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<ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yale_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yale_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Yale University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yale_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vermont_medical_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vermont_medical_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vermont medical practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vermont_medical_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vermont_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vermont_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vermont political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vermont_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_presidential_candidacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_presidential_candidacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>2004 presidential candidacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2004_presidential_candidacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 2004 presidential candidacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-2004_presidential_candidacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Message_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Message_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Message and themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Message_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundraising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundraising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fundraising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundraising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endorsements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Endorsements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endorsements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iowa_Caucus_setback_and_the_"Dean_Scream"_media_gaffe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iowa_Caucus_setback_and_the_"Dean_Scream"_media_gaffe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Iowa Caucus setback and the "Dean Scream" media gaffe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iowa_Caucus_setback_and_the_"Dean_Scream"_media_gaffe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-campaign_and_Democracy_for_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-campaign_and_Democracy_for_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Post-campaign and Democracy for America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-campaign_and_Democracy_for_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNC_Chairmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNC_Chairmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>DNC Chairmanship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-DNC_Chairmanship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle DNC Chairmanship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-DNC_Chairmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fifty-state_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifty-state_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fifty-state strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifty-state_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundraising_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundraising_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fundraising strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundraising_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-DNC_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-DNC_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-DNC career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-DNC_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-DNC career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-DNC_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Political involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potential_Obama_administration_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_Obama_administration_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Potential Obama administration role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_Obama_administration_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>UK politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Mujahedin_of_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>People's Mujahedin of Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Mujahedin_of_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>2016 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Private sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Howard Dean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هوارد دين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوارد دين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هاوارد دین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاوارد دین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="হাওয়ার্ড ডিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাওয়ার্ড ডিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هاوارد دین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاوارد دین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%94%98" title="하워드 딘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하워드 딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הווארד דין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הווארד דין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هوارد دين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوارد دين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ハワード・ディーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハワード・ディーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Дин, Говард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дин, Говард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Говард Дін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Говард Дін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Howard Dean" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%AE%89" title="霍华德·迪安 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍华德·迪安" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (born 1948)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Howard Dean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Dean_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Howard_Dean_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Howard_Dean_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Howard_Dean_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Howard_Dean_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Howard_Dean_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Howard_Dean_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="841" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Dean in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 12, 2005 – January 21, 2009</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">79th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Governor of Vermont</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 13, 1991 – January 8, 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Snelling" title="Barbara Snelling">Barbara Snelling</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Doug_Racine" title="Doug Racine">Doug Racine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Snelling" title="Richard A. Snelling">Richard Snelling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Douglas" title="Jim Douglas">Jim Douglas</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 19, 1994 – August 1, 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">Carroll A. Campbell Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">77th <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Vermont">Lieutenant Governor of Vermont</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1987 – August 13, 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Kunin" title="Madeleine Kunin">Madeleine Kunin</a><br />Richard Snelling</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Plympton_Smith" title="Peter Plympton Smith">Peter Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Barbara Snelling</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">Vermont House of Representatives</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Chittenden County, Vermont">Chittenden</a> 7-4 district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1983–1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Bennett Truman</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Howard Brush Dean III</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1948-11-17</span>) </span>November 17, 1948<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 76)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_Hampton_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="East Hampton (town), New York">East Hampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Steinberg_Dean" title="Judith Steinberg Dean">Judith Steinberg</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1981)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Dean_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Howard Dean's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Howard_Dean_Signature.svg/128px-Howard_Dean_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Howard_Dean_Signature.svg/192px-Howard_Dean_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Howard_Dean_Signature.svg/256px-Howard_Dean_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Howard Brush Dean III</b> (born November 17, 1948) is an American physician, author, consultant, and retired politician who served as the 79th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">governor of Vermont</a> from 1991 to 2003 and chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> (DNC) from 2005 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential election</a>. Later, his implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Fifty-state_strategy" title="Fifty-state strategy">fifty-state strategy</a> as head of the DNC is credited with the Democratic victories in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2006">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2008">2008</a> elections. Afterward, he became a political commentator and consultant to <a href="/wiki/McKenna_Long_%26_Aldridge" title="McKenna Long & Aldridge">McKenna Long & Aldridge</a>, a law and lobbying firm. </p><p>Before entering politics, Dean earned his <a href="/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">medical degree</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine" title="Albert Einstein College of Medicine">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</a> in 1978. Dean served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">Vermont House of Representatives</a> from 1983 to 1986 and as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Vermont">Lieutenant Governor of Vermont</a> from 1987 to 1991. Both were part-time positions that enabled him to continue practicing medicine. In 1991, Dean became governor of Vermont when <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Snelling" title="Richard A. Snelling">Richard A. Snelling</a> died in office. Dean was subsequently elected to five two-year terms, serving from 1991 to 2003, making him the longest-serving governor in the history of the state of Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a> from 1994 to 1995; during his term, Vermont paid off much of its public debt and had a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budget</a> 11 times, lowering income taxes twice. Dean also oversaw the expansion of the "<a href="/wiki/Dr._Dynasaur" title="Dr. Dynasaur">Dr. Dynasaur</a>" program, which ensures <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> for children and pregnant women in the state. He is a noted staunch supporter of universal health care.<sup id="cite_ref-kugel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kugel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dean denounced the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> and called on Democrats to oppose the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 election</a>, initially seen as a long-shot candidate, Dean pioneered <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_fundraising#2004_Democratic_presidential_primaries" title="Grassroots fundraising">Internet-based fundraising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_organizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassroots organizing">grassroots organizing</a>, which is centered on mass appeal to small donors which is more cost efficient than the more expensive contacting of fewer potential larger donors, and promotes active <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a> among the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of his unconventional strategy, he became the top fundraiser and front runner for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential nomination</a>. Dean had a disappointing third-place finish in the Iowa caucus, and his campaign suffered after negative reactions in the media to <a href="/wiki/Dean_scream" title="Dean scream">a hoarse "Yeah"</a> that he shouted after enumerating states that he hoped to win and ending up losing the nomination to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> of Massachusetts. In 2004, Dean founded <a href="/wiki/Democracy_for_America" title="Democracy for America">Democracy for America</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a>. He was later elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee in February 2005. As chairman of the party, Dean created and employed the fifty-state strategy that attempted to make Democrats competitive in normally conservative states often dismissed in the past as "solid red". The success of the strategy became apparent during the 2006 midterm elections, where Democrats took back control of the House and Senate, winning Senate seats from normally Republican states such as Missouri and Montana. In the 2008 election, the Democrats increased their House and Senate majorities, while <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> used the 50 state strategy as the backbone of his successful presidential candidacy. </p><p>Dean was named chairman emeritus of the DNC upon his retirement in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since retiring from the DNC chairman position, Dean has held neither elected office nor an official position in the Democratic Party and, as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, was working for global law firm <a href="/wiki/Dentons" title="Dentons">Dentons</a> as part of the firm's public policy and regulation practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Dentons_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dentons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Dean expressed interest in running for the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">presidency in 2016</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but instead supported former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s run for president.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dean was born in <a href="/wiki/East_Hampton,_New_York" title="East Hampton, New York">East Hampton, New York</a>, to Andrée Belden (née Maitland), an art appraiser, and Howard Brush Dean Jr., an executive in the financial industry.<sup id="cite_ref-coolpassion_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coolpassion-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean is the eldest of four brothers, including <a href="/wiki/Jim_Dean_(DFA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Dean (DFA)">Jim Dean</a>, Chair of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_for_America" title="Democracy for America">Democracy for America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Charles_Dean_and_Neil_Sharman" title="Killing of Charles Dean and Neil Sharman">Charles Dean</a>, who was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> and executed by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> while traveling through <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-coolpassion_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coolpassion-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howard's father worked at the <a href="/wiki/Brokerage_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Brokerage firm">stock brokerage firm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dean_Witter_Reynolds" title="Dean Witter Reynolds">Dean Witter</a>. The family was quite wealthy, Republican, and belonged to the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Maidstone_Golf_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Maidstone Golf Club">Maidstone Golf Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Hampton_(village),_New_York" title="East Hampton (village), New York">East Hampton</a>. As a child, he spent much of his time growing up in East Hampton; the family built a house on Hook Pond<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there in the mid-1950s. While in New York, the family had a three-bedroom apartment on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> along <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Avenue (Manhattan)">Park Avenue</a>. </p><p>Howard attended the <a href="/wiki/Browning_School" title="Browning School">Browning School</a> in Manhattan until he was 13, and then went to <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_School_(Rhode_Island)" title="St. George's School (Rhode Island)">St. George's School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">preparatory school</a> in Middletown, Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1966, he attended <a href="/wiki/Felsted_School" title="Felsted School">Felsted School</a>, UK, for one school year after winning an <a href="/wiki/English_Speaking_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="English Speaking Union">English Speaking Union</a> scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a> quoted one of Dean's friends in his youth as saying, "By Hamptons standards, the Deans were not rich. No safaris in Africa or chalets in Switzerland. Howard's father went to work every day. He didn't own a company, or have a father or grandfather who founded one, as mine did."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Noonan" title="Peggy Noonan">Peggy Noonan</a> wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> that: </p> <blockquote><p>he doesn't seem like a <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASP</a>. I know it's not nice to deal in stereotypes, but there seems very little <a href="/wiki/Thurston_Howell,_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Thurston Howell, III">Thurston Howell, III</a>, or <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George H.W. Bush">George Bush, the elder</a>, for that matter, in Mr. Dean. ... He seems unpolished, doesn't hide his aggression, is proudly pugnacious. He doesn't look or act the part of the WASP ... It will be harder for Republicans to tag Mr. Dean as Son of the <a href="/wiki/Maidstone_Club" title="Maidstone Club">Maidstone Club</a> than it was for Democrats to tag Bush One as Heir to <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Country_Day_School" title="Greenwich Country Day School">Greenwich Country Day</a>. He just doesn't act the part.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yale_University">Yale University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Yale University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dean graduated from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in political science in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Instinct_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instinct-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a freshman, he requested specifically to room with an <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>. The university housing office complied, and Dean roomed with two <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> black students and one white student from Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Dean's roommates was Ralph Dawson, the son of a sheet metal worker in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and today a New York City labor lawyer. Dawson said of Dean: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unless you operated from a stereotypic understanding of the Yale white boy as rich, you wouldn't know that about Howard. ... When it came to race—and I don't know whether this was a function of intent or just came naturally—Howard was not patronizing in any way. He was willing to confront in discussion what a lot of white students weren't. He would hold his ground. He would respect that I knew forty-two million times more about being black than he did. But that didn't mean he couldn't hold a view on something relating to civil rights that would be as valid as mine. There were lots of well-meaning people at Yale who wanted you to understand that they understood your plight; you'd get into a conversation and they would yield too soon, so we didn't get the full benefit of the exchange. Howard very much thought he was capable of working an issue through. He was inquisitive. And when he came to a conclusion he would be as strong as anybody else. I don't think he's stubborn. He's a guy who's always been comfortable in his own skin. That's something you still see in him today, and it gets him into some degree of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Instinct_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instinct-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Though eventually eligible to be drafted into the military, he received a medical deferment because of an unfused vertebra.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Tim Russert asking on <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a></i> whether Dean could have served in the military had he not mentioned his back condition during his draft physical, Dean replied "I guess that's probably true. I mean, I was in no hurry to get into the military."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He briefly tried a career as a stockbroker before deciding on a career in medicine, completing pre-medicine classes at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. In 1974, Dean's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dean" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dean">Charlie</a>, who had been traveling through <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a> at the time, was captured and killed by <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laotian</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a>, a tragedy widely reported to have an enormous influence in Dean's life; for many years he has worn his brother's belt nearly every day as a memento.<sup id="cite_ref-Instinct_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instinct-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vermont_medical_practice">Vermont medical practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vermont medical practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dean received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of medicine">medical degree</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine" title="Albert Einstein College of Medicine">Albert Einstein College of Medicine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> in 1978 and began a <a href="/wiki/Medical_residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical residency">medical residency</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vermont_political_career">Vermont political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vermont political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980, Dean spearheaded a grassroots campaign to stop a condominium development on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, instead favoring the construction of a bicycle trail. The effort succeeded and helped launch his political career. That same year, he was also a volunteer for <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s re-election campaign. In 1980, he was a Carter delegate at the Democratic National Convention. In 1981 he was elected chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Chittenden County, Vermont">Chittenden County</a> Democratic Committee. He served in this position until resigning in May 1984. </p><p>In 1982, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">Vermont House of Representatives</a>; he was reelected in 1984 and became assistant minority leader.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyfuss_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfuss-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected lieutenant governor in 1986 and reelected in 1988 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyfuss_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfuss-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All were part-time positions, and Dean continued to practice medicine alongside his wife until he became governor.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 13, 1991, Dean was examining a patient when he received word that governor <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Snelling" title="Richard A. Snelling">Richard A. Snelling</a> had died of sudden cardiac arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyfuss_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfuss-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean assumed the office, which he called the "greatest job in Vermont." He was subsequently elected to five two-year terms in his own right, making him the longest-serving governor in the state's history.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1994 to 1995, Dean was the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a>. </p><p>Dean was faced with an economic recession and a $60 million budget deficit. He bucked many in his own party to immediately push for a balanced budget, an act which marked the beginning of a record of fiscal restraint. During his tenure as governor, the state paid off much of its debt, balanced its budget eleven times, raised its <a href="/wiki/Bond_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond rating">bond rating</a>, and lowered income taxes twice.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dreyfuss" title="Robert Dreyfuss">Robert Dreyfuss</a> wrote that as a fiscal conservative: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dean navigated a triangular course between the two parties, clashing often with the Democrats over taxes and spending -- and helping to drive many liberal-left Democrats into the arms of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Progressive Party</a> and of Representative Bernie Sanders, Congress's lone socialist. Inheriting a fiscal crisis from Snelling, Dean slashed the budget and dramatically reduced taxes. During the 1990s, Dean repeatedly unsheathed his veto pen, and he often allied with a growing contingent of conservative Blue Dog Democrats and Republicans to outmaneuver the Democratic leadership on issues such as taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dreyfuss_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dreyfuss-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Dean also focused on health care issues, most notably through the "<a href="/wiki/Dr._Dynasaur" title="Dr. Dynasaur">Dr. Dynasaur</a>" program, which ensures near-universal health coverage for children and pregnant women in the state; the uninsured rate in Vermont fell from 10.8 percent in 1993 to 8.4 percent in 2000 under his watch.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child abuse and teen pregnancy rates were cut roughly in half.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first decision of his career to draw significant national attention came in 2000, after the Vermont Supreme Court, in <i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Vermont" title="Baker v. Vermont">Baker v. State</a></i>, ruled that the state's marriage laws unconstitutionally excluded <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">same-sex couples</a> and ordered that the state legislature either allow gays and lesbians to marry or create a parallel status. Facing calls to amend the state constitution to prohibit either option, Dean chose to support the latter one, and signed the nation's first <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Vermont">civil unions</a> legislation into law, spurring a short-lived "<a href="/wiki/Take_Back_Vermont" title="Take Back Vermont">Take Back Vermont</a>" movement which helped Republicans gain control of the State House.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dean was criticized during his 2004 presidential campaign for another decision related to civil unions. Shortly before leaving office, he had some of his Vermont papers sealed for at least the next decade, a time frame longer than most outgoing governors use, stating that he was protecting the privacy of many gay supporters who sent him personal letters about the issue. On the campaign trail, he demanded that Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> release his energy committee papers. Many people, including Democratic Senator and failed 2004 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> of Connecticut, who left the party after losing his primary for re-election in 2006, accused Dean of hypocrisy. <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">Judicial Watch</a> filed a lawsuit to force the papers be opened before the seal expired but lost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2004_presidential_candidacy">2004 presidential candidacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2004 presidential candidacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Howard Dean 2004 presidential campaign">Howard Dean 2004 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg/220px-Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg/330px-Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg/440px-Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Howard Dean declared his candidacy for the 2004 Democratic Party presidential nomination on June 23, 2003, in Burlington, Vermont</figcaption></figure> <p>Dean began his bid for president as a "long shot" candidate. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i> ranked him eighth out of 12 in a list of potential presidential contenders in May 2002. In March 2003 he gave a speech strongly critical of the Democratic leadership at the California State Democratic Convention that attracted the attention of grassroots party activists and set the tone and the agenda of his candidacy. It began with the line: "What I want to know is what in the world so many Democrats are doing supporting the President's unilateral intervention in Iraq?" </p><p>That summer, his campaign was featured as the cover article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> and in the following months he received expanded media attention. His campaign slowly gained steam, and by autumn of 2003, Dean had become the apparent frontrunner for the Democratic nomination, performing strongly in most polls and outpacing his rivals in fundraising. This latter feat was attributed mainly to his innovative embrace of the Internet for campaigning, using <a href="/wiki/Meetup.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetup.com">Meetup.com</a> to track supporters and encourage grassroots participation in the campaign. The majority of his donations came from individual Dean supporters, who came to be known as <i>Deanites</i>, or, more commonly, <i>Deaniacs</i>, a term coined to describe meetup participants, who passed out campaign materials supporting Dean and the broader movement.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Critics often labeled them "Deany Boppers", or "<a href="/wiki/Beanie_Babies" title="Beanie Babies">Deanie Babies</a>", a reference to his support from young activists.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Following Dean's presidential campaign, some Deaniacs remained engaged in the political process through <a href="/wiki/Democracy_for_America" title="Democracy for America">Democracy for America</a> and similar locally oriented organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Message_and_themes">Message and themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Message and themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dean began his campaign by emphasizing health care<sup id="cite_ref-kugel_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kugel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal responsibility">fiscal responsibility</a>, and championing <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_fundraising" title="Grassroots fundraising">grassroots fundraising</a> as a way to fight <a href="/wiki/Lobby_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobby groups">lobby groups</a>. However, his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. plan to invade Iraq</a> (and his forceful criticism of Democrats in Congress who voted to authorize the use of force) quickly eclipsed other issues. By challenging the war in Iraq at a time when mainstream Democratic leaders were either neutral or cautiously supportive, Dean positioned himself to appeal to his party's activist base. Dean often quoted the late Minnesota Senator <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Paul Wellstone</a> (who had recently died in a plane crash) as saying that he represented "the Democratic wing of the Democratic Party." His message resonated among frustrated Democratic primary voters who felt that their party hadn't done enough to oppose the policies of the Republicans. Thus, Dean also succeeded in differentiating himself from his primary opponents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dean's approach organizationally was also novel. His campaign made extensive use of the Internet, pioneering techniques that were subsequently adopted by politicians of all political persuasions. His supporters organized real-world meetings, many of them arranged through <a href="/wiki/Meetup.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetup.com">Meetup.com</a>, participated in online forums, donated money online, canvassed for advertising ideas, and distributed political talking points. In terms of money, publicity and activism, Dean therefore quickly staked out a leadership position in the field of candidates. In this way, he was able to bypass existing party and activist infrastructure and built his own online network of supporters. In terms of traditional "ground troops", however, Dean remained at a disadvantage. Dean adopted a coffee shop strategy to visit grassroot activists in all 99 Iowa <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Iowa" title="List of counties in Iowa">counties</a>, but he lacked the campaign infrastructure to <a href="/wiki/Get_out_the_vote" title="Get out the vote">get voters to the polls</a> that his opponents had.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundraising">Fundraising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fundraising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_Dean_Rally_(354493318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Santa_Fe_Dean_Rally_%28354493318%29.jpg/220px-Santa_Fe_Dean_Rally_%28354493318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Santa_Fe_Dean_Rally_%28354493318%29.jpg/330px-Santa_Fe_Dean_Rally_%28354493318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Santa_Fe_Dean_Rally_%28354493318%29.jpg/440px-Santa_Fe_Dean_Rally_%28354493318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Dean (front, back turned) at a political rally in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>In the "<a href="/wiki/Invisible_Primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Invisible Primary">Invisible Primary</a>" of raising campaign funds, Howard Dean led the Democratic pack in the early stages of the 2004 campaign. Among the candidates, he ranked first in total raised ($25.4 million as of September 30, 2003) and first in cash-on-hand ($12.4 million). However, even this performance paled next to that of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, who by that date had raised $84.6 million for the Republican primary campaign, in which he had no strong challenger. Prior to the 2004 primary season, the Democratic record for most money raised in one quarter by a primary candidate was held by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1995, raising $10.3 million during a campaign in which he had no primary opponent. In the third quarter of 2003, the Dean campaign raised $14.8 million, shattering Clinton's record. All told, Dean's campaign raised around $50 million. </p><p>While presidential campaigns have traditionally obtained finance by tapping wealthy, established political donors, Dean's funds came largely in small donations over the Internet; the average overall donation was just under $80. This method of fundraising offered several important advantages over traditional fundraising, in addition to the inherent media interest in what was then a novelty. First, raising money on the Internet was relatively inexpensive, compared to conventional methods such as events, telemarketing, and direct mail campaigns. Secondly, as donors on average contributed far less than the legal limit ($2,000 per person), the campaign could continue to resolicit them throughout the election season. </p><p>Dean's director of grassroots fundraising, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Biddle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Biddle (page does not exist)">Larry Biddle</a>, came up with the idea of the popular fundraising "bat", an image of a cartoon baseball player and bat which appeared on the site every time the campaign launched a fundraising challenge. The bat encouraged Web site visitors to contribute money immediately through their credit cards. This would lead to the bat filling up like a thermometer with the red color indicating the total funds. The site often took suggestions from the <a href="/wiki/Netroots" title="Netroots">netroots</a> on their blog. One of these suggestions led to one of the campaign's biggest accomplishments– an image of Dean eating a turkey sandwich encouraged supporters to donate $250,000 in three days to match a big-donor dinner by Vice President Dick Cheney. The online contributions from that day matched what Cheney made from his fundraiser.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2003, after a much-publicized online vote among his followers, Dean became the first Democrat to forgo federal matching funds (and the spending limits that go with them) since the system was established in 1974. (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> later followed his lead.) In addition to state-by-state spending limits for the primaries, the system limits a candidate to spending only $44.6 million until the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in July, which sum would almost certainly run out soon after the early primary season. (<a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> declined federal matching funds in 2000 and did so again for the 2004 campaign.) </p><p>In a sign that the Dean campaign was starting to think beyond the primaries, they began in late 2003 to speak of a "$100 revolution" in which two million Americans would give $100 in order to compete with Bush. </p><p>Political commentators have stated that the fundraising of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, with its emphasis on small donors and the internet, refined and built upon the model that Dean's campaign pioneered.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endorsements">Endorsements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Endorsements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rob_Reiner_at_Howard_Dean_rally.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rob_Reiner_at_Howard_Dean_rally.JPG/220px-Rob_Reiner_at_Howard_Dean_rally.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rob_Reiner_at_Howard_Dean_rally.JPG/330px-Rob_Reiner_at_Howard_Dean_rally.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rob_Reiner_at_Howard_Dean_rally.JPG/440px-Rob_Reiner_at_Howard_Dean_rally.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rob_Reiner" title="Rob Reiner">Rob Reiner</a> speaking at a Dean rally on October 29, 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Dean lagged in early endorsements, he acquired many critical ones as his campaign snowballed. By the time of the Iowa caucuses, he led among commitments from <a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">superdelegates</a>– elected officials and party officers entitled to convention votes by virtue of their positions. On November 12, 2003, he received the endorsements of the <a href="/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union" title="Service Employees International Union">Service Employees International Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_State,_County_and_Municipal_Employees" title="American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees">American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees</a>. Dean received the endorsement of former vice president and 2000 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, on December 9, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following weeks Dean was endorsed by former U.S. senators <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a>, unsuccessful Democratic presidential candidates from the 2000 and 2004 primaries, respectively. </p><p>Other high-profile endorsers included:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Governors (and former governors) <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Bruce Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowell_P._Weicker_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell P. Weicker Jr.">Lowell P. Weicker Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_McGreevey" title="Jim McGreevey">Jim McGreevey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toney_Anaya" title="Toney Anaya">Toney Anaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a></li> <li>Senators (and former Senators) <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum" title="Howard Metzenbaum">Howard Metzenbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li>Representatives (and former Representatives) <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_Jr." title="Jesse Jackson Jr.">Jesse Jackson Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">Major Owens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jackson_Lee" title="Sheila Jackson Lee">Sheila Jackson Lee</a></li> <li>Former <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a> Mayor (and former governor of Maryland) <a href="/wiki/Martin_J._O%27Malley" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin J. O'Malley">Martin J. O'Malley</a></li> <li>Dean also won the backing of lesser-known political figures, such as former Indiana State Senator and 1984 gubernatorial nominee <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Townsend" title="Wayne Townsend">Wayne Townsend</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kraft" title="Timothy Kraft">Timothy Kraft</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> political consultant who had been <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s 1980 campaign manager, came to Vermont to campaign for Dean.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Several celebrities from the entertainment industry endorsed him: <a href="/wiki/Joan_Jett" title="Joan Jett">Joan Jett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Reiner" title="Rob Reiner">Rob Reiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt" title="Joseph Gordon-Levitt">Joseph Gordon-Levitt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response">Response</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many pundits blamed such endorsements for the campaign's eventual collapse. In particular, Al Gore's early endorsement of Dean weeks before the first primary of the election cycle was severely criticized by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gore supported Dean over Lieberman due to their differing opinions on Iraq which began to develop around 2002 (Lieberman supported the war and Gore did not).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Dean's campaign failed, some blamed Gore's early endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iowa_Caucus_setback_and_the_"Dean_Scream"_media_gaffe"><span id="Iowa_Caucus_setback_and_the_.22Dean_Scream.22_media_gaffe"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dean_Scream"></span><span class="anchor" id="Iowa_results_and_the"></span> Iowa Caucus setback and the "Dean Scream" media gaffe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iowa Caucus setback and the "Dean Scream" media gaffe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dean_scream" title="Dean scream">Dean scream</a></div> <p>On January 19, 2004, Dean's rivals <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> pushed him into a third-place finish in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Iowa_Democratic_caucuses" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Iowa Democratic caucuses">2004 Iowa Democratic caucuses</a>, representing the first votes cast in <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a> season. Dean's <a href="/wiki/Dean_scream" title="Dean scream">loud outburst</a> in his public address that night was widely rebroadcast and portrayed as a media gaffe that ended his campaign. </p><p>According to a <i><a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a></i> editorial written by Verne Gay, some members of the television audience criticized the speech as loud, peculiar, and unpresidential.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, this quote from the speech was aired repeatedly in the days following the caucus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Not only are we going to New Hampshire, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a>, we're going to South Carolina and Oklahoma and Arizona and North Dakota and New Mexico, and we're going to California and Texas and New York. ... And we're going to South Dakota and Oregon and Washington and Michigan, and then we're going to Washington, D.C., to take back the White House! <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/transcoded\/3\/3f\/DeanScream.ogg\/DeanScream.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Yeah!"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"DeanScream.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/3f/DeanScream.ogg/DeanScream.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Yeah!</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:DeanScream.ogg" title="File:DeanScream.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Senator Harkin was on stage with Dean, holding his suit jacket. This final "Yeah!" with its unusual tone that Dean later said was due to the cracking of his hoarse voice,<sup id="cite_ref-bbcscream_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcscream-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has become known in American political jargon as the "Dean Scream" or the "I Have a Scream" speech.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcscream_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcscream-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usatodayscream_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatodayscream-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comedians and late-night comedy show hosts such as <a href="/wiki/Dave_Chappelle" title="Dave Chappelle">Dave Chappelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien">Conan O'Brien</a> satirized, mocked, and popularized the sound bite,<sup id="cite_ref-usatodayscream_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatodayscream-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Let_Me_Clear_My_Throat_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Let_Me_Clear_My_Throat-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning a media onslaught that many believe contributed immensely to his poor showing in the subsequent races.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dean conceded that the speech did not project the best image, jokingly referring to it as a "crazy, red-faced rant" on the <i><a href="/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Show with David Letterman">Late Show with David Letterman</a></i>. In an interview later that week with <a href="/wiki/Diane_Sawyer" title="Diane Sawyer">Diane Sawyer</a>, he said he was "a little sheepish ... but I'm not apologetic."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sawyer and many others in the national broadcast news media later expressed some regret about overplaying the story.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS040126_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS040126-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> issued a public apology and admitted in a statement that they might have "overplayed" the incident. The incessant replaying of the "Dean Scream" by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">media bias</a>. The scream scene was shown an estimated 633 times by cable and broadcast news networks in just four days following the incident, a number that does not include talk shows and local news broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some in the audience that day reported that they were unaware of the "scream" until they saw it on TV.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS040126_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS040126-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean said after the general election in 2004, that his microphone only picked up his voice and did not also capture the loud cheering he received from the audience as a result of the speech. On January 27, Dean finished second to Kerry in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>. As late as one week before the first votes were cast in Iowa's caucuses, Dean had enjoyed a 30% lead in New Hampshire opinion polls;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> accordingly, this loss represented another major setback to his campaign. </p><p>Iowa and New Hampshire were the first in a string of losses for the Dean campaign, culminating in a third place showing in the Wisconsin primary on February 17. Two days before the Wisconsin primary, campaign advisor <a href="/wiki/Steve_Grossman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Grossman (politician)">Steve Grossman</a> announced through an article written by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> Dean campaign correspondent Jodi Wilgoren that he would offer his services to any of the other major candidates "should Dean not win in Wisconsin." This scoop further undermined Dean's campaign. Grossman later issued a public apology. The next day, Dean announced that his candidacy had "come to an end", though he continued to urge people to vote for him, so that Dean delegates would be selected for the convention and could influence the party platform. He later won the Vermont primary on <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a>, March 2. This latter victory, a surprise even to Dean, was due in part to the lack of a serious anti-Kerry candidate in Vermont (John Edwards had declined to put his name on the state's ballot, expecting Dean to win in a landslide), and in part to a television ad produced, funded, and aired in Vermont by grassroots Dean supporters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i> attributed Barack Obama's success in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a> to his perfection of the internet organizing model that Dean pioneered.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 11, 2007, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> were in early talks about making a "political thriller" based on Howard Dean's 2004 campaign, tentatively titled <i>Farragut North</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movie, finally titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ides_of_March_(2011_film)" title="The Ides of March (2011 film)">The Ides of March</a></i>, was released on October 7, 2011. It is based on the play <a href="/wiki/Farragut_North_(play)" title="Farragut North (play)"><i>Farragut North</i></a>, which was named after the <a href="/wiki/Farragut_North_(Washington_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farragut North (Washington Metro)">Washington Metro station</a> located in the center of the lobbyist district. The play was written by <a href="/wiki/Beau_Willimon" title="Beau Willimon">Beau Willimon</a>, a staffer on the Dean campaign. The main character is based on a former press secretary for the Dean campaign. </p><p>In November 2008, a documentary film about Dean and his campaign, <i><a href="/wiki/Dean_and_Me" title="Dean and Me">Dean and Me</a></i>, was released and shown at several film festivals around the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-campaign_and_Democracy_for_America">Post-campaign and Democracy for America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-campaign and Democracy for America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Dean's withdrawal after the Wisconsin primary, he pledged to support the eventual Democratic nominee. He remained neutral until John Kerry became the <a href="/wiki/Presumptive_nominee" class="mw-redirect" title="Presumptive nominee">presumptive nominee</a>. Dean endorsed Kerry on March 25, 2004, in a speech at The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. </p><p>On March 18, 2004, Dean founded the group <a href="/wiki/Democracy_for_America" title="Democracy for America">Democracy for America</a>. This group was created to house the large, Internet-based organization Dean created for his presidential campaign. Its goal is to help like-minded candidates get elected to local, state, and federal offices. It has endorsed several sets of twelve candidates known as the <a href="/wiki/Dean_Dozen" title="Dean Dozen">Dean Dozen</a>. Dean turned over control of the organization to his brother, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Dean_(DFA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Dean (DFA)">Jim Dean</a>, when he became Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>. </p><p>Dean strongly urged his supporters to support Kerry as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a>, arguing that a vote for Nader would only help to re-elect President George W. Bush because he believed that most who vote for Nader are likely to have voted for Kerry if Ralph Nader was not running. Dean argued that Nader would be more effective if he lobbied on election law reform issues during his campaign. Dean supported several election law reform issues such as <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">campaign finance reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instant_Runoff_Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant Runoff Voting">instant-runoff voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nader_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DNC_Chairmanship">DNC Chairmanship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: DNC Chairmanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HowardDeanDNC-cropped_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/HowardDeanDNC-cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-HowardDeanDNC-cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/HowardDeanDNC-cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-HowardDeanDNC-cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/HowardDeanDNC-cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-HowardDeanDNC-cropped_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>Dean speaking in 2006</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election</a></div> <p>Dean was elected Chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) on February 12, 2005, after all his opponents dropped out of the race when it became apparent Dean had the votes to become chair.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those opponents included former Congressman <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frost" title="Martin Frost">Martin Frost</a>, former Denver Mayor <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Webb" title="Wellington Webb">Wellington Webb</a>, former Congressman and 9/11 Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Tim_Roemer" title="Tim Roemer">Tim Roemer</a>, and strategists Donnie Fowler, <a href="/wiki/David_Leland_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Leland (politician)">David Leland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rosenberg" title="Simon Rosenberg">Simon Rosenberg</a>. </p><p>Many prominent Democrats opposed Dean's campaign; House Leader <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> and Senate Leader <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> are rumored to be among them.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean satisfied his critics by promising to focus on fundraising and campaigning as DNC Chair and avoid policy statements. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>, who at the time of his election was the governor of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, in 2009. </p><p>Dean ran for the position a second time in 2016. Two days after <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s defeat in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, he announced that he would again seek the chairmanship. There were other contenders at the time who had been endorsed by Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and Senate Minority Leader-elect <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 2, 2016, Dean withdrew his candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his 2005-2009 tenure, he promoted a "fifty-state strategy" and developed innovative fund-raising strategies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifty-state_strategy">Fifty-state strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fifty-state strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fifty-state_strategy" title="Fifty-state strategy">Fifty-state strategy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Dean_in_Idaho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Howard_Dean_in_Idaho.jpg/220px-Howard_Dean_in_Idaho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Howard_Dean_in_Idaho.jpg/330px-Howard_Dean_in_Idaho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Howard_Dean_in_Idaho.jpg/440px-Howard_Dean_in_Idaho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Dean at a Democratic Party event in <a href="/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho" title="Pocatello, Idaho">Pocatello, Idaho</a>, August 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>After Dean became Chairman of the DNC, he pledged to bring reform to the Party. Rather than focusing just on <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a>, Dean proposed what has come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Fifty-state_strategy" title="Fifty-state strategy">fifty-state strategy</a>, the goal of which was for the Democratic Party to be committed to winning elections at every level in every region of the country, with Democrats organized in every single <a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">voting precinct</a>. State party chairs lauded Dean for raising money directly for the individual state parties. </p><p>Dean's strategy used a post-Watergate model taken from the Republicans of the mid-seventies. Working at the local, state and national level, the GOP built the party from the ground up. Dean's plan was to seed the local level with young and committed candidates, building them into state candidates in future races. Dean traveled extensively throughout the country with the plan, including places like Utah, Mississippi, and Texas, states in which Republicans had dominated the political landscape. Many establishment Democrats were at least initially dubious about the strategy's worth—political consultant and former Bill Clinton advisor, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Begala" title="Paul Begala">Paul Begala</a>, suggested that Dean's plan was "just hiring a bunch of staff people to wander around Utah and Mississippi and pick their nose."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further changes were made in attempting to make the stated platform of the Democratic Party more coherent and compact. Overhauling the website, the official platform of the 2004 campaign, which was largely criticized as avoiding key issues and being the product of party insiders, was replaced with a simplified, though comprehensive categorizing of positions on a wide range of issues. </p><p>Dean's strategy arguably paid off in a historic victory as the Democrats took over control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_general_elections,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="United States general elections, 2006">2006 mid-term elections</a>. While it is likely this is also attributable to the shortcomings of the Republican Party in their dealings with the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and the scandals that occurred shortly before the election, Dean's emphasis on connecting with socially conservative, economic moderates in Republican-dominated states appears to have made some impact. Indeed, Democratic candidates won elections in such <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">red states</a> as Kansas, Indiana, and Montana. And while former Clinton strategist <a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">James Carville</a> criticized Dean's efforts, saying more seats could have been won with the traditional plan of piling money solely into close races, the results and the strategy were met with tremendous approval by the party's executive committee in its December 2006 meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was chairman of the DCCC, <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> was known to have had disagreements over election strategy with Dean; Emanuel believed a more tactical approach, focusing attention on key districts, was necessary to ensure victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Allen_20060604_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Allen_20060604-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emanuel himself was criticised for his failure to support some progressive candidates, as Dean advocated.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Dean_DNC_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Howard_Dean_DNC_2008.jpg/200px-Howard_Dean_DNC_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Howard_Dean_DNC_2008.jpg/300px-Howard_Dean_DNC_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Howard_Dean_DNC_2008.jpg/400px-Howard_Dean_DNC_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Dean conducts convention business on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 Democratic National Convention</a> in Denver, Colorado.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 50-state strategy relied on the idea that building the Democratic Party is at once an incremental election by election process as well as a long-term vision in party building. Democrats cannot compete in counties in which they do not field candidates. Therefore, candidate recruitment emerged as a component element of the 50-state strategy. </p><p>To build the party, the DNC under Dean worked in partnership with state Democratic parties in bringing the resources of the DNC to bear in electoral efforts, voter registration, candidate recruitment, and other interlocking component elements of party building. Decentralization was also a core component of the party's approach. The idea was that each state party had unique needs but could improve upon its efforts through the distribution of resources from the national party. </p><p>The 50-state strategy was acknowledged by political commentators as an important factor in allowing <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> to compete against <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> in many states that were previously considered solidly Republican during the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably when it comes to Obama's victories in Indiana, North Carolina, and Virginia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundraising_strategies">Fundraising strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fundraising strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> fundraising, Howard Dean was able to raise millions more than the previous DNC Chairman at the same point after the 2000 election. The year after his election, Dean had raised the most money by any DNC Chairman in a similar post election period. This was especially apparent when the Federal Election Commission reported that the DNC had raised roughly $86.3 million in the first six months of 2005, an increase of over 50% on the amount raised during the same period of 2003. In comparison, the RNC fundraising activities represented a gain of only 2%. Additional attempts to capitalize on this trend was the introduction of "Democracy Bonds," a program under which small donors would give a set amount every month. Although it only reached over 31,000 donors by May 2006, far off-pace from the stated goal of 1 million by 2008, it nonetheless contributed to a new small-donor funding philosophy of the DNC. Dean continued to further develop online fundraising at the DNC. Just one month before Election Day 2006, he became the first to introduce the concept of a "grassroots match," where donors to the DNC pledged to match the first donation made by a new contributor. The DNC stated that the resulting flood of contributions led to 10,000 first-time donors in just a few days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-DNC_career">Post-DNC career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post-DNC career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_involvement">Political involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potential_Obama_administration_role">Potential Obama administration role</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Potential Obama administration role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supporters of Dean were angry that he was not given a position in the new <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> and not invited to the press conference at which <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> was introduced as his successor as Democratic National Committee chairman. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Trippi" title="Joe Trippi">Joe Trippi</a>, who was Dean's presidential campaign manager in 2004, told <i>Politico</i>, "[Dean] was never afraid to challenge the way party establishment in Washington did business, and that doesn't win you friends in either party." Trippi further explained the apparent snub of Dean by stating, "You don't have to look any further than <a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a>." Trippi was referring to the tension between Emanuel and Dean over Dean's 50 state strategy. Sources close to Emanuel dismissed these charges.<sup id="cite_ref-lei_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lei-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dean said: "I didn't do this for the spoils. I did this for the country. I'm very happy that Barack Obama is president, and I think he's picked a great Cabinet. And I'm pretty happy. I wouldn't trade my position for any other position right now. I'm going to go into the private sector, make a living making speeches, and do a lot of stuff on health care policy."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lei_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lei-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When asked about not being selected for a position in the Obama administration, Dean responded, "Obviously, it would have been great, but it's not happening and the president has the right to name his own Cabinet, so I'm not going to work in the government it looks like." When asked how he felt about not being selected, Dean replied he would "punt on that one." After the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a>'s nomination for the position, Dean had been touted by many for the post of Secretary of Health and Human Services.<sup id="cite_ref-HHS_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHS-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being passed over for the post once again, Dean commented: "I was pretty clear that I would have liked to have been Secretary of HHS but it is the president's choice and he decided to go in a different direction."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK_politics">UK politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: UK politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside the US Dean is a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> party of the United Kingdom. He has close links with the party and has spoken at their party conference in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the UK began the Brexit process, he has continued to tweet his support for the party.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People's_Mujahedin_of_Iran"><span id="People.27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran"></span>People's Mujahedin of Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: People's Mujahedin of Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving office Dean emerged as a major supporter of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a> (Mujahedeen-e-Khalq, or MEK), calling for it to be delisted as a terrorist group by the United States, which occurred on September 21, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_presidential_election">2016 presidential election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2016 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dean endorsed <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> from his home state in September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dean questioned on Twitter whether Donald Trump's sniffing during a presidential debate was due to cocaine use, and later apologized for "using innuendo."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_sector">Private sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Private sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a January 2009 interview with the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, Dean indicated he would enter the private sector after 30 years in politics. Dean told the AP he would deliver speeches and share ideas about campaigns and technology with center-left political parties around the world. He became a contributor to the news network <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> in shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Word_with_Lawrence_O%27Donnell" title="The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell">The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also guest hosted <i><a href="/wiki/Countdown_with_Keith_Olbermann" title="Countdown with Keith Olbermann">Countdown with Keith Olbermann</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rachel_Maddow_Show_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rachel Maddow Show (TV series)">The Rachel Maddow Show</a></i>. He is on the board of the National Democratic Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Democratic_Institute_Website_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Democratic_Institute_Website-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dean also serves as a Senior Presidential Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been a Senior Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> Jackson Institute for Global Affairs and a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He has been a Senior Strategic Advisor and Independent Consultant for the Government Affairs practice at <a href="/wiki/McKenna,_Long_%26_Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="McKenna, Long & Aldridge">McKenna, Long & Aldridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2018 Dean joined the advisory board of <a href="/wiki/Tilray" title="Tilray">Tilray</a>, one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_American_Business_Council" title="Canadian American Business Council">Canadian American Business Council's</a> Advisory Board.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1981, Dean married fellow doctor <a href="/wiki/Judith_Steinberg_Dean" title="Judith Steinberg Dean">Judith Steinberg</a>, whom he met in medical school, and together they began a family medical practice in <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Vermont" title="Shelburne, Vermont">Shelburne, Vermont</a> (where she continued to use her <a href="/wiki/Maiden_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiden name">maiden name</a> to avoid confusion).<sup id="cite_ref-cnnprofile_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnprofile-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although raised as an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States">Episcopalian</a>, Dean joined a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a> in 1982 after a dispute with the local Episcopal <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> over a bike trail.<sup id="cite_ref-NewRepublic_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewRepublic-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By his own account, he did not attend church as of the early 2000s; at one point, when asked to name his favorite book in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, he offered the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>, then corrected himself an hour later.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dean has stated he is "<a href="/wiki/More_spiritual_than_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="More spiritual than religious">more spiritual than religious</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NewRepublic_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewRepublic-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> wife Judith Steinberg Dean have raised their two children, Anne and Paul, in a secular education, and both children self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xxx_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xxx-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Howard_Dean" title="Electoral history of Howard Dean">Electoral history of Howard Dean</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chittenden" title="Thomas Chittenden">Thomas Chittenden</a> served as governor before statehood from 1778 to 1789 and 1790 to 1791; after statehood, he served from 1791 to 1797.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Nagourney2008" class="citation news cs1">Adam Nagourney (November 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/dean-steps-down-as-dnc-chair/">"Dean Steps Down as D.N.C. Chair"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107074926/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/dean-steps-down-as-dnc-chair/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2014</span>. <q>On Tuesday, Dr. Dean, who rarely mentions his family on the stump, interrupted his schedule to announce that a search team had found his brother's remains buried in a rice paddy in central Laos. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Remains+of+Dean%27s+Long-Missing+Brother+Found&rft.date=2003-11-19&rft.au=Jodi+Wilgoren+and+Michael+Slackman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F11%2F19%2Fpolitics%2F19DEAN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&q=east+hampton,+ny&ll=40.953585,-72.176056&spn=0.035264,0.097504">"East Hampton, NY"</a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/americas/article1995212.ece">The house prefect who would be President</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407040805/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/americas/article1995212.ece">Archived</a> April 7, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Democrat hopeful remembers 'cruel' English public school", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, December 3, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailer2003" class="citation web cs1">Sailer, Steve (October 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/inc/view.php?StoryID=20031015-071210-2198r">"Analysis: Is Howard Dean a modern Puritan?"</a>. UPI.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015060747/http://upi.com/inc/view.php?StoryID=20031015-071210-2198r">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Worst+of+Howard+Dean%3A+A+troubling+tale+from+his+past.+Is+it+true%3F&rft.date=2003-08-28&rft.aulast=Saletan&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2003%2F08%2Fa-troubling-story-about-howard-dean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLymanDrew2003" class="citation news cs1">Lyman, Rick; Drew, Christopher (November 22, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/22/us/33-years-later-draft-becomes-topic-for-dean.html">"33 Years Later, Draft Becomes Topic for Dean"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hernando%3A+%27Meet-ups%27+mobilize+Democrats&rft.pub=Sptimes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2F2003%2F12%2F21%2FHernando%2F_Meet_ups__mobilize_D.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArak2003" class="citation news cs1">Arak, Joel (December 13, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/deanie-babies-believe-in-howard/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Deanie-Babies' Believe in Howard"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225161948/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/deanie-babies-believe-in-howard/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=%27Deanie-Babies%27+Believe+in+Howard&rft.date=2003-12-13&rft.aulast=Arak&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fdeanie-babies-believe-in-howard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/2003.html">"Wired 13.08: The Candidate: Howard Dean"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. January 4, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100430015907/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/2003.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Wired+13.08%3A+The+Candidate%3A+Howard+Dean&rft.date=2009-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F13.08%2F2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2008" class="citation news cs1">Berman, Ari (February 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080317/berman">"The Dean Legacy"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303030310/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080317/berman">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Dean+Legacy&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fdoc%2F20080317%2Fberman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/12/09/elec04.prez.gore.dean/">"Al Gore endorses Howard Dean"</a>. Cnn.com. December 9, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326065027/http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/12/09/elec04.prez.gore.dean/">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al+Gore+endorses+Howard+Dean&rft.date=2003-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FALLPOLITICS%2F12%2F09%2Felec04.prez.gore.dean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Politics 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics1.com/dean.htm"><i>"Howard Dean Profile"</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831155100/http://www.politics1.com/dean.htm">Archived</a> August 31, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page archived in 2004. Retrieved November 27, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091549/http://www.desertexposure.com/200803/200803_tim_kraft.php">"Jeff Berg, "The Political Kraft", March 2008"</a>. desertexposure.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertexposure.com/200803/200803_tim_kraft.php">the original</a> on December 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 10, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070525141228/http://www.hbo.com/docs/programs/diaryofapoliticaltourist/trail/howard_dean.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diary+Entry%3A+Meeting+Doctor+Dean&rft.pub=HBO&rft.date=2003-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbo.com%2Fdocs%2Fprograms%2Fdiaryofapoliticaltourist%2Ftrail%2Fhoward_dean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124213546/http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/12/09/elec04.prez.debate.ap/index.html">"Gore's endorsement stirs debate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. 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June 19, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.observer.com/2008/look-whos-back-its-gore-and-lieberman-08">the original</a> on May 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer.com&rft.atitle=Look+Who%27s+Back%3A+It%27s+Gore+and+Lieberman+in+%2708&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.observer.com%2F2008%2Flook-whos-back-its-gore-and-lieberman-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_Shachtman2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Noah Shachtman (February 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2004/02/62225">"Trippi: Net Politics Here to Stay"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910113311/http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2004/02/62225">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Trippi%3A+Net+Politics+Here+to+Stay&rft.date=2004-02-10&rft.au=Noah+Shachtman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fpolitics%2Flaw%2Fnews%2F2004%2F02%2F62225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verne Gay, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Times">Seattle Times</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001840708_deantv21.html"><i>"Dean's theatrics draw mixed reviews"</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040216082937/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001840708_deantv21.html">Archived</a> February 16, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 21, 2004. Retrieved November 27, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0401/19/se.05.html">"Howard Dean Addresses Supporters"</a>. CNN. January 19, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531114344/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0401/19/se.05.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 23, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115161451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3422809.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Dean+scream%27+becomes+online+hit&rft.date=2005-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F3422809.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatodayscream-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usatodayscream_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usatodayscream_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison,_Blake2004" class="citation news cs1">Morrison, Blake (January 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-01-22-dean-usat_x.htm">"Dean scream gaining cult-like status on Web"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720015130/http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-01-22-dean-usat_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Dean+scream+gaining+cult-like+status+on+Web&rft.date=2004-01-21&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpoliticselections%2Fnation%2F2004-01-22-dean-usat_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Let_Me_Clear_My_Throat-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Let_Me_Clear_My_Throat_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassarello2012" class="citation book cs1">Passarello, Elena (October 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Wt7OO3-TQC&pg=PA49"><i>Let Me Clear My Throat: Essays</i></a>. Louisville, KY: Sarabande Books. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936747-52-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936747-52-8"><bdi>978-1-936747-52-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407051958/http://books.google.com/books?id=r1Wt7OO3-TQC&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Me+Clear+My+Throat%3A+Essays&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Sarabande+Books&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft.isbn=978-1-936747-52-8&rft.aulast=Passarello&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr1Wt7OO3-TQC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2008" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Kenneth (January 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/01/17/the-battle-cry-that-backfired">"The Battle Cry That Backfired on Howard "The Scream" Dean"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233414/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/01/17/the-battle-cry-that-backfired">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+Doctors%27+Words%3B+Transcript%3A+Howard+Dean+and+Judy+Dean+Speak+to+ABCNEWS%27+Primetime&rft.date=2004-01-22&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fsections%2FPrimetime%2FUS%2Fhoward_judy_dean_transcript_040122-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span> (available on archive.org as of January 27, 2007.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS040126-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS040126_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS040126_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzman2004" class="citation news cs1">Salzman, Eric (January 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/deans-scream-not-what-it-seemed/">"Dean's Scream: Not What It Seemed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109054415/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/26/politics/main596021.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Dean%27s+Scream%3A+Not+What+It+Seemed&rft.date=2004-01-26&rft.aulast=Salzman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fdeans-scream-not-what-it-seemed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loyola Phoenix, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loyolaphoenix.com/07057545-a172-5783-9363-597d0cafd729"><i>"The scream that left us blind"</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511062017/http://www.loyolaphoenix.com/07057545-a172-5783-9363-597d0cafd729">Archived</a> May 11, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2/11/04. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+And+Dean+Team+Up+To+Recast+The+Political+Map&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2008%2F06%2F05%2Fobama-and-dean-team-up-to_n_105419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/11/dr_dean_laughs_last.html">"Dr. Dean Laughs Last"</a>. Realclearpolitics.com. November 9, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614034944/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/11/dr_dean_laughs_last.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Dean+Laughs+Last&rft.pub=Realclearpolitics.com&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F11%2Fdr_dean_laughs_last.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lei-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lei_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lei_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Martin2009" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Martin (January 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2009/01/lei-off-obama-snubs-dean-017254">"Lei-off: Obama snubs Dean"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224185256/http://www.politico.com/story/2009/01/lei-off-obama-snubs-dean-017254">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Lei-off%3A+Obama+snubs+Dean&rft.date=2009-01-08&rft.au=Jonathan+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2009%2F01%2Flei-off-obama-snubs-dean-017254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedra_Pickler2009" class="citation news cs1">Nedra Pickler (January 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benningtonbanner.com/ci_11478068?source=rss_viewed">"Dean of the Democrats: Former Vt. governor's political career comes to a disappointing end"</a>. <i>Bennington Banner</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609205619/http://www.benningtonbanner.com/ci_11478068?source=rss_viewed">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bennington+Banner&rft.atitle=Dean+of+the+Democrats%3A+Former+Vt.+governor%27s+political+career+comes+to+a+disappointing+end&rft.date=2009-01-17&rft.au=Nedra+Pickler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benningtonbanner.com%2Fci_11478068%3Fsource%3Drss_viewed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HHS-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HHS_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicsny.today.com/2009/02/03/daschle-drops-his-bid-for-hhs-post/">"Newsvine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsvine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticsny.today.com%2F2009%2F02%2F03%2Fdaschle-drops-his-bid-for-hhs-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/05/sen-harkin-backs-dean-for_n_164320.html">"Sen. Harkin Backs Dean For HHS Secretary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207073549/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/05/sen-harkin-backs-dean-for_n_164320.html">Archived</a> February 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>, February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Stein2009" class="citation news cs1">Sam Stein (March 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/01/exclusive-dean-talks-abou_n_170874.html">"Exclusive: Dean Talks About Not Getting HHS and Post-DNC Plans"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040731/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/01/exclusive-dean-talks-abou_n_170874.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Dean+Talks+About+Not+Getting+HHS+and+Post-DNC+Plans&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft.au=Sam+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2009%2F03%2F01%2Fexclusive-dean-talks-abou_n_170874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8597521.stm">"Clegg can win, says Howard Dean"</a>. March 31, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131082943/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/8597521.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clegg+can+win%2C+says+Howard+Dean&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2F8597521.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2016" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Howard (June 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/GovHowardDean/status/747044702332006400">"Two of two. Tories and Labour parties collapsing making way for the only coherent and sane party left in England, the Lib Dems"</a>. <i>@GovHowardDean</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806045704/https://twitter.com/GovHowardDean/status/747044702332006400">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40GovHowardDean&rft.atitle=Two+of+two.+Tories+and+Labour+parties+collapsing+making+way+for+the+only+coherent+and+sane+party+left+in+England%2C+the+Lib+Dems&rft.date=2016-06-26&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FGovHowardDean%2Fstatus%2F747044702332006400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Smith2011" class="citation news cs1">Ben Smith (April 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/blogs/ben-smith/2011/04/dean-for-the-mek-034851">"Dean for the MEK"</a>. <i>Politico</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Dean+for+the+MEK&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft.au=Ben+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fben-smith%2F2011%2F04%2Fdean-for-the-mek-034851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Bennett_Jones2012" class="citation news cs1">Owen Bennett Jones (April 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17615065">"An Iranian mystery: Just who are the MEK?"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=An+Iranian+mystery%3A+Just+who+are+the+MEK%3F&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft.au=Owen+Bennett+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-17615065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Bradner2015" class="citation web cs1">Eric Bradner (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/01/politics/howard-dean-hillary-clinton-2016/index.html">"Howard Dean endorses Hillary Clinton, again - CNNPolitics"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124540/https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/01/politics/howard-dean-hillary-clinton-2016/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Howard+Dean+endorses+Hillary+Clinton%2C+again+-+CNNPolitics&rft.date=2015-09&rft.au=Eric+Bradner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F09%2F01%2Fpolitics%2Fhoward-dean-hillary-clinton-2016%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Kludt2016" class="citation web cs1">Tom Kludt (September 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/28/politics/howard-dean-donald-trump-cocaine/index.html">"Dean under fire for alleging Trump coke use"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124607/https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/28/politics/howard-dean-donald-trump-cocaine/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Dean+under+fire+for+alleging+Trump+coke+use&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.au=Tom+Kludt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Fhoward-dean-donald-trump-cocaine%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Wallace2016" class="citation web cs1">Gregory Wallace (September 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/politics/howard-dean-donald-trump-cocaine/index.html">"Dean apologizes for 'innuendo' in cocaine comments"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124526/https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/30/politics/howard-dean-donald-trump-cocaine/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Dean+apologizes+for+%27innuendo%27+in+cocaine+comments&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.au=Gregory+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F30%2Fpolitics%2Fhoward-dean-donald-trump-cocaine%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichinick2015" class="citation web cs1">Richinick, Michele (January 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/howard-dean-apologizes-american-sniper-comment-msna515876">"Howard Dean apologizes for 'American Sniper' comment"</a>. <i>MSNBC.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Democratic Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303233030/https://www.ndi.org/board-directors">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NDI+Board+of+Directors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndi.org%2Fboard-directors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hofstra.edu/academics/colleges/hclas/presidential-studies/presidential-studies-fellow-dean.html">"Kalikow Center for the Study of the American Presidency, Hofstra University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201020237/https://www.hofstra.edu/academics/colleges/hclas/presidential-studies/presidential-studies-fellow-dean.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalikow+Center+for+the+Study+of+the+American+Presidency%2C+Hofstra+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hofstra.edu%2Facademics%2Fcolleges%2Fhclas%2Fpresidential-studies%2Fpresidential-studies-fellow-dean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2009/03/02/daily42.html">"McKenna Long & Aldridge hires Howard Dean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Business_Chronicle" title="Atlanta Business Chronicle">Atlanta Business Chronicle</a></i>. March 3, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026121552/http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2009/03/02/daily42.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Business+Chronicle&rft.atitle=McKenna+Long+%26+Aldridge+hires+Howard+Dean&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fatlanta%2Fstories%2F2009%2F03%2F02%2Fdaily42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2019" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Anne Wallace (April 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vtdigger.org/2019/04/14/howard-dean-anti-pot-joins-cannabis-company-board/">"Howard Dean, once anti-pot, joins cannabis company board"</a>. <i>VTDigger</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603212106/https://vtdigger.org/2019/04/14/howard-dean-anti-pot-joins-cannabis-company-board/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VTDigger&rft.atitle=Howard+Dean%2C+once+anti-pot%2C+joins+cannabis+company+board&rft.date=2019-04-14&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Anne+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvtdigger.org%2F2019%2F04%2F14%2Fhoward-dean-anti-pot-joins-cannabis-company-board%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabc.co/who-we-are/">"Who We Are"</a>. <i>CABC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CABC&rft.atitle=Who+We+Are&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabc.co%2Fwho-we-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnprofile-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnnprofile_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/special/president/candidates/dean.html">"Candidates / Howard Dean"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121130129/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/special/president/candidates/dean.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Candidates+%2F+Howard+Dean.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FELECTION%2F2004%2Fspecial%2Fpresident%2Fcandidates%2Fdean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewRepublic-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewRepublic_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewRepublic_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoer2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Foer, Franklin (December 29, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/beyond-belief-religion-howard-dean">"Beyond Belief"</a>. <i>New Republic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010815/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/beyond-belief-religion-howard-dean">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Republic&rft.atitle=Beyond+Belief&rft.date=2003-12-29&rft.aulast=Foer&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fbeyond-belief-religion-howard-dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandeHei2004" class="citation news cs1">VandeHei, Jim (January 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/01/04/dean-now-willing-to-discuss-his-faith/94fffb94-26d0-4ceb-817a-4c0fcbc2e68b/">"Dean Now Willing to Discuss His Faith"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. p. A01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dean+Now+Willing+to+Discuss+His+Faith&rft.pages=A01&rft.date=2004-01-04&rft.aulast=VandeHei&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2004%2F01%2F04%2Fdean-now-willing-to-discuss-his-faith%2F94fffb94-26d0-4ceb-817a-4c0fcbc2e68b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xxx-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xxx_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Meryl (February 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/national/n_8376/">"The Unlikely Rise of Howard Dean"</a>. <i>New York Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330053809/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/national/n_8376/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Unlikely+Rise+of+Howard+Dean&rft.date=2003-02-18&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Meryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnymetro%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnational%2Fn_8376%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/2003/04/15/life-religion/features/howard-deans-jewish-ties">"Howard Dean´s Jewish ties"</a>. April 15, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105510/https://www.jta.org/2003/04/15/life-religion/features/howard-deans-jewish-ties">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Howard+Dean%C2%B4s+Jewish+ties&rft.date=2003-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2003%2F04%2F15%2Flife-religion%2Ffeatures%2Fhoward-deans-jewish-ties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoward+Dean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dean, Howard. <i>Howard Dean's Prescription for Real Healthcare Reform</i>. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60358-228-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-60358-228-2">1-60358-228-2</a>.</li> <li>Dean, Howard. <i>You Have the Power: How to Take Back Our Country and Restore Democracy in America</i>. Simon & Schuster, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-7013-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-7013-4">0-7432-7013-4</a>.</li> <li>Dean, Howard. <i>Winning Back America</i>. Simon & Schuster, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5571-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5571-2">0-7432-5571-2</a>.</li> <li>Dunnan, Dana. <i>Burning at the Grassroots: Inside the Dean Machine</i>. Pagefree (vanity press), 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58961-261-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58961-261-2">1-58961-261-2</a>.</li> <li>Trippi, Joe. <i>The Revolution Will Not Be Televised</i>. ReganBooks, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-076155-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-076155-5">0-06-076155-5</a>.</li> <li>Van Susteren, Dirk. <i>Howard Dean: A Citizen's Guide to the Man Who Would Be President</i>. Steerforth, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58642-075-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58642-075-5">1-58642-075-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Dean&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Howard Dean</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Howard_Dean" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Howard Dean">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" class="extiw" title="c:Howard Dean">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Howard_Dean" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Howard Dean">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" class="extiw" title="q:Howard Dean">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Howard_Dean" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Howard Dean">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckennalong.com/professionals-HowardDean.html">Professional biography of Howard Dean</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?21356">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">Vermont House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New seat</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">Vermont House of Representatives</a><br />from the <a href="/wiki/Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Chittenden County, Vermont">Chittenden</a> 7-4 district </b><br />1983–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Bennett Truman</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Plympton_Smith" title="Peter Plympton Smith">Peter Smith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont" title="List of lieutenant governors of Vermont">Lieutenant Governor of Vermont</a> </b><br />1987–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Snelling" title="Barbara Snelling">Barbara Snelling</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Snelling" title="Richard A. Snelling">Richard Snelling</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Governor of Vermont</a> </b><br />1991–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Douglas" title="Jim Douglas">Jim Douglas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">Carroll Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a> </b><br />1994–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John H. Carnahan</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont" title="List of lieutenant governors of Vermont">Lieutenant Governor of Vermont</a> </b><br />1986, 1988, 1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">David S. Wolk</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Governor of Vermont</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1992_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1992 Vermont gubernatorial election">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Vermont gubernatorial election">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1996 Vermont gubernatorial election">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/1998_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Vermont gubernatorial election">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2000 Vermont gubernatorial election">2000</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Racine" title="Doug Racine">Doug Racine</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Caperton" title="Gaston Caperton">Gaston Caperton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a> </b><br />1996–1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rossell%C3%B3" title="Pedro Rosselló">Pedro Rosselló</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> </b><br />2005–2009 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_M._Kunin" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine M. Kunin">Madeleine M. Kunin</a></div><i><b>as Former Governor </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Douglas" title="Jim Douglas">Jim Douglas</a></div><i><b>as Former Governor </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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2005">Democratic National Committee chairmanship election, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_for_America" title="Democracy for America">Democracy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Dozen" title="Dean Dozen">Dean Dozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_scream" title="Dean scream">Dean scream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-state_strategy" title="Fifty-state strategy">Fifty-state strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg/120px-Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg/180px-Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg/240px-Howard_Dean_declaration_of_candidacy_June_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dean_(DFA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Dean (DFA)">Jim Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dean" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dean">Charles Dean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dean_and_Me" title="Dean and Me">Dean and Me</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farragut_North_(play)" title="Farragut North (play)">Farragut North</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ides_of_March_(2011_film)" title="The Ides of March (2011 film)">The Ides of March</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Vermont364" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Vermont" title="Template:Governors of Vermont"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Vermont" title="Template talk:Governors of Vermont"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Vermont" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Vermont"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Vermont364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Vermont" title="List of governors of Vermont">Governors of Vermont</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic <br /><span class="nobold"><small>(1777–1791)</small></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chittenden" title="Thomas Chittenden">Chittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Robinson" title="Moses Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chittenden" title="Thomas Chittenden">Chittenden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="304" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">State of Vermont<br /><span class="nobold"><small>(since 1791)</small></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chittenden" title="Thomas Chittenden">Chittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brigham" title="Paul Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Tichenor" title="Isaac Tichenor">Tichenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Smith" title="Israel Smith">I. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Tichenor" title="Isaac Tichenor">Tichenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Galusha" title="Jonas Galusha">Galusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chittenden" title="Martin Chittenden">M. Chittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Galusha" title="Jonas Galusha">Galusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Skinner_(American_politician)" title="Richard Skinner (American politician)">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Van_Ness" title="Cornelius P. Van Ness">Van Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Butler" title="Ezra Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Crafts" title="Samuel C. Crafts">Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Palmer" title="William A. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_H._Jennison" title="Silas H. Jennison">Jennison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Paine" title="Charles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattocks" title="John Mattocks">Mattocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Slade_(politician)" title="William Slade (politician)">Slade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Eaton" title="Horace Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coolidge" title="Carlos Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Williams" title="Charles K. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Fairbanks" title="Erastus Fairbanks">E. Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Robinson_(governor)" title="John S. Robinson (governor)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Royce" title="Stephen Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryland_Fletcher" title="Ryland Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiland_Hall" title="Hiland Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Fairbanks" title="Erastus Fairbanks">E. Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Holbrook" title="Frederick Holbrook">Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Gregory_Smith" title="J. Gregory Smith">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dillingham" title="Paul Dillingham">P. Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Page" title="John B. Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Washburn" title="Peter T. Washburn">Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitman_Hendee" title="George Whitman Hendee">Hendee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wolcott_Stewart" title="John Wolcott Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Converse" title="Julius Converse">Converse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel_Peck" title="Asahel Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Fairbanks" title="Horace Fairbanks">H. Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">R. Proctor Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Farnham" title="Roswell Farnham">Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Barstow" title="John L. Barstow">Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_E._Pingree" title="Samuel E. Pingree">Pingree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_J._Ormsbee" title="Ebenezer J. Ormsbee">Ormsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Dillingham" title="William P. Dillingham">W.P. Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_S._Page" title="Carroll S. Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_K._Fuller" title="Levi K. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_A._Woodbury" title="Urban A. Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Grout" title="Josiah Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Curtis_Smith" title="Edward Curtis Smith">E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Stickney_(politician)" title="William W. Stickney (politician)">Stickney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._McCullough" title="John G. McCullough">McCullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Bell_(politician)" title="Charles J. Bell (politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_D._Proctor" title="Fletcher D. Proctor">F. Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Prouty" title="George H. Prouty">Prouty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Mead" title="John A. Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_M._Fletcher" title="Allen M. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Gates" title="Charles W. Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_F._Graham" title="Horace F. Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_W._Clement" title="Percival W. Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hartness" title="James Hartness">Hartness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor_Jr." title="Redfield Proctor Jr.">R. Proctor Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_S._Billings" title="Franklin S. Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Weeks" title="John E. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_C._Wilson" title="Stanley C. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manley_Smith" title="Charles Manley Smith">C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Wills_(politician)" title="William Henry Wills (politician)">Wills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_R._Proctor" title="Mortimer R. Proctor">M. Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Gibson_Jr." title="Ernest W. Gibson Jr.">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_J._Arthur" title="Harold J. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_E._Emerson" title="Lee E. Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Johnson" title="Joseph B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stafford" title="Robert Stafford">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Ray_Keyser_Jr." title="F. Ray Keyser Jr.">Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Hoff" title="Philip H. Hoff">Hoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deane_C._Davis" title="Deane C. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Salmon" title="Thomas P. Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Snelling" title="Richard A. Snelling">Snelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Kunin" title="Madeleine Kunin">Kunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Snelling" title="Richard A. Snelling">Snelling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Douglas" title="Jim Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shumlin" title="Peter Shumlin">Shumlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Scott" title="Phil Scott">Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting governor</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont356" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont" title="Template:Lieutenant governors of Vermont"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont" title="Template talk:Lieutenant governors of Vermont"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lieutenant governors of Vermont"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont356" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Vermont" title="List of lieutenant governors of Vermont">Lieutenant governors of Vermont</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic <br /><span class="nobold">(1777–1791)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marsh" title="Joseph Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Carpenter" title="Benjamin Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Payne" title="Elisha Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Spooner" title="Paul Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marsh" title="Joseph Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Olcott" title="Peter Olcott">Olcott</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="304" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">State of Vermont<br /><span class="nobold">(since 1791)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hunt_(Vermont_lieutenant_governor)" title="Jonathan Hunt (Vermont lieutenant governor)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brigham" title="Paul Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chamberlain_(politician)" title="William Chamberlain (politician)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brigham" title="Paul Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cahoon" title="William Cahoon">Cahoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Leland" title="Aaron Leland">Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Olin" title="Henry Olin">Olin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Richards_(politician)" title="Mark Richards (politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebbeus_Egerton" title="Lebbeus Egerton">Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_H._Jennison" title="Silas H. Jennison">Jennison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Camp" title="David M. Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitstill_R._Ranney" title="Waitstill R. Ranney">Ranney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Eaton" title="Horace Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Sargeant" title="Leonard Sargeant">Sargeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pierpoint_(Vermont_politician)" title="Robert Pierpoint (Vermont politician)">Pierpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Converse" title="Julius Converse">Converse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Kittredge" title="William C. Kittredge">Kittredge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_P._Kidder" title="Jefferson P. Kidder">Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryland_Fletcher" title="Ryland Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Slade" title="James M. Slade">Slade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham_Martin" title="Burnham Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Underwood" title="Levi Underwood">Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dillingham" title="Paul Dillingham">Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_B._Gardner" title="Abraham B. Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_(Medal_of_Honor)" title="Stephen Thomas (Medal of Honor)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitman_Hendee" title="George Whitman Hendee">Hendee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Dale" title="George N. Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_S._Taft" title="Russell S. Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_G._Hinckley" title="Lyman G. Hinckley">Hinckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">R. Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Pomeroy_Colton" title="Eben Pomeroy Colton">Colton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Barstow" title="John L. Barstow">Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_E._Pingree" title="Samuel E. Pingree">Pingree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_J._Ormsbee" title="Ebenezer J. Ormsbee">Ormsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_K._Fuller" title="Levi K. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_A._Woodbury" title="Urban A. Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Fletcher" title="Henry A. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrand_Stewart_Stranahan" title="Farrand Stewart Stranahan">Stranahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zophar_M._Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Zophar M. Mansur">Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Fisk" title="Nelson W. Fisk">Fisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Bates" title="Henry C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_F._Allen" title="Martin F. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zed_S._Stanton" title="Zed S. Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Stearns" title="Charles H. Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Prouty" title="George H. Prouty">Prouty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Mead" title="John A. Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_P._Slack" title="Leighton P. Slack">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Howe" title="Frank E. Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_K._Darling" title="Hale K. Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Hulburd" title="Roger W. Hulburd">Hulburd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_S._Stone" title="Mason S. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_W._Foote" title="Abram W. Foote">A. Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_S._Billings" title="Franklin S. Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_K._Farnsworth" title="Walter K. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollister_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollister Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_C._Wilson" title="Stanley C. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_(Vermont_politician)" title="Benjamin Williams (Vermont politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manley_Smith" title="Charles Manley Smith">C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Wills_(politician)" title="William Henry Wills (politician)">Wills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_R._Proctor" title="Mortimer R. Proctor">M. Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_E._Emerson" title="Lee E. Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_J._Arthur" title="Harold J. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Johnson" title="Joseph B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consuelo_N._Bailey" title="Consuelo N. Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stafford" title="Robert Stafford">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Babcock" title="Robert S. Babcock">Babcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Foote" title="Ralph A. Foote">R. Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Daley" title="John J. Daley">Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Hayes" title="Thomas L. Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Burgess" title="John S. Burgess">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Burns" title="Brian D. Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Garry_Buckley" title="T. Garry Buckley">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Kunin" title="Madeleine Kunin">Kunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Plympton_Smith" title="Peter Plympton Smith">P. Smith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Snelling" title="Barbara Snelling">Snelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Racine" title="Doug Racine">Racine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dubie" title="Brian Dubie">Dubie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Scott" title="Phil Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Zuckerman_(politician)" title="David Zuckerman (politician)">Zuckerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Gray" title="Molly Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Zuckerman_(politician)" title="David Zuckerman (politician)">Zuckerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Rodgers" title="John S. Rodgers">Rodgers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting governor</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_National_Governors_Association48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Governors_Association_chairs" title="Template:National Governors Association chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Governors_Association_chairs" title="Template talk:National Governors Association chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Governors_Association_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Governors Association chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_National_Governors_Association48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_E._Willson" title="Augustus E. Willson">Willson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._McGovern" title="Francis E. McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Spry" title="William Spry">Spry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capper" title="Arthur Capper">Capper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Harrington" title="Emerson Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Allen" title="Henry J. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul" title="William Cameron Sproul">Sproul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Trinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brewster" title="Owen Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McMullen" title="Adam McMullen">McMullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">Dern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_S._Case" title="Norman S. Case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">McNutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Peery" title="George C. Peery">Peery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leroy_Cochran" title="Robert Leroy Cochran">Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_C._Stark" title="Lloyd C. Stark">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Vanderbilt_III" title="William Henry Vanderbilt III">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_O%27Conor" title="Herbert O'Conor">O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_B._Maw" title="Herbert B. Maw">Maw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hildreth" title="Horace Hildreth">Hildreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_C._Hunt" title="Lester C. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_Lane_Jr." title="William Preston Lane Jr.">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Peterson" title="Val Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Shivers" title="Allan Shivers">Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._J._Thornton" title="Daniel I. J. Thornton">Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennon" title="Robert F. Kennon">Kennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Langlie" title="Arthur B. Langlie">Langlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stratton" title="William Stratton">Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Caleb_Boggs" title="J. Caleb Boggs">Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNichols" title="Stephen McNichols">McNichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Powell" title="Wesley Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Rosellini" title="Albert Rosellini">Rosellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_Jr." title="John Anderson Jr.">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Sawyer" title="Grant Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reed" title="John H. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Guy" title="William L. Guy">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buford_Ellington" title="Buford Ellington">Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_Love" title="John Arthur Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Hearnes" title="Warren E. Hearnes">Hearnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_A._Moore_Jr." title="Arch A. Moore Jr.">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mandel" title="Marvin Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Evans" title="Daniel J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Rampton" title="Cal Rampton">Rampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Ray" title="Robert D. Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Milliken" title="William Milliken">Milliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Carroll" title="Julian Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Busbee" title="George Busbee">Busbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Snelling" title="Richard A. Snelling">Snelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_M._Matheson" title="Scott M. Matheson">Matheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Thompson">J. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Carlin" title="John W. Carlin">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Baliles" title="Gerald Baliles">Baliles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Branstad" title="Terry Branstad">Branstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth_Gardner" title="Booth Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">T. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Miller_(Nevada_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Miller (Nevada governor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Voinovich" title="George Voinovich">Voinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Carper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Leavitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Glendening" title="Parris Glendening">Glendening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Engler" title="John Engler">Engler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Patton" title="Paul E. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Kempthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Pawlenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Douglas" title="Jim Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Gregoire" title="Christine Gregoire">Gregoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Heineman" title="Dave Heineman">Heineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Markell" title="Jack Markell">Markell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fallin" title="Mary Fallin">Fallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">Hickenlooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Herbert" title="Gary Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Sandoval" title="Brian Sandoval">Sandoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bullock_(American_politician)" title="Steve Bullock (American politician)">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson" title="Asa Hutchinson">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Murphy" title="Phil Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cox" title="Spencer Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party1299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party1299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Martin" title="Ken Martin">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squad_(U.S._Congress)" title="Squad (U.S. Congress)">Squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2000)_2004_United_States_presidential_election_(2008_→)819" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2004 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2004 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2004 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2000)_2004_United_States_presidential_election_(2008_→)819" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">← 2000</a>) <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_in_the_2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="List of candidates in the 2004 United States presidential election">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2004 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_primary" title="Potomac primary">Potomac primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Tuesday" title="Mini-Tuesday">Mini-Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_George_W._Bush" title="Political positions of George W. Bush">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Buchanan_(American_politician)" title="John Buchanan (American politician)">John Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Laughlin" title="Tom Laughlin">Tom Laughlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries#Results" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Wesley Clark 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Howard Dean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Howard Dean 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">John Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Edwards 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Edwards" title="Political positions of John Edwards">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Dick Gephardt 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Graham 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Killeen" title="Caroline Killeen">Caroline Killeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Dennis Kucinich 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Lieberman 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Lieberman" title="Political positions of Joe Lieberman">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Al Sharpton 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_election_voting_controversies" title="2004 United States election voting controversies">Controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moss_v._Bush" title="Moss v. Bush">Moss v. Bush</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_election_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 United States election conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_military_service_controversy" title="John Kerry military service controversy">Kerry military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Bush military service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates2546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2004">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peroutka" title="Michael Peroutka">Michael Peroutka</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2004_Green_National_Convention" title="2004 Green National Convention">Convention</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(activist)" title="David Cobb (activist)">David Cobb</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_2004_presidential_campaign" title="David Cobb 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Pat_LaMarche" title="Pat LaMarche">Pat LaMarche</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Bilyeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheila Bilyeu">Sheila Bilyeu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Peter Camejo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Glover_(activist)" title="Paul Glover (activist)">Paul Glover</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kent_Mesplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent Mesplay">Kent Mesplay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Salzman" title="Lorna Salzman">Lorna Salzman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2004_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2004 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik" title="Michael Badnarik">Michael Badnarik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Badnarik_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Badnarik 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Campagna" title="Richard Campagna">Richard Campagna</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Nolan_(radio_host)" title="Gary Nolan (radio host)">Gary Nolan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Russo" title="Aaron Russo">Aaron Russo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FBEC5D;"><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jay" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Jay">Charles Jay</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Chambers" title="Marilyn Chambers">Marilyn Chambers</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gene_Amondson" title="Gene Amondson">Gene Amondson</a></b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walt_Brown_(politician)" title="Walt Brown (politician)">Walt Brown</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Alice_Herbert" title="Mary Alice Herbert">Mary Alice Herbert</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chester" title="Eric Chester">Eric Chester</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_Calero" title="Róger Calero">Róger Calero</a></b></dd> <dt>Alternate nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Arrin_Hawkins" title="Arrin Hawkins">Arrin Hawkins</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b>John Parker</b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b>Teresa Gutierrez</b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harens" title="Thomas Harens">Thomas Harens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Laughlin" title="Tom Laughlin">Tom Laughlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2004_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2004 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peltier" title="Leonard Peltier">Leonard Peltier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_United_States_elections" title="Template:2004 United States elections">Other 2004 elections</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2004 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2004 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2004 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337470#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337470#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337470#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000084154103">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/119416856">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/311980/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkT7PB4kWDGcF37D7vvHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129088781">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92105459">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/bbd45b75-b6a0-4914-888b-39d854f358be">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/129088781">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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