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id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanically_powered_submarines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanically_powered_submarines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mechanically powered submarines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanically_powered_submarines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1863–1904" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1863–1904"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>1863–1904</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1863–1904-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold-War_military_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold-War_military_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Cold-War military models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold-War_military_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Civilian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Polar operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buoyancy_and_trim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buoyancy_and_trim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Buoyancy and trim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buoyancy_and_trim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_surfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_surfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Control surfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_surfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single_and_double_hulls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_and_double_hulls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Single and double hulls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_and_double_hulls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure_hull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_hull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Pressure hull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_hull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diesel–electric_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diesel–electric_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Diesel–electric transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diesel–electric_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snorkel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snorkel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Snorkel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snorkel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-independent_propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-independent_propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Air-independent propulsion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-independent_propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Nuclear power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Alternative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Armament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_support_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_support_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Life support systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_support_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Crew</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crew-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crew subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandoning_the_vessel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandoning_the_vessel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Abandoning the vessel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandoning_the_vessel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Submarine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duikboot" title="Duikboot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duikboot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unders%C7%A3b%C4%81t" title="Undersǣbāt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Undersǣbāt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="غواصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غواصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submar%C3%ADn" title="Submarín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Submarín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82" title="Սուզանաւ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուզանաւ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submar%C3%ADn" title="Submarín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Submarín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yga_yguypegua" title="Yga yguypegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yga yguypegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sualt%C4%B1_qay%C4%B1q" title="Sualtı qayıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sualtı qayıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="ডুবোজাহাজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডুবোজাহাজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_salam" title="Kapal salam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kapal salam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C7%B9g-ch%C3%BAi-th%C3%A9ng" title="Chǹg-chúi-théng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chǹg-chúi-théng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%B0%D2%AB%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Һыу аҫты кәмәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыу аҫты кәмәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Падводная лодка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Падводная лодка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Падводная лодка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Падводная лодка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Подводница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Подводница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podmornica" title="Podmornica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Podmornica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestr-spluj" title="Lestr-spluj – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lestr-spluj" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submar%C3%AD" title="Submarí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Submarí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Шывай кимми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шывай кимми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponorka" title="Ponorka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ponorka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llong_danfor" title="Llong danfor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llong danfor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undervandsb%C3%A5d" title="Undervandsbåd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Undervandsbåd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin_naa%CA%BCee%C5%82_t%C3%A1%C5%82t%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1h_naagh%C3%A1h%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tsin naaʼeeł táłtłʼááh naagháhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsin naaʼeeł táłtłʼááh naagháhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allveelaev" title="Allveelaev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Allveelaev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Υποβρύχιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποβρύχιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarino" title="Submarino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Submarino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submar%C5%9Dipo" title="Submarŝipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Submarŝipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaspeko" title="Itsaspeko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaspeko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زیردریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیردریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Submarine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous-marin" title="Sous-marin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sous-marin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underseeboat" title="Underseeboat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Underseeboat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomhuire%C3%A1n" title="Fomhuireán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fomhuireán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0ta-tumaidh" title="Bàta-tumaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bàta-tumaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarino" title="Submarino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Submarino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4%E8%89%87" title="潛水艇 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="潛水艇" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="સબમરીન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સબમરીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EC%88%98%ED%95%A8" title="잠수함 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잠수함" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Սուզանավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուզանավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="पनडुब्बी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पनडुब्बी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podmornica" title="Podmornica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Podmornica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submara_navo" title="Submara navo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Submara navo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarino" title="Submarino – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Submarino" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_selam" title="Kapal selam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal selam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarino" title="Submarino – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Submarino" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhumbi-ngwenya" title="Umkhumbi-ngwenya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umkhumbi-ngwenya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafb%C3%A1tur" title="Kafbátur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kafbátur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sottomarino" title="Sottomarino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sottomarino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="צוללת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צוללת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prau_silem" title="Prau silem – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prau silem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಲಾಂತರ್ಗಾಮಿ ನೌಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಾಂತರ್ಗಾಮಿ ನೌಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Сүңгуір қайық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүңгуір қайық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyambizi" title="Nyambizi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyambizi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sou-maren" title="Sou-maren – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sou-maren" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B3" title="ເຮືອດຳນ້ຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຮືອດຳນ້ຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navis_submarina" title="Navis submarina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Navis submarina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zem%C5%ABdene" title="Zemūdene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zemūdene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povandeninis_laivas" title="Povandeninis laivas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Povandeninis laivas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotamarin" title="Sotamarin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sotamarin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengeralattj%C3%A1r%C3%B3" title="Tengeralattjáró – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengeralattjáró" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Подморница – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Подморница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="അന്തർവാഹിനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തർവാഹിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="पाणबुडी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाणबुडी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%87" title="غواصه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غواصه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_selam" title="Kapal selam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal selam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_salam" title="Kapa salam – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kapa salam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="ရေငုပ်သင်္ဘော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေငုပ်သင်္ဘော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderzeeboot" title="Onderzeeboot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onderzeeboot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4%E8%89%A6" title="潜水艦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="潜水艦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хи бухара кема – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хи бухара кема" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undervannsb%C3%A5t" title="Undervannsbåt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Undervannsbåt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undervassb%C3%A5t" title="Undervassbåt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Undervassbåt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souos-math%C3%AEn" title="Souos-mathîn – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Souos-mathîn" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosmarin" title="Sosmarin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sosmarin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv_osti_kemasi" title="Suv osti kemasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suv osti kemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਣਡੁੱਬੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਣਡੁੱਬੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="پنڈوبی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنڈوبی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84" title="اوبتل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوبتل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobmariin" title="Sobmariin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sobmariin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Boot" title="U-Boot – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="U-Boot" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okr%C4%99t_podwodny" title="Okręt podwodny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okręt podwodny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarino" title="Submarino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Submarino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarin" title="Submarin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Submarin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Подводная лодка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подводная лодка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="آبدوز – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آبدوز" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ABndet%C3%ABsja" title="Nëndetësja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nëndetësja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1" title="සබ්මැරීන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සබ්මැරීන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Submarine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="آبدوز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آبدوز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponorka" title="Ponorka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ponorka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podmornica" title="Podmornica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podmornica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujis" title="Gujis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gujis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ژێردەریایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژێردەریایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Подморница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Подморница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podmornica" title="Podmornica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Podmornica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_silem" title="Kapal silem – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kapal silem" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukellusvene" title="Sukellusvene – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukellusvene" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ub%C3%A5t" title="Ubåt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ubåt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarino" title="Submarino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Submarino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்மூழ்கிக் கப்பல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்மூழ்கிக் கப்பல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Су асты кәмәсе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Су асты кәмәсе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="జలాంతర్గామి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జలాంతర్గామి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="เรือดำน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรือดำน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizalt%C4%B1" title="Denizaltı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Denizaltı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Підводний човен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підводний човен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="آبدوز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبدوز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89_%D9%83%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="سۇ ئاستى كېمىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇ ئاستى كېمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenzsuijdingj" title="Cenzsuijdingj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cenzsuijdingj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotomar%C3%ADn" title="Sotomarín – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sotomarín" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Watercraft capable of independent underwater operation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about watercraft designed for submerged operation. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Submarine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Submarine (disambiguation)">Submarine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Submarine</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040730-N-1234E-002_PCU_Virginia_(SSN_774)_returns_to_the_General_Dynamics_Electric_Boat_shipyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_Navy_040730-N-1234E-002_PCU_Virginia_%28SSN_774%29_returns_to_the_General_Dynamics_Electric_Boat_shipyard.jpg/220px-US_Navy_040730-N-1234E-002_PCU_Virginia_%28SSN_774%29_returns_to_the_General_Dynamics_Electric_Boat_shipyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_Navy_040730-N-1234E-002_PCU_Virginia_%28SSN_774%29_returns_to_the_General_Dynamics_Electric_Boat_shipyard.jpg/330px-US_Navy_040730-N-1234E-002_PCU_Virginia_%28SSN_774%29_returns_to_the_General_Dynamics_Electric_Boat_shipyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_Navy_040730-N-1234E-002_PCU_Virginia_%28SSN_774%29_returns_to_the_General_Dynamics_Electric_Boat_shipyard.jpg/440px-US_Navy_040730-N-1234E-002_PCU_Virginia_%28SSN_774%29_returns_to_the_General_Dynamics_Electric_Boat_shipyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">US <a href="/wiki/Virginia-class_submarine" title="Virginia-class submarine"><i>Virginia</i>-class submarine</a> underway in <a href="/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut" title="Groton, Connecticut">Groton, Connecticut</a>, July 2004</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Watercraft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Application</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater warfare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Drebbel" title="Cornelis Drebbel">Cornelis Drebbel</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invented</th><td class="infobox-data">1620<span class="noprint"> (404 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1620</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_Vepr_by_Ilya_Kurganov_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Submarine_Vepr_by_Ilya_Kurganov_crop.jpg/300px-Submarine_Vepr_by_Ilya_Kurganov_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Submarine_Vepr_by_Ilya_Kurganov_crop.jpg/450px-Submarine_Vepr_by_Ilya_Kurganov_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Submarine_Vepr_by_Ilya_Kurganov_crop.jpg/600px-Submarine_Vepr_by_Ilya_Kurganov_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Akula-class_submarine" title="Akula-class submarine"><i>Akula</i>-class submarine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern Fleet</a>, in 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_submarine_types_of_1940s_and_1950s_drawing_1967.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US_Navy_submarine_types_of_1940s_and_1950s_drawing_1967.png/300px-US_Navy_submarine_types_of_1940s_and_1950s_drawing_1967.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US_Navy_submarine_types_of_1940s_and_1950s_drawing_1967.png/450px-US_Navy_submarine_types_of_1940s_and_1950s_drawing_1967.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US_Navy_submarine_types_of_1940s_and_1950s_drawing_1967.png/600px-US_Navy_submarine_types_of_1940s_and_1950s_drawing_1967.png 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>World War II <a href="/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">fleet submarine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gato-class_submarine" title="Gato-class submarine"><i>Gato</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Balao-class_submarine" title="Balao-class submarine"><i>Balao</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Tench-class_submarine" title="Tench-class submarine"><i>Tench</i></a> class), commissioned 1941–1945</li><li>The first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear-powered submarine">nuclear-powered submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i> (SSN-571)</a>, commissioned 1954</li><li>The first <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_George_Washington_(SSBN-598)" title="USS George Washington (SSBN-598)">USS <i>George Washington</i> (SSBN-598)</a>, commissioned 1959</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>submarine</b> (or <b>sub</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">watercraft</a> capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a <a href="/wiki/Submersible" title="Submersible">submersible</a>, which has more limited underwater capability.)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term “submarine” is also sometimes used historically or informally to refer to <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Remotely operated vehicle">remotely operated vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">robots</a>, or to medium-sized or smaller vessels (such as the <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">wet sub</a>). Submarines are referred to as <i>boats</i> rather than <i>ships</i> regardless of their size.<sup id="cite_ref-cutler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cutler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although experimental submarines had been built earlier, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and submarines were adopted by several navies. They were first used widely during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), and are now used in many <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navies</a>, large and small. Their military uses include: attacking enemy surface <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> (merchant and military) or other submarines; <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> protection; <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade running</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">nuclear deterrence</a>; stealth operations in denied areas when gathering intelligence and doing <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>; denying or influencing enemy movements; conventional land attacks (for example, launching a <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a>); and covert insertion of <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogmen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a>. Their civilian uses include: <a href="/wiki/Marine_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine science">marine science</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">salvage</a>; exploration; and facility inspection and maintenance. Submarines can be modified for specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions and <a href="/wiki/Undersea_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersea cable">undersea cable</a> repair. They are also used in the tourism industry and in <a href="/wiki/Undersea_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersea archaeology">undersea archaeology</a>. Modern deep-diving submarines derive from the <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">bathyscaphe</a>, which evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bell</a>. </p><p>Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscopes</a>. In modern submarines, this structure is called the "<a href="/wiki/Sail_(submarine)" title="Sail (submarine)">sail</a>" in American usage and "fin" in European usage. A feature of earlier designs was the "<a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">conning tower</a>": a separate pressure hull above the main body of the <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a> that enabled the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins. Smaller, deep-diving, and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional design. Submarines dive and resurface by using <a href="/wiki/Diving_plane" title="Diving plane">diving planes</a> and by changing the amount of water and air in <a href="/wiki/Ballast_tank" title="Ballast tank">ballast tanks</a> to affect their <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. </p><p>Submarines encompass a wide range of types and capabilities. They range from small, autonomous examples, such as one- or two-person subs that operate for a few hours, to vessels that can remain submerged for six months, such as the Russian <a href="/wiki/Typhoon-class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon-class submarine">Typhoon class</a>, (the biggest submarines ever built). Submarines can work at depths that are greater than what is practicable (or even survivable) for human <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">divers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_submarines" title="History of submarines">History of submarines</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The word <i>submarine</i> means 'underwater' or 'under-sea' (as in <a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">submarine canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">submarine pipeline</a>) though as a noun it generally refers to a vessel that can travel underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is a contraction of <i>submarine boat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occurs as such in several languages, e.g. French (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sous-marin</i></span>), and Spanish (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">submarino</i></span>), although others retain the original term, such as Dutch (<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Onderzeeboot</i></span>), German (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unterseeboot</i></span>), Swedish (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Undervattensbåt</i></span>), and Russian (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">подводная лодка</span></span>: <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">podvodnaya lodka</i></span>), all of which mean 'submarine boat'. By <a href="/wiki/Naval_tradition" title="Naval tradition">naval tradition</a>, submarines are usually referred to as <i>boats</i> rather than as <i>ships</i>, regardless of their size.<sup id="cite_ref-cutler_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cutler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although referred to informally as <i>boats</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. submarines employ the designation USS (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Ship" title="United States Ship">United States Ship</a>) at the beginning of their names, such as <a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(SSBN-731)" title="USS Alabama (SSBN-731)">USS <i>Alabama</i></a>. In the Royal Navy, the designation HMS can refer to "His Majesty's Ship" or "His Majesty's Submarine", though the latter is sometimes rendered "HMS/m"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and submarines are generally referred to as <i>boats</i> rather than <i>ships</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_human-powered_submersibles">Early human-powered submersibles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Drebbel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Van_Drebbel.jpg/220px-Van_Drebbel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Van_Drebbel.jpg/330px-Van_Drebbel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Van_Drebbel.jpg/440px-Van_Drebbel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>An early submersible craft, built by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Drebbel" title="Cornelis Drebbel">Cornelis Drebbel</a>, propelled by oars</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</h4></div> <p>According to a report in <i>Opusculum <a href="/wiki/Jean_Taisnier" title="Jean Taisnier">Taisnieri</a></i> published in 1562:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Two Greeks submerged and surfaced in the river <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> near the City of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> several times in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</a>, without getting wet and with the flame they carried in their hands still alight.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1578, the English mathematician <a href="/wiki/William_Bourne_(mathematician)" title="William Bourne (mathematician)">William Bourne</a> recorded in his book <i>Inventions or Devises</i> one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later the Scottish mathematician and theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> wrote in his <i>Secret Inventions</i> (1596) that "These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers, other devises and strategems for harming of the enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform." It is unclear whether he carried out his idea.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiere_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiere-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a> (1553–1613) created detailed designs for two types of air-renovated submersible vehicles. They were equipped with oars, autonomous floating snorkels worked by inner pumps, portholes and gloves used for the crew to manipulate underwater objects. Ayanaz planned to use them for warfare, using them to approach enemy ships undetected and set up timed gunpowder charges on their hulls.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Drebbel" title="Cornelis Drebbel">Cornelis Drebbel</a>, a Dutchman in the service of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I of England</a>. It was propelled by means of oars.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiere_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiere-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_century">18th century</h4></div> <p>By the mid-18th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England. In 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft. A mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1749, the <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentlemen's Magazine">Gentlemen's Magazine</a> reported that a similar design had initially been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Borelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Borelli">Giovanni Borelli</a> in 1680. Further design improvement stagnated for over a century, until application of new technologies for propulsion and stability.<sup id="cite_ref-vector_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vector-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first military submersible was <a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)"><i>Turtle</i></a> (1775), a hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American <a href="/wiki/David_Bushnell" title="David Bushnell">David Bushnell</a> to accommodate a single person.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">screws</a> for propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulton%27s_submarine_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration by Robert Fulton showing a "plunging boat"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Fulton%27s_submarine_design.jpg/220px-Fulton%27s_submarine_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Fulton%27s_submarine_design.jpg/330px-Fulton%27s_submarine_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Fulton%27s_submarine_design.jpg/440px-Fulton%27s_submarine_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>1806 illustration by Robert Fulton showing a "plunging boat"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1800, France built <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_(1800_submarine)" title="Nautilus (1800 submarine)"><i>Nautilus</i></a>, a human-powered submarine designed by American <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a>. They gave up on the experiment in 1804, as did the British, when they reconsidered Fulton's submarine design. </p><p>In 1850, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bauer" title="Wilhelm Bauer">Wilhelm Bauer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brandtaucher" title="Brandtaucher"><i>Brandtaucher</i></a> was built in Germany. It remains the oldest known surviving submarine in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1864, late in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate navy">Confederate navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/H._L._Hunley_(submarine)" title="H. L. Hunley (submarine)"><i>H. L. Hunley</i></a> became the first military submarine to sink an enemy vessel, the Union <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Housatonic_(1861)" title="USS Housatonic (1861)">USS <i>Housatonic</i></a>, using a gun-powder-filled keg on a spar as a torpedo charge. The <i>Hunley</i> also sank. The explosion's shock waves may have killed its crew instantly, preventing them from pumping the bilge or propelling the submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer"><i>Sub Marine Explorer</i></a> was the first submarine to successfully dive, cruise underwater, and resurface under the crew's control. The design by German American <a href="/wiki/Julius_H._Kroehl" title="Julius H. Kroehl">Julius H. Kroehl</a> (in German, <i>Kröhl</i>) incorporated elements that are still used in modern submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Flach_(submarine)" title="Flach (submarine)"><i>Flach</i></a> was built at the Chilean government's request by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Flach" title="Karl Flach">Karl Flach</a>, a German engineer and immigrant. It was the fifth submarine built in the world<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, along with a second submarine, was intended to defend the port of <a href="/wiki/Valparaiso" class="mw-redirect" title="Valparaiso">Valparaiso</a> against attack by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanically_powered_submarines">Mechanically powered submarines</h3></div> <p>Submarines could not be put into widespread or routine service use by navies until suitable engines were developed. The era from 1863 to 1904 marked a pivotal time in submarine development, and several important technologies appeared. A number of nations built and used submarines. <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel–electric transmission">Diesel electric</a> propulsion became the dominant power system and equipment such as the periscope became standardized. Countries conducted many experiments on effective tactics and weapons for submarines, which led to their large impact in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1863–1904"><span id="1863.E2.80.931904"></span>1863–1904</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plongeur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Plongeur.jpg/290px-Plongeur.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Plongeur.jpg/435px-Plongeur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Plongeur.jpg/580px-Plongeur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The French submarine <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur" title="French submarine Plongeur"><i>Plongeur</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first submarine not relying on human power for propulsion was the French <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur" title="French submarine Plongeur"><i>Plongeur</i></a> (<i>Diver</i>), launched in 1863, which used compressed air at 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a> (180 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Narcis_Monturiol_i_Estarriol" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol">Narcís Monturiol</a> designed the first <a href="/wiki/Air-independent_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-independent power">air-independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>-powered submarine, <a href="/wiki/Ict%C3%ADneo_II" title="Ictíneo II"><i>Ictíneo II</i></a>, which was launched in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain in 1864. </p><p>The submarine became feasible as potential weapon with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Whitehead_torpedo" title="Whitehead torpedo">Whitehead torpedo</a>, designed in 1866 by British engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitehead" title="Robert Whitehead">Robert Whitehead</a>, the first practical self-propelled or "locomotive" torpedo.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spar_torpedo" title="Spar torpedo">spar torpedo</a> that had been developed earlier by the Confederate States Navy was considered to be impracticable, as it was believed to have sunk both its intended target, and <i>H. L. Hunley</i>, the submarine that deployed it. </p><p>The Irish inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Holland" title="John Philip Holland">John Philip Holland</a> built a model submarine in 1876 and in 1878 demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Holland_I" title="Holland I">Holland I</a> prototype. This was followed by a number of unsuccessful designs. In 1896, he designed the Holland Type VI submarine, which used internal combustion engine power on the surface and electric <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> power underwater. Launched on 17 May 1897 at Navy Lt. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Nixon_(naval_architect)" title="Lewis Nixon (naval architect)">Lewis Nixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Shipyard" title="Crescent Shipyard">Crescent Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a>, <i>Holland VI</i> was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> on 11 April 1900, becoming the Navy's first commissioned submarine, christened <a href="/wiki/USS_Holland_(SS-1)" title="USS Holland (SS-1)">USS <i>Holland</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor <a href="/wiki/George_Garrett_(inventor)" title="George Garrett (inventor)">George Garrett</a> and the Swedish industrialist <a href="/wiki/Thorsten_Nordenfelt" title="Thorsten Nordenfelt">Thorsten Nordenfelt</a> led to the first practical steam-powered submarines, armed with torpedoes and ready for military use. The first was <i>Nordenfelt I</i>, a 56-tonne, 19.5-metre (64 ft) vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Resurgam" title="Resurgam"><i>Resurgam</i></a> (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres (130 nmi; 150 mi), armed with a single <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>, in 1885. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peral1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Peral1888.jpg/220px-Peral1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Peral1888.jpg/330px-Peral1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Peral1888.jpg/440px-Peral1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_submarine_Peral" title="Spanish submarine Peral">Peral</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the 1880s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology. The first electrically powered boats were built by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Peral_y_Caballero" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Peral y Caballero">Isaac Peral y Caballero</a> in Spain (who built <a href="/wiki/Spanish_submarine_Peral" title="Spanish submarine Peral"><i>Peral</i></a>), <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dupuy_de_L%C3%B4me" title="Henri Dupuy de Lôme">Dupuy de Lôme</a> (who built <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Gymnote_(Q1)" title="French submarine Gymnote (Q1)"><i>Gymnote</i></a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Z%C3%A9d%C3%A9" title="Gustave Zédé">Gustave Zédé</a> (who built <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Gustave_Z%C3%A9d%C3%A9_(1893)" title="French submarine Gustave Zédé (1893)"><i>Sirène</i></a>) in France, and James Franklin Waddington (who built <i>Porpoise</i>) in England.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peral's design featured torpedoes and other systems that later became standard in submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Plunger_-_NH_85735_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/USS_Plunger_-_NH_85735_-_cropped.jpg/220px-USS_Plunger_-_NH_85735_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/USS_Plunger_-_NH_85735_-_cropped.jpg/330px-USS_Plunger_-_NH_85735_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/USS_Plunger_-_NH_85735_-_cropped.jpg/440px-USS_Plunger_-_NH_85735_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5476" data-file-height="4205" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Plunger_(SS-2)" title="USS Plunger (SS-2)">USS <i>Plunger</i></a>, launched in 1902</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akula%26Ryurik1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Akula%26Ryurik1913.jpg/220px-Akula%26Ryurik1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Akula%26Ryurik1913.jpg/330px-Akula%26Ryurik1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Akula%26Ryurik1913.jpg/440px-Akula%26Ryurik1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Akula_(1907)" title="Russian submarine Akula (1907)"><i>Akula</i></a> (launched in 1907) was the first Russian submarine able to cruise long distances.</figcaption></figure> <p>Commissioned in June 1900, the French steam and electric <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Narval_(Q4)" title="French submarine Narval (Q4)"><i>Narval</i></a> employed the now typical double-hull design, with a pressure hull inside the outer shell. These 200-ton ships had a range of over 160 km (100 mi) underwater. The French submarine <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Aigrette" title="French submarine Aigrette"><i>Aigrette</i></a> in 1904 further improved the concept by using a diesel rather than a gasoline engine for surface power. Large numbers of these submarines were built, with seventy-six completed before 1914. </p><p>The Royal Navy commissioned five <a href="/wiki/Holland-class_submarine" title="Holland-class submarine">Holland-class</a> submarines from <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a>, under licence from the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Torpedo_Boat_Company" title="Holland Torpedo Boat Company">Holland Torpedo Boat Company</a> from 1901 to 1903. Construction of the boats took longer than anticipated, with the first only ready for a diving trial at sea on 6 April 1902. Although the design had been purchased entirely from the US company, the actual design used was an untested improvement to the original Holland design using a new 180 horsepower (130 kW) petrol engine.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These types of submarines were first used during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–05. Due to the blockade at <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Arthur, China">Port Arthur</a>, the Russians sent their submarines to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, where by 1 January 1905 there were seven boats, enough to create the world's first "operational submarine fleet". The new submarine fleet began patrols on 14 February, usually lasting for about 24 hours each. The first confrontation with Japanese warships occurred on 29 April 1905 when the Russian submarine <a href="/wiki/Som-class_submarine" title="Som-class submarine"><i>Som</i></a> was fired upon by Japanese torpedo boats, but then withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U9Submarine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/U9Submarine.jpg/220px-U9Submarine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/U9Submarine.jpg/330px-U9Submarine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/U9Submarine.jpg/440px-U9Submarine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The German submarine <a href="/wiki/SM_U-9" title="SM U-9">SM <i>U-9</i></a>, which sank three British <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914" title="Action of 22 September 1914">less than an hour in September 1914</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Military submarines first made a significant impact in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Forces such as the <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> of Germany saw action in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of the Atlantic">First Battle of the Atlantic</a>, and were responsible for sinking <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a>, which was sunk as a result of <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> and is often cited among the reasons for the entry of the United States into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of the war, Germany had only twenty submarines available for combat, although these included vessels of the diesel-engined <i><a href="/wiki/SM_U-19_(Germany)" title="SM U-19 (Germany)">U-19</a></i> class, which had a sufficient range of 5,000 miles (8,000 km) and speed of 8 knots (15 km/h) to allow them to operate effectively around the entire British coast.,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the Royal Navy had a total of 74 submarines, though of mixed effectiveness. In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> to attack Royal Navy warships in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the first submarine war patrol in history.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U-boats' ability to function as practical war machines relied on new tactics, their numbers, and submarine technologies such as combination diesel–electric power system developed in the preceding years. More submersibles than true submarines, U-boats operated primarily on the surface using regular engines, submerging occasionally to attack under battery power. They were roughly triangular in cross-section, with a distinct <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> to control rolling while surfaced, and a distinct bow. During World War I more than 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> ships were sunk by U-boats.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British responded to the German developments in submarine technology with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/British_K-class_submarine" title="British K-class submarine">K-class submarines</a>. However, these submarines were notoriously dangerous to operate due to their various design flaws and poor maneuverability.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_World_War_II" title="List of submarines of World War II">List of submarines of World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I400_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/I400_2.jpg/220px-I400_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/I400_2.jpg/330px-I400_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/I400_2.jpg/440px-I400_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I-400-class_submarine" title="I-400-class submarine"><i>I-400</i>-class</a> submarine, the largest submarine type of WWII</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U-47.jpg/220px-U-47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U-47.jpg/330px-U-47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U-47.jpg/440px-U-47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>A model of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Prien" title="Günther Prien">Günther Prien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-47_(1938)" title="German submarine U-47 (1938)"><i>U-47</i></a>, German WWII <a href="/wiki/Type_VII_submarine" title="Type VII submarine">Type VII</a> diesel–electric hunter</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Germany used submarines to devastating effect in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, where it attempted to cut Britain's supply routes by sinking more <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a> than Britain could replace. These merchant ships were vital to supply Britain's population with food, industry with raw material, and armed forces with fuel and armaments. Although the U-boats had been updated in the interwar years, the major innovation was improved communications, encrypted using the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma cipher machine</a>. This allowed for mass-attack <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">naval tactics</a> (<i>Rudeltaktik</i>, commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolfpack</a>"), which ultimately ceased to be effective when <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">the U-boat's Enigma was cracked</a>. By the end of the war, almost 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> ships (175 warships, 2,825 merchantmen) had been sunk by U-boats.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although successful early in the war, Germany's U-boat fleet suffered heavy casualties, losing 793 U-boats and about 28,000 submariners out of 41,000, a casualty rate of about 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> operated the most varied fleet of submarines of any navy, including <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiten" title="Kaiten">Kaiten</a></i> crewed torpedoes, midget submarines (<a href="/wiki/Type_A_Ko-hyoteki-class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Type A Ko-hyoteki-class submarine">Type A Ko-hyoteki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kairyu-class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kairyu-class submarine"><i>Kairyu</i> classes</a>), medium-range submarines, purpose-built supply submarines and long-range <a href="/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">fleet submarines</a>. They also had submarines with the highest submerged speeds during World War II (<a href="/wiki/I-201-class_submarine" title="I-201-class submarine"><i>I-201</i>-class</a> submarines) and submarines that could carry multiple aircraft (<a href="/wiki/I-400-class_submarine" title="I-400-class submarine"><i>I-400</i>-class</a> submarines). They were also equipped with one of the most advanced torpedoes of the conflict, the oxygen-propelled <a href="/wiki/Type_95_torpedo" title="Type 95 torpedo">Type 95</a>. Nevertheless, despite their technical prowess, Japan chose to use its submarines for fleet warfare, and consequently were relatively unsuccessful, as warships were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships. </p><p>The submarine force was the most effective anti-ship weapon in the American arsenal. Submarines, though only about 2 percent of the U.S. Navy, destroyed over 30 percent of the Japanese Navy, including 8 aircraft carriers, 1 battleship and 11 cruisers. US submarines also destroyed over 60 percent of the Japanese merchant fleet, crippling Japan's ability to supply its military forces and industrial war effort. <a href="/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied submarines in the Pacific War">Allied submarines in the Pacific War</a> destroyed more Japanese shipping than all other weapons combined. This feat was considerably aided by the Imperial Japanese Navy's failure to provide adequate escort forces for the nation's merchant fleet. </p><p>During World War II, 314 submarines served in the US Navy, of which nearly 260 were deployed to the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Kane,_p._333_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Kane,_p._333-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Japanese attacked Hawaii in December 1941, 111 boats were in commission; 203 submarines from the <a href="/wiki/Gato-class_submarine" title="Gato-class submarine"><i>Gato</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Balao-class_submarine" title="Balao-class submarine"><i>Balao</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tench-class_submarine" title="Tench-class submarine"><i>Tench</i> classes</a> were commissioned during the war. During the war, 52 US submarines were lost to all causes, with 48 directly due to hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US submarines sank 1,560 enemy vessels,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Kane,_p._333_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Kane,_p._333-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a total tonnage of 5.3 million tons (55% of the total sunk).<sup id="cite_ref-Blair,_p._878_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair,_p._878-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_Submarine_Service" title="Royal Navy Submarine Service">Royal Navy Submarine Service</a> was used primarily in the classic Axis <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a>. Its major operating areas were around Norway, in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> (against the Axis supply routes to North Africa), and in the Far East. In that war, British submarines sank 2 million tons of enemy shipping and 57 major warships, the latter including 35 submarines. Among these is the only documented instance of a submarine sinking another submarine while both were submerged. This occurred when <a href="/wiki/HMS_Venturer_(P68)" title="HMS Venturer (P68)">HMS <i>Venturer</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_February_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 9 February 1945">engaged</a> <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-864" title="German submarine U-864"><i>U-864</i></a>; the <i>Venturer</i> crew manually computed a successful firing solution against a three-dimensionally maneuvering target using techniques which became the basis of modern torpedo computer targeting systems. Seventy-four British submarines were lost,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the majority, forty-two, in the Mediterranean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cold-War_military_models">Cold-War military models</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Rankin_at_periscope_depth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HMAS_Rankin_at_periscope_depth.jpg/220px-HMAS_Rankin_at_periscope_depth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HMAS_Rankin_at_periscope_depth.jpg/330px-HMAS_Rankin_at_periscope_depth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HMAS_Rankin_at_periscope_depth.jpg/440px-HMAS_Rankin_at_periscope_depth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Rankin" title="HMAS Rankin">HMAS <i>Rankin</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Collins-class_submarine" title="Collins-class submarine"><i>Collins</i>-class</a> submarine at periscope depth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Charlotte_(SSN_766)_steams_in_a_close_formation_at_RIMPAC_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/USS_Charlotte_%28SSN_766%29_steams_in_a_close_formation_at_RIMPAC_2014.jpg/170px-USS_Charlotte_%28SSN_766%29_steams_in_a_close_formation_at_RIMPAC_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/USS_Charlotte_%28SSN_766%29_steams_in_a_close_formation_at_RIMPAC_2014.jpg/255px-USS_Charlotte_%28SSN_766%29_steams_in_a_close_formation_at_RIMPAC_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/USS_Charlotte_%28SSN_766%29_steams_in_a_close_formation_at_RIMPAC_2014.jpg/340px-USS_Charlotte_%28SSN_766%29_steams_in_a_close_formation_at_RIMPAC_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Charlotte_(SSN-766)" title="USS Charlotte (SSN-766)">USS <i>Charlotte</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles-class_submarine" title="Los Angeles-class submarine"><i>Los Angeles</i>-class</a> submarine runs with submarines from partner nations during <a href="/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise RIMPAC">RIMPAC</a> 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first launch of a <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> (<a href="/wiki/SSM-N-8_Regulus" title="SSM-N-8 Regulus">SSM-N-8 Regulus</a>) from a submarine occurred in July 1953, from the deck of <a href="/wiki/USS_Tunny_(SS-282)" title="USS Tunny (SS-282)">USS <i>Tunny</i></a>, a World War II fleet boat modified to carry the missile with a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear warhead</a>. <i>Tunny</i> and its sister boat, <a href="/wiki/USS_Barbero" title="USS Barbero"><i>Barbero</i></a>, were the United States' first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">nuclear power</a> partially replaced diesel–electric propulsion. Equipment was also developed to extract <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from sea water. These two innovations gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the US, the Soviet Union (now Russia), the UK, and France have been powered by a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>. </p><p>In 1959–1960, the first <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a> were put into service by both the United States (<a href="/wiki/George_Washington-class_submarine" title="George Washington-class submarine"><i>George Washington</i> class</a>) and the Soviet Union (<a href="/wiki/Golf-class_submarine" title="Golf-class submarine">Golf class</a>) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrent">nuclear deterrent</a> strategy. </p><p>During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat-and-mouse games. The Soviet Union lost at least four submarines during this period: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-129_(1960)" title="Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)"><i>K-129</i></a> was lost in 1968 (a part of which the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> retrieved from the ocean floor with the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a>-designed ship <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Glomar_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Glomar Explorer"><i>Glomar Explorer</i></a>), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-8" title="Soviet submarine K-8"><i>K-8</i></a> in 1970, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-219" title="Soviet submarine K-219"><i>K-219</i></a> in 1986, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets" title="Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets"><i>Komsomolets</i></a> in 1989 (which held a depth record among military submarines—1,000 m (3,300 ft)). Many other Soviet subs, such as <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-19" title="Soviet submarine K-19"><i>K-19</i></a> (the first Soviet nuclear submarine, and the first Soviet sub to reach the North Pole) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks. The US lost two nuclear submarines during this time: <a href="/wiki/USS_Thresher_(SSN-593)" title="USS Thresher (SSN-593)">USS <i>Thresher</i></a> due to equipment failure during a test dive while at its operational limit, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Scorpion_(SSN-589)" title="USS Scorpion (SSN-589)">USS <i>Scorpion</i></a> due to unknown causes. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PNS_Hangor_(S131)" title="PNS Hangor (S131)"><i>Hangor</i></a> sank the Indian frigate <a href="/wiki/INS_Khukri_(F149)" title="INS Khukri (F149)">INS <i>Khukri</i></a>. This was the first sinking by a submarine since World War II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the same war, <a href="/wiki/PNS_Ghazi" title="PNS Ghazi"><i>Ghazi</i></a>, a <i>Tench</i>-class submarine on loan to Pakistan from the US, was sunk by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>. It was the first submarine combat loss since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982 during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, the Argentine cruiser <a href="/wiki/ARA_General_Belgrano" title="ARA General Belgrano"><i>General Belgrano</i></a> was sunk by the British submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_Conqueror_(S48)" title="HMS Conqueror (S48)">HMS <i>Conqueror</i></a>, the first sinking by a nuclear-powered submarine in war.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some weeks later, on 16 June, during the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a>, an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Gal-class_submarine" title="Gal-class submarine">Israeli submarine</a> torpedoed and sank the Lebanese coaster <i>Transit</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was carrying 56 Palestinian refugees to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, in the belief that the vessel was evacuating anti-Israeli militias. The ship was hit by two torpedoes, managed to run aground but eventually sank. There were 25 dead, including her captain. The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a> disclosed the incident in November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/wiki/Military_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Military submarine">Military submarine</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Submarine" title="Talk:Submarine">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(March 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">Attack submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">Ballistic missile submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">Cruise missile submarine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">Nuclear submarine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_UC-1_class_submarine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/German_UC-1_class_submarine.jpg/220px-German_UC-1_class_submarine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/German_UC-1_class_submarine.jpg/330px-German_UC-1_class_submarine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/German_UC-1_class_submarine.jpg/440px-German_UC-1_class_submarine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3845" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/German_Type_UC_I_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type UC I submarine"><i>UC-1</i>-class</a> World War I submarine. The wires running up from the bow to the conning tower are the <a href="/wiki/Jumping_wire" title="Jumping wire">jumping wires</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allveelaev_Lembit_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Allveelaev_Lembit_2012.jpg/220px-Allveelaev_Lembit_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Allveelaev_Lembit_2012.jpg/330px-Allveelaev_Lembit_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Allveelaev_Lembit_2012.jpg/440px-Allveelaev_Lembit_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/EML_Lembit" title="EML Lembit">EML <i>Lembit</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Maritime_Museum" title="Estonian Maritime Museum">Estonian Maritime Museum</a>. The <i>Lembit</i> is the only minelayer submarine of its series left in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the primary role of the submarine was anti-surface ship warfare. Submarines would attack either on the surface using deck guns, or submerged using <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>. They were particularly effective in sinking Allied transatlantic shipping in both World Wars, and in disrupting Japanese supply routes and naval operations in the Pacific in World War II. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">Mine</a>-laying submarines were developed in the early part of the 20th century. The facility was used in both World Wars. Submarines were also used for inserting and removing covert agents and military forces in <a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a>, for intelligence gathering, and to rescue aircrew during air attacks on islands, where the airmen would be told of safe places to crash-land so the submarines could rescue them. Submarines could carry cargo through hostile waters or act as supply vessels for other submarines. </p><p>Submarines could usually locate and attack other submarines only on the surface, although <a href="/wiki/HMS_Venturer_(P68)" title="HMS Venturer (P68)">HMS <i>Venturer</i></a> managed to sink <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-864" title="German submarine U-864"><i>U-864</i></a> with a four torpedo spread while both were submerged. The British developed a specialized anti-submarine submarine in WWI, the <a href="/wiki/British_R-class_submarine" title="British R-class submarine">R class</a>. After WWII, with the development of the homing torpedo, better <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> systems, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">nuclear propulsion</a>, submarines also became able to hunt each other effectively. </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missile</a> and submarine-launched <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. </p><p>The primary defense of a submarine lies in its ability to remain concealed in the depths of the ocean. Early submarines could be detected by the sound they made. Water is an excellent conductor of sound (much better than air), and submarines can detect and track comparatively noisy surface ships from long distances. Modern submarines are built with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth</a>. Advanced <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a> designs, extensive sound-reducing insulation, and special machinery help a submarine remain as quiet as ambient ocean noise, making them difficult to detect. It takes specialized technology to find and attack modern submarines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trident_II_D5_launches_from_the_USS_Nebraska_(SSBN_739),_March_26,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Trident_II_D5_launches_from_the_USS_Nebraska_%28SSBN_739%29%2C_March_26%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Trident_II_D5_launches_from_the_USS_Nebraska_%28SSBN_739%29%2C_March_26%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Trident_II_D5_launches_from_the_USS_Nebraska_%28SSBN_739%29%2C_March_26%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Trident_II_D5_launches_from_the_USS_Nebraska_%28SSBN_739%29%2C_March_26%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Trident_II_D5_launches_from_the_USS_Nebraska_%28SSBN_739%29%2C_March_26%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Trident_II_D5_launches_from_the_USS_Nebraska_%28SSBN_739%29%2C_March_26%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/UGM-133_Trident_II" title="UGM-133 Trident II">Trident II D5</a> is one of the most advanced <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missiles</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sonar#Active_sonar" title="Sonar">Active sonar</a> uses the reflection of sound emitted from the search equipment to detect submarines. It has been used since WWII by surface ships, submarines and aircraft (via dropped buoys and helicopter "dipping" arrays), but it reveals the emitter's position, and is susceptible to counter-measures. </p><p>A concealed military submarine is a real threat, and because of its stealth, can force an enemy navy to waste resources searching large areas of ocean and protecting ships against attack. This advantage was vividly demonstrated in the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> when the British <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear-powered">nuclear-powered</a> submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_Conqueror_(S48)" title="HMS Conqueror (S48)">HMS <i>Conqueror</i></a> sank the Argentine cruiser <a href="/wiki/ARA_General_Belgrano" title="ARA General Belgrano"><i>General Belgrano</i></a>. After the sinking the Argentine Navy recognized that they had no effective defense against submarine attack, and the Argentine surface fleet withdrew to port for the remainder of the war. An Argentine submarine remained at sea, however.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian">Civilian</h3></div> <p>Although the majority of the world's submarines are military, there are some civilian submarines, which are used for tourism, exploration, oil and gas platform inspections, and pipeline surveys. Some are also used in illegal activities. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Submarine_Voyage" title="Submarine Voyage">Submarine Voyage</a> ride opened at <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> in 1959, but although it ran under water it was not a true submarine, as it ran on tracks and was open to the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first tourist submarine was <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard_(PX-8)" title="Auguste Piccard (PX-8)"><i>Auguste Piccard</i></a>, which went into service in 1964 at <a href="/wiki/Expo64" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo64">Expo64</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1997, there were 45 tourist submarines operating around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Submarines with a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_depth_ratings#Crush_depth" title="Submarine depth ratings">crush depth</a> in the range of 400–500 feet (120–150 m) are operated in several areas worldwide, typically with bottom depths around 100 to 120 feet (30 to 37 m), with a carrying capacity of 50 to 100 passengers. </p><p>In a typical operation a surface vessel carries passengers to an offshore operating area and loads them into the submarine. The submarine then visits underwater points of interest such as natural or artificial reef structures. To surface safely without danger of collision the location of the submarine is marked with an air release and movement to the surface is coordinated by an observer in a support craft. </p><p>A recent development is the deployment of so-called <a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">narco-submarines</a> by South American drug smugglers to evade law enforcement detection.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they occasionally deploy <a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine#True_submarines" title="Narco-submarine">true submarines</a>, most are self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">semi-submersibles</a>, where a portion of the craft remains above water at all times. In September 2011, Colombian authorities seized a 16-meter-long submersible that could hold a crew of 5, costing about $2 million. The vessel belonged to <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a> rebels and had the capacity to carry at least 7 tonnes of drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Civilian submarines</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PX-8_M%C3%A9soscaphe_-_Swiss_Submarine_(15722856966).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of the Mésoscaphe Auguste Piccard"><img alt="Model of the Mésoscaphe Auguste Piccard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PX-8_M%C3%A9soscaphe_-_Swiss_Submarine_%2815722856966%29.jpg/338px-PX-8_M%C3%A9soscaphe_-_Swiss_Submarine_%2815722856966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PX-8_M%C3%A9soscaphe_-_Swiss_Submarine_%2815722856966%29.jpg/507px-PX-8_M%C3%A9soscaphe_-_Swiss_Submarine_%2815722856966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PX-8_M%C3%A9soscaphe_-_Swiss_Submarine_%2815722856966%29.jpg/675px-PX-8_M%C3%A9soscaphe_-_Swiss_Submarine_%2815722856966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3871" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard_(PX-8)" title="Auguste Piccard (PX-8)">Mésoscaphe <i>Auguste Piccard</i></a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AtlantisSubInterior3497.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the tourist submarine Atlantis whilst submerged"><img alt="Interior of the tourist submarine Atlantis whilst submerged" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AtlantisSubInterior3497.JPG/338px-AtlantisSubInterior3497.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AtlantisSubInterior3497.JPG/507px-AtlantisSubInterior3497.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AtlantisSubInterior3497.JPG/675px-AtlantisSubInterior3497.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the tourist <a href="/wiki/Atlantis_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantis submarine">submarine <i>Atlantis</i></a> whilst submerged</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 309.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 307.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AtlantisVIISubmarineClip3494.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tourist submarine Atlantis"><img alt="Tourist submarine Atlantis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AtlantisVIISubmarineClip3494.jpg/461px-AtlantisVIISubmarineClip3494.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AtlantisVIISubmarineClip3494.jpg/692px-AtlantisVIISubmarineClip3494.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AtlantisVIISubmarineClip3494.jpg/921px-AtlantisVIISubmarineClip3494.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tourist submarine <i>Atlantis</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar_operations">Polar operations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Annapolis_ICEX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USS_Annapolis_ICEX.jpg/220px-USS_Annapolis_ICEX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USS_Annapolis_ICEX.jpg/330px-USS_Annapolis_ICEX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USS_Annapolis_ICEX.jpg/440px-USS_Annapolis_ICEX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>US Navy attack submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Annapolis_(SSN-760)" title="USS Annapolis (SSN-760)">USS <i>Annapolis</i></a> rests in the Arctic Ocean after surfacing through one metre of ice during Ice Exercise 2009 on 21 March 2009.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1903 – <a href="/wiki/Simon_Lake" title="Simon Lake">Simon Lake</a> submarine <i>Protector</i> surfaced through ice off <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1930 – <a href="/wiki/USS_O-12" title="USS O-12">USS <i>O-12</i></a> operated under ice near <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1937 – Soviet submarine <i>Krasnogvardeyets</i> operated under ice in the <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Strait" title="Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1941–45 – German U-boats operated under ice from the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1946 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Atule" title="USS Atule">USS <i>Atule</i></a> used upward-beamed fathometer in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nanook_(1946)" title="Operation Nanook (1946)">Operation Nanook</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Strait" title="Davis Strait">Davis Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1946–47 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Sennet" title="USS Sennet">USS <i>Sennet</i></a> used under-ice <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_High_Jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation High Jump">Operation High Jump</a> in the Antarctic.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1947 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Boarfish" title="USS Boarfish">USS <i>Boarfish</i></a> used upward-beamed echo sounder under pack ice in the <a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1948 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Carp_(SS-338)" title="USS Carp (SS-338)">USS <i>Carp</i></a> developed techniques for making vertical ascents and descents through <a href="/wiki/Polynya" title="Polynya">polynyas</a> in the Chukchi Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1952 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Redfish_(SS-395)" title="USS Redfish (SS-395)">USS <i>Redfish</i></a> used an expanded upward-beamed sounder array in the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1957 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a> reached 87 degrees north near Spitsbergen.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 August 1958 – <i>Nautilus</i> used an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a> to reach the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>17 March 1959 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS <i>Skate</i></a> surfaced through the ice at the north pole.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Sargo_(SSN-583)" title="USS Sargo (SSN-583)">USS <i>Sargo</i></a> transited 900 miles (1,400 km) under ice over the shallow (125 to 180 feet or 38 to 55 metres deep) Bering-Chukchi shelf.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Seadragon_(SSN-584)" title="USS Seadragon (SSN-584)">USS <i>Seadragon</i></a> transited the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> under ice.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962 – Soviet <a href="/wiki/November-class_submarine" title="November-class submarine">November-class</a> submarine <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-3_Leninsky_Komsomol" title="Soviet submarine K-3 Leninsky Komsomol"><i>K-3 Leninsky Komsomol</i></a> reached the north pole.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Queenfish_(SSN-651)" title="USS Queenfish (SSN-651)">USS <i>Queenfish</i></a> carried out an extensive undersea mapping survey of the Siberian continental shelf.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971 – <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(S101)" title="HMS Dreadnought (S101)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> reached the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_57-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gurnard_(SSN-662)" title="USS Gurnard (SSN-662)">USS <i>Gurnard</i></a> conducted three Polar Exercises: 1976 (with US actor <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> aboard); 1984 joint operations with <a href="/wiki/USS_Pintado_(SSN-672)" title="USS Pintado (SSN-672)">USS <i>Pintado</i></a>; and 1990 joint exercises with <a href="/wiki/USS_Seahorse_(SSN-669)" title="USS Seahorse (SSN-669)">USS <i>Seahorse</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6 May 1986 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Ray_(SSN-653)" title="USS Ray (SSN-653)">USS <i>Ray</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Archerfish_(SSN-678)" title="USS Archerfish (SSN-678)">USS <i>Archerfish</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Hawkbill_(SSN-666)" title="USS Hawkbill (SSN-666)">USS <i>Hawkbill</i></a> meet and surface together at the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_North_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic North Pole">Geographic North Pole</a>. First three-submarine surfacing at the Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19 May 1987 – <a href="/wiki/HMS_Superb_(S109)" title="HMS Superb (S109)">HMS <i>Superb</i></a> joined <a href="/wiki/USS_Billfish_(SSN-676)" title="USS Billfish (SSN-676)">USS <i>Billfish</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Sea_Devil_(SSN-664)" title="USS Sea Devil (SSN-664)">USS <i>Sea Devil</i></a> at the North Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 2007 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Alexandria_(SSN-757)" title="USS Alexandria (SSN-757)">USS <i>Alexandria</i></a> participated in the Joint US Navy/<a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> Ice Exercise 2007 (ICEX-2007) in the Arctic Ocean with the <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar-class_submarine" title="Trafalgar-class submarine"><i>Trafalgar</i>-class</a> submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tireless_(S88)" title="HMS Tireless (S88)">HMS <i>Tireless</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 2009 – <a href="/wiki/USS_Annapolis_(SSN-760)" title="USS Annapolis (SSN-760)">USS <i>Annapolis</i></a> took part in <a href="/wiki/Ice_Exercise_2009" title="Ice Exercise 2009">Ice Exercise 2009</a> to test submarine operability and war-fighting capability in Arctic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_underwater_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of underwater technology">Timeline of underwater technology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buoyancy_and_trim">Buoyancy and trim</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_control_surfaces2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Submarine_control_surfaces2.svg/440px-Submarine_control_surfaces2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Submarine_control_surfaces2.svg/660px-Submarine_control_surfaces2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Submarine_control_surfaces2.svg/880px-Submarine_control_surfaces2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>An illustration showing submarine control surfaces and trim tanks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Seawolf_(SSN_21)_Control_Room_HighRes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USS_Seawolf_%28SSN_21%29_Control_Room_HighRes.jpg/220px-USS_Seawolf_%28SSN_21%29_Control_Room_HighRes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USS_Seawolf_%28SSN_21%29_Control_Room_HighRes.jpg/330px-USS_Seawolf_%28SSN_21%29_Control_Room_HighRes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/USS_Seawolf_%28SSN_21%29_Control_Room_HighRes.jpg/440px-USS_Seawolf_%28SSN_21%29_Control_Room_HighRes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Seawolf_(SSN-21)" title="USS Seawolf (SSN-21)">USS <i>Seawolf</i> (SSN-21)</a> Ship Control Panel, with yokes for control surfaces (planes and rudder), and Ballast Control Panel (background), to control the water in tanks and ship's trim</figcaption></figure> <p>All surface ships, as well as surfaced submarines, are in a positively <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyant</a> condition, weighing less than the volume of water they would displace if fully submerged. To submerge hydrostatically, a ship must have negative buoyancy, either by increasing its own weight or decreasing its displacement of water. To control their displacement and weight, submarines have <a href="/wiki/Ballast_tank" title="Ballast tank">ballast tanks</a>, which can hold varying amounts of water and air.<sup id="cite_ref-Navpers_16166_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navpers_16166-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For general submersion or surfacing, submarines use the main ballast tanks (MBTs), which are ambient pressure tanks, filled with water to submerge or with air to surface. While submerged, MBTs generally remain flooded, which simplifies their design,<sup id="cite_ref-Navpers_16166_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navpers_16166-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on many submarines, these tanks are a section of the space between the light hull and the pressure hull. For more precise control of depth, submarines use smaller depth control tanks (DCTs)—also called hard tanks (due to their ability to withstand higher pressure) or trim tanks. These are <a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">variable buoyancy pressure vessels</a>, a type of buoyancy control device. The amount of water in depth control tanks can be adjusted to hydrostatically change depth or to maintain a constant depth as outside conditions (mainly water density) change.<sup id="cite_ref-Navpers_16166_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navpers_16166-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depth control tanks may be located either near the submarine's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>, to minimise the effect on trim, or separated along the length of the hull so they can also be used to adjust static trim by transfer of water between them. </p><p>When submerged, the water pressure on a submarine's hull can reach 4 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a> (580 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>) for steel submarines and up to 10 MPa (1,500 psi) for <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> submarines like <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets" title="Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets"><i>K-278 Komsomolets</i></a>, while interior pressure remains relatively unchanged. This difference results in hull compression, which decreases displacement. Water density also marginally increases with depth, as the <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> and pressure are higher.<sup id="cite_ref-nave_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nave-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change in density incompletely compensates for hull compression, so buoyancy decreases as depth increases. A submerged submarine is in an unstable equilibrium, having a tendency to either sink or float to the surface. Keeping a constant depth requires continual operation of either the depth control tanks or control surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Physics_Of_Liquids_&_Gases_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physics_Of_Liquids_&_Gases-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Submarines in a neutral buoyancy condition are not intrinsically trim-stable. To maintain desired longitudinal trim, submarines use forward and aft trim tanks. Pumps move water between the tanks, changing weight distribution and pitching the sub up or down. A similar system may be used to maintain transverse trim.<sup id="cite_ref-Navpers_16166_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navpers_16166-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_surfaces">Control surfaces</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiosk_Casabianca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kiosk_Casabianca.jpg/220px-Kiosk_Casabianca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kiosk_Casabianca.jpg/330px-Kiosk_Casabianca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kiosk_Casabianca.jpg/440px-Kiosk_Casabianca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sail_(submarine)" title="Sail (submarine)">Sail</a> of the French nuclear submarine <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Casabianca_(S603)" title="French submarine Casabianca (S603)"><i>Casabianca</i></a>; note the diving planes, <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> masts, periscope, electronic warfare masts, hatch, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deadlight" class="extiw" title="wikt:deadlight">deadlight</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hydrostatic effect of variable ballast tanks is not the only way to control the submarine underwater. Hydrodynamic maneuvering is done by several control surfaces, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Diving_plane" title="Diving plane">diving planes</a> or hydroplanes, which can be moved to create hydrodynamic forces when a submarine moves longitudinally at sufficient speed. In the classic cruciform stern configuration, the horizontal stern planes serve the same purpose as the trim tanks, controlling the trim. Most submarines additionally have forward horizontal planes, normally placed on the bow until the 1960s but often on the sail on later designs, where they are closer to the center of gravity and can control depth with less effect on the trim.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sor.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sor.jpeg/170px-Sor.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sor.jpeg/255px-Sor.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sor.jpeg/340px-Sor.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Rear view of a model of Swedish submarine <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Sj%C3%B6ormen_(Sor)" title="HSwMS Sjöormen (Sor)">HMS <i>Sjöormen</i></a>, the first production submarine to feature an x-stern</figcaption></figure> <p>An obvious way to configure the control surfaces at the stern of a submarine is to use vertical planes to control yaw and horizontal planes to control pitch, which gives them the shape of a cross when seen from astern of the vessel. In this configuration, which long remained the dominant one, the horizontal planes are used to control the trim and depth and the vertical planes to control sideways maneuvers, like the rudder of a surface ship. </p><p>Alternatively, the rear control surfaces can be combined into what has become known as an X-stern or an X-form rudder.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although less intuitive, such a configuration has turned out to have several advantages over the traditional cruciform arrangement. First, it improves maneuverability, horizontally as well as vertically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Second, the control surfaces are less likely to get damaged when landing on, or departing from, the seabed as well as when mooring and unmooring alongside. Finally, it is safer in that one of the two diagonal lines can counteract the other with respect to vertical as well as horizontal motion if one of them accidentally gets stuck.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Albacore_(2018)_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USS_Albacore_%282018%29_13.jpg/220px-USS_Albacore_%282018%29_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USS_Albacore_%282018%29_13.jpg/330px-USS_Albacore_%282018%29_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USS_Albacore_%282018%29_13.jpg/440px-USS_Albacore_%282018%29_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Albacore_(AGSS-569)" title="USS Albacore (AGSS-569)">USS <i>Albacore</i></a>, the first submarine to use an x-rudder in practice, now on display in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The x-stern was first tried in practice in the early 1960s on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Albacore_(AGSS-569)" title="USS Albacore (AGSS-569)">USS <i>Albacore</i></a>, an experimental submarine of the US Navy. While the arrangement was found to be advantageous, it was nevertheless not used on US production submarines that followed due to the fact that it requires the use of a computer to manipulate the control surfaces to the desired effect.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the first to use an x-stern in standard operations was the Swedish Navy with its <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6ormen-class_submarine" title="Sjöormen-class submarine"><i>Sjöormen</i> class</a>, the lead submarine of which was launched in 1967, before the <i>Albacore</i> had even finished her test runs.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it turned out to work very well in practice, all subsequent classes of Swedish submarines (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4cken-class_submarine" title="Näcken-class submarine"><i>Näcken</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland-class_submarine" title="Västergötland-class submarine"><i>Västergötland</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotland-class_submarine" title="Gotland-class submarine"><i>Gotland</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blekinge-class_submarine" title="Blekinge-class submarine"><i>Blekinge</i></a> class) have or will come with an x-rudder. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Neptun_(Nep)_MM10732.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HMS_Neptun_%28Nep%29_MM10732.jpg/220px-HMS_Neptun_%28Nep%29_MM10732.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HMS_Neptun_%28Nep%29_MM10732.jpg/330px-HMS_Neptun_%28Nep%29_MM10732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HMS_Neptun_%28Nep%29_MM10732.jpg/440px-HMS_Neptun_%28Nep%29_MM10732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The x-rudder of <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Neptun_(Nep)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSwMS Neptun (Nep)">HMS <i>Neptun</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4cken-class_submarine" title="Näcken-class submarine"><i>Näcken</i>-class</a> submarine in service with the Swedish Navy 1980–1998, now on display at <a href="/wiki/Marinmuseum" title="Marinmuseum">Marinmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Saab_Kockums" title="Saab Kockums">Kockums shipyard</a> responsible for the design of the x-stern on Swedish submarines eventually exported it to Australia with the <a href="/wiki/Collins-class_submarine" title="Collins-class submarine"><i>Collins</i> class</a> as well as to Japan with the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-class_submarine" title="Sōryū-class submarine"><i>Sōryū</i> class</a>. With the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Type_212_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 212 submarine">type 212</a>, the German and Italian Navies came to feature it as well. The US Navy with its <a href="/wiki/Columbia-class_submarine" title="Columbia-class submarine"><i>Columbia</i> class</a>, the British Navy with its <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought-class_submarine" title="Dreadnought-class submarine"><i>Dreadnought</i> class</a>, and the French Navy with its <a href="/wiki/Barracuda-class_submarine_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barracuda-class submarine (France)"><i>Barracuda</i> class</a> are all about to join the x-stern family. Hence, as judged by the situation in the early 2020s, the x-stern is about to become the dominant technology. </p><p>When a submarine performs an emergency surfacing, all depth and trim control methods are used simultaneously,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> together with propelling the boat upwards. Such surfacing is very quick, so the vessel may even partially jump out of the water, potentially damaging submarine systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hull">Hull</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Submarine_hull" title="Submarine hull">Submarine hull</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Greeneville_(SSN_772)_-_dry_dock_Pearl_Harbor_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/USS_Greeneville_%28SSN_772%29_-_dry_dock_Pearl_Harbor_%281%29.jpg/220px-USS_Greeneville_%28SSN_772%29_-_dry_dock_Pearl_Harbor_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/USS_Greeneville_%28SSN_772%29_-_dry_dock_Pearl_Harbor_%281%29.jpg/330px-USS_Greeneville_%28SSN_772%29_-_dry_dock_Pearl_Harbor_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/USS_Greeneville_%28SSN_772%29_-_dry_dock_Pearl_Harbor_%281%29.jpg/440px-USS_Greeneville_%28SSN_772%29_-_dry_dock_Pearl_Harbor_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles-class_submarine" title="Los Angeles-class submarine"><i>Los Angeles</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Greeneville" title="USS Greeneville">USS <i>Greeneville</i></a> in dry dock, showing cigar-shaped hull</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern submarines are cigar-shaped. This design, also used in very early submarines, is sometimes called a "<a href="/wiki/Teardrop_hull" title="Teardrop hull">teardrop hull</a>". It reduces hydrodynamic <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> when the sub is submerged, but decreases the sea-keeping capabilities and increases drag while surfaced. Since the limitations of the propulsion systems of early submarines forced them to operate surfaced most of the time, their hull designs were a compromise. Because of the slow submerged speeds of those subs, usually, well below 10 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kt</a> (18 km/h), the increased drag for underwater travel was acceptable. Late in World War II, when technology allowed faster and longer submerged operation and increased aircraft surveillance forced submarines to stay submerged, hull designs became teardrop shaped again to reduce drag and noise. <a href="/wiki/USS_Albacore_(AGSS-569)" title="USS Albacore (AGSS-569)">USS <i>Albacore</i> (AGSS-569)</a> was a unique research submarine that pioneered the American version of the teardrop hull form (sometimes referred to as an "Albacore hull") of modern submarines. On modern military submarines the outer hull is covered with a layer of sound-absorbing rubber, or <a href="/wiki/Anechoic_tile" title="Anechoic tile">anechoic plating</a>, to reduce detection. </p><p>The occupied pressure hulls of deep-diving submarines such as <a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a> are spherical instead of cylindrical. This allows a more even distribution of stress and efficient use of materials to withstand external pressure as it gives the most internal volume for structural weight and is the most efficient shape to avoid buckling instability in compression. A frame is usually affixed to the outside of the pressure hull, providing attachment for ballast and trim systems, scientific instrumentation, battery packs, <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_foam" title="Syntactic foam">syntactic flotation foam</a>, and lighting. </p><p>A raised tower on top of a standard submarine accommodates the <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a> and electronics masts, which can include radio, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a>, and other systems. It might also include a snorkel mast. In many early classes of submarines (see history), the control room, or "conn", was located inside this tower, which was known as the "<a href="/wiki/Conning_tower" title="Conning tower">conning tower</a>". Since then, the conn has been located within the hull of the submarine, and the tower is now called the <a href="/wiki/Sail_(submarine)" title="Sail (submarine)">"sail" or "fin"</a>. The conn is distinct from the "bridge", a small open platform in the top of the sail, used for observation during surface operation. </p><p>"Bathtubs" are related to conning towers but are used on smaller submarines. The bathtub is a metal cylinder surrounding the hatch that prevents waves from breaking directly into the cabin. It is needed because surfaced submarines have limited <a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(nautical)" title="Freeboard (nautical)">freeboard</a>, that is, they lie low in the water. Bathtubs help prevent swamping the vessel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single_and_double_hulls">Single and double hulls</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U995_2004_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U995_2004_1.jpg/220px-U995_2004_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U995_2004_1.jpg/330px-U995_2004_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/U995_2004_1.jpg/440px-U995_2004_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-995" title="German submarine U-995"><i>U-995</i></a>, Type VIIC/41 U-boat of World War II, showing the ship-like lines of the outer hull for surface travel, blended into the cylindrical pressure hull structure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern submarines and submersibles usually have, as did the earliest models, a single hull. Large submarines generally have an additional hull or hull sections outside. This external hull, which actually forms the shape of submarine, is called the outer hull (<i><a href="/wiki/Casing_(submarine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casing (submarine)">casing</a></i> in the Royal Navy) or <a href="/wiki/Light_hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Light hull">light hull</a>, as it does not have to withstand a pressure difference. Inside the outer hull there is a strong hull, or <a href="/wiki/Pressure_hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure hull">pressure hull</a>, which withstands sea pressure and has normal atmospheric pressure inside. </p><p>As early as World War I, it was realized that the optimal shape for withstanding pressure conflicted with the optimal shape for seakeeping and minimal drag at the surface, and construction difficulties further complicated the problem. This was solved either by a compromise shape, or by using two layered hulls: the internal strength hull for withstanding pressure, and an external fairing for hydrodynamic shape. Until the end of World War II, most submarines had an additional partial casing on the top, bow and stern, built of thinner metal, which was flooded when submerged. Germany went further with the <a href="/wiki/Type_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Type XXI">Type XXI</a>, a general predecessor of modern submarines, in which the pressure hull was fully enclosed inside the light hull, but optimized for submerged navigation, unlike earlier designs that were optimized for surface operation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SRH025-p40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SRH025-p40.jpg/220px-SRH025-p40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SRH025-p40.jpg/330px-SRH025-p40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SRH025-p40.jpg/440px-SRH025-p40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Type_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Type XXI">Type XXI</a> U-boat, late World War II, with pressure hull almost fully enclosed inside the light hull</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, approaches split. The Soviet Union changed its designs, basing them on German developments. All post-World War II heavy Soviet and Russian submarines are built with a <a href="/wiki/Double_hull" title="Double hull">double hull</a> structure. American and most other Western submarines switched to a primarily single-hull approach. They still have light hull sections in the bow and stern, which house main ballast tanks and provide a hydrodynamically optimized shape, but the main cylindrical hull section has only a single plating layer. Double hulls are being considered for future submarines in the United States to improve payload capacity, stealth and range.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pressure_hull">Pressure hull</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathyscaphe_Trieste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bathyscaphe_Trieste.jpg/220px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bathyscaphe_Trieste.jpg/330px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bathyscaphe_Trieste.jpg/440px-Bathyscaphe_Trieste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5665" data-file-height="4560" /></a><figcaption>In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Walsh" title="Don Walsh">Don Walsh</a> were the first people to explore the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_Deep" title="Challenger Deep">deepest part</a> of the world's <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust, in the <a href="/wiki/Trieste_(bathyscaphe)" title="Trieste (bathyscaphe)">Bathyscaphe <i>Trieste</i></a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pressure_hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure hull">Pressure hull</a></div> <p>The pressure hull is generally constructed of thick high-strength steel with a complex structure and high strength reserve, and is separated by watertight <a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">bulkheads</a> into several <a href="/wiki/Compartmentalization_(fire_protection)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compartmentalization (fire protection)">compartments</a>. There are also examples of more than two hulls in a submarine, like the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon-class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon-class submarine">Typhoon class</a>, which has two main pressure hulls and three smaller ones for control room, torpedoes and steering gear, with the missile launch system between the main hulls, all surrounded and supported by the outer light hydrodynamic hull. When submerged the pressure hull provides most of the buoyancy for the whole vessel. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Submarine_depth_ratings" title="Submarine depth ratings">dive depth</a> cannot be increased easily. Simply making the hull thicker increases the structural weight and requires reduction of onboard equipment weight, and increasing the diameter requires a proportional increase in thickness for the same material and architecture, ultimately resulting in a pressure hull that does not have sufficient buoyancy to support its own weight, as in a <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">bathyscaphe</a>. This is acceptable for civilian research submersibles, but not military submarines, which need to carry a large equipment, crew, and weapons load to fulfill their function. Construction materials with greater <a href="/wiki/Specific_strength" title="Specific strength">specific strength</a> and <a href="/wiki/Specific_modulus" title="Specific modulus">specific modulus</a> are needed. </p><p>WWI submarines had hulls of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a>, with a 100-metre (330 ft) maximum depth. During WWII, high-strength <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloyed</a> steel was introduced, allowing 200-metre (660 ft) depths. High-strength alloy steel remains the primary material for submarines today, with 250–400-metre (820–1,310 ft) depths, which cannot be exceeded on a military submarine without design compromises. To exceed that limit, a few submarines were built with <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> hulls. Titanium alloys can be stronger than steel, lighter, and most importantly, have higher immersed <a href="/wiki/Specific_strength" title="Specific strength">specific strength</a> and <a href="/wiki/Specific_modulus" title="Specific modulus">specific modulus</a>. Titanium is also not <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a>, important for stealth. Titanium submarines were built by the Soviet Union, which developed specialized high-strength alloys. It has produced several types of titanium submarines. Titanium alloys allow a major increase in depth, but other systems must be redesigned to cope, so test depth was limited to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-278_Komsomolets" title="Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets">Soviet submarine <i>K-278 Komsomolets</i></a>, the deepest-diving combat submarine. An <a href="/wiki/Alfa-class_submarine" title="Alfa-class submarine">Alfa-class</a> submarine may have successfully operated at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though continuous operation at such depths would produce excessive stress on many submarine systems. Titanium does not flex as readily as steel, and may become brittle after many dive cycles. Despite its benefits, the high cost of titanium construction led to the abandonment of titanium submarine construction as the Cold War ended. Deep-diving civilian submarines have used thick <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">acrylic</a> pressure hulls. Although the specific strength and specific modulus of acrylic are not very high, the density is only 1.18g/cm<sup>3</sup>, so it is only very slightly denser than water, and the buoyancy penalty of increased thickness is correspondingly low. </p><p>The deepest <a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">deep-submergence vehicle</a> (DSV) to date is <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste"><i>Trieste</i></a>. On 5 October 1959, <i>Trieste</i> departed San Diego for <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> aboard the freighter <i>Santa Maria</i> to participate in <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Nekton" title="Project Nekton">Project Nekton</a></i>, a series of very deep dives in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>. On 23 January 1960, <i>Trieste</i> reached the ocean floor in the Challenger Deep (the deepest southern part of the Mariana Trench), carrying <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Piccard" title="Jacques Piccard">Jacques Piccard</a> (son of Auguste) and Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Don_Walsh" title="Don Walsh">Don Walsh</a>, USN.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time a vessel, crewed or uncrewed, had reached the deepest point in the Earth's oceans. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 metres (37,799 ft), although this was later revised to 10,916 metres (35,814 ft) and more accurate measurements made in 1995 have found the Challenger Deep slightly shallower, at 10,911 metres (35,797 ft). </p><p>Building a pressure hull is difficult, as it must withstand pressures at its required diving depth. When the hull is perfectly round in cross-section, the pressure is evenly distributed, and causes only hull compression. If the shape is not perfect, the hull deflects more in some places and <a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">buckling</a> instability is the usual <a href="/wiki/Failure_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Failure mode">failure mode</a>. Inevitable minor deviations are resisted by stiffener rings, but even a one-inch (25 mm) deviation from roundness results in over 30 percent decrease of maximal hydrostatic load and consequently dive depth.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hull must therefore be constructed with high precision. All hull parts must be welded without defects, and all joints are checked multiple times with different methods, contributing to the high cost of modern submarines. (For example, each <a href="/wiki/Virginia-class_submarine" title="Virginia-class submarine"><i>Virginia</i>-class</a> attack submarine costs US$2.6 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a>, over US$200,000 per <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">ton</a> of displacement.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Marine propulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion" title="Air-independent propulsion">Air-independent propulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">Nuclear submarine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCS_Windsor_SSK_877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HMCS_Windsor_SSK_877.jpg/220px-HMCS_Windsor_SSK_877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HMCS_Windsor_SSK_877.jpg/330px-HMCS_Windsor_SSK_877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/HMCS_Windsor_SSK_877.jpg/440px-HMCS_Windsor_SSK_877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Windsor" title="HMCS Windsor">HMCS <i>Windsor</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria-class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria-class submarine"><i>Victoria</i>-class</a> diesel–electric hunter-killer submarine</figcaption></figure> <p>The first submarines were propelled by humans. The first mechanically driven submarine was the 1863 French <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur" title="French submarine Plongeur"><i>Plongeur</i></a>, which used compressed air for propulsion. Anaerobic propulsion was first employed by the Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Ictineo_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictineo II">Ictineo II</a></i> in 1864, which used a solution of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a> to generate sufficient heat to power a steam engine, while also providing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> for the crew. A similar system was not employed again until 1940 when the German Navy tested a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>-based system, the <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Walter" title="Hellmuth Walter">Walter</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>, on the experimental <a href="/wiki/V-80_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="V-80 submarine">V-80 submarine</a> and later on the naval <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_submarine_U-791&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German submarine U-791 (page does not exist)"><i>U-791</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Type_XVII_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XVII submarine">type XVII</a> submarines;<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the system was further developed for the British <a href="/wiki/Explorer-class_submarine" title="Explorer-class submarine"><i>Explorer</i>-class</a>, completed in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">nuclear marine propulsion</a>, most 20th-century submarines used <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> and batteries for running underwater and <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">combustion engines</a> on the surface, and for battery recharging. Early submarines used <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (petrol) engines but this quickly gave way to <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> (paraffin) and then <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> engines because of reduced flammability and, with diesel, improved fuel-efficiency and thus also greater range. A combination of diesel and electric propulsion became the norm. </p><p>Initially, the combustion engine and the electric motor were in most cases connected to the same shaft so that both could directly drive the propeller. The combustion engine was placed at the front end of the stern section with the electric motor behind it followed by the propeller shaft. The engine was connected to the motor by a clutch and the motor in turn connected to the propeller shaft by another clutch. </p><p>With only the rear clutch engaged, the electric motor could drive the propeller, as required for fully submerged operation. With both clutches engaged, the combustion engine could drive the propeller, as was possible when operating on the surface or, at a later stage, when snorkeling. The electric motor would in this case serve as a generator to charge the batteries or, if no charging was needed, be allowed to rotate freely. With only the front clutch engaged, the combustion engine could drive the electric motor as a generator for charging the batteries without simultaneously forcing the propeller to move. </p><p>The motor could have multiple armatures on the shaft, which could be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and in parallel for high speed (these connections were called "group down" and "group up", respectively). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diesel–electric_transmission"><span id="Diesel.E2.80.93electric_transmission"></span>Diesel–electric transmission<span class="anchor" id="Diesel-electric_transmission"></span></h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_recharging_(JMSDF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Submarine_recharging_%28JMSDF%29.jpg/220px-Submarine_recharging_%28JMSDF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Submarine_recharging_%28JMSDF%29.jpg/330px-Submarine_recharging_%28JMSDF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Submarine_recharging_%28JMSDF%29.jpg/440px-Submarine_recharging_%28JMSDF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Recharging battery (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">JMSDF</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">Diesel–electric powertrain</a></div> <p>While most early submarines used a direct mechanical connection between the combustion engine and the propeller, an alternative solution was considered as well as implemented at a very early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That solution consists in first converting the work of the combustion engine into electric energy via a dedicated generator. This energy is then used to drive the propeller via the electric motor and, to the extent required, for charging the batteries. In this configuration, the electric motor is thus responsible for driving the propeller at all times, regardless of whether air is available so that the combustion engine can also be used or not. </p><p>Among the pioneers of this alternative solution was the very first submarine of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish Navy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HSwMS_Hajen_(1904)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HSwMS Hajen (1904) (page does not exist)">HSwMS <i>Hajen</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hajen_(1904)" class="extiw" title="sv:HMS Hajen (1904)">sv</a>]</span> (later renamed <i>Ub no 1</i>), launched in 1904. While its design was generally inspired by the first submarine commissioned by the US Navy, <a href="/wiki/USS_Holland_(SS-1)" title="USS Holland (SS-1)">USS <i>Holland</i></a>, it deviated from the latter in at least three significant ways: by adding a periscope, by replacing the gasoline engine by a semidiesel engine (a <a href="/wiki/Hot-bulb_engine" title="Hot-bulb engine">hot-bulb engine</a> primarily meant to be fueled by kerosene, later replaced by a true diesel engine) and by severing the mechanical link between the combustion engine and the propeller by instead letting the former drive a dedicated generator.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By so doing, it took three significant steps toward what was eventually to become the dominant technology for conventional (i.e., non-nuclear) submarines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_Hajen_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Submarine_Hajen_1.jpg/220px-Submarine_Hajen_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Submarine_Hajen_1.jpg/330px-Submarine_Hajen_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Submarine_Hajen_1.jpg/440px-Submarine_Hajen_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>One of the first submarines with diesel–electric transmission, HMS <i>Hajen</i>, on display outside <a href="/wiki/Marinmuseum" title="Marinmuseum">Marinmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the following years, the Swedish Navy added another seven submarines in three different classes (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd-class_submarine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd-class submarine (page does not exist)"><i>2nd</i> class</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2:a_klass_ub%C3%A5t" class="extiw" title="sv:2:a klass ubåt">sv</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laxen-class_submarine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laxen-class submarine (page does not exist)"><i>Laxen</i> class</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxen-klass" class="extiw" title="sv:Laxen-klass">sv</a>]</span>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braxen-class_submarine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braxen-class submarine (page does not exist)"><i>Braxen</i> class</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braxen-klass" class="extiw" title="sv:Braxen-klass">sv</a>]</span>) using the same propulsion technology but fitted with true diesel engines rather than semidiesels from the outset.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since by that time, the technology was usually based on the diesel engine rather than some other type of combustion engine, it eventually came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel–electric transmission">diesel–electric transmission</a>. </p><p>Like many other early submarines, those initially designed in Sweden were quite small (less than 200 tonnes) and thus confined to littoral operation. When the Swedish Navy wanted to add larger vessels, capable of operating further from the shore, their designs were purchased from companies abroad that already had the required experience: first Italian (<a href="/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A." title="Fiat S.p.A.">Fiat</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cesare_Laurenti_(engineer)" title="Cesare Laurenti (engineer)">Laurenti</a>) and later German (<a href="/wiki/AG_Weser" title="AG Weser">A.G. Weser</a> and <a href="/wiki/NV_Ingenieurskantoor_voor_Scheepsbouw" title="NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw">IvS</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a side-effect, the diesel–electric transmission was temporarily abandoned. </p><p>However, diesel–electric transmission was immediately reintroduced when Sweden began designing its own submarines again in the mid-1930s. From that point onwards, it has been consistently used for all new classes of Swedish submarines, albeit supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion" title="Air-independent propulsion">air-independent propulsion (AIP)</a> as provided by <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling engines</a> beginning with <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_N%C3%A4cken_(N%C3%A4k)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSwMS Näcken (Näk)">HMS <i>Näcken</i></a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hajen_%26_Neptun_Marinmuseum_Karlskrona_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hajen_%26_Neptun_Marinmuseum_Karlskrona_002.jpg/220px-Hajen_%26_Neptun_Marinmuseum_Karlskrona_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hajen_%26_Neptun_Marinmuseum_Karlskrona_002.jpg/330px-Hajen_%26_Neptun_Marinmuseum_Karlskrona_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hajen_%26_Neptun_Marinmuseum_Karlskrona_002.jpg/440px-Hajen_%26_Neptun_Marinmuseum_Karlskrona_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4999" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>Two widely different generations of Swedish submarines but both with diesel–electric transmission: <a href="/w/index.php?title=HSwMS_Hajen_(1904)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HSwMS Hajen (1904) (page does not exist)">HSwMS <i>Hajen</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hajen_(1904)" class="extiw" title="sv:HMS Hajen (1904)">sv</a>]</span>, in service 1905–1922, and <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Neptun_(Nep)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSwMS Neptun (Nep)">HMS <i>Neptun</i></a>, in service 1980–1998</figcaption></figure> <p>Another early adopter of diesel–electric transmission was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a>, whose Bureau of Engineering proposed its use in 1928. It was subsequently tried in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_S-class_submarine" title="United States S-class submarine">S-class submarines</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_S-3" title="USS S-3"><i>S-3</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_S-6" title="USS S-6"><i>S-6</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_S-7" title="USS S-7"><i>S-7</i></a> before being put into production with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Porpoise-class_submarine" title="United States Porpoise-class submarine"><i>Porpoise</i> class</a> of the 1930s. From that point onwards, it continued to be used on most US conventional submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Book1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the British <a href="/wiki/British_U-class_submarine" title="British U-class submarine">U-class</a> and some submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy that used separate diesel generators for low speed running, few navies other than those of Sweden and the US made much use of diesel–electric transmission before 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Book1_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, by contrast, it gradually became the dominant mode of propulsion for conventional submarines. However, its adoption was not always swift. Notably, the Soviet Navy did not introduce diesel–electric transmission on its conventional submarines until 1980 with its <a href="/wiki/Kilo-class_submarine" title="Kilo-class submarine"><i>Paltus</i> class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If diesel–electric transmission had only brought advantages and no disadvantages in comparison with a system that mechanically connects the diesel engine to the propeller, it would undoubtedly have become dominant much earlier. The disadvantages include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-electrotechnical-officer.com_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrotechnical-officer.com-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diesel_eletric_drives_guideline_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diesel_eletric_drives_guideline-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It entails a loss of fuel-efficiency as well as power by converting the output of the diesel engine into electricity. While both generators and electric motors are known to be very efficient, their efficiency nevertheless falls short of 100 percent.</li> <li>It requires an additional component in the form of a dedicated generator. Since the electric motor is always used to drive the propeller it can no longer step in to take on generator service as well.</li> <li>It does not allow the diesel engine and the electrical motor to join forces by simultaneously driving the propeller mechanically for maximum speed when the submarine is surfaced or snorkeling. This may, however, be of little practical importance inasmuch as the option it prevents is one that would leave the submarine at a risk of having to dive with its batteries at least partly depleted.</li></ul> <p>The reason why diesel–electric transmission has become the dominant alternative in spite of these disadvantages is of course that it also comes with many advantages and that, on balance, these have eventually been found to be more important. The advantages include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-electrotechnical-officer.com_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrotechnical-officer.com-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diesel_eletric_drives_guideline_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diesel_eletric_drives_guideline-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It reduces external noise by severing the direct and rigid mechanical link between the relatively noisy diesel engine(s) on the one hand and the propeller shaft(s) and hull on the other. With <a href="/wiki/Stealth_ship" title="Stealth ship">stealth</a> being of paramount importance to submarines, this is a very significant advantage.</li> <li>It increases the <a href="/wiki/Crash_dive" title="Crash dive">readiness to dive</a>, which is of course of vital importance for a submarine. The only thing required from a propulsion point of view is to shut down the diesel(s).</li> <li>It makes the speed of the diesel engine(s) temporarily independent of the speed of the submarine. This in turn often makes it possible to run the diesel(s) at close to optimal speed from a fuel-efficiency as well as durability point of view. It also makes it possible to reduce the time spent surfaced or snorkeling by running the diesel(s) at maximum speed without affecting the speed of the submarine itself.</li> <li>It eliminates the clutches otherwise required to connect the diesel engine, the electric motor, and the propeller shaft. This in turn saves space, increases reliability and reduces maintenance costs.</li> <li>It increases flexibility with regard to how the driveline components are configured, positioned, and maintained. For example, the diesel no longer has to be aligned with the electric motor and propeller shaft, two diesels can be used to power a single propeller (or vice versa), and one diesel can be turned off for maintenance as long as a second is available to provide the required amount of electricity.</li> <li>It facilitates the integration of additional primary sources of energy, beside the diesel engine(s), such as various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion" title="Air-independent propulsion">air-independent power (AIP)</a> systems. With one or more electric motors always driving the propeller(s), such systems can easily be introduced as yet another source of electric energy in addition to the diesel engine(s) and the batteries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Snorkel">Snorkel</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">Submarine snorkel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_snorkel,_1942,_the_first_used_by_the_Swedish_Navy,_used_on_Neptun_and_later_Nacken_-_Marinmuseum,_Karlskrona,_Sweden_-_DSC08950.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Submarine_snorkel%2C_1942%2C_the_first_used_by_the_Swedish_Navy%2C_used_on_Neptun_and_later_Nacken_-_Marinmuseum%2C_Karlskrona%2C_Sweden_-_DSC08950.JPG/220px-Submarine_snorkel%2C_1942%2C_the_first_used_by_the_Swedish_Navy%2C_used_on_Neptun_and_later_Nacken_-_Marinmuseum%2C_Karlskrona%2C_Sweden_-_DSC08950.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Submarine_snorkel%2C_1942%2C_the_first_used_by_the_Swedish_Navy%2C_used_on_Neptun_and_later_Nacken_-_Marinmuseum%2C_Karlskrona%2C_Sweden_-_DSC08950.JPG/330px-Submarine_snorkel%2C_1942%2C_the_first_used_by_the_Swedish_Navy%2C_used_on_Neptun_and_later_Nacken_-_Marinmuseum%2C_Karlskrona%2C_Sweden_-_DSC08950.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Submarine_snorkel%2C_1942%2C_the_first_used_by_the_Swedish_Navy%2C_used_on_Neptun_and_later_Nacken_-_Marinmuseum%2C_Karlskrona%2C_Sweden_-_DSC08950.JPG/440px-Submarine_snorkel%2C_1942%2C_the_first_used_by_the_Swedish_Navy%2C_used_on_Neptun_and_later_Nacken_-_Marinmuseum%2C_Karlskrona%2C_Sweden_-_DSC08950.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Head of the snorkel mast from German <a href="/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine" title="Type XXI submarine">type XXI submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-3503" title="German submarine U-3503"><i>U-3503</i></a>, scuttled outside <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> on 8 May 1945 but raised by the Swedish Navy and carefully studied for the purpose of improving future Swedish submarine designs</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II the Germans experimented with the idea of the <i>schnorchel</i> (snorkel) from captured Dutch submarines but did not see the need for them until rather late in the war. The <i>schnorchel</i> is a retractable pipe that supplies air to the diesel engines while submerged at <a href="/wiki/Periscope_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Periscope depth">periscope depth</a>, allowing the boat to cruise and recharge its batteries while maintaining a degree of stealth. </p><p>Especially as first implemented however, it turned out to be far from a perfect solution. There were problems with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather. Since the system used the entire pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the crew often suffered painful ear injuries. Speed was limited to 8 knots (15 km/h), lest the device snap from stress. The <i>schnorchel</i> also created noise that made the boat easier to detect with sonar, yet more difficult for the on-board sonar to detect signals from other vessels. Finally, allied radar eventually became sufficiently advanced that the <i>schnorchel</i> mast could be detected beyond visual range.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the snorkel renders a submarine far less detectable, it is thus not perfect. In clear weather, diesel exhausts can be seen on the surface to a distance of about three miles,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while "periscope feather" (the wave created by the snorkel or periscope moving through the water) is visible from far off in calm sea conditions. Modern radar is also capable of detecting a snorkel in calm sea conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-3008_Turm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U-3008_Turm.jpg/220px-U-3008_Turm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U-3008_Turm.jpg/330px-U-3008_Turm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U-3008_Turm.jpg/440px-U-3008_Turm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4525" data-file-height="5371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-3008" title="German submarine U-3008">USS <i>U-3008</i></a> (former German submarine <i>U-3008</i>) with her snorkel masts raised at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine</figcaption></figure> <p>The problem of the diesels causing a vacuum in the submarine when the head valve is submerged still exists in later model diesel submarines but is mitigated by high-vacuum cut-off sensors that shut down the engines when the vacuum in the ship reaches a pre-set point. Modern snorkel induction masts have a fail-safe design using <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>, controlled by a simple electrical circuit, to hold the "head valve" open against the pull of a powerful spring. Seawater washing over the mast shorts out exposed electrodes on top, breaking the control, and shutting the "head valve" while it is submerged. US submarines did not adopt the use of snorkels until after WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air-independent_propulsion">Air-independent propulsion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion" title="Air-independent propulsion">Air-independent propulsion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-Bremerhaven_U-Boot-Museum-Sicherlich_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2004-Bremerhaven_U-Boot-Museum-Sicherlich_retouched.jpg/220px-2004-Bremerhaven_U-Boot-Museum-Sicherlich_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2004-Bremerhaven_U-Boot-Museum-Sicherlich_retouched.jpg/330px-2004-Bremerhaven_U-Boot-Museum-Sicherlich_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2004-Bremerhaven_U-Boot-Museum-Sicherlich_retouched.jpg/440px-2004-Bremerhaven_U-Boot-Museum-Sicherlich_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XXI submarine">German Type XXI submarine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_X-1_Midget_Submarine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SS_X-1_Midget_Submarine.jpg/220px-SS_X-1_Midget_Submarine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SS_X-1_Midget_Submarine.jpg/330px-SS_X-1_Midget_Submarine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/SS_X-1_Midget_Submarine.jpg/440px-SS_X-1_Midget_Submarine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>American X-1 Midget Submarine</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, <a href="/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XXI submarine">German Type XXI submarines</a> (also known as "<i>Elektroboote</i>") were the first submarines designed to operate submerged for extended periods. Initially they were to carry hydrogen peroxide for long-term, fast air-independent propulsion, but were ultimately built with very large batteries instead. At the end of the War, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and Soviets experimented with hydrogen peroxide/kerosene (paraffin) engines that could run surfaced and submerged. The results were not encouraging. Though the Soviet Union deployed a class of submarines with this engine type (codenamed <a href="/wiki/Quebec-class_submarine" title="Quebec-class submarine">Quebec</a> by NATO), they were considered unsuccessful. </p><p>The United States also used hydrogen peroxide in an experimental <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_X-1" class="mw-redirect" title="USS X-1">X-1</a>. It was originally powered by a hydrogen peroxide/diesel engine and battery system until an explosion of her hydrogen peroxide supply on 20 May 1957. X-1 was later converted to use diesel–electric drive.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today several navies use air-independent propulsion. Notably <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">Stirling technology</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gotland-class_submarine" title="Gotland-class submarine"><i>Gotland</i>-class</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland-class_submarine" title="Södermanland-class submarine"><i>Södermanland</i>-class</a> submarines. The Stirling engine is heated by burning diesel fuel with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> tanks. A newer development in air-independent propulsion is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>, first used on the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Type_212_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 212 submarine">Type 212 submarine</a>, with nine 34 kW or two 120 kW cells. Fuel cells are also used in the new <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/S-80-class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="S-80-class submarine">S-80-class</a> submarines although with the fuel stored as ethanol and then converted into hydrogen before use.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One new technology that is being introduced starting with the Japanese Navy's eleventh <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-class_submarine" title="Sōryū-class submarine"><i>Sōryū</i>-class submarine</a> (JS <i>Ōryū</i>) is a more modern battery, the <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>. These batteries have about double the electric storage of traditional batteries, and by changing out the lead-acid batteries in their normal storage areas plus filling up the large hull space normally devoted to <a href="/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion" title="Air-independent propulsion">AIP</a> engine and fuel tanks with many tons of lithium-ion batteries, modern submarines can actually return to a "pure" diesel–electric configuration yet have the added underwater range and power normally associated with AIP equipped submarines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">Nuclear submarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_well_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battery_well_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg/220px-Battery_well_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battery_well_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg/330px-Battery_well_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Battery_well_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg/440px-Battery_well_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Battery well containing 126 cells on <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS <i>Nautilus</i></a>, the first nuclear-powered submarine</figcaption></figure> <p>Steam power was resurrected in the 1950s with a nuclear-powered steam turbine driving a generator. By eliminating the need for atmospheric oxygen, the time that a submarine could remain submerged was limited only by its food stores, as breathing air was recycled and fresh water <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilled</a> from seawater. More importantly, a nuclear submarine has unlimited range at top speed. This allows it to travel from its operating base to the combat zone in a much shorter time and makes it a far more difficult target for most anti-submarine weapons. Nuclear-powered submarines have a relatively small battery and diesel engine/generator powerplant for emergency use if the reactors must be shut down. </p><p>Nuclear power is now used in all large submarines, but due to the high cost and large size of nuclear reactors, smaller submarines still use diesel–electric propulsion. The ratio of larger to smaller submarines depends on strategic needs. The US Navy, <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>, and the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> operate only <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Submarine_Warfare_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Submarine_Warfare-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is explained by the need for distant operations. Other major operators rely on a mix of nuclear submarines for strategic purposes and diesel–electric submarines for defense. Most fleets have no nuclear submarines, due to the limited availability of nuclear power and submarine technology. </p><p>Diesel–electric submarines have a stealth advantage over their nuclear counterparts. Nuclear submarines generate noise from coolant pumps and turbo-machinery needed to operate the reactor, even at low power levels.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nuclear submarines such as the American <a href="/wiki/Ohio-class_submarine" title="Ohio-class submarine"><i>Ohio</i> class</a> can operate with their reactor coolant pumps secured, making them quieter than electric subs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A conventional submarine operating on batteries is almost completely silent, the only noise coming from the shaft bearings, propeller, and flow noise around the hull, all of which stops when the sub hovers in mid-water to listen, leaving only the noise from crew activity. Commercial submarines usually rely only on batteries, since they operate in conjunction with a mother ship. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_by_death_toll" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll">serious nuclear and radiation accidents</a> have involved nuclear submarine mishaps.<sup id="cite_ref-johnston2007_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston2007-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timenuke_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timenuke-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-19" title="Soviet submarine K-19">Soviet submarine <i>K-19</i></a> reactor accident in 1961 resulted in 8 deaths and more than 30 other people were over-exposed to radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-rad_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rad-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-27" title="Soviet submarine K-27">Soviet submarine <i>K-27</i></a> reactor accident in 1968 resulted in 9 fatalities and 83 other injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-johnston2007_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston2007-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-431" title="Soviet submarine K-431">Soviet submarine <i>K-431</i></a> accident in 1985 resulted in 10 fatalities and 49 other radiation injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-timenuke_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timenuke-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative">Alternative</h4></div> <p>Oil-fired steam turbines powered the British <a href="/wiki/British_K-class_submarine" title="British K-class submarine">K-class submarines</a>, built during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later, to give them the surface speed to keep up with the battle fleet. The K-class subs were not very successful, however. </p><p>Toward the end of the 20th century, some submarines—such as the British <i>Vanguard</i> class—began to be fitted with <a href="/wiki/Pump-jet" title="Pump-jet">pump-jet</a> propulsors instead of propellers. Though these are heavier, more expensive, and less efficient than a propeller, they are significantly quieter, providing an important tactical advantage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament">Armament</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocelot-TorpedoTubes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ocelot-TorpedoTubes.JPG/220px-Ocelot-TorpedoTubes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ocelot-TorpedoTubes.JPG/330px-Ocelot-TorpedoTubes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ocelot-TorpedoTubes.JPG/440px-Ocelot-TorpedoTubes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>The forward torpedo tubes in HMS <i>Ocelot</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukellusveneest%C3%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sukellusveneest%C3%A4.jpg/220px-Sukellusveneest%C3%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sukellusveneest%C3%A4.jpg/330px-Sukellusveneest%C3%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sukellusveneest%C3%A4.jpg/440px-Sukellusveneest%C3%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>The torpedo room of <i><a href="/wiki/Finnish_submarine_Vesikko" title="Finnish submarine Vesikko">Vesikko</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The success of the submarine is inextricably linked to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitehead" title="Robert Whitehead">Robert Whitehead</a> in 1866. His invention (essentially the same now as it was 140 years ago), allowed the submarine make the leap from novelty to a weapon of war. Prior to the development and miniaturization of sonar sensitive enough to track a submerged submarine, attacks were exclusively restricted to ships and submarines operating near or at the surface. Targeting of unguided torpedoes was initially done by eye, but by World War II <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">analog targeting computers</a> began to proliferate, being able to calculate basic firing solutions. Nonetheless, multiple "straight-running" torpedoes could be required to ensure a target was hit. With at most 20 to 25 torpedoes stored on board, the number of attacks a submarine could make was limited. To increase <a href="/wiki/Combat_endurance" title="Combat endurance">combat endurance</a> starting in World War I submarines also functioned as submersible gunboats, using their <a href="/wiki/Deck_gun" title="Deck gun">deck guns</a> against unarmed targets, and diving to escape and engage enemy warships. The initial importance of these deck guns encouraged the development of the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_submarine" title="Cruiser submarine">Submarine Cruiser</a> such as the French <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Surcouf" title="French submarine Surcouf"><i>Surcouf</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HMS_X1" title="HMS X1"><i>X1</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/British_M-class_submarine" title="British M-class submarine">M-class</a> submarines. With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> (ASW) aircraft, guns became more for defense than attack. A more practical method of increasing combat endurance was the external torpedo tube, loaded only in port. </p><p>The ability of submarines to approach enemy harbours covertly led to their use as <a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">minelayers</a>. Minelaying submarines of World War I and World War II were specially built for that purpose. Modern submarine-laid <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mines</a>, such as the British Mark 5 <a href="/wiki/Stonefish_(mine)" title="Stonefish (mine)">Stonefish</a> and Mark 6 Sea Urchin, can be deployed from a submarine's torpedo tubes. </p><p>After World War II, both the US and the USSR experimented with submarine-launched <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/SSM-N-8_Regulus" title="SSM-N-8 Regulus">SSM-N-8 Regulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/P-5_Pyatyorka" class="mw-redirect" title="P-5 Pyatyorka">P-5 Pyatyorka</a>. Such missiles required the submarine to surface to fire its missiles. They were the forerunners of modern submarine-launched cruise missiles, which can be fired from the torpedo tubes of submerged submarines, for example, the US <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">BGM-109 Tomahawk</a> and Russian <a href="/wiki/RPK-2_Viyuga" class="mw-redirect" title="RPK-2 Viyuga">RPK-2 Viyuga</a> and versions of surface-to-surface <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Exocet" title="Exocet">Exocet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Harpoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Harpoon">Harpoon</a>, encapsulated for submarine launch. Ballistic missiles can also be fired from a submarine's torpedo tubes, for example, missiles such as the anti-submarine <a href="/wiki/SUBROC" class="mw-redirect" title="SUBROC">SUBROC</a>. With internal volume as limited as ever and the desire to carry heavier warloads, the idea of the external launch tube was revived, usually for encapsulated missiles, with such tubes being placed between the internal pressure and outer streamlined hulls. Guided torpedoes also proliferated extensively during and after World War II, even further increasing the combat endurance and lethality of submarines and allowing them to engage other submarines at depth (with the latter now being one of the primary missions of the modern <a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">attack submarine</a>). </p><p>The strategic mission of the SSM-N-8 and the P-5 was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missile</a> beginning with the US Navy's <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris</a> missile, and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/UGM-73_Poseidon" title="UGM-73 Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trident_(missile)" title="Trident (missile)">Trident</a> missiles. </p><p>Germany is working on the torpedo tube-launched short-range <a href="/wiki/IDAS_(missile)" title="IDAS (missile)">IDAS missile</a>, which can be used against ASW helicopters, as well as surface ships and coastal targets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensors">Sensors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></div> <p>A submarine can have a variety of sensors, depending on its missions. Modern military submarines rely almost entirely on a suite of passive and active <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonars</a> to locate targets. Active sonar relies on an audible "ping" to generate echoes to reveal objects around the submarine. Active systems are rarely used, as doing so reveals the sub's presence. Passive sonar is a set of sensitive hydrophones set into the hull or trailed in a towed array, normally trailing several hundred feet behind the sub. The towed array is the mainstay of NATO submarine detection systems, as it reduces the flow noise heard by operators. Hull mounted sonar is employed in addition to the towed array, as the towed array can not work in shallow depth and during maneuvering. In addition, sonar has a blind spot "through" the submarine, so a system on both the front and back works to eliminate that problem. As the towed array trails behind and below the submarine, it also allows the submarine to have a system both above and below the <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a> at the proper depth; sound passing through the thermocline is distorted resulting in a lower detection range. </p><p>Submarines also carry radar equipment to detect surface ships and aircraft. Submarine captains are more likely to use radar detection gear than active radar to detect targets, as radar can be detected far beyond its own return range, revealing the submarine. Periscopes are rarely used, except for position fixes and to verify a contact's identity. </p><p>Civilian submarines, such as the <a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a> or the <a href="/wiki/MIR_(submersible)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIR (submersible)">Russian <i>Mir</i> submersibles</a>, rely on small active sonar sets and viewing ports to navigate. The human eye cannot detect sunlight below about 300 feet (91 m) underwater, so high intensity lights are used to illuminate the viewing area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Submarine_navigation" title="Submarine navigation">Submarine navigation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocelot-Periscopes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ocelot-Periscopes.JPG/220px-Ocelot-Periscopes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ocelot-Periscopes.JPG/330px-Ocelot-Periscopes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ocelot-Periscopes.JPG/440px-Ocelot-Periscopes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>The larger search <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a>, and the smaller, less detectable attack periscope on HMS <i>Ocelot</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Early submarines had few navigation aids, but modern subs have a variety of navigation systems. Modern military submarines use an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial guidance system">inertial guidance system</a> for navigation while submerged, but drift error unavoidably builds over time. To counter this, the crew occasionally uses the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> to obtain an accurate position. The <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a>—a retractable tube with a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a> system that provides a view of the surface—is only used occasionally in modern submarines, since the visibility range is short. The <a href="/wiki/Virginia-class_submarine" title="Virginia-class submarine"><i>Virginia</i>-class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astute-class_submarine" title="Astute-class submarine"><i>Astute</i>-class</a> submarines use <a href="/wiki/Photonics_mast" title="Photonics mast">photonics masts</a> rather than hull-penetrating optical periscopes. These masts must still be deployed above the surface, and use electronic sensors for visible light, infrared, laser range-finding, and electromagnetic surveillance. One benefit to hoisting the mast above the surface is that while the mast is above the water the entire sub is still below the water and is much harder to detect visually or by radar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communication_with_submarines" title="Communication with submarines">Communication with submarines</a></div> <p>Military submarines use several systems to communicate with distant command centers or other ships. One is <a href="/wiki/VLF" class="mw-redirect" title="VLF">VLF</a> (very low frequency) radio, which can reach a submarine either on the surface or submerged to a fairly shallow depth, usually less than 250 feet (76 m). <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a> (extremely low frequency) can reach a submarine at greater depths, but has a very low bandwidth and is generally used to call a submerged sub to a shallower depth where VLF signals can reach. A submarine also has the option of floating a long, buoyant wire antenna to a shallower depth, allowing VLF transmissions by a deeply submerged boat. </p><p>By extending a radio mast, a submarine can also use a "<a href="/wiki/Burst_transmission" title="Burst transmission">burst transmission</a>" technique. A burst transmission takes only a fraction of a second, minimizing a submarine's risk of detection. </p><p>To communicate with other submarines, a system known as Gertrude is used. Gertrude is basically a <a href="/wiki/Underwater_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater telephone">sonar telephone</a>. Voice communication from one submarine is transmitted by low power speakers into the water, where it is detected by passive sonars on the receiving submarine. The range of this system is probably very short, and using it radiates sound into the water, which can be heard by the enemy. </p><p>Civilian submarines can use similar, albeit less powerful systems to communicate with support ships or other submersibles in the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_support_systems">Life support systems</h3></div> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear power</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion" title="Air-independent propulsion">air-independent propulsion</a>, submarines can remain submerged for months at a time. Conventional diesel submarines must periodically resurface or run on <a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">snorkel</a> to recharge their batteries. Most modern military submarines generate breathing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of fresh water (using a device called an "<a href="/wiki/Elektron_(ISS)#Elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektron (ISS)">Electrolytic Oxygen Generator</a>"). Emergency oxygen can be produced by burning <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorate" title="Sodium chlorate">sodium chlorate</a> candles.<sup id="cite_ref-Smarter_every_day_251_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smarter_every_day_251-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atmosphere control equipment includes a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a>, which uses a spray of <a href="/wiki/Amine_gas_treating" title="Amine gas treating">monoethanolamine</a> (MEA) absorbent to remove the gas from the air, after which the MEA is heated in a boiler to release the CO<sub>2</sub> which is then pumped overboard. Emergency scrubbing can also be done with lithium hydroxide, which is consumable.<sup id="cite_ref-Smarter_every_day_251_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smarter_every_day_251-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A machine that uses a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> to convert <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> into carbon dioxide (removed by the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> scrubber) and bonds <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> produced from the ship's storage battery with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water, is also used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An atmosphere monitoring system samples the air from different areas of the ship for <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, oxygen, hydrogen, <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">R-12</a> and <a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane" title="1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane">R-114</a> refrigerants, carbon dioxide, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, and other gases.<sup id="cite_ref-Smarter_every_day_251_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smarter_every_day_251-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poisonous gases are removed, and oxygen is replenished by use of an oxygen bank located in a main ballast tank.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some heavier submarines have two oxygen bleed stations (forward and aft). The oxygen in the air is sometimes kept a few percent less than atmospheric concentration to reduce fire risk. </p><p>Fresh water is produced by either an evaporator or a <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> unit. The primary use for fresh water is to provide feedwater for the reactor and steam propulsion plants. It is also available for showers, sinks, cooking and cleaning once propulsion plant needs have been met. Seawater is used to flush toilets, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">"blackwater"</a> is stored in a sanitary tank until it is blown overboard using pressurized air or pumped overboard by using a special sanitary pump. The blackwater-discharge system requires skill to operate, and isolation valves must be closed before discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-Smarter_every_day_256_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smarter_every_day_256-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German <a href="/wiki/Type_VII_submarine" title="Type VII submarine">Type VIIC</a> boat <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-1206" title="German submarine U-1206"><i>U-1206</i></a> was lost with casualties because of <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a> while using this system.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water from showers and sinks is stored separately in "<a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">grey water</a>" tanks and discharged overboard using drain pumps. </p><p>Trash on modern large submarines is usually disposed of using a tube called a Trash Disposal Unit (TDU), where it is compacted into a galvanized steel can. At the bottom of the TDU is a large ball valve. An ice plug is set on top of the ball valve to protect it, the cans atop the ice plug. The top breech door is shut, and the TDU is flooded and equalized with sea pressure, the ball valve is opened and the cans fall out assisted by scrap iron weights in the cans. The TDU is also flushed with seawater to ensure it is completely empty and the ball valve is clear before closing the valve.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Totally plausible, but a reference would be nice (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew">Crew</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E_class_submarine_interior_IWM_Q_18650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/E_class_submarine_interior_IWM_Q_18650.jpg/220px-E_class_submarine_interior_IWM_Q_18650.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/E_class_submarine_interior_IWM_Q_18650.jpg/330px-E_class_submarine_interior_IWM_Q_18650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/E_class_submarine_interior_IWM_Q_18650.jpg/440px-E_class_submarine_interior_IWM_Q_18650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>The interior of a <a href="/wiki/British_E-class_submarine" title="British E-class submarine">British E-class submarine</a>. An officer supervises submerging operations, c. 1914–1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>A typical nuclear submarine has a crew of over 80; conventional boats typically have fewer than 40. The conditions on a submarine can be difficult because crew members must work in isolation for long periods of time, without family contact, and in cramped conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Submarines normally maintain <a href="/wiki/Radio_silence" title="Radio silence">radio silence</a> to avoid detection. Operating a submarine is dangerous, even in peacetime, and many submarines have been lost in accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100603-N-0000X-053_Midshipmen_learn_to_pilot_the_submarine_by_training_in_the_duties_of_the_helm_and_planesman_while_underway_aboard_the_Ohio-class_ballistic-missile_submarine_USS_West_Virginia_(SSBN_736).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/US_Navy_100603-N-0000X-053_Midshipmen_learn_to_pilot_the_submarine_by_training_in_the_duties_of_the_helm_and_planesman_while_underway_aboard_the_Ohio-class_ballistic-missile_submarine_USS_West_Virginia_%28SSBN_736%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/US_Navy_100603-N-0000X-053_Midshipmen_learn_to_pilot_the_submarine_by_training_in_the_duties_of_the_helm_and_planesman_while_underway_aboard_the_Ohio-class_ballistic-missile_submarine_USS_West_Virginia_%28SSBN_736%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/US_Navy_100603-N-0000X-053_Midshipmen_learn_to_pilot_the_submarine_by_training_in_the_duties_of_the_helm_and_planesman_while_underway_aboard_the_Ohio-class_ballistic-missile_submarine_USS_West_Virginia_%28SSBN_736%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipmen</a> learn to pilot <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(SSBN-736)" title="USS West Virginia (SSBN-736)">USS <i>West Virginia</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most navies prohibited women from serving on submarines, even after they had been permitted to serve on surface warships. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Royal Norwegian Navy</a> became the first navy to allow women on its submarine crews in 1985. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Navy" title="Royal Danish Navy">Royal Danish Navy</a> allowed female submariners in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-fesub_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fesub-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others followed suit including the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish Navy</a> (1989),<sup id="cite_ref-swedfem_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swedfem-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> (1998), the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> (1999),<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a> (2001) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Canadian Navy</a> (2002). In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Solveig_Krey" title="Solveig Krey">Solveig Krey</a> of the Royal Norwegian Navy became the first female officer to assume command on a military submarine, <a href="/wiki/Kobben-class_submarine" title="Kobben-class submarine">HNoMS <i>Kobben</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 December 2011, British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Defence Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a> announced that the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>'s ban on women in submarines was to be lifted from 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_women_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_women-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously there were fears that women were more at risk from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the submarine. But a study showed no medical reason to exclude women, though pregnant women would still be excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_women_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_women-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar dangers to the pregnant woman and her fetus barred women from submarine service in Sweden in 1983, when all other positions were made available for them in the Swedish Navy. Today, pregnant women are still not allowed to serve on submarines in Sweden. However, the policymakers thought that it was discriminatory with a general ban and demanded that women should be tried on their individual merits and have their suitability evaluated and compared to other candidates. Further, they noted that a woman complying with such high demands is unlikely to become pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-swedfem_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swedfem-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2014, three women became the RN's first female submariners.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women have served on US Navy surface ships since 1993, and as of 2011–2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submarine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, began serving on submarines for the first time. Until presently, the Navy allowed only three exceptions to women being on board military submarines: female civilian technicians for a few days at most, women <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipmen</a> on an overnight during summer training for Navy <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a>, and family members for one-day dependent cruises.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, senior officials, including then-Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Ray_Mabus" title="Ray Mabus">Ray Mabus</a>, Joint Chief of Staff Admiral <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen">Michael Mullen</a>, and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral <a href="/wiki/Gary_Roughead" title="Gary Roughead">Gary Roughead</a>, began the process of finding a way to implement women on submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_should_serve_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women_should_serve-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Navy rescinded its "no women on subs" policy in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-women-on-virginia_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-women-on-virginia-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the US and British navies operate nuclear-powered submarines that deploy for periods of six months or longer. Other navies that permit women to serve on submarines operate conventionally powered submarines, which deploy for much shorter periods—usually only for a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the change by the US, no nation using nuclear submarines permitted women to serve on board.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the first class of female submarine officers graduated from Naval Submarine School's Submarine Officer Basic Course (SOBC) at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London" title="Naval Submarine Base New London">Naval Submarine Base New London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, more senior ranking and experienced female supply officers from the surface warfare specialty attended SOBC as well, proceeding to fleet Ballistic Missile (SSBN) and Guided Missile (SSGN) submarines along with the new female submarine line officers beginning in late 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 2011, several women were assigned to the <i>Ohio</i>-class ballistic missile submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(SSBN-742)" title="USS Wyoming (SSBN-742)">USS <i>Wyoming</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 October 2013, the US Navy announced that two of the smaller <i>Virginia</i>-class attack submarines, <a href="/wiki/USS_Virginia_(SSN-774)" title="USS Virginia (SSN-774)">USS <i>Virginia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(SSN-783)" title="USS Minnesota (SSN-783)">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a>, would have female crew-members by January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-women-on-virginia_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-women-on-virginia-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Japan's national naval submarine academy accepted its first female candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abandoning_the_vessel">Abandoning the vessel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment_suit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment_suit.gif" decoding="async" width="177" height="357" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment suit Mk 10</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_Escape_Suit_(at_Visakha_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Submarine_Escape_Suit_%28at_Visakha_Museum%29.jpg/180px-Submarine_Escape_Suit_%28at_Visakha_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Submarine_Escape_Suit_%28at_Visakha_Museum%29.jpg/270px-Submarine_Escape_Suit_%28at_Visakha_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Submarine_Escape_Suit_%28at_Visakha_Museum%29.jpg/360px-Submarine_Escape_Suit_%28at_Visakha_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="4951" /></a><figcaption>A submarine escape suit with rebreather</figcaption></figure> <p>In an emergency, submarines can contact other ships to assist in rescue, and pick up the crew when they abandon ship. The crew can use <a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">escape sets</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a> to abandon the submarine via an <a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">escape trunk</a>, which is a small <a href="/wiki/Airlock" title="Airlock">airlock</a> compartment that provides a route for crew to escape from a downed submarine at ambient pressure in small groups, while minimising the amount of water admitted to the submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-NSMRL1205_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSMRL1205-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew can avoid lung injury from over-expansion of air in the lungs due to the pressure change known as <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma#Pulmonary_barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">pulmonary barotrauma</a> by maintaining an open airway and exhaling during the ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10642066_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10642066-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following escape from a pressurized submarine, in which the air pressure is higher than atmospheric due to water ingress or other reasons, the crew is at risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> on return to surface pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Weathersby1999_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weathersby1999-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative escape means is via a <a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> that can dock onto the disabled submarine, establish a seal around the escape hatch, and transfer personnel at the same pressure as the interior of the submarine. If the submarine has been pressurised the survivors can lock into a <a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">decompression chamber</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">submarine rescue ship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_under_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer under pressure">transfer under pressure</a> for safe <a href="/wiki/Surface_decompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface decompression">surface decompression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSMRL1021_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSMRL1021-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Autonomous underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_submarine" title="Coastal submarine">Coastal submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-class_submarine" title="Columbia-class submarine">Columbia-class submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_submarines" title="Category:Fictional submarines">Fictional submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_submarine" title="Flying submarine">Flying submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_sunk_by_submarines_by_death_toll" title="List of ships sunk by submarines by death toll">List of ships sunk by submarines by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_actions" title="List of submarine actions">List of submarine actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes" title="List of submarine classes">List of submarine classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_incidents_since_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="List of submarine incidents since 2000">List of submarine incidents since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_museums" title="List of submarine museums">List of submarine museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_World_War_II" title="List of submarines of World War II">List of submarines of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_specifications_of_submarines_of_World_War_II" title="List of specifications of submarines of World War II">List of specifications of submarines of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sunken_nuclear_submarines" title="List of sunken nuclear submarines">List of sunken nuclear submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_navy" title="Nuclear navy">Nuclear navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible_naval_vessel" title="Semi-submersible naval vessel">Semi-submersible naval vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_power_cable" title="Submarine power cable">Submarine power cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a>, a computer game genre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercavitation" title="Supercavitation">Supercavitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle" title="Unmanned underwater vehicle">Unmanned underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_operators" title="List of submarine operators">List of submarine operators</a></li> <li>Australia – <a href="/wiki/Collins-class_submarine" title="Collins-class submarine">Collins-class submarine</a></li> <li>Bangladesh- <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_ships_of_the_Bangladesh_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active ships of the Bangladesh Navy">Submarines of the Bangladesh Navy</a></li> <li>Britain – <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of submarines of the Royal Navy">List of submarines of the Royal Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy">List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy</a></li> <li>China – <a href="/wiki/Submarines_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines of the People's Liberation Army Navy">Submarines of the People's Liberation Army Navy</a></li> <li>France – <a href="/wiki/Submarine_forces_(France)" title="Submarine forces (France)">Submarines in the French Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_France" title="List of submarines of France">List of submarines of the French Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_France" title="List of submarines of France">List of French submarine classes and types</a></li> <li>Germany – <a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boats_of_Germany" title="List of U-boats of Germany">List of U-boats of Germany</a></li> <li>India – <a href="/wiki/Submarines_of_the_Indian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines of the Indian Navy">Submarines of the Indian Navy</a></li> <li>Israel – <a href="/wiki/Dolphin-class_submarine" title="Dolphin-class submarine">Dolphin-class submarine</a></li> <li>Japan – <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Navy submarines">Imperial Japanese Navy submarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_combatant_ship_classes_of_the_Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force#SS_:_Submarine" title="List of combatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">List of combatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force § SS : Submarine</a></li> <li>The Netherlands – <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of submarines of the Netherlands">List of submarines of the Netherlands</a></li> <li>Pakistan – <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Pakistan_Navy_ships#Submarines" title="List of active Pakistan Navy ships">List of active Pakistan Navy ships § Submarines</a></li> <li>Romania – <a href="/wiki/Romanian_submarines_of_World_War_II" title="Romanian submarines of World War II">Romanian submarines of World War II</a></li> <li>Russia – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Russian_submarine_classes" title="List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes">List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Russian_Navy#Submarines" title="Future of the Russian Navy">Future Russian submarines</a></li> <li>Soviet Union – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Soviet_Navy#Submarines" title="List of ships of the Soviet Navy">List of ships of the Soviet Navy § Submarines</a></li> <li>Spain – <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Spanish_Navy" title="List of submarines of the Spanish Navy">List of submarines of the Spanish Navy</a></li> <li>Singapore – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy#Submarines" title="Republic of Singapore Navy">Republic of Singapore Navy § Submarines</a></li> <li>Turkey – <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Turkish_Navy" title="List of submarines of the Turkish Navy">List of submarines of the Turkish Navy</a></li> <li>United States – <a href="/wiki/Submarines_in_the_United_States_Navy" title="Submarines in the United States Navy">Submarines in the US Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of submarines of the United States Navy">List of submarines of the US Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_submarine_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States submarine classes">List of US submarine classes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205160540">HMS/m <i>Tireless</i></a>, at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">IWM</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1000043">HMS/m <i>A.1</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Submarine service page on the official website of the Royal Navy refers to "These powerful boats"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/the-equipment/submarines">[1]</a>, and in at a speech in Washington, Adm. Sir Philip Jones announced "that the name <i>Dreadnought</i> will return as lead boat and class name" for <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought-class_submarine" title="Dreadnought-class submarine">Britain's latest ballistic missile submarines</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2016/october/22/161022-first-sea-lord-trafalgar-night-speech-in-washington">[2]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontenoy (2007), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/oceanage/04widder/transcript.html#:~:text=The%20difference%20between%20a%20submarine,launch%20it%20and%20recover%20it.">"Marine Biologist and Bioluminescence Specialist Edith A. Widder: Video Transcript: Ocean Exploration Careers: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marine+Biologist+and+Bioluminescence+Specialist+Edith+A.+Widder%3A+Video+Transcript%3A+Ocean+Exploration+Careers%3A+NOAA+Office+of+Ocean+Exploration+and+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Fedu%2Foceanage%2F04widder%2Ftranscript.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520difference%2520between%2520a%2520submarine%2Claunch%2520it%2520and%2520recover%2520it.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cutler-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cutler_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cutler_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Cutler, Thomas J. (1 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2017/october/bluejackets-manual-ships-and-boats-and">"Of Ships and Boats and ..."</a> Bluejacket's Manual. <i><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History (magazine)">Naval History</a></i>. Vol. 31, no. 5. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Institute">U.S. Naval Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Russia&rft.atitle=Worlds+Biggest+Submarine&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishrussia.com%2F2009%2F04%2F14%2Fworlds-biggest-submarine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/192795?rskey=sQhrJW&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid"><i>Submarine</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>; retrieved 4 September 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/192795?redirectedFrom=submarine+boat#eid227775172"><i>Submarine boat</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>; retrieved 4 September 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993, Vol. 2 N–Z</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontagDrewDrew1998" class="citation book cs1">Sontag, Sherry; Drew, Christopher; Drew, Annette Lawrence (19 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo0LzmyjP-4C&q=boat"><i>Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story Of American Submarine Espionage</i></a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891620089" title="Special:BookSources/9781891620089"><bdi>9781891620089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blind+Man%27s+Bluff%3A+The+Untold+Story+Of+American+Submarine+Espionage&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=1998-10-19&rft.isbn=9781891620089&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft.au=Drew%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Drew%2C+Annette+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZo0LzmyjP-4C%26q%3Dboat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHale2013" class="citation book cs1">McHale, Gannon (15 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qU4rAQAAQBAJ&q=boat"><i>Stealth Boat: Fighting the Cold War in a Fast Attack Submarine</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612513461" title="Special:BookSources/9781612513461"><bdi>9781612513461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stealth+Boat%3A+Fighting+the+Cold+War+in+a+Fast+Attack+Submarine&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013-09-15&rft.isbn=9781612513461&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=Gannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqU4rAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dboat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/HMS%2FM"><i>HMS/m</i></a> at acronyms.thefreedictionary; retrieved 4 September 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joann Taisnier Hannon (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Taisnier" title="Jean Taisnier">Jean Taisnier</a> (1508–1562)), <i>Opusculum perpetua memoria dignissimum, de natura magnetis et eius effectibus</i> [Most fitting work in perpetual remembrance, on the nature of the magnet and its effects] (Köln (Cologne, "Colonia"), (Germany): Johann Birckmann, 1562), pp. 43–45. Available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00022856&pimage=49&v=100&nav=&l=en">Bavarian State Library</a> From p. 43: <i>"Ne autem Lector nostra dicta videatur refutare, arbitratus ea, quae miracula putat, naturae limites excedere, unica demonstratione elucidabo, quomodo scilicet quis in fundum alicuius aquae aut fluvij, sicco corpore intrare possit, quod me vidisse in celebri Oppido & Regno Tolleti affirmavi, coram piae memoriae Carolo Quinto Imperatore, & infinitis aliis spectatoribus."</i> (Nevertheless, reader, our statement is seen to refute something witnessed, which one considers a wonder, exceeding the limits of nature; I will elucidate a unique demonstration, namely, how one can penetrate to the bottom of any water or river while remaining dry, which, I assert, I saw in the celebrated city and kingdom of Toledo in the presence of Emperor Charles V of blessed memory and a multitude of other spectators.) From p. 44: <i>"Nunc venio ad experientiam praedictam, Tolleti demonstratam a duobus Graecis, qui Cacabo magnae amplitudinis accepto, orificio inverso, funibus in aere pendente, tabem & asseres in medio concavi Cacabi affigunt, ... "</i> (Now I come to the experiment mentioned above: in Toledo, it was shown by two Greeks, who, I understand, attached to a cauldron (<i>cacabus</i>) of great size — [which had its] opening inverted [and which was] held in the air by ropes — a beam and poles inside of the hollow cauldron ... [The beam and poles formed seats for the divers.]) The German Jesuit scientist <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Schott" title="Gaspar Schott">Gaspar Schott</a> (1608–1666) quoted Taisnier's account and mentioned that Taisnier had witnessed the demonstration in 1538. Gaspar Schott, <i>Technica Curiosa, sive Mirabilia Artis, Libris XII. ... </i> [Curious works of skill, or marvelous works of craftsmanship, in 12 books ... ] (Nuremberg (Norimberga), (Germany): Johannes Andreas Endter & Wolfgang Endter, 1664), <i>Liber VI: Mirabilium Mechanicorum</i> (Book 6: Wonders of mechanics), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhRTAAAAcAAJ&q=icon&pg=PA393">p. 393.</a> From p. 393: <i>" ... quod nihilominus Anno 1538 in Hispaniae oppido Toleto &c. coram piae memoriae Carolo V. Imperatore, cum decem propemodum millibus hominum experientia vidi."</i> ( ... that nevertheless I saw the experiment in the year 1538 in Spain in the city of Toledo, etc., in the presence of Emperor Charles V of blessed memory, with almost ten thousand people.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1980/03/07/089.html">"Espańa, Precursora de la Navegación Submarina"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></i>. March 7, 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721145006/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1980/03/07/089.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=Espa%C5%84a%2C+Precursora+de+la+Navegaci%C3%B3n+Submarina&rft.date=1980-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemeroteca.abc.es%2Fnav%2FNavigate.exe%2Fhemeroteca%2Fmadrid%2Fabc%2F1980%2F03%2F07%2F089.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delgado (2011), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiere-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tiere_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiere_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierie1932" class="citation cs2">Tierie, Gerrit (10 June 1932), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drebbel.net/Tierie.pdf"><i>Cornelis Drebbel (1572–1633)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis), Amsterdam: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, p. 92</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornelis+Drebbel+%281572%E2%80%931633%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Rijksuniversiteit+te+Leiden&rft.date=1932-06-10&rft.aulast=Tierie&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drebbel.net%2FTierie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xataka.com/historia-tecnologica/jeronimo-ayanz-da-vinci-olvidado-que-diseno-submarino-sistemas-aire-acondicionado-espana-austrias">"Jerónimo de Ayanz, el Da Vinci olvidado que diseñó un submarino y sistemas de aire acondicionado en la España de los Austrias"</a> (in Spanish). Xataka. September 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jer%C3%B3nimo+de+Ayanz%2C+el+Da+Vinci+olvidado+que+dise%C3%B1%C3%B3+un+submarino+y+sistemas+de+aire+acondicionado+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+de+los+Austrias&rft.pub=Xataka&rft.date=2021-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xataka.com%2Fhistoria-tecnologica%2Fjeronimo-ayanz-da-vinci-olvidado-que-diseno-submarino-sistemas-aire-acondicionado-espana-austrias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vector-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vector_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Bellis" class="citation web cs1">Mary Bellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709102159/http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/Submarines.htm">"The Invention Of The Submarine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/Submarines.htm">the original</a> on July 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Invention+Of+The+Submarine&rft.au=Mary+Bellis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Fod%2Fsstartinventions%2Fa%2FSubmarines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917024301/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/sub_turtle.htm">"The Submarine Turtle: Naval Documents of the Revolutionary War"</a>. Navy Department Library. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Submarine+Turtle%3A+Naval+Documents+of+the+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=Navy+Department+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Flibrary%2Fonline%2Fsub_turtle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030415051537/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/bushnelld.html">Inventor of the Week: Archive</a>. mit.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2011" class="citation book cs1">Delgado, James P. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849088602" title="Special:BookSources/9781849088602"><bdi>9781849088602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Killers%3A+Submarines+and+Underwater+Warfare&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849088602&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ue6CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLance" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Lance" title="Rachel Lance">Lance, Rachel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-explosive-theory-what-doomed-crew-hunley-180974159/">"The New Explosive Theory About What Doomed the Crew of the 'Hunley'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+New+Explosive+Theory+About+What+Doomed+the+Crew+of+the+%27Hunley%27&rft.aulast=Lance&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fnew-explosive-theory-what-doomed-crew-hunley-180974159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_P._Delgado2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a> (2006). "Archaeological Reconnaissance of the 1865 American-Built Sub Marine Explorer at Isla San Telmo, Archipielago de las Perlas, Panama". <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 230–252. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IJNAr..35..230D">2006IJNAr..35..230D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2006.00100.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00100.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-2414">1057-2414</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162403756">162403756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology+Journal&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Reconnaissance+of+the+1865+American-Built+Sub+Marine+Explorer+at+Isla+San+Telmo%2C+Archipielago+de+las+Perlas%2C+Panama&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=230-252&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2006.00100.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162403756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1057-2414&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006IJNAr..35..230D&rft.au=James+P.+Delgado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124142651/http://www.tcgnews.com/santiagotimes/index.php?nav=story&story_id=12293&topic_id=1">"Recovering Chile's 19th Century Shipwrecks in Valparaiso's Port"</a>. <i>The Santiago Times</i>. 25 November 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Santiago+Times&rft.atitle=Recovering+Chile%27s+19th+Century+Shipwrecks+in+Valparaiso%27s+Port&rft.date=2006-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcgnews.com%2Fsantiagotimes%2Findex.php%3Fnav%3Dstory%26story_id%3D12293%26topic_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915054904/http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm">"Torpedo History: Whitehead Torpedo Mk1"</a>. Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torpedo+History%3A+Whitehead+Torpedo+Mk1&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fmuseums%2Fkeyport%2Fhtml%2Fpart2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040797/John-Philip-Holland">"John Philip Holland"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Philip+Holland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9040797%2FJohn-Philip-Holland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1999" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYiAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Garrett Enigma and the Early Submarine Pioneers</i></a>. Airlife. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84037-066-9"><bdi>978-1-84037-066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garrett+Enigma+and+the+Early+Submarine+Pioneers&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Airlife&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84037-066-9&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DohYiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanmateo2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanmateo, Javier (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2013/08/14/ciencia/1376474198.html">"Isaac Peral, el genio frustrado"</a>. <i>El Mundo</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Isaac+Peral%2C+el+genio+frustrado&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.aulast=Sanmateo&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2013%2F08%2F14%2Fciencia%2F1376474198.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgadoCussler2011" class="citation book cs1">Delgado, James P.; Cussler, Clive (2011). <i>Silent Killers: Submarines and Underwater Warfare</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849088602" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849088602"><bdi>978-1849088602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Killers%3A+Submarines+and+Underwater+Warfare&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1849088602&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Cussler%2C+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galantin, Ignatius J., Admiral, USN (Ret.). Foreword to <i>Submariner</i> by Johnnie Coote, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olender p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Adam" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Adam. <i>Germany and the Americas</i>. p. 1155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=1155&rft.au=Thomas+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Botting, pp. 18–19 "The U-Boats", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7054-0630-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7054-0630-7">978-0-7054-0630-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson and Prendergast, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Chickering, Stig Förster, Bernd Greiner, German Historical Institute (Washington, D.C.) (2005). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evVPoSwqrG4C&pg=PA73">A world at total war: global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945</a></i>". Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83432-2">978-0-521-83432-2</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rnsubs.co.uk/boats/subs/k-class.html">"1915-1926: K Class"</a>. <i>RN Subs</i>. Barrow Submariners Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RN+Subs&rft.atitle=1915-1926%3A+K+Class&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frnsubs.co.uk%2Fboats%2Fsubs%2Fk-class.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Jack2017" class="citation web cs1">Ian Jack (4 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/04/k-class-submarines-disaster-navy-britain-hms-vigilant">"From the K-class to the party boat, submarines have a history of disaster"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+the+K-class+to+the+party+boat%2C+submarines+have+a+history+of+disaster&rft.date=2017-11-04&rft.au=Ian+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fnov%2F04%2Fk-class-submarines-disaster-navy-britain-hms-vigilant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_III2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker III, H. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310"><i>Don't Tread on Me</i></a>. New York: Crown Forum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/310">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5363-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-5363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5363-6&rft.aulast=Crocker+III&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonttreadonme40000croc%2Fpage%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/battle_atlantic_01.shtml">"The Battle of the Atlantic: The U-boat peril"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+the+Atlantic%3A+The+U-boat+peril&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fbattle_atlantic_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Kane,_p._333-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Kane,_p._333_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Kane,_p._333_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Kane, p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blair, Clay, Jr. <i>Silent Victory</i>, pp. 991–92. The others were lost to accidents or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/USS_Seawolf_(SS-197)" title="USS Seawolf (SS-197)"><i>Seawolf</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blair,_p._878-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blair,_p._878_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blair, p. 878</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220150129/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2558">"Submarine History"</a>. The Royal Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2558">the original</a> on 20 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Marinlitteraturföreningen. pp. 12–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9185944-40-8" title="Special:BookSources/9185944-40-8"><bdi>9185944-40-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A5n+Hajen+till+S%C3%B6dermanland%3A+Svenska+ub%C3%A5tar+under+100+%C3%A5r&rft.pages=12-15&rft.pub=Marinlitteraturf%C3%B6reningen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9185944-40-8&rft.aulast=Granholm&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranholm2003" class="citation book cs1">Granholm, Fredrik (2003). <i>Från Hajen till Södermanland: Svenska ubåtar under 100 år</i>. Marinlitteraturföreningen. pp. 18–19, 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9185944-40-8" title="Special:BookSources/9185944-40-8"><bdi>9185944-40-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A5n+Hajen+till+S%C3%B6dermanland%3A+Svenska+ub%C3%A5tar+under+100+%C3%A5r&rft.pages=18-19%2C+24-25&rft.pub=Marinlitteraturf%C3%B6reningen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9185944-40-8&rft.aulast=Granholm&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranholm2003" class="citation book cs1">Granholm, Fredrik (2003). <i>Från Hajen till Södermanland: Svenska ubåtar under 100 år</i>. Marinlitteraturföreningen. pp. 16–17, 20–21, 26–29, 34–35, 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9185944-40-8" title="Special:BookSources/9185944-40-8"><bdi>9185944-40-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A5n+Hajen+till+S%C3%B6dermanland%3A+Svenska+ub%C3%A5tar+under+100+%C3%A5r&rft.pages=16-17%2C+20-21%2C+26-29%2C+34-35%2C+82&rft.pub=Marinlitteraturf%C3%B6reningen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9185944-40-8&rft.aulast=Granholm&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranholm2003" class="citation book cs1">Granholm, Fredrik (2003). <i>Från Hajen till Södermanland: Svenska ubåtar under 100 år</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82e%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2e%D0%BD%D0%BDo%D0%B3o+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BDo%D0%B3o+%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82a&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%22%D0%9Fa%D0%BB%D1%82yc%22+%28NATO-%22Kilo%22%29&rft.aulast=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BAo%D0%BBae%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepstorm.ru%2FDeepStorm.files%2F45-92%2Fdts%2F877%2Flist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-electrotechnical-officer.com-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-electrotechnical-officer.com_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrotechnical-officer.com_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electrotechnical-officer.com/what-is-motivations-for-ship–electric-propulsion/">"What is motivations for ship electric propulsion"</a>. <i>Electro-technical officer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAN+Energy+Solutions&rft.atitle=Diesel%E2%80%93electric+Propulsion+Plants%3A+A+brief+guideline+how+to+engineer+a+diesel%E2%80%93electric+propulsion+system&rft.pages=3-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarine.mandieselturbo.com%2Fdocs%2Flibrariesprovider6%2Fmarine-broschures%2Fdiesel%E2%80%93electric-drives-guideline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland2003" class="citation book cs1">Ireland, Bernard (2003). <i>Battle of the Atlantic</i>. 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(Boulogne-Billancourt: ETAI, 2002).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMercurioBenson2003" class="citation book cs1">DiMercurio, Michael; Benson, Michael (2003). <i>The complete idiot's guide to submarines</i>. Alpha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864471-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864471-4"><bdi>978-0-02-864471-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51747264">51747264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+idiot%27s+guide+to+submarines&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51747264&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864471-4&rft.aulast=DiMercurio&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Benson%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2011" class="citation book cs1">Delgado, James P. (2011). <i>Silent Killers: Submarines and Underwater Warfare</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-860-2"><bdi>978-1-84908-860-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Killers%3A+Submarines+and+Underwater+Warfare&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-860-2&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontenoy2007" class="citation book cs1">Fontenoy, Paul E. (2007). <i>Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact</i>. Weapons and Warfare. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-563-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-563-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-563-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Submarines%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Their+Impact&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.series=Weapons+and+Warfare&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-563-6&rft.aulast=Fontenoy&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Culture</b> </p> <ul><li>Redford, Duncan. <i>The Submarine: A Cultural History From the Great War to Nuclear Combat</i> (I.B. Tauris, 2010) 322 pages; focus on British naval and civilian understandings of submarine warfare, including novels and film.</li></ul> <p><b>Submarines before 1914</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1992" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert (1992). <i>Steam, Steel and Shellfire, The steam warship 1815–1905</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-774-7"><bdi>978-1-55750-774-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30038068">30038068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steam%2C+Steel+and+Shellfire%2C+The+steam+warship+1815%E2%80%931905&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30038068&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-774-7&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>1900/Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJentschuraDieter_JungPeter_Mickel1977" class="citation book cs1">Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Dieter Jung; Peter Mickel (1977). <i>Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1869–1945</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-893-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-893-4"><bdi>978-0-87021-893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warships+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy+1869%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-893-4&rft.aulast=Jentschura&rft.aufirst=Hansgeorg&rft.au=Dieter+Jung&rft.au=Peter+Mickel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlender2010" class="citation book cs1">Olender, Piotr (2010). <i>Russo-Japanese Naval War 1904–1905 Vol. 2 Battle of Tsushima</i>. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus s.c. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-61421-02-3"><bdi>978-83-61421-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russo-Japanese+Naval+War+1904%E2%80%931905+Vol.+2+Battle+of+Tsushima&rft.place=Sandomierz%2C+Poland&rft.pub=Stratus+s.c.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-61421-02-3&rft.aulast=Olender&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowell2006" class="citation book cs1">Showell, Jak (2006). <i>The U-Boat Century:German Submarine Warfare 1906–2006</i>. Great Britain: Chatham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-241-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-241-2"><bdi>978-1-86176-241-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U-Boat+Century%3AGerman+Submarine+Warfare+1906%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-241-2&rft.aulast=Showell&rft.aufirst=Jak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1971" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Jacques (1971). <i>A Grosset All-Color Guide WARSHIPS</i>. USA: Grosset & Dunlap, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-448-04165-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-448-04165-0"><bdi>978-0-448-04165-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grosset+All-Color+Guide+WARSHIPS&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-448-04165-0&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1990" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Anthony J. (1990). <i>The Imperial Russian Navy</i>. London: Arms and Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-912-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-912-6"><bdi>978-0-85368-912-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Russian+Navy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85368-912-6&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>World War II</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clay_Blair" title="Clay Blair">Blair, Clay</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silentvictoryus00blai"><i>Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan</i></a>. Philadelphia: Lippincott. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00753-0"><bdi>978-0-397-00753-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/821363">821363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Victory%3A+The+U.S.+Submarine+War+Against+Japan&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F821363&rft.isbn=978-0-397-00753-0&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilentvictoryus00blai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lockwood" title="Charles A. Lockwood">Lockwood, Charles A.</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000493723"><i>Sink 'Em All: Submarine Warfare in the Pacific</i></a>. New York: Dutton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1371626">1371626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sink+%27Em+All%3A+Submarine+Warfare+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1371626&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000493723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Kane1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Kane" title="Richard O'Kane">O'Kane, Richard H.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clearbridgewarpa0000okan"><i>Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the USS Tang</i></a>. Chicago: Rand McNally. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-528-81058-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-528-81058-9"><bdi>978-0-528-81058-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2965421">2965421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clear+the+Bridge%21%3A+The+War+Patrols+of+the+USS+Tang&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Rand+McNally&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2965421&rft.isbn=978-0-528-81058-9&rft.aulast=O%27Kane&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclearbridgewarpa0000okan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Kane1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Kane" title="Richard O'Kane">O'Kane, Richard H.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahoopatrolsofam00okan"><i>Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous World War II Submarine</i></a>. Novato, California: Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-301-1"><bdi>978-0-89141-301-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15366413">15366413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahoo%3A+The+Patrols+of+America%27s+Most+Famous+World+War+II+Submarine&rft.place=Novato%2C+California&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15366413&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-301-1&rft.aulast=O%27Kane&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwahoopatrolsofam00okan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Werner" title="Herbert Werner">Werner, Herbert A.</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Werner" title="Herbert Werner"><i>Iron coffins: a personal account of the German U-Boat battles of World War II</i></a>. London: Cassell Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35330-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35330-9"><bdi>978-0-304-35330-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41466905">41466905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+coffins%3A+a+personal+account+of+the+German+U-Boat+battles+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+Military&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41466905&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35330-9&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeach1952" class="citation book cs1">Beach, Edward L. (1952). <i>Submarine!</i>. H. Holt. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/396382">396382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Submarine%21&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F396382&rft.aulast=Beach&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Cold War</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Hide and seek: the untold story of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> espionage at sea</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchthausen" title="Peter Huchthausen">Peter Huchthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Sheldon-Duplaix" title="Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix">Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix</a>. (Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-78530-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-78530-9">978-0-471-78530-9</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHale2008" class="citation book cs1">McHale, Gannon (2008). <i>Stealth boat: fighting the Cold War in a fast attack submarine</i>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-502-8"><bdi>978-1-59114-502-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/216938657">216938657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stealth+boat%3A+fighting+the+Cold+War+in+a+fast+attack+submarine&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F216938657&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-502-8&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=Gannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubmarine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/En-Submarine-article.ogg/En-Submarine-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Submarine-article.ogg" title="File:En-Submarine-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 11 January 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-01-11</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US708553">U.S. patent 708,553</a></span> – <i>Submarine boat</i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.20558">The Submarine: Part II: Construction (1955)</a></i> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013034107/http://maritime.org/fleetsub/index.htm"><i>The Fleet Type Submarine Online</i></a> US Navy submarine training manuals, 1944–1946</li> <li>American Society of Safety Engineers. Journal of Professional Safety. <i>Submarine Accidents: A 60-Year Statistical Assessment</i>. C. Tingle. 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title="List of submarines of People's Republic of China (page does not exist)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_France" title="List of submarines of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boats_of_Germany" title="List of U-boats of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of submarines of the Indian Navy">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_Italy" title="List of submarines of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_submarines_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of submarines of Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of submarines of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Spanish_Navy" title="List of submarines of the Spanish Navy">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Russian_submarine_classes" title="List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes">Russia and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of submarines of the Royal Navy">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of submarines of the United States Navy">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_operators" title="List of submarine operators">Other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Submarine</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_ships_and_boats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ship_types" title="Template:Ship types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ship_types" title="Template talk:Ship types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ship_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ship types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_ships_and_boats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of ships and boats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing vessels and rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_clipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch clipper">Dutch clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coble" title="Coble">Coble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore & Aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite_brig" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphrodite brig">Hermaphrodite brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Flat">Mersey Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">Armed merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">Battlecruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">Mine countermeasures vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">Minelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_boat" title="Missile boat">Missile boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Yacht">Royal Yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey ship">Survey ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_trawler" title="Naval trawler">Trawler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Merchant_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant vessel">Merchant vessels</a>:<br />Steamships and motor vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airboat" title="Airboat">Airboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)" title="Lifeboat (rescue)">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessel">Lightvessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">Paddle steamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid-hulled_inflatable_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigid-hulled inflatable boat">Rigid-hulled inflatable boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/Roll-off" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll-on/Roll-off">Roll-on/Roll-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Supertanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_effect_ship" title="Surface effect ship">Surface effect ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Towboat">Towboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">Trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">Whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unpowered vessels and smaller <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull Boat">Bull Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currach" title="Currach">Currach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dory_(boat)" title="Dory (boat)">Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">Lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_(barge)" title="Lighter (barge)">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_coracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian coracles">Parisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Oared_racing_boats" title="Template:Oared racing boats">Racing boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_ferry" title="Reaction ferry">Reaction ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowboat">Rowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaleboat" title="Whaleboat">Whaleboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template talk:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">Naval ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> in 19th and 20th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of naval ship classes in service">Naval ship classes in service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_in_service" title="List of submarine classes in service">submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliary_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of auxiliary ship classes in service">auxiliary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_geography" title="Maritime geography">Operational zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gun placement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">Broadside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">Central battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Turrets</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare_carrier" title="Anti-submarine warfare carrier">Anti-submarine warfare carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_carrier" title="Balloon carrier">Balloon carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecarrier" title="Battlecarrier">Battlecarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_catapult_ship" title="Fighter catapult ship">Fighter catapult ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">Fleet carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_deck_cruiser" title="Flight deck cruiser">Flight deck cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">Helicopter carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiction_Assault_Ship" title="Interdiction Assault Ship">Interdiction Assault Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">Merchant aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">Supercarrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">Coastal defence ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">Fast battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought#Super-dreadnoughts" title="Dreadnought">Super-dreadnought</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard-type_battleship" title="Standard-type battleship">Standard-type battleship</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_battleship" title="Treaty battleship">Treaty battleship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cruiser" title="Aircraft cruiser">Aircraft cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">Armored cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">Battlecruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile cruiser">Guided missile cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">Heavy cruiser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland-class_cruiser" title="Deutschland-class cruiser">Pocket battleship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">Light cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">Merchant raider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">Protected cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_cruiser" title="Scout cruiser">Scout cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_cruiser" title="Strike cruiser">Strike cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_cruiser" title="Torpedo cruiser">Torpedo cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unprotected_cruiser" title="Unprotected cruiser">Unprotected cruiser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">Aviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_rescue_ship" title="Convoy rescue ship">Convoy rescue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">Destroyer escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_leader" title="Destroyer leader">Destroyer leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_destroyer" title="Escort destroyer">Escort destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorteur" title="Escorteur">Escorteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer" title="Guided-missile destroyer">Guided-missile destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaib%C5%8Dkan" title="Kaibōkan">Kaibōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_picket" title="Radar picket">Radar picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dock" title="Amphibious transport dock">Amphibious transport dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ship" title="Amphibious warfare ship">Amphibious warfare ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_transport" title="Attack transport">Attack transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_landing_ship" title="Dock landing ship">Dock landing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft_carrier" title="Landing craft carrier">Landing craft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Support" title="Landing Craft Support">Landing Craft Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Heavy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Heavy">Landing Ship Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_ship,_infantry" title="Landing ship, infantry">Landing ship, infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Logistics">Landing Ship Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Medium" title="Landing Ship Medium">Landing Ship Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">Landing Ship, Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Vehicle">Landing Ship Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">Troopship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_boarding_steamer" title="Armed boarding steamer">Armed boarding steamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_yacht" title="Armed yacht">Armed yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_motor_boat" title="Coastal motor boat">Coastal motor boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_defence_motor_launch" title="Harbour defence motor launch">Harbour defence motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_launch_(naval)" title="Motor launch (naval)">Motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_drifter" title="Naval drifter">Naval drifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_trawler" title="Naval trawler">Naval trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_boarding_vessel" title="Ocean boarding vessel">Ocean boarding vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_gun_boat" title="Steam gun boat">Steam gun boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">Submarine chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fast_attack_craft" title="Fast attack craft">Fast attack craft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-boat" title="E-boat">E-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS_(motorboat)" title="MAS (motorboat)">MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_gunboat" title="Motor gunboat">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_boat" title="Missile boat">Missile boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">MTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_explosive_motorboat" title="MT explosive motorboat">MTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSM_motor_torpedo_boat" title="MTSM motor torpedo boat">MTSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D-class_suicide_motorboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat">Shin'yō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mine warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danlayer" title="Danlayer">Danlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_minesweeper" title="Destroyer minesweeper">Destroyer minesweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">Mine countermeasures vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_planter" title="Mine planter">Mine planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minehunter" title="Minehunter">Minehunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">Minelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Command and support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenities_ship" title="Amenities ship">Amenities ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">Ammunition ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_repair_dock" title="Auxiliary repair dock">Auxiliary repair dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_stores_ship" title="Combat stores ship">Combat stores ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_ship" title="Command ship">Command ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depot_ship" title="Depot ship">Depot ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_tender" title="Destroyer tender">Destroyer tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatch_boat" title="Dispatch boat">Dispatch boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_combat_support_ship" title="Fast combat support ship">Fast combat support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_stores_issue_ship" title="General stores issue ship">General stores issue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_support_ship" title="Joint support ship">Joint support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Naval tugboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_laying_ship" title="Net laying ship">Net laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_ship" title="Repair ship">Repair ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replenishment_oiler" title="Replenishment oiler">Replenishment oiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">Attack submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">Ballistic missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_submarine" title="Coastal submarine">Coastal submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">Cruise missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_submarine" title="Cruiser submarine">Cruiser submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">DSRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">Fleet submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">Midget submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_aircraft_carrier" title="Submarine aircraft carrier">Submarine aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">Armed merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_ship" title="Arsenal ship">Arsenal ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_ship" title="Barracks ship">Barracks ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_monitor" title="Breastwork monitor">Breastwork monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_carrier" title="Drone carrier">Drone carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">Flagship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_battery" title="Floating battery">Floating battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_ship" title="Guard ship">Guard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral combat ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_ship" title="Mother ship">Mother ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_monitor" title="River monitor">River monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_ship" title="Training ship">Training ship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ship_types" title="Template:Ship types">Ship types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs">Sailing vessels</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Technology_and_related_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Technology_topics" title="Template:Technology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Technology_topics" title="Template talk:Technology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Technology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Technology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Technology_and_related_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> and related concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major technologies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necessities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">Sewing machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">Food storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> / <a href="/wiki/Equipment" title="Equipment">Equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">Blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">Plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge" title="Wedge">Wedge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">Calculation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">Abacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_and_key" title="Lock and key">Lock and key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Typewriter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueduct</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">Scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">Caisson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback riding">Horseback riding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Train</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Watercraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Submarine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">Lost-wax casting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">Assembly line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">Simple machine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">Bearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">Ball bearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">Belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain" title="Chain">Chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">Lever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadoof" title="Shadoof">Shadoof</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(mechanical)" title="Linkage (mechanical)">Linkage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">Cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">Clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-bar_linkage" title="Four-bar linkage">Four-bar linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">Pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">Screw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">Propeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_and_tackle" title="Block and tackle">Block and tackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">Gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">Potter's wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">Pulley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">Wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">Machinery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Appliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">Turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">Waterwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder" title="Hydraulic cylinder">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_manifold" title="Hydraulic manifold">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">Mechanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">Gimbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEMS" title="MEMS">MEMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">Pneumatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackhammer" title="Jackhammer">Jackhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivet_gun" title="Rivet gun">Rivet gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">Vacuum pump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leg_mechanism" title="Leg mechanism">Leg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of fire">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal_burner" title="Charcoal burner">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">Oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">Oil drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fracking" title="Fracking">Fracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">Material</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">Cement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">Brick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipped_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipped stone">Chipped stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworking" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironworking">Ironworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">Rammed earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">Spinning wheel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">Blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR gene editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">Detergent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">Soap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">Dynamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">Laboratory glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">Spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">Electromagnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens" title="Lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyeglasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglasses">Eyeglasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">Magnetic storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">Optical instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Motion picture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">Circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">Superconductor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">Modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">Client–server model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">Graphics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Perspectives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perspectives</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_technology" title="Criticism of technology">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_technology" title="Low technology">Low technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy & politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_technology" title="Persuasive technology">Persuasive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Progressivism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Social construction of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">Applied science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology lifecycle">Technology lifecycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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