical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2FInfoGraphic%2F2022%2FBroshura-en-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325012943/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf">Archived</a> 25 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330231830/https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2022/2.1.22.10-mk-en.pdf/">"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци"</a> (in Macedonian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2022/2.1.22.10-mk-en.pdf/">the original</a> on 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%2C+2021+-+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2Fpdf%2F2022%2F2.1.22.10-mk-en.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kosovo/">"CIA The World Factbook: Kosovo"</a>. CIA.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+The+World+Factbook%3A+Kosovo&rft.pub=CIA.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkosovo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326091156/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf">"Presentation of the main results of the Census of Population and Housing 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presentation+of+the+main+results+of+the+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+2011.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F177358%2Fnjoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/">"CIA The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina"</a>. CIA.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+The+World+Factbook%3A+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.pub=CIA.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbosnia-and-herzegovina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew1-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802041823/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/percent/all/">"Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050"</a>. 2 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/percent/all/">the original</a> on 2 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Composition+by+Country%2C+2010%E2%80%932050&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Freligious-projection-table%2F2010%2Fpercent%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnevnik-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnevnik_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111014137/http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/?ItemID=A080C78F46FF724BB7AA82A63C63251E"><bdi lang="mk">Во Македонија има 1.842 цркви и 580 џамии</bdi></a> (in Macedonian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=2019+Human+Development+Index+Ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F2019-human-development-index-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Annual-Reports/English/DB2019-report_web-version.pdf">"Ease of doing business ranking"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>doingbusiness.org</i>. World Bank. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doingbusiness.org&rft.atitle=Ease+of+doing+business+ranking&rft.pages=5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doingbusiness.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FdoingBusiness%2Fmedia%2FAnnual-Reports%2FEnglish%2FDB2019-report_web-version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=57722300&lId=2">Macedonia recognizes Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015121606/http://www.mia.com.mk/default.aspx?vId=57722300&lId=2">Archived</a> 15 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Macedonian Information Agency, 9 October 2008</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Brunnbauer, Ulf. "'Pro‐Serbians' vs. 'Pro‐Bulgarians': Revisionism in Post‐Socialist Macedonian Historiography." <i>History Compass</i> 3.1 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00130.x">online</a></li> <li>Brunnbauer, Ulf. "Serving the Nation: Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) After Socialism." <i>Historein</i> 4 (2003): 161–182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historein/article/download/2176/2016">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgievaKonechni1998" class="citation book cs1">Georgieva, Valentina; Konechni, Sasha (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000geor"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia</i></a></span>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3336-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-3336-0"><bdi>0-8108-3336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Macedonia&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8108-3336-0&rft.aulast=Georgieva&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft.au=Konechni%2C+Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marinov, Tchavdar. "Historiographical Revisionism and Re-Articulation of Memory in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." <i>Sociétés politiques comparées</i> 25 (2010): 1-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fasopo.org/sites/default/files/article_n25.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattioli2020" class="citation book cs1">Mattioli, Fabio (2020). <i>Dark Finance: Illiquidity and Authoritarianism at the Margins of Europe</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-1294-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-1294-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Finance%3A+Illiquidity+and+Authoritarianism+at+the+Margins+of+Europe&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-1294-5&rft.aulast=Mattioli&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2008" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2008). <i>The Ottomans: Empire of Faith</i>. Thalamus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902886-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902886-11-4"><bdi>978-1-902886-11-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottomans%3A+Empire+of+Faith&rft.pub=Thalamus+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902886-11-4&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Macedonia" class="Z3988"></span>* Tziampiris, Aristotle. "Greek Historiography and Slav-Macedonian National Identity." <i>The Historical Review/La Revue Historique</i> 8 (2011): 215-225. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historicalReview/article/download/4064/3850">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/north-macedonia/">North Macedonia</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>North Macedonia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/North Macedonia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="c:Северна Македонија">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:North Macedonia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/North Macedonia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/North Macedonia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/North Macedonia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="voy:North Macedonia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlada.mk/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/z/737">North Macedonia</a> from <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17550407">North Macedonia</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of North Macedonia">Wikimedia Atlas of North Macedonia</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/53293">North Macedonia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MK">Key Development Forecasts for North Macedonia</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_North_Macedonia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_North_Macedonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to North Macedonia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Macedonia" title="Outline of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Macedonia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Template:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Template talk:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Macedonia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Macedonia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Macedonia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Ancient_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Kingdom of Macedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Roman Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)#Macedonia_Secunda_or_Salutaris" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia Salutaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Roman Diocese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia#Medieval_period" title="History of North Macedonia">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Theme of Bulgaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Prilep" title="Lordship of Prilep">Kingdom of Prilep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden Uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Republic" title="Kruševo Republic">Kruševo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Manifesto" title="Kruševo Manifesto">Kruševo Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Bulgarian occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">War in Yugoslav Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Macedonia_(1944)" title="Independent Macedonia (1944)">Independent Macedonia (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-Fascist Assembly <span style="font-size:85%;">(ASNOM)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Front (Macedonia)">National Liberation Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Greek Civil War">Refugees of the Greek Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 Skopje earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement_(2001)" title="Ohrid Agreement (2001)">Ohrid Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republic_of_Macedonia_inter-ethnic_violence" title="2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence">2012 inter-ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Macedonian_government_building_attack" title="2014 Macedonian government building attack">2014 Macedonian government building attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kumanovo_clashes" title="2015 Kumanovo clashes">2015 Kumanovo clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Macedonian_protests" title="2015 Macedonian protests">2015 Macedonian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Macedonian_protests" title="2016 Macedonian protests">2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_storming_of_the_Macedonian_Parliament" title="2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament">2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prespa_Agreement" title="Prespa Agreement">2018 Prespa agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_Macedonia_protests" title="2022 North Macedonia protests">2022 North Macedonia protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geography of North Macedonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of cities in North Macedonia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_North_Macedonia" title="Environmental issues in North Macedonia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Macedonia" title="Geology of North Macedonia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#North_Macedonia" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of mountains in North Macedonia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_North_Macedonia" title="List of rivers of North Macedonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_North_Macedonia" title="Wildlife of North Macedonia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Macedonia" title="Elections in North Macedonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of political parties in North Macedonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Administrative divisions of North Macedonia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_North_Macedonia" title="Statistical regions of North Macedonia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Macedonia" title="Foreign relations of North Macedonia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Macedonia" title="Human rights in North Macedonia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Macedonia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_North_Macedonia" title="Police of North Macedonia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Naming dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Macedonia" title="Agriculture in North Macedonia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_denar" title="Macedonian denar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of power stations in North Macedonia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Stock_Exchange" title="Macedonian Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Tourism in North Macedonia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Macedonia" title="Transport in North Macedonia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_North_Macedonia" title="Category:Society of North Macedonia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Macedonia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of North Macedonia">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Macedonia" title="Health in North Macedonia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Macedonia" title="Women in North Macedonia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denes_nad_Makedonija" title="Denes nad Makedonija">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Architecture of North Macedonia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_embroidery" title="Macedonian embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Macedonia" title="Flag of North Macedonia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_North_Macedonia" title="Mass media in North Macedonia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Slavic_mythology" title="Macedonian Slavic mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_North_Macedonia" title="National emblem of North Macedonia">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_North_Macedonia" title="National symbols of North Macedonia">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Macedonia" title="Public holidays in North Macedonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of radio stations in North Macedonia">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_North_Macedonia" title="Television in North Macedonia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Macedonia" title="Outline of North Macedonia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Macedonia" title="Category:North Macedonia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><sup>4</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a><sup>3</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas<br />of internal<br />sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li><sup>4</sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_on_the_Balkan_Peninsula" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_countries" title="Template:Balkan countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_countries" title="Template talk:Balkan countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_on_the_Balkan_Peninsula" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries on the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographically fully located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/100px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/150px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/200px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significantly located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Mainland" title="Geography of Greece">mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partially located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Croatia" title="Administrative divisions of Croatia">southern mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Slovenia" title="Subdivisions of Slovenia">south-western part</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mostly outside the peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Balkan languages</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Sprachbund</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_candidates" title="Template talk:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">partners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Historical_enlargements" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Previous enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a> (Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a> (Greece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a> (Portugal, Spain)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a> (Austria, Finland, Sweden)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a> (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a> (Bulgaria, Romania)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a> (Croatia)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Western_Balkans" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Negotiating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire#Chapters" title="Acquis communautaire">Screened</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-negotiations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Turkey" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Suspended negotiations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">status</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">status</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Azerbaijan–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (<i>suspended</i>)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Andorra–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Monaco–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="San Marino–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other geographically<br />European countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">relations</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Current membership</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Criteria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for <br /> Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li>Centre in Ashgabat</li> <li>Programme Office in Astana</li> <li>Programme Office in Bishkek</li> <li>Programme Office in Dushanbe</li> <li>Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000040581699X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135978180">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155946793">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/21157413708616051737">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212818/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqjYHBvQQy9Hd4X8Ggh73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nordmazedonien"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1181214262">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Macedonia (Republic)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81038515">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="North Macedonia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2019008836">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15518086d">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15325934s">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Macédoine du Nord (République)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125321569">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15518086d">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15325934s">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Macédoine du Nord (République)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125321569">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01054539">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36589876">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Makedonie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134346&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="North Macedonia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1192387&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455971">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000050822&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538257305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557215305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615661506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/fa75cdb9-cbc4-35de-8bf4-a21e7b811484">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e9d1c81d-dba9-4d7a-83ee-7fe7151729af">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/8KrShlQx">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/153588349">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/032208">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=60720">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/makedonya">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Macedonia&params=42_N_22_E_type:country_region:MK"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°N</span> <span class="longitude">22°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°N 22°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42; 22</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Macedonia&oldid=1259607682">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Macedonia&oldid=1259607682</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Macedonia" title="Category:North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_countries" title="Category:Balkan countries">Balkan countries</a></li><li><a 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1,\n [\"CITEREFGawrych2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgievaKonechni1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerwarthHorne2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuggler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugh_Poulton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIISS2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanevski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJovanovski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamusella2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirályRothenberg1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitsantonis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaffan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLester_K._Little2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis,_D.M.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinoskiKorunovski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinelli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarusic2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMatamoros2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattioli2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMojzes2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNicol,_Donald_Macgillivray1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvid2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeshkopia2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulton,_Hugh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReamesHowe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRestelica2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisteski2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoismanWorthington2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothBrunnbauer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Runciman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampimon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaucerman1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSealey1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagaris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerzin_Stojčić2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTestoridesBecatoros2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThammy_EvansPhilip_Briggs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThonemannPrice2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlf_BüntgenVladimir_S._MyglanFredrik_Charpentier_LjungqvistMichael_McCormick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVassil_Karloukovski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterfield2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillkes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZikov1995\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Names\"] = 1,\n [\"Names_and_etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Thomas\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 22,\n [\"ALB\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BGR\"] = 1,\n [\"Balkan countries\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 9,\n [\"Catholic-hierarchy\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 110,\n [\"Clear\"] = 5,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 19,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"European Union candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"GRC\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 3,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-mk\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA-sq\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 18,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 27,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Native name\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"North Macedonia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 6,\n [\"OSCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SRB\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 12,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","19.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","460","17.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","12.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","140","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","5.4"],["recursiveClone 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-26T08:42:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T01:54:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg","headline":"country in southeastern Europe"}</script> </body> </html>